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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Toe_length" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toe_length"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Toe length</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toe_length-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stuffing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stuffing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Stuffing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stuffing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tying_up_the_toes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tying_up_the_toes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tying up the toes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tying_up_the_toes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_footwear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_footwear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Related footwear</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_footwear-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related footwear subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_footwear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pattens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pattens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pattens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pattens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sabatons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sabatons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sabatons</span> </div> </a> <ul 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the footwear. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Poulaine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Poulaine (disambiguation)">Poulaine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arsen_5104_f14_detail2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Arsen_5104_f14_detail2.jpg/250px-Arsen_5104_f14_detail2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="389" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Arsen_5104_f14_detail2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Poulaines worn in <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1470</span> near the end of their most fashionable period</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Poulaines</b>, also known by <a href="#Names">other names</a>, were a style of <a href="/wiki/Unisex_clothing" title="Unisex clothing">unisex</a> <a href="/wiki/Footwear" title="Footwear">footwear</a> with extremely long toes that were <a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">fashionable</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> at various times in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. The poulaine proper was a <a href="/wiki/Shoe" title="Shoe">shoe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Boot" title="Boot">boot</a> of soft material whose elongated toe (also known as a poulaine or pike) frequently required filling to maintain its shape. The chief vogue for poulaines spread across Europe from <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Poland">medieval Poland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1300%E2%80%931400_in_European_fashion" title="1300–1400 in European fashion">mid-14th century</a> and spread across Europe, reaching upper-class <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> with the 1382 marriage of <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a> to <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Bohemia" title="Anne of Bohemia">Anne</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/1400%E2%80%931500_in_European_fashion" title="1400–1500 in European fashion">remaining popular through most of the 15th century</a>. Sturdier forms were used as <a href="/wiki/Pattens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattens">overshoes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sabaton" title="Sabaton">sabatons</a> of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_armour_components" title="List of medieval armour components">era's armor</a> were often done in poulaine style. </p><p>Poulaines were periodically condemned by <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christian</a> writers of the time as <a href="/wiki/Demons_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Demons in Christianity">demonic</a> or vain. <a href="/wiki/Kings_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings in Europe">Kings</a> of the era variously <a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumptuary tax">taxed them as luxuries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">restricted their use</a> to the <a href="/wiki/European_nobility" class="mw-redirect" title="European nobility">nobility</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fashion_law#History" title="Fashion law">outright banned them</a>. </p><p>Poulaines seem to have been unhealthy; archeaological evidence shows that people who wore them were more likely to have <a href="/wiki/Bunions" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunions">bunions</a>, and broken bones from falls. </p><p>After becoming more common as women's footwear and expanding to awkward lengths, poulaines fell from fashion in the 1480s (see <a href="/wiki/Duckbill_shoe" title="Duckbill shoe">duckbill shoe</a>) and were seldom revived, although they are considered an influence on some later trends such as the 1950s British <a href="/wiki/Winklepicker" title="Winklepicker">winklepicker boots</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Name"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poulaine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_chronicles_-_CRACOVIA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_CRACOVIA.png/250px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_CRACOVIA.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_CRACOVIA.png/375px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_CRACOVIA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_CRACOVIA.png/500px-Nuremberg_chronicles_-_CRACOVIA.png 2x" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="1006" /></a><figcaption>A woodcut of <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Cracovia</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Poland">Poland</a> from the 1493 <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The usual English name <i>poulaine</i><sup id="cite_ref-FDOF_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDOF-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SAIH_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAIH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/u/: 'u' in 'influence'">u</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_borrowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic borrowing">borrowing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clipping_(morphology)" title="Clipping (morphology)">clipping</a> of earlier <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">soulers a la poulaine</i></span> ("shoes in the Polish fashion") from the style's supposed origin in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Poland">medieval Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have also been known as <i>pikes</i><sup id="cite_ref-SAIH_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAIH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">common weapon of the era</a>; as <i>piked</i>, <i>peaked</i>, or <i>copped shoes</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-FDOF_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDOF-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as <i>cracows</i>, <i>crakows</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-oed2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>krakows</i><sup id="cite_ref-vogue_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vogue-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">former Polish capital</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-oed2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or simply as <i>pointed shoes</i>, <i>pointy shoes</i>, or <i>long toed shoes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poulaine,<sup id="cite_ref-oed_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pike,<sup id="cite_ref-oed3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> crakow,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Liripipe" title="Liripipe">liripipe</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwen-Cricker2012329_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen-Cricker2012329-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can also be used particularly for the elongated toe itself, causing some writers to mistakenly restrict the usage of poulaine to <i>only</i> the toe and to insist on crakow as the name of the footwear itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlson_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite appearing in a 2014 <i><a href="/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)" title="Vogue (magazine)">Vogue</a></i> article,<sup id="cite_ref-vogue_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vogue-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, use of crakow for the shoe is now so uncommon as to be marked obsolete in the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-oed2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elongated toe was also known as a <i>beak</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-snoddy_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snoddy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this was not generally applied to the shoe itself.<sup id="cite_ref-oed5_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poulaine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonary_of_the_Auch_region_(Aquitaine,_end_10th_century).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tonary_of_the_Auch_region_%28Aquitaine%2C_end_10th_century%29.jpg/250px-Tonary_of_the_Auch_region_%28Aquitaine%2C_end_10th_century%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tonary_of_the_Auch_region_%28Aquitaine%2C_end_10th_century%29.jpg/500px-Tonary_of_the_Auch_region_%28Aquitaine%2C_end_10th_century%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pigache" title="Pigache">Pigaches</a> in an 11th cent. <a href="/wiki/Manuscript_illumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuscript illumination">illumination</a> from an <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> <a href="/wiki/Tonary" title="Tonary">tonary</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_Effigy_of_Casimir_the_Great.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tomb_Effigy_of_Casimir_the_Great.jpg/250px-Tomb_Effigy_of_Casimir_the_Great.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tomb_Effigy_of_Casimir_the_Great.jpg/375px-Tomb_Effigy_of_Casimir_the_Great.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tomb_Effigy_of_Casimir_the_Great.jpg/500px-Tomb_Effigy_of_Casimir_the_Great.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2215" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_effigy" title="Tomb effigy">tomb effigy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Casimir III of Poland">Casimir the Great</a> of <a href="/wiki/Piast_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Piast Poland">Poland</a> <span class="nowrap">(r. 1333–1370)</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_man_meets_Death.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Young_man_meets_Death.jpg/250px-Young_man_meets_Death.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="416" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Young_man_meets_Death.jpg/375px-Young_man_meets_Death.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Young_man_meets_Death.jpg/500px-Young_man_meets_Death.jpg 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>"Young Man Meets Death" by the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Housebook" title="Master of the Housebook">Master of the Housebook</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1485</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Shoes with pointed, curled, and/or elongated toes are documented in the archeological record back to at least 3000<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have passed in and out of fashion over time. In <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscan culture">Etruscan</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Calceus_repandus" class="mw-redirect" title="Calceus repandus">calceus repandus</a></i></span> ("turned <a href="/wiki/Calceus" title="Calceus">calceus</a>") was worn by both genders before becoming particularly associated under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman civilization">Romans</a> with <a href="/wiki/Juno_Sospita" class="mw-redirect" title="Juno Sospita">Juno Sospita</a> and related <a href="/wiki/Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman religion">goddesses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonfante197561_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonfante197561-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine fashion">Byzantine fashion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Orthodoxy">priestly</a> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_vestments" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine vestments">vestments</a> included <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilt</a> slippers ending in forward point from at least the 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewandowski2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidPeXfpsvFyysCpgPA229_229]_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewandowski2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidPeXfpsvFyysCpgPA229_229]-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pointed-toed shoes first became a major trend in <a href="/wiki/Western_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="Western fashion">Western fashion</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Early_medieval_European_dress" title="Early medieval European dress">late-11th-century</a> <a href="/wiki/Pigache" title="Pigache">pigache</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yarwood_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yarwood-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were ridiculed by poets and historians and censured by the clergy,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who compared them to <a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpion</a>'s tails and <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">ram</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)" title="Horn (anatomy)">horns</a><sup id="cite_ref-planche_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planche-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and repeatedly connected them to <a href="/wiki/Effeminacy" title="Effeminacy">effeminacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a><sup id="cite_ref-sodom_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sodom-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ruby_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruby-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while simultaneously condemning how most courtiers adopted the fashion to "<a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">seek the favors of women</a> with every kind of lewdness".