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id="toc-Modern_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hepburn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hepburn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hepburn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hepburn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nihon-shiki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nihon-shiki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Nihon-shiki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nihon-shiki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kunrei-shiki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kunrei-shiki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Kunrei-shiki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kunrei-shiki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Other variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JSL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JSL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>JSL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JSL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-standard_romanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-standard_romanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Non-standard romanization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-standard_romanization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-standard romanization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-standard_romanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Long_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Long vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_words_written_in_each_romanization_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_words_written_in_each_romanization_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Example words written in each romanization system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_words_written_in_each_romanization_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_among_romanizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_among_romanizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Differences among romanizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_among_romanizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Spacing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kana_without_standardized_forms_of_romanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kana_without_standardized_forms_of_romanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kana without standardized forms of romanization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kana_without_standardized_forms_of_romanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_romanizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_romanizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Historical romanizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_romanizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_letter_names_in_Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_letter_names_in_Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Roman letter names in Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_letter_names_in_Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Romanization of Japanese</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji" title="Romaji – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Romaji" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="روماجي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روماجي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaci" title="Romaci – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Romaci" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji" title="Romaji – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Romaji" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Ромаджи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ромаджи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji" title="Romaji – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Romaji" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mad%C5%BEi" title="Rómadži – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rómadži" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhufeinio%27r_iaith_Japaneg" title="Rhufeinio'r iaith Japaneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhufeinio'r iaith Japaneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B9" title="Ρομάτζι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρομάτζι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japana_lingvo_per_latinaj_literoj" title="Japana lingvo per latinaj literoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Japana lingvo per latinaj literoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="روماجی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روماجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EC%96%B4_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95" title="일본어 로마자 표기법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일본어 로마자 표기법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisasion_ti_Hapon" title="Romanisasion ti Hapon – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Romanisasion ti Hapon" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji" title="Romaji – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Romaji" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%92%27%D7%99" title="רומאג'י – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רומאג'י" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="რომაჯი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რომაჯი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C4%81%C5%86u_valodas_romaniz%C4%81cija" title="Japāņu valodas romanizācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Japāņu valodas romanizācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romad%C5%BEi" title="Romadži – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Romadži" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji" title="Romaji – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Romaji" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%86%D9%89" title="روماچى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روماچى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji" title="Romaji – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Romaji" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji" title="Romaji – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Romaji" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD" title="ရိုမဂျိ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရိုမဂျိ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji" title="Romaji – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Romaji" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%AD%97" title="ローマ字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローマ字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisering_av_japansk" title="Romanisering av japansk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romanisering av japansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਰੋਮਾਜੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੋਮਾਜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Ромадзи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ромадзи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizimi_i_japonishtes" title="Romanizimi i japonishtes – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Romanizimi i japonishtes" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Romanization of Japanese" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepis_z_japonsk%C3%A9ho_p%C3%ADsma_do_latinky" title="Prepis z japonského písma do latinky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prepis z japonského písma do latinky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="ڕۆماجی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆماجی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%9F%D0%B8" title="Ромаџи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ромаџи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisasi_aksara_Jepang" title="Romanisasi aksara Jepang – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Romanisasi aksara Jepang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji" title="Romaji – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Romaji" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaji" title="Romaji – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Romaji" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4" title="โรมาจิ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรมาจิ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Латинізація японської мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Латинізація японської мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="روماجی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روماجی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%96%87%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" title="日文羅馬字 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="日文羅馬字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" title="Rōmaji – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Rōmaji" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1245169151">.mw-parser-output .jawriting-sidebar{width:20em}.mw-parser-output .jawriting-header{border-top:1px solid #aaa}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks jawriting-sidebar hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%9B%B8.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese writing"><img alt="Japanese writing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%E6%9B%B8.svg/75px-%E6%9B%B8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%E6%9B%B8.svg/113px-%E6%9B%B8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%E6%9B%B8.svg/150px-%E6%9B%B8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese writing</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading jawriting-header"> Components</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_order" title="Stroke order">Stroke order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_Japanese_kanji_radicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Table of Japanese kanji radicals">Radicals</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" title="Jōyō kanji">Jōyō kanji</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_j%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" title="List of jōyō kanji">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Diku_kanji" title="Kyōiku kanji">Kyōiku kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" title="Tōyō kanji">Tōyō kanji</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinmeiy%C5%8D_kanji" title="Jinmeiyō kanji">Jinmeiyō kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgai_kanji" title="Hyōgai kanji">Hyōgai kanji</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goj%C5%ABon" title="Gojūon">Gojūon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_typographic_symbols" title="List of Japanese typographic symbols">Typographic symbols</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_punctuation" title="Japanese punctuation">Japanese punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iteration_mark#Japanese" title="Iteration mark">Iteration mark</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading jawriting-header"> Uses</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Syllabograms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furigana" title="Furigana">Furigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okurigana" title="Okurigana">Okurigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Braille</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading jawriting-header"> Transliteration</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rōmaji</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki</a> / ISO 3602 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSL_romanization" title="JSL romanization">JSL</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81puro_r%C5%8Dmaji" title="Wāpuro rōmaji">Wāpuro</a> (keyboard input)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Japanese" title="Cyrillization of Japanese">Cyrillization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polivanov_system" title="Polivanov system">Polivanov system</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_writing" title="Template:Japanese writing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_writing" title="Template talk:Japanese writing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_writing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese writing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>romanization of Japanese</b> is the use of <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> to write the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method of writing is sometimes referred to in Japanese as <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><b>rōmaji</b></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ローマ字</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Roman letters</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɾoːma(d)ʑi]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/55\/Ja-Romaji.oga\/Ja-Romaji.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ja-Romaji.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/Ja-Romaji.oga/Ja-Romaji.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ja-Romaji.oga" title="File:Ja-Romaji.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɾoːmaꜜ(d)ʑi]</a></span>)</span>. </p><p>Japanese is normally written in a combination of <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logographic characters</a> borrowed from Chinese (<a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabic</a> scripts (<a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a>) that also ultimately derive from Chinese characters. </p><p>There are several different <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> systems. The three main ones are <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn romanization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki romanization</a> (ISO 3602) and <a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki romanization</a> (ISO 3602 Strict). Variants of the Hepburn system are the most widely used. </p><p>Romanized Japanese may be used in any context where Japanese text is targeted at non-Japanese speakers who cannot read kanji or kana, such as for names on street signs and passports and in dictionaries and textbooks for foreign learners of the language. It is also used to transliterate Japanese terms in text written in English (or other languages that use the Latin script) on topics related to Japan, such as linguistics, literature, history, and culture. </p><p>All Japanese who have attended elementary school since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> have been taught to read and write romanized Japanese. Therefore, almost all Japanese can read and write Japanese by using <i>rōmaji</i>. However, it is extremely rare in Japan to use it to write Japanese (except as an input tool on a computer or for special purposes such as logo design), and most Japanese are more comfortable in reading kanji and kana. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest Japanese romanization system was based on <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_orthography" title="Portuguese orthography">Portuguese orthography</a>. It was developed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1548</span> by a Japanese Catholic named <a href="/wiki/Anjir%C5%8D" title="Anjirō">Anjirō</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="See '"Yajiro"_in_1548?_Unsourced_claim,_and_I_can't_find_any_Japanese-language_resources_to_corroborate_this.' on the Talk page. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> priests used the system in a series of printed Catholic books so that missionaries could preach and teach their converts without learning to read Japanese orthography. The most useful of these books for the study of early modern Japanese pronunciation and early attempts at romanization was the <i><a href="/wiki/Nippo_jisho" class="mw-redirect" title="Nippo jisho">Nippo jisho</a></i>, a Japanese–Portuguese dictionary written in 1603. In general, the early Portuguese system was similar to Nihon-shiki in its treatment of <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> were transliterated differently: for instance, the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> consonant was rendered, depending on context, as either <i>c</i> or <i>q</i>, and the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɸ/</span> consonant (now pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>, except before <i>u</i>) as <i>f</i>; and so <i>Nihon no kotoba</i> ("The language of Japan") was spelled <i>Nifon no cotoba</i>. The Jesuits also printed some secular books in romanized Japanese, including the first printed edition of the Japanese classic <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_the_Heike" title="The Tale of the Heike">The Tale of the Heike</a></i>, romanized as <i>Feiqe no monogatari</i>, and a collection of <i><a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">Aesop's Fables</a></i> (romanized as <i>Esopo no fabulas</i>). The latter continued to be printed and read after the suppression of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Christianity in Japan</a> (Chibbett, 1977). </p><p>From the mid-19th century onward, several systems were developed, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn system</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/James_Curtis_Hepburn" title="James Curtis Hepburn">James Curtis Hepburn</a> who used it in the third edition of his Japanese–English dictionary, published in 1887. The Hepburn system included representation of some sounds that have since changed. For example, <a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/Kwaidan:_Stories_and_Studies_of_Strange_Things" title="Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things">Kwaidan</a></i> shows the older <i>kw-</i> pronunciation; in modern Hepburn romanization, this would be written <i><a href="/wiki/Kwaidan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwaidan">Kaidan</a></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">ghost tales</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_replacement_for_the_Japanese_writing_system">As a replacement for the Japanese writing system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: As a replacement for the Japanese writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> (1868–1912), some Japanese scholars advocated abolishing the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese writing system</a> entirely and using <i>rōmaji</i> instead. The Nihon-shiki romanization was an outgrowth of that movement. Several Japanese texts were published entirely in <i>rōmaji</i> during this period, but it failed to catch on. Later, in the early 20th century, some scholars devised syllabary systems with characters derived from Latin (rather like the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee syllabary</a>) that were even less popular since they were not based on any historical use of the Latin script. </p><p>Today, the use of Nihon-shiki for writing Japanese is advocated by the <a href="/wiki/Oomoto" title="Oomoto">Oomoto</a> sect<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some independent organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied occupation of