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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>China Education and Research Network</b> (<b>CERNET</b>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">中国教育和科研计算机网</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhōngguó jiàoyù hé kēyán jìsuànjī wǎng</span></i>) is the first <a href="/wiki/National_research_and_education_network" title="National research and education network">nationwide education and research</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. The CERNET project is funded by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the People's Republic of China">Chinese government</a> and directly managed by the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Ministry_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Ministry of Education">Chinese Ministry of Education</a>. It is constructed and operated by <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a> and the other leading Chinese universities. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CERNET&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CERNET has a four-layer hierarchy (the nationwide backbone, regional networks, provincial networks and campus networks). CERNET National Center is located in <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a>, which is responsible for operation and management of CERNET backbone nationwide. The ten regional network centers and main nodes are distributed in <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing_University_of_Posts_and_Telecommunications" title="Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications">Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Jiaotong_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Jiaotong University">Shanghai Jiaotong University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Jiaotong_University" title="Xi'an Jiaotong University">Xi'an Jiaotong University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huazhong_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Huazhong University of Science and Technology">Huazhong University of Science and Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_China_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="South China Institute of Technology">South China Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Electronic_Science_and_Technology_of_China" title="University of Electronic Science and Technology of China">University of Electronic Science and Technology of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_University" title="Southeast University">Southeast University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University_(China)" title="Northeastern University (China)">Northeast University</a>, which are responsible for operation, management, planning and construction of CERNET regional backbones. </p><p>CERNET provincial nodes are distributed among 38 universities in 36 cities around the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_and_statistics">Data and statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CERNET&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Data and statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CERNET_Backbone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/CERNET_Backbone.png/220px-CERNET_Backbone.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/CERNET_Backbone.png/330px-CERNET_Backbone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/CERNET_Backbone.png/440px-CERNET_Backbone.png 2x" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of the CERNET backbone</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of 2000, <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> of CERNET backbone has been up to 2.5 Gbit/s. CERNET has 12 global and regional channels connected with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, the international gateway bandwidth over 250 Mbit/s. The transmission rate of the regional networks has reached 155 Mbit/s. More than 2,000 education and research institutions, 1.2 million PCs and 20 million end users have connected to CERNET.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developments">Developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CERNET&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HUST_CERNET_satellite_dish_4122.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/HUST_CERNET_satellite_dish_4122.jpg/220px-HUST_CERNET_satellite_dish_4122.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/HUST_CERNET_satellite_dish_4122.jpg/330px-HUST_CERNET_satellite_dish_4122.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/HUST_CERNET_satellite_dish_4122.jpg/440px-HUST_CERNET_satellite_dish_4122.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>An early CERNET satellite ground station, displayed as a memorial on the <a href="/wiki/Huazhong_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Huazhong University of Science and Technology">Huazhong University of Science and Technology</a> campus in <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>CERNET has been powered to allow access by most higher education institutions nationwide with backbone upgrades and expansions having been accomplished in eight regions. The large-scale China Education Information System has been built up. Mirroring systems for discipline-specific information of famous overseas universities, and a full-text search system for higher education and key subject information will soon be set up. </p><p>CERNET is an important platform for China's remote learning initiative. To accommodate demands of distance learning program as defined in Education Revitalizing Initiative Oriented to 21st century, CERNET high-speed backbone was started in 1999. By leveraging the existing fiber infrastructure and resources from state and local treasury, CERNET has completed 40% of the 20,000 km high-speed transmission link crossing 29 provincial capitals, and cut over the 2.5G high-speed trunks from <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> via <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, and from Wuhan via <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>. Nowadays, the medium-to-high-speed regional network (155M) connecting 21 cities is just under construction. Some 40 to 50 universities and colleges have accessed to CERNET backbone at speed of 10M to 100M. </p><p>As a pioneer in Internet study in China, operation of CERNET and advancing CERNET management. CERNET, a computer network independently designed, constructed and managed by technical personnel at home, is technologically powerful. In network construction, CERNET attaches highest importance to network security. In 1999, CERNET set up China's first network contingency response center called CCERT. Up to date, CCERT has handled more than 2000 network security cases, efficiently ensuring normal operation of CERNET and advancing CERNET management. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Experimentation_and_research">Experimentation and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CERNET&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Experimentation and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CERNET is also the experiment platform for China to proceed with study on next generation of Internet applications, and has played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/China_Next_Generation_Internet" title="China Next Generation Internet">China Next Generation Internet</a> effort. Relying on current network facilities and technical competence, CERNET has set up the <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>, an experiment platform with nationwide coverage. In 1998, CERNET joined <a href="/wiki/6bone" title="6bone">6bone</a>, an experimental IP-based network of next generation, and became a backbone member of it in November. CERNET is the first in China that interconnects with <a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a>, the next generation of Internet, providing its users with an easy access to Internet2. </p><p>CERNET is an important cultivation base for information and network professionals in China. For example, in the study program for computer information network and its application in the "State Key Sci-tech Breakthrough Project during <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Five-Year_Plan_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Five-Year Plan (People's Republic of China)">Ninth Five-Year Plan</a> Period", researchers from CERNET and other partner organizations published more than one hundred academic papers both at home and abroad, representing a significant achievement in IT competence fostering. </p><p>Furthermore, CERNET supports and guarantees implementation of a batch of important Internet application projects in China. For example, the on-line enrollment and admission system played a crucial role in the 2000 admission season around the country. Moreover, CERNET enhances the information infrastructure in China, shortens the gap between China and the west in information industry, and plays a pioneer role in China's information initiative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CERNET&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_Next_Generation_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="China's Next Generation Internet">China's Next Generation Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EUChinaGRID" class="mw-redirect" title="EUChinaGRID">EUChinaGRID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPv6_deployment#China" title="IPv6 deployment">IPv6 deployment in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CERNET&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216124621/http://www.nrc.tsinghua.edu.cn/7_english/Situation1.htm#">"CERNET Backbone. Tsinghua University"</a>. Nrc.tsinghua.edu.cn. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrc.tsinghua.edu.cn/7_english/Situation1.htm">the original</a> on 2012-02-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CERNET+Backbone.+Tsinghua+University&rft.pub=Nrc.tsinghua.edu.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrc.tsinghua.edu.cn%2F7_english%2FSituation1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACERNET" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=CERNET&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.konceptusa.com/3g/index.php?cmp=news_details&sr_no=212/">CERNET-Koncept Joint Venture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219063350/http://www.cernet2.edu.cn/index_en.htm">CERNET 2 (next generation network)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cstnet.net.cn/">CSTNET - CHINA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY NETWORK</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180114012302/http://www.cstnet.net.cn/">Archived</a> 2018-01-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CERNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Next_Generation_Internet" title="China Next Generation Internet">China Next Generation Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Domain_Name_Consortium" title="Chinese Domain Name Consortium">Chinese Domain Name Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNGrid" title="CNGrid">CNGrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide_in_China" title="Digital divide in China">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_China" title="Electronics industry in China">Electronics industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICP_license" title="ICP license">ICP license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_China" title="Internet censorship in China">Internet censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Shield_Project" title="Golden Shield Project">Golden Shield Project</a></li> <li><a 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Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_Bird" title="Ningbo Bird">Ningbo Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZTE" title="ZTE">ZTE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of China">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_China" title="Television in China">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5010358#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" 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