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMills2015[httpsbooksgooglecombookside6J0BgAAQBAJpgPA83_83]_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2015[httpsbooksgooglecombookside6J0BgAAQBAJpgPA83_83]-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a returning <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a>, the former professor <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Courson" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert de Courson">Robert de Courson</a> banned other faculty of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> from wearing them in August 1215.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_de_Courson1215_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_de_Courson1215-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Lateran_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Lateran Council">Fourth Lateran Council</a> also banned embroidered and pointed-toe shoes for <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">clergy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberigo_&_al.1973_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberigo_&_al.1973-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDittmar_&_al.2021_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDittmar_&_al.2021-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guibert_of_Nogent" title="Guibert of Nogent">Guibert of Nogent</a> blamed the origin of the pigache on footwear exported from <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Spain">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Córdoba">Cordoba</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ruby_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruby-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Orderic_Vitalis" title="Orderic Vitalis">Orderic Vitalis</a> on the promiscuous <a href="/wiki/Fulk_le_Rechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulk le Rechin">Fulk</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anjou_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anjou (region)">Anjou</a>'s attempts to disguise the deformity of his <a href="/wiki/Bunion" title="Bunion">bunions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-planche_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planche-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sodom_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sodom-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fashion_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion historian">fashion historian</a> Ruth Wilcox offers that it may have been a simple adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>' own <a href="/wiki/Sabaton" title="Sabaton">sabatons</a>, which they had extended to a point and turned down in the late 11th century to better hold their <a href="/wiki/Stirrup" title="Stirrup">stirrups</a> during battle.<sup id="cite_ref-rtw_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rtw-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After its initial excesses reaching about 2 inches (5 cm) beyond the foot<sup id="cite_ref-rtw_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rtw-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a trend of stuffing and styling the ends started by <a href="/wiki/William_Rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rufus">William Rufus</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Courtier" title="Courtier">courtier</a> Robert the "Horny" (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Robertus Cornardus</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-sodom_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sodom-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the style settled into a more conservative and compact form for a century until the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yarwood_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yarwood-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was still necessary, however, to restate the injunctions against clerical use of the shoes in 1281 and 1342.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDittmar_&_al.2021_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDittmar_&_al.2021-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poulaines proper spread across Europe in the <a href="/wiki/1300-1400_in_European_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="1300-1400 in European fashion">mid-14th century</a><sup id="cite_ref-yarwood_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yarwood-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before falling out of fashion in the <a href="/wiki/1400-1500_in_European_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="1400-1500 in European fashion">1480s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stt_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stt-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-s+p_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s+p-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It spread from the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">Polish</a> court of <a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great" title="Casimir III the Great">Casimir the Great</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> and thence to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Arles" title="Kingdom of Arles">Burgundy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruhn_&_al.1955[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidm_r1PXTTkkYCpgPA27_27]_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruhn_&_al.1955[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidm_r1PXTTkkYCpgPA27_27]-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The arrival—or resumption—of this fashion in England is traditionally associated with the marriage of <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></span> and <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Bohemia" title="Anne of Bohemia">Anne</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, daughter of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_holy_Roman_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of holy Roman emperors">emperor</a> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Charles_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Charles IV">Charles IV</a>,</span> in 1382.<sup id="cite_ref-mc_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mc-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his entry for the year 1394, the <a href="/wiki/Evesham_Abbey" title="Evesham Abbey">Evesham</a> monk who wrote the <i>History of the Life and Reign of <span class="nowrap">Richard II</span></i> claimed that "with this Queen there came from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> into England those accursed vices, namely shoes with a long beak—the English <i>cracows</i> or <i>pikes</i>—taking up 0.5 yards (46 cm) in length so that it is necessary to tie them to the shin with silver chains before they can be used to walk forward".<sup id="cite_ref-mc_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mc-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the style had reached England before Anne's birth. In his entry for the year 1362, the <a href="/wiki/Malmesbury_Abbey" title="Malmesbury Abbey">Malmesbury</a> monk who wrote the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Eulogium Historiarum</i></span> states that "Moreover they have beaked shoes a finger in length that they call <i>cracows</i>. They are better called demons' claws than decorations for men."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAnQUrBH9a_sCpgPA60_60–61]_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAnQUrBH9a_sCpgPA60_60–61]-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Reading" title="John of Reading">John</a> of <a href="/wiki/Reading_Abbey" title="Reading Abbey">Reading</a> complained in the 1360s of Englishmen's "shoes... with sideways beaks".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers_&_al.2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBe-4DQAAQBAJpgRA2-PT17_73]_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers_&_al.2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBe-4DQAAQBAJpgRA2-PT17_73]-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seems more likely, instead, that Anne's entourage further popularized the style or simply that the monastic author at Evesham was using the fiction for political ends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers_&_al.2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBe-4DQAAQBAJpgRA2-PT18_74]_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers_&_al.2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBe-4DQAAQBAJpgRA2-PT18_74]-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 14th-century poulaines so far recovered in London have only been found only in men's sizes,<sup id="cite_ref-s+p_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s+p-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 88–9">: 88–9 </span></sup> although depictions of Lora St. Quintin—wife of <a href="/wiki/John_de_Grey,_1st_Baron_Grey_de_Rotherfield" title="John de Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Rotherfield">John de Grey</a>'s son Robert de Marmion—show her wearing shorter poulaines with their points curved to the sides.<sup id="cite_ref-planche_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planche-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 15th century, art shows frequent use by both men and women, with the toes of men's shoes being the most extravagantly long. </p><p>They were a controversial fashion and faced criticism from several quarters. In 1368, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V of France</a> issued an edict banning their construction and use in Paris. An English poem from 1388 complained that men were unable to kneel in prayer because their toes were too long.<sup id="cite_ref-scott_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1440</span> <a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">morality play</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Perseverance" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle of Perseverance">Castle of Perseverance</a></i> includes the footwear in the "advice" that Humanum Genus ("Mankind") gets from Superbia ("<a href="/wiki/Pride_(sin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pride (sin)">Pride</a>"): "Look that thou blow mickle boasts with long crakows on thy shoes".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlausner2010ll._1058–1059_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlausner2010ll._1058–1059-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1463, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV</a></span> passed a <a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">sumptuary law</a> that "no knight under the state of a lord, esquire, gentleman, nor other person shall use nor wear after the... <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul" title="Feast of Saints Peter and Paul">feast of Saint Peter</a> any shoes or boots having pikes passing the length of two inches" (5 cm).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers_&_al.2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBe-4DQAAQBAJpgRA2-PT25_81]_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers_&_al.2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBe-4DQAAQBAJpgRA2-PT25_81]-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1465, they were banned in England altogether, so that all <a href="/wiki/Cordwainer" title="Cordwainer">cordwainers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cobbling" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobbling">cobblers</a> within the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> and environs were prohibited from making shoes with pikes more than 2 inches long.<sup id="cite_ref-s+p_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s+p-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 117">: 117 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1480s, poulaines had generally fallen from fashion in favor of the wide <a href="/wiki/Duckbill_shoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Duckbill shoes">duckbill shoes</a> supposedly popularized by <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles<span class="nowrap"> </span>VIII</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> owing to his own <a href="/wiki/Polydactyly" title="Polydactyly">six-toed foot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-snoddy_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snoddy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poulaine inspired later footwear fashions, such as the 1950s <a href="/wiki/Winklepicker" title="Winklepicker">winklepicker boots</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poulaine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008-08_archeon_schnabelschuh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/2008-08_archeon_schnabelschuh.JPG/250px-2008-08_archeon_schnabelschuh.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/2008-08_archeon_schnabelschuh.JPG/375px-2008-08_archeon_schnabelschuh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/2008-08_archeon_schnabelschuh.JPG/500px-2008-08_archeon_schnabelschuh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>A poulaine for sale in <a href="/wiki/Archeon,_Netherlands" title="Archeon, Netherlands">Archeon, Netherlands</a>, in 2008</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toe_length">Toe length</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poulaine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Toe length"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaeological evidence in the form of surviving shoe soles shows that the length of the point beyond the toes of the foot was rarely, if ever, more than 50% of the length of the foot.<sup id="cite_ref-stt_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stt-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-s+p_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s+p-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 88–9">: 88–9 </span></sup> This is consistent with depictions of highly fashionable European men from the third quarter of the 15th century when poulaines were at the height of their popularity. As with many items of high fashion, the most extreme examples were worn by the upper classes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stuffing">Stuffing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poulaine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stuffing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poulaine toes were packed with stuffing to provide rigidity and help them hold their shape. Surviving examples from medieval London have the points stuffed with <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">moss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stt_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stt-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Italian chronicler noted in 1388 that they were also sometimes stuffed with horsehair.<sup id="cite_ref-scott_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tying_up_the_toes">Tying up the toes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poulaine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tying up the toes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there is no archaeological or medieval iconographic evidence to support the idea that the toes were ever tied up to the leg,<sup id="cite_ref-Carlson_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as noted earlier, there is direct literary evidence dating from 1394 which states that this was the practice at the time these shoes were introduced into England. Additionally, the practice is mentioned by the antiquarian <a href="/wiki/John_Stow" title="John Stow">John Stow</a> in his 1698 publication <i>A Survey of London</i>, where he wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In Distar Lane, on the north side thereof, is the <a href="/wiki/Shoemaking" title="Shoemaking">Cordwainer's</a> Hall, which company were made a brotherhood or fraternity in the eleventh of Henry IV. Of these cordwainers, I read, that since the fifth of <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a> (when he took to wife <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Bohemia" title="Anne of Bohemia">Anne</a>, daughter to <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Wenceslaus</a> [sic], King of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>), by her example the English people had used piked shoes, tied to their knees with silken laces, or chains of silver or gilt, wherefore in the fourth of Edward IV it was ordained and proclaimed that beaks of <a href="/wiki/Shoe" title="Shoe">shoon</a> and boots should not pass the length of two inches, upon pain of cursing by the clergy, and by Parliament to pay twenty shillings for every pair. And every cordwainer that shod any man or woman on the Sunday, to pay thirty shillings.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, given that John Stow was writing over 100 years after the shoes fell out of fashion, and the lack of rigorous historical research in the writings of the time, he cannot be considered a reliable source. His record of Act 4 of Edward IV is exaggerated—the actual act does mention restrictions in length, but not monetary penalties, parliament or clergy: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Nulle persone Cordewaner ou Cobeler .. face.. ascuns soler galoges ou husend oveqe ascun pike ou poleine qe passera la longuer ou mesure de deux poutz.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlson_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poulaine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2005 study of early and late medieval remains found <a href="/wiki/Bunion" title="Bunion">bunions</a> exclusively in <a href="/wiki/Corpse" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpse">corpses</a> from the poulaine era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMays2005_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMays2005-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2021 study of 177 corpses from four <a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">cemeteries</a> around <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, affirmed this, finding that those who lived in more fashionable neighborhoods during the height of the poulaine fashion were far more likely to have bunions, misshapen feet, and <a href="/wiki/FOOSH" class="mw-redirect" title="FOOSH">FOOSH</a> (<i>fall on outstretched hand</i>) bone fractures associated with injury from falling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2021_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2021-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDittmar_&_al.2021_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDittmar_&_al.2021-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the coauthors, Piers Mitchell, noted "People really did wear ridiculously long, pointy shoes, just like they did in <i><a href="/wiki/Blackadder_(TV_show)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackadder (TV show)">Blackadder</a></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2021_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2021-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the remains that could be dated, 27% from the 14th and 15th centuries had bunions pronounced enough to cause <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeletal</a> deformation versus only 6% prevalence during the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2021_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2021-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emma McConnachie of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Podiatry" title="Royal College of Podiatry">College of Podiatry</a> noted that the findings "highlight these have been around for quite some time" and "the fashion choices of the 14th century inflicted similar issues from footwear as we see presenting in clinics today."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2021_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2021-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_footwear">Related footwear</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poulaine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Related footwear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pattens">Pattens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poulaine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pattens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ma%C3%AEtre_E._S._Les_Amoureux_sur_un_banc_de_gazon_L.211.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ma%C3%AEtre_E._S._Les_Amoureux_sur_un_banc_de_gazon_L.211.jpg/250px-Ma%C3%AEtre_E._S._Les_Amoureux_sur_un_banc_de_gazon_L.211.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ma%C3%AEtre_E._S._Les_Amoureux_sur_un_banc_de_gazon_L.211.jpg/500px-Ma%C3%AEtre_E._S._Les_Amoureux_sur_un_banc_de_gazon_L.211.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>"Lovers on a Grassy" or "Garden Bank", a 1460s <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a> by <a href="/wiki/Master_E._S." title="Master E. S.">Master E. S.</a> The man has discarded his very long <a href="/wiki/Patten_(shoe)" title="Patten (shoe)">pattens</a> and begun removing his poulaines; the woman still wears hers.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pattens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattens">Pattens</a> were protective overshoes frequently worn in the late medieval and early modern period to protect footwear from mud and filth while outdoors. They were typically made from wood and fitted to the shoe with leather straps. The name <i>poulaine</i> was sometimes used for the elongated pattens necessary to protect the full length of the long-toed shoes of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sabatons">Sabatons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poulaine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sabatons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sabaton" title="Sabaton">Sabatons</a> were the protective footwear used with <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_armour_components" title="List of medieval armour components">medieval European armor</a>. During the period that poulaines were in fashion, the sabatons sometimes became similarly awkwardly long or pointed and interfered with soldiers' ability to walk or run. At the 1386 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sempach" title="Battle of Sempach">Battle of Sempach</a>, it became necessary for the knights of <a href="/wiki/Leopold_III,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold III, Duke of Austria">Leopold III, Duke of Austria</a>, to quickly dismount and fight on foot. Because they had not prepared for this, many were obliged to cut off the tips of their sabatons on the field to continue. Swiss chroniclers report a huge pile of these shoetips were found in a heap after the battle and this was illustrated in the account of the battle in the 1513 <i><a href="/wiki/Luzerner_Schilling" title="Luzerner Schilling">Luzerner Schilling</a></i>. A surviving pair of <a href="/wiki/Sabaton" title="Sabaton">sabatons</a> belonging to <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, have extremely long ends for use on horseback but these are detachable if fighting on foot became necessary. The catches can be seen over the area of the big toe. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HJRK_A_62_-_Armoured_shoes_of_Maximilian_I,_1485.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sabatons of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, c. 1485"><img alt="Sabatons of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, c. 1485" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/HJRK_A_62_-_Armoured_shoes_of_Maximilian_I%2C_1485.jpg/120px-HJRK_A_62_-_Armoured_shoes_of_Maximilian_I%2C_1485.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/HJRK_A_62_-_Armoured_shoes_of_Maximilian_I%2C_1485.jpg/180px-HJRK_A_62_-_Armoured_shoes_of_Maximilian_I%2C_1485.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/HJRK_A_62_-_Armoured_shoes_of_Maximilian_I%2C_1485.jpg/240px-HJRK_A_62_-_Armoured_shoes_of_Maximilian_I%2C_1485.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5576" data-file-height="2712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Sabaton" title="Sabaton">Sabatons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1485</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sempach_Schilling.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Depiction of the 1386 Battle of Sempach in the Luzerner Schilling"><img alt="Depiction of the 1386 Battle of Sempach in the Luzerner Schilling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sempach_Schilling.jpg/120px-Sempach_Schilling.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sempach_Schilling.jpg/250px-Sempach_Schilling.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2583" data-file-height="1863" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Depiction of the 1386 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sempach" title="Battle of Sempach">Battle of Sempach</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Luzerner_Schilling" title="Luzerner Schilling">Luzerner Schilling</a></i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poulaine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Poulaine" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Poulaine">Poulaine</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pointed_shoe_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pointed shoe (disambiguation)">Pointed shoe (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1300%E2%80%931400_in_European_fashion" title="1300–1400 in European fashion">1300–1400 in European fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1400%E2%80%931500_in_European_fashion" title="1400–1500 in European fashion">1400–1500 in European fashion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poulaine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Cum ista Regina venit de Boëmia in Angliam abusiones illae execrabiles, sotulares sil. cum longis rostris (Anglice</i></span> Cracowys <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vel</i></span> Pykys<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">) dimidiam virgam largiter habentes, ita ut oporteret eos ad tibiam ligari cum cathenis argenteis, antequam cum eis possent incedere.</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHearne1729126_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHearne1729126-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Habient etiam sotulares rostratas in unius digiti longitudine quae</i></span> crakowes <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vocantur. Potius judicantur ungular... daemonum quam ornamenta hominum.</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaydon1863231_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaydon1863231-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sotularibus... lateraliter rostratis...</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait191416_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETait191416-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>: <blockquote><p>Loke þou blowe mekyl bost<br /> Wyth longe crakows on þi schos</p></blockquote></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poulaine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poulaine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FDOF-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FDOF_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDOF_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCalasibettaPhyllis_Tortora2013" class="citation cs2">Calasibetta, Charlotte Mankey; Phyllis Tortora (2013), "Poulaine", <i>The Fairchild Dictionary of Fashion</i> (3rd ed.), New York: Fairchild Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poulaine&rft.btitle=The+Fairchild+Dictionary+of+Fashion&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Fairchild+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Calasibetta&rft.aufirst=Charlotte+Mankey&rft.au=Phyllis+Tortora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAIH-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SAIH_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAIH_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShawcross2014" class="citation cs2">Shawcross, Rebecca (2014), <i>Shoes: An Illustrated History</i>, London: Bloomsbury, p. 28</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shoes%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Shawcross&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oed_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/148984">"poulaine, <i>n.</i>"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i></a>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=poulaine%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F148984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrattWoolley2008" class="citation cs2">Pratt, Lucy; et al. (2008), <i>Shoes</i>, London: V&A Publications, pp. <span class="nowrap">12–</span>13, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-851-77537-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-851-77537-8"><bdi>978-1-851-77537-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shoes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=V%26A+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-851-77537-8&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft.au=Woolley%2C+Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oed2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed2_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/43739">"† crakow, <i>n.</i>"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i></a>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E2%80%A0+crakow%2C+n.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F43739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vogue-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vogue_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vogue_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlanks2014" class="citation cs2">Blanks, Tim (27 June 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170816103615/https://www.vogue.com/fashion-shows/spring-2015-menswear/comme-des-garcons-homme-plus">"Comme des Garçons Homme Plus Spring 2015 Menswear Fashion Show"</a>, <i>Vogue</i>, New York: Condé Nast</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Comme+des+Gar%C3%A7ons+Homme+Plus+Spring+2015+Menswear+Fashion+Show&rft.btitle=Vogue&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cond%C3%A9+Nast&rft.date=2014-06-27&rft.aulast=Blanks&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170816103615%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.vogue.com%2Ffashion-shows%2Fspring-2015-menswear%2Fcomme-des-garcons-homme-plus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlson-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2001" class="citation web cs1">Carlson, I. Marc (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.personal.utulsa.edu/~marc-carlson/shoe/APP5.HTM">"Medieval European Long Toed Shoes"</a>. <i>Footwear of The Middle Ages</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Footwear+of+The+Middle+Ages&rft.atitle=Medieval+European+Long+Toed+Shoes&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=I.+Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.personal.utulsa.edu%2F~marc-carlson%2Fshoe%2FAPP5.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oed3_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/143759">"pike, <i>n.¹</i>"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i></a>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=pike%2C+n.%C2%B9&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F143759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoatsworthGale_R._Owen-Crocker2018" class="citation cs2">Coatsworth, Elizabeth; et al. (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KMZKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA369">"9.5 London Poulaine"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KMZKDwAAQBAJ"><i>Clothing the Past...</i></a>, Leiden: Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35216-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35216-2"><bdi>978-90-04-35216-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9.5+London+Poulaine&rft.btitle=Clothing+the+Past...&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-90-04-35216-2&rft.aulast=Coatsworth&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Gale+R.+Owen-Crocker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKMZKDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwen-Cricker2012329-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwen-Cricker2012329_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwen-Cricker2012">Owen-Cricker (2012)</a>, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snoddy-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-snoddy_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snoddy_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSnodgrass2015" class="citation cs2">Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gO9nBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA515">"Men's Shoes"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gO9nBwAAQBAJ"><i>World Clothing and Fashion...</i></a>, Abingdon: Routledge, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gO9nBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA516">516</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45167-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45167-9"><bdi>978-1-317-45167-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Men%27s+Shoes&rft.btitle=World+Clothing+and+Fashion...&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=516&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45167-9&rft.aulast=Snodgrass&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgO9nBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed5-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oed5_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/16484">"beak, <i>n.¹</i>"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i></a>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=beak%2C+n.%C2%B9&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F16484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artic.edu/artworks/206785/statuette-of-a-striding-figure">"Statuette of a Striding Figure"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artic.edu"><i><span></span></i>Official site<i><span></span></i></a>, Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago, 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Statuette+of+a+Striding+Figure&rft.btitle=Official+site&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Art+Institute+of+Chicago&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artic.edu%2Fartworks%2F206785%2Fstatuette-of-a-striding-figure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/331619">"Striding Figure with Ibex Horns, a Raptor Skin Draped around the Shoulders, and Upturned Boots"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org"><i><span></span></i>Official site<i><span></span></i></a>, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Striding+Figure+with+Ibex+Horns%2C+a+Raptor+Skin+Draped+around+the+Shoulders%2C+and+Upturned+Boots&rft.btitle=Official+site&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F331619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonfante197561-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonfante197561_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBonfante1975">Bonfante (1975)</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewandowski2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidPeXfpsvFyysCpgPA229_229]-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewandowski2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidPeXfpsvFyysCpgPA229_229]_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewandowski2011">Lewandowski (2011)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PeXfpsvFyysC&pg=PA229">229</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yarwood-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yarwood_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yarwood_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yarwood_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYarwood1978">Yarwood (1978)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UdP_sSKIxf0C&pg=PA366">366</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c9vnl1evdkko">The pointy-shoed corruption of medieval London</a>, BBC News, 5 January 2025</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-planche-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-planche_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-planche_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-planche_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlanché1876">Planché (1876)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jGMYAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA459">459</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sodom-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sodom_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sodom_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sodom_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMills2015">Mills (2015)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e6J0BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82">82</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruby-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ruby_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruby_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRubenstein2019">Rubenstein (2019)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bdB2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38">38</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMills2015[httpsbooksgooglecombookside6J0BgAAQBAJpgPA83_83]-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMills2015[httpsbooksgooglecombookside6J0BgAAQBAJpgPA83_83]_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMills2015">Mills (2015)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e6J0BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83">83</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_de_Courson1215-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_de_Courson1215_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobert_de_Courson1215">Robert de Courson (1215)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlberigo_&_al.1973-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlberigo_&_al.1973_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlberigo_&_al.1973">Alberigo & al. (1973)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDittmar_&_al.2021-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDittmar_&_al.2021_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDittmar_&_al.2021_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDittmar_&_al.2021_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDittmar_&_al.2021">Dittmar & al. (2021)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rtw-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rtw_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rtw_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilcox1948">Wilcox (1948)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vxez-N1HO5kC&pg=PA65">65</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stt-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stt_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stt_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stt_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoubitzvan_Driel-MurrayGroenman-Van_Waateringe2001" class="citation book cs1">Goubitz, Olaf; van Driel-Murray, Carol; Groenman-Van Waateringe, Willy (2001). <i>Stepping Through Time: Archaeological Footwear from Prehistoric Times until 1800</i>. Zwolle [Netherlands]: Stichting Promotie Archeologie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789080104464" title="Special:BookSources/9789080104464"><bdi>9789080104464</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stepping+Through+Time%3A+Archaeological+Footwear+from+Prehistoric+Times+until+1800&rft.place=Zwolle+%5BNetherlands%5D&rft.pub=Stichting+Promotie+Archeologie&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789080104464&rft.aulast=Goubitz&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rft.au=van+Driel-Murray%2C+Carol&rft.au=Groenman-Van+Waateringe%2C+Willy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s+p-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s+p_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s+p_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s+p_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s+p_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrewde_Neergaard1988" class="citation book cs1">Grew, Francis; de Neergaard, Margrethe (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpVth0J2IncC"><i>Shoes and Pattens</i></a>. Medieval Finds from Excavations in London. Vol. 2. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpVth0J2IncC&pg=PA88">88–9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851158389" title="Special:BookSources/9780851158389"><bdi>9780851158389</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shoes+and+Pattens&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.series=Medieval+Finds+from+Excavations+in+London&rft.pages=88-9&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780851158389&rft.aulast=Grew&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft.au=de+Neergaard%2C+Margrethe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpVth0J2IncC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruhn_&_al.1955[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidm_r1PXTTkkYCpgPA27_27]-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruhn_&_al.1955[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidm_r1PXTTkkYCpgPA27_27]_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruhn_&_al.1955">Bruhn & al. (1955)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m_r1PXTTkkYC&pg=PA27">27</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mc-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mc_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mc_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChambers2009">Chambers (2009)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AnQUrBH9a_sC&pg=PA60">60</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHearne1729126-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHearne1729126_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHearne1729">Hearne (1729)</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAnQUrBH9a_sCpgPA60_60–61]-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAnQUrBH9a_sCpgPA60_60–61]_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChambers2009">Chambers (2009)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AnQUrBH9a_sC&pg=PA60">60–61</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaydon1863231-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaydon1863231_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaydon1863">Haydon (1863)</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers_&_al.2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBe-4DQAAQBAJpgRA2-PT17_73]-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers_&_al.2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBe-4DQAAQBAJpgRA2-PT17_73]_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChambers_&_al.2010">Chambers & al. (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Be-4DQAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT17">73</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETait191416-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETait191416_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTait1914">Tait (1914)</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers_&_al.2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBe-4DQAAQBAJpgRA2-PT18_74]-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers_&_al.2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBe-4DQAAQBAJpgRA2-PT18_74]_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChambers_&_al.2010">Chambers & al. (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Be-4DQAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT18">74</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scott-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scott_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scott_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott2004" class="citation cs2">Scott, Margaret (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medievalclothing0000scot"><i>Medieval Clothing and Costumes: Displaying Wealth and Class in Medieval Times</i></a>, New York: Rosen Central, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/082393991X" title="Special:BookSources/082393991X"><bdi>082393991X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Clothing+and+Costumes%3A+Displaying+Wealth+and+Class+in+Medieval+Times&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Rosen+Central&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=082393991X&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedievalclothing0000scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlausner2010ll._1058–1059-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlausner2010ll._1058–1059_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlausner2010">Klausner (2010)</a>, ll. 1058–1059.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers_&_al.2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBe-4DQAAQBAJpgRA2-PT25_81]-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers_&_al.2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBe-4DQAAQBAJpgRA2-PT25_81]_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChambers_&_al.2010">Chambers & al. (2010)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Be-4DQAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT25">81</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">II Edw. IV, cap. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IV Edw. IV, cap. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStow1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Stow" title="John Stow">Stow, John</a> (1908). "Bredstreete warde". In Kingsford, C. L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/survey-of-london-stow/1603/pp344-352"><i>A Survey of London. Reprinted From the Text of 1603</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon. pp. <span class="nowrap">344–</span>352.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bredstreete+warde&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+London.+Reprinted+From+the+Text+of+1603&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E344-%3C%2Fspan%3E352&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Stow&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fno-series%2Fsurvey-of-london-stow%2F1603%2Fpp344-352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMays2005-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMays2005_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMays2005">Mays (2005)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2021-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2021_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2021_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2021_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2021_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2021">Davis (2021)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDittmarMitchell2021" class="citation web cs1">Dittmar, Jenna; Mitchell, Piers (11 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/fashion-for-pointy-shoes-unleashed-a-wave-of-bunions-in-medieval-england-162570">"Fashion for pointy shoes unleashed a wave of bunions in medieval England"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Fashion+for+pointy+shoes+unleashed+a+wave+of+bunions+in+medieval+England&rft.date=2021-06-11&rft.aulast=Dittmar&rft.aufirst=Jenna&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Piers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Ffashion-for-pointy-shoes-unleashed-a-wave-of-bunions-in-medieval-england-162570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLesterBess_Viola_OerkeHelen_Westermann1940" class="citation cs2">Lester, Katherine Morris; et al. (1940), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mHDTMcfDyekC&pg=PA250">"Shoes"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mHDTMcfDyekC"><i>... Accessories of Dress</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">Peoria</a>: Manual Arts Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mHDTMcfDyekC&pg=PA261">261</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-14049-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-14049-0"><bdi>978-0-486-14049-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shoes&rft.btitle=...+Accessories+of+Dress&rft.place=Peoria&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Manual+Arts+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=978-0-486-14049-0&rft.aulast=Lester&rft.aufirst=Katherine+Morris&rft.au=Bess+Viola+Oerke&rft.au=Helen+Westermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmHDTMcfDyekC%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poulaine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlberigo_&_al.1973" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alberigo, J.; et al., eds. (1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetsv.info/Archive/CLateranense4.pdf">"Concilium Lateranense IV a. 1215"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Conciliorum Oecumenicorum Decreta</i> (in Latin), pp. <span class="nowrap">230–</span>271</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Concilium+Lateranense+IV+a.+1215&rft.btitle=Conciliorum+Oecumenicorum+Decreta&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E230-%3C%2Fspan%3E271&rft.date=1973&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetsv.info%2FArchive%2FCLateranense4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBonfante1975" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Larissa_Bonfante" title="Larissa Bonfante">Bonfante, Larissa</a> (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CILWtN-fSG8C"><i>Etruscan Dress</i></a>, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7413-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7413-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-7413-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etruscan+Dress&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7413-0&rft.aulast=Bonfante&rft.aufirst=Larissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCILWtN-fSG8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruhn_&_al.1955" class="citation cs2">Bruhn, Wolfgang; et al. (1955), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m_r1PXTTkkYC"><i>A Pictorial History of Costume...</i></a>, London: A. Zwemmer, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43542-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43542-8"><bdi>978-0-486-43542-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pictorial+History+of+Costume...&rft.place=London&rft.pub=A.+Zwemmer&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=978-0-486-43542-8&rft.aulast=Bruhn&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Max+Tilke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm_r1PXTTkkYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChambers2009" class="citation cs2">Chambers, Mark (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AnQUrBH9a_sC&pg=PA55">"What Is This, a Betel, or a Batowe, or a Buskin Lacyd? Lexicological Confusion in Medieval Clothing Culture"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AnQUrBH9a_sC"><i>Textual Healing: Studies in Medieval English Medical, Scientific, and Technical Texts</i></a>, Linguistic Insights: Studies in Language and Communication, vol. 101, Bern: Peter Lang, pp. <span class="nowrap">55–</span>74, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-822-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-822-9"><bdi>978-3-03911-822-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+Is+This%2C+a+Betel%2C+or+a+Batowe%2C+or+a+Buskin+Lacyd%3F+Lexicological+Confusion+in+Medieval+Clothing+Culture&rft.btitle=Textual+Healing%3A+Studies+in+Medieval+English+Medical%2C+Scientific%2C+and+Technical+Texts&rft.place=Bern&rft.series=Linguistic+Insights%3A+Studies+in+Language+and+Communication&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-03911-822-9&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAnQUrBH9a_sC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChambers_&_al.2010" class="citation cs2">Chambers, Mark; et al. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Be-4DQAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PT15">"Lexicological Confusion and Medieval Clothing Culture: Redressing Medieval Dress with the Lexis of Cloth and Clothing in Britain Project"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Be-4DQAAQBAJ"><i>Everyday Objects: Medieval and Early Modern Material Culture and Its Meanings</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Farnham,_Surrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Farnham, Surrey">Farnham</a>: Ashgate Publishing, pp. <span class="nowrap">71–</span>84, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754666370" title="Special:BookSources/978-0754666370"><bdi>978-0754666370</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lexicological+Confusion+and+Medieval+Clothing+Culture%3A+Redressing+Medieval+Dress+with+the+Lexis+of+Cloth+and+Clothing+in+Britain+Project&rft.btitle=Everyday+Objects%3A+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Material+Culture+and+Its+Meanings&rft.place=Farnham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0754666370&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Sylvester%2C+Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBe-4DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA2-PT15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavis2021" class="citation cs2">Davis, Nicola (11 June 2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2021/jun/11/medieval-fashion-for-pointy-shoes-linked-to-rise-in-bunions">"Medieval Fashion for Pointy Shoes Linked to Rise in Bunions"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com"><i>The Guardian</i></a>, London: Guardian News & Media</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Medieval+Fashion+for+Pointy+Shoes+Linked+to+Rise+in+Bunions&rft.btitle=The+Guardian&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Guardian+News+%26+Media&rft.date=2021-06-11&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2021%2Fjun%2F11%2Fmedieval-fashion-for-pointy-shoes-linked-to-rise-in-bunions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDittmar_&_al.2021" class="citation cs2">Dittmar, Jenna M.; et al. 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class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UdP_sSKIxf0C"><i>Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Costume</i></a>, London: B.T. Batsford, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43380-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43380-6"><bdi>978-0-486-43380-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+World+Costume&rft.place=London&rft.pub=B.T.+Batsford&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-486-43380-6&rft.aulast=Yarwood&rft.aufirst=Doreen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUdP_sSKIxf0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoulaine" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Footwear" title="Template:Footwear"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Footwear" title="Template talk:Footwear"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Footwear" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Footwear"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Footwear422" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Footwear" title="Footwear">Footwear</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandoned_footwear" title="Abandoned footwear">Abandoned footwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe" title="Shoe">Shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoemaking" title="Shoemaking">Shoemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">Shoe size</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dress_shoe" title="Dress shoe">Dress shoes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blucher_shoe" title="Blucher shoe">Blucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brogue_shoe" title="Brogue shoe">Brogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothel_creeper" title="Brothel creeper">Brothel creepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby_shoe" title="Derby shoe">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk_shoe" title="Monk shoe">Monks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_shoe" title="Oxford shoe">Oxfords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectator_shoe" title="Spectator shoe">Spectator shoes (Co-respondent shoes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winklepicker" title="Winklepicker">Winklepickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wholecut" title="Wholecut">Wholecuts</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slip-on_shoe" title="Slip-on shoe">Slip-on shoes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_shoe" title="Court shoe">Court shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipper#Types" title="Slipper">Prince Albert slippers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip-on_shoe#Types_of_loafer" title="Slip-on shoe">Loafers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian-style_shoe" title="Venetian-style shoe">Venetian-style shoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Women's</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_flat" title="Ballet flat">Ballet flats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-heeled_shoe" title="High-heeled shoe">High-heeled footwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_(shoe)" title="Mary Jane (shoe)">Mary Janes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojari" class="mw-redirect" title="Mojari">Mojari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule_(shoe)" title="Mule (shoe)">Mules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peep-toe_shoe" title="Peep-toe shoe">Peep-toe shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_shoe" title="Saddle shoe">Saddle shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slingback" title="Slingback">Slingbacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other shoes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moccasin#Driving_moccasins" title="Moccasin">Driving moccasins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip-flops" title="Flip-flops">Flip-flops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galoshes" title="Galoshes">Galoshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_shoe" title="Platform shoe">Platform shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandal" title="Sandal">Sandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-tying_shoes" title="Self-tying shoes">Self-tying shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_(footwear)" title="Slide (footwear)">Slides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipper" title="Slipper">Slippers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uwabaki" title="Uwabaki">Uwabaki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes" title="Tiger-head shoes">Tiger-head shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veldskoen" title="Veldskoen">Veldskoens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C5%8Dri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zōri">Zōri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clog" title="Clog">Wooden footwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakya" title="Bakya">Bakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clog_(British)" title="Clog (British)">British clogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_albarcas" title="Cantabrian albarcas">Cantabrian albarcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clog" title="Clog">Clogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(footwear)" title="Geta (footwear)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klomp" title="Klomp">Klompen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaksin" title="Namaksin">Namaksin</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Okobo" title="Okobo">Okobo</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduka" title="Paduka">Padukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patten_(shoe)" title="Patten (shoe)">Pattens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabot_(shoe)" title="Sabot (shoe)">Sabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A4skor" title="Träskor">Träskor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammunition_boot" title="Ammunition boot">Ammunition boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunny_boots" title="Bunny boots">Bunny boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_boot" title="Combat boot">Combat boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackboot" title="Jackboot">Jackboots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jump_boot" title="Jump boot">Jump boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_boot" title="Jungle boot">Jungle boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanker_boot" title="Tanker boot">Tanker boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_boot" title="Trench boot">Trench boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lyman_Munson#Munson_last" title="Edward Lyman Munson">Munson Last</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_work_boot" title="Australian work boot">Australian work boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_boot" title="Cowboy boot">Cowboy boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer_boot" title="Engineer boot">Engineer boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_boot" title="Hip boot">Hip boots</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jika-tabi" title="Jika-tabi">Jika-tabi</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigger_boot" title="Rigger boot">Rigger boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel-toe_boot" title="Steel-toe boot">Steel-toe boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waders_(footwear)" title="Waders (footwear)">Waders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fashion_boot" title="Fashion boot">Fashion boots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_boot" title="Chelsea boot">Chelsea boots</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beatle_boot" title="Beatle boot">Beatle boots</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukka_boot" title="Chukka boot">Chukka boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-go_boot" title="Go-go boot">Go-go boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee-high_boot" title="Knee-high boot">Knee-high boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-the-knee_boot" title="Over-the-knee boot">Over-the-knee boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_shoe" title="Platform shoe">Platform boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thigh-high_boots" title="Thigh-high boots">Thigh-high boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugg_boots" title="Ugg boots">Ugg boots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpur_boot" title="Jodhpur boot">Jodhpur boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_boot" title="Wellington boot">Wellington boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_boot" title="Ballet boot">Ballet boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bean_boots" title="Bean boots">Bean boots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport-related footwear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_shoe" title="Ballet shoe">Ballet shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boat_shoe" title="Boat shoe">Boat shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_shoe" title="Climbing shoe">Climbing shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_country_running_shoe" title="Cross country running shoe">Cross country running shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_shoe" title="Cycling shoe">Cycling shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_boot" title="Football boot">Football boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghillies_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghillies (dance)">Ghillies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiking_boot" title="Hiking boot">Hiking boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_skate" title="Ice skate">Ice skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inline_skates" title="Inline skates">Inline skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_shoe" title="Kung fu shoe">Kung fu shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_shoe" title="Minimalist shoe">Minimalist shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_boot" title="Motorcycle boot">Motorcycle boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountaineering_boot" title="Mountaineering boot">Mountaineering boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plimsoll_(shoe)" title="Plimsoll (shoe)">Plimsolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_shoe" title="Pointe shoe">Pointe shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing_flat" title="Racing flat">Racing flats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing_shoes" title="Racing shoes">Racing shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riding_boot" title="Riding boot">Riding boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_shoe" title="Roller shoe">Roller shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_skates" title="Roller skates">Roller skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaton" title="Sabaton">Sabatons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_boot" title="Safari boot">Safari boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skate_shoe" title="Skate shoe">Skate shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_boot" title="Ski boot">Ski boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneakers" title="Sneakers">Sneakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_shoe" title="Water shoe">Water shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_shoe" title="Wrestling shoe">Wrestling shoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folk_costume" title="Folk costume">Folk footwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaca_slippers" title="Abaca slippers">Abacas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abarka" title="Abarka">Abarkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espadrille" title="Espadrille">Alpargatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarca" title="Avarca">Avarcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balgha" title="Balgha">Balghas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bast_shoe" title="Bast shoe">Bast shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciocie" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciocie">Ciocie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clog" title="Clog">Clogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espadrille" title="Espadrille">Espadrilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furlane_(shoe)" title="Furlane (shoe)">Furlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galesh" title="Galesh">Galesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(footwear)" title="Geta (footwear)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giveh" title="Giveh">Giveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haferlschuh" title="Haferlschuh">Haferlschuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnyat-phanat" title="Hnyat-phanat">Hnyat-phanats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huarache_(shoe)" title="Huarache (shoe)">Huarache</a></li> <li><span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hwa" title="Hwa">Hwa</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Jipsin" title="Jipsin">Jipsin</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorabs" title="Jorabs">Jorabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamik">Kamiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolhapuri_chappal" title="Kolhapuri chappal">Kolhapuri chappals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moccasin" title="Moccasin">Moccasins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojari" class="mw-redirect" title="Mojari">Mojaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukluk" title="Mukluk">Mukluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_clogs" title="Turkish clogs">Nalins</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Okobo" title="Okobo">Okobo</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opanak" title="Opanak">Opanci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshawari_chappal" title="Peshawari chappal">Peshawari chappals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe" title="Snowshoe">Snowshoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarouchi" title="Tsarouchi">Tsarouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_clogs" title="Turkish clogs">Takunya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanah" title="Upanah">Upanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valenki" title="Valenki">Valenkis</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Waraji" title="Waraji">Waraji</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C5%8Dri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zōri">Zōri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical footwear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_shoe" title="Areni-1 shoe">Areni-1 shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buskin" title="Buskin">Buskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcei" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcei">Calcei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligae" title="Caligae">Caligae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbatina" title="Carbatina">Carbatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_boot" title="Cavalier boot">Cavalier boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanfu_footwear" title="Hanfu footwear">Chinese styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopine" title="Chopine">Chopines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duckbill_shoe" title="Duckbill shoe">Duckbill shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowerpot_shoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowerpot shoe">Flowerpot shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_(boot)" title="Hessian (boot)">Hessians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_shoe" title="Lotus shoe">Lotus shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampootie" title="Pampootie">Pampooties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigache" title="Pigache">Pigaches</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poulaines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socci" class="mw-redirect" title="Socci">Socci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnshoe" title="Turnshoe">Turnshoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shoe construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bespoke_shoes" title="Bespoke shoes">Bespoke shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blake_construction" title="Blake construction">Blake construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodyear_welt" title="Goodyear welt">Goodyear welt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_buckle" title="Shoe buckle">Shoe buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoelaces" title="Shoelaces">Shoelaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_box" title="Toe box">Toe box</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-heeled_shoe" title="High-heeled shoe">High heels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clear_heels" title="Clear heels">Clear heels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitten_heel" title="Kitten heel">Kitten heels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spool_heel" title="Spool heel">Spool heels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiletto_heel" title="Stiletto heel">Stiletto heels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_(footwear)" title="Wedge (footwear)">Wedges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hosiery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklet_(sock)" title="Anklet (sock)">Anklets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_sock" title="Bobby sock">Bobby socks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dress_sock" title="Dress sock">Dress socks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footwrap" title="Footwrap">Footwraps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_highs" title="Knee highs">Knee highs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantyhose" title="Pantyhose">Pantyhose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sock" title="Sock">Sock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stocking" title="Stocking">Stocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tights" title="Tights">Tights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_sock" class="mw-redirect" title="Toe sock">Toe socks</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tabi" title="Tabi">Tabi</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spats_(footwear)" title="Spats (footwear)">Spats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_shoe_styles" title="List of shoe styles">List of shoe styles</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_clothing437" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_clothing" title="Template:Historical clothing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_clothing" title="Template talk:Historical clothing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_clothing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical clothing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_clothing437" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Historical clothing</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Body-length</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolla" title="Abolla">Abolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyan_(clothing)" title="Banyan (clothing)">Banyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_(clothing)" title="Brunswick (clothing)">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Court uniform and dress in the Empire of Japan">Court dress (Empire of Japan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton_(costume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiton (costume)">Chiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frock" title="Frock">Frock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frock_coat" title="Frock coat">Frock coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanfu" title="Hanfu">Hanfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justacorps" title="Justacorps">Justacorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paenula" title="Paenula">Paenula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peplos" title="Peplos">Peplos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stola" title="Stola">Stola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">Toga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunic" title="Tunic">Tunic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xout_lao" title="Xout lao">Xout lao</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clothes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Clothes.jpg/150px-Clothes.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Clothes.jpg/225px-Clothes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Clothes.jpg/300px-Clothes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="2460" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Top_(clothing)" title="Top (clothing)">Tops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_(clothing)" title="Basque (clothing)">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedgown" title="Bedgown">Bedgown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodice" title="Bodice">Bodice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)" title="Doublet (clothing)">Doublet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peascod_belly" title="Peascod belly">Peascod belly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poet_shirt" title="Poet shirt">Poet shirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sbai" title="Sbai">Sbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suea_pat" title="Suea pat">Suea pat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trousers" title="Trousers">Trousers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braccae" title="Braccae">Braccae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeches" title="Breeches">Breeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sompot_Chong_Kben" title="Sompot Chong Kben">Sompot Chong Kben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culottes" title="Culottes">Culottes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_pants" title="Harem pants">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickerbockers_(clothing)" title="Knickerbockers (clothing)">Knickerbockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_pushers" title="Pedal pushers">Pedal pushers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zarag%C3%BCelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaragüelles (page does not exist)">Zaragüelles</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarag%C3%BCelles_(calzones)" class="extiw" title="es:Zaragüelles (calzones)">es</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skirt" title="Skirt">Skirts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobble_skirt" title="Hobble skirt">Hobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poodle_skirt" title="Poodle skirt">Poodle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safeguard_(costume)" title="Safeguard (costume)">Safeguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sompot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sompot">Sompot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)" title="Sinh (clothing)">Sinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_(clothing)" title="Train (clothing)">Train</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dress" title="Dress">Dresses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bliaut" title="Bliaut">Bliaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-bodied_gown" title="Close-bodied gown">Close-bodied gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debutante_dress" title="Debutante dress">Debutante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gown" title="Gown">Gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtle" title="Kirtle">Kirtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantua_(clothing)" title="Mantua (clothing)">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonaise_(clothing)" title="Polonaise (clothing)">Polonaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robe_de_cour" title="Robe de cour">Robe de cour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack-back_gown" title="Sack-back gown">Sack-back gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailor_dress" title="Sailor dress">Sailor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_gown" title="Tea gown">Tea gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaju_chuishao_fu" title="Zaju chuishao fu">Zaju chuishao fu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_outerwear" title="List of outerwear">Outerwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capote_(garment)" title="Capote (garment)">Capote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_coat" title="Car coat">Car coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caraco" title="Caraco">Caraco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_cloak" title="Cardinal cloak">Cardinal cloak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamail_(clothing)" title="Chamail (clothing)">Chamail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamys" title="Chlamys">Chlamys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloak" title="Cloak">Cloak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinsale_cloak" title="Kinsale cloak">Kinsale cloak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolman" title="Dolman">Dolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublet_(clothing)" title="Doublet (clothing)">Doublet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duster_(clothing)" title="Duster (clothing)">Duster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exomis" title="Exomis">Exomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greatcoat" title="Greatcoat">Greatcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himation" title="Himation">Himation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houppelande" title="Houppelande">Houppelande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness_cape" title="Inverness cape">Inverness cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerkin" title="Jerkin">Jerkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandys" title="Kandys">Kandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket" title="Mackinaw jacket">Mackinaw jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadiri" title="Nadiri">Nadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_jacket" title="Norfolk jacket">Norfolk jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-frock_coat" title="Over-frock coat">Overfrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1uelo" title="Pañuelo">Pañuelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palla_(garment)" title="Palla (garment)">Palla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallium_(Roman_cloak)" title="Pallium (Roman cloak)">Pallium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelisse" title="Pelisse">Pelisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poncho" title="Poncho">Poncho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadbelly" title="Shadbelly">Shadbelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawl" title="Shawl">Shawl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galway_shawl" title="Galway shawl">Galway shawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullu_shawl" title="Kullu shawl">Kullu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smock-frock" title="Smock-frock">Smock-frock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_(clothing)" title="Spencer (clothing)">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surcoat" title="Surcoat">Surcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtout" title="Surtout">Surtout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_coat" title="Ulster coat">Ulster coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visite" title="Visite">Visite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witzchoura" title="Witzchoura">Witzchoura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Undergarment" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergarment">Underwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_(clothing)" title="Basque (clothing)">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustle" title="Bustle">Bustle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chausses" title="Chausses">Chausses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemise" title="Chemise">Chemise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codpiece" title="Codpiece">Codpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corselet" title="Corselet">Corselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corset" title="Corset">Corset</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waist_cincher" title="Waist cincher">Waist cincher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickey_(garment)" title="Dickey (garment)">Dickey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garter" title="Garter">Garter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoop_skirt" title="Hoop skirt">Hoop skirt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crinoline" title="Crinoline">Crinoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farthingale" title="Farthingale">Farthingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannier_(clothing)" title="Pannier (clothing)">Pannier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_(clothing)" title="Hose (clothing)">Hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_bodice" title="Liberty bodice">Liberty bodice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loincloth" title="Loincloth">Loincloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_drawers" title="Open drawers">Open drawers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantalettes" title="Pantalettes">Pantalettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petticoat" title="Petticoat">Petticoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peignoir" title="Peignoir">Peignoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pettipants" title="Pettipants">Pettipants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_suit" title="Union suit">Union suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%E1%BA%BFm" title="Yếm">Yếm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Headgear" title="Headgear">Headwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden_hat" title="Anthony Eden hat">Anthony Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apex_(headdress)" title="Apex (headdress)">Apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakhchin" title="Arakhchin">Arakhchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attifet" title="Attifet">Attifet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviator_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviator hat">Aviator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_t%E1%BA%A7m" title="Ba tầm">Ba tầm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berg%C3%A8re_hat" title="Bergère hat">Bergère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_sword_and_hat" title="Blessed sword and hat">Blessed hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)" title="Bonnet (headgear)">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calathus_(basket)" title="Calathus (basket)">Calath crown (headdress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capotain" title="Capotain">Capotain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caubeen" title="Caubeen">Caubeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_hat" title="Cavalier hat">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coif" title="Coif">Coif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coonskin_cap" title="Coonskin cap">Coonskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornette" title="Cornette">Cornette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunce_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunce cap">Dunce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillet_(clothing)" title="Fillet (clothing)">Fillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_hood" title="French hood">French hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontange" title="Fontange">Fontange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futou" title="Futou">Futou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gable_hood" title="Gable hood">Gable hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennin" title="Hennin">Hennin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeongjagwan" title="Jeongjagwan">Jeongjagwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kausia" title="Kausia">Kausia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoshnik" title="Kokoshnik">Kokoshnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llawt%27u" title="Llawt'u">Llawt'u</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malahai" title="Malahai">Malahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matron%27s_badge" title="Matron's badge">Matron's badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_cap" title="Miner's cap">Miner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobcap" title="Mobcap">Mob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modius_(headdress)" title="Modius (headdress)">Modius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_cap" title="Monmouth cap">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooskappe" title="Mooskappe">Mooskappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motoring_hood" title="Motoring hood">Motoring hood</a></li> <li><a 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title="Carbatina">Carbatina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanfu_footwear" title="Hanfu footwear">Chinese styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopine" title="Chopine">Chopines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duckbill_shoe" title="Duckbill shoe">Duckbills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_sandals" title="Episcopal sandals">Episcopal sandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_(boot)" title="Hessian (boot)">Hessian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_shoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus shoes">Lotus shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_platform_shoes" title="Manchu platform shoes">Manchu platform shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampootie" title="Pampootie">Pampooties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patten_(shoe)" title="Patten (shoe)">Pattens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigache" title="Pigache">Pigaches</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poulaines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socci" class="mw-redirect" title="Socci">Socci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger-head_shoes" title="Tiger-head shoes">Tiger-head shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnshoe" title="Turnshoe">Turnshoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fashion_accessory" title="Fashion accessory">Accessories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascot_tie" title="Ascot tie">Ascot tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_hook" title="Belt hook">Belt hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cointoise" title="Cointoise">Cointoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cravat_(early)" title="Cravat (early)">Cravat (early)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin" title="Hairpin">Hairpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatpin" title="Hatpin">Hatpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabot_(neckwear)" title="Jabot (neckwear)">Jabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pussy_bow" title="Pussy bow">Lavallière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)" title="Muff 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cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.559","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19226149,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlberigo_\u0026amp;_al.1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlanks2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonfante1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruhn_\u0026amp;_al.1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalasibettaPhyllis_Tortora2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChambers2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChambers_\u0026amp;_al.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoatsworthGale_R._Owen-Crocker2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDittmarMitchell2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDittmar_\u0026amp;_al.2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoubitzvan_Driel-MurrayGroenman-Van_Waateringe2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrewde_Neergaard1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaydon1863\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHearne1729\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlausner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLesterBess_Viola_OerkeHelen_Westermann1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewandowski2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMays2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMills2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen-Cricker2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlanché1876\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrattWoolley2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_de_Courson1215\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubenstein2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShawcross2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnodgrass2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStow1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTait1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilcox1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYarwood1978\"] = 1,\n [\"Etymology\"] = 1,\n [\"Name\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"C.\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 34,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Cquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Footwear\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 6,\n [\"Historical clothing\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 10,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Mdash\"] = 6,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 2,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 4,\n [\"Noteslist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 5,\n [\"R\"] = 3,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 23,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-6d78b94fdf-vvsjl","timestamp":"20250320220523","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Poulaine","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poulaine","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1353993","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1353993","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-08-19T06:28:55Z","dateModified":"2025-01-06T01:05:20Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/28\/Arsen_5104_f14_detail2.jpg","headline":"style of shoe with extremely elongated pointed toes, most popular in 14th and 15th century Europe"}</script> </body> </html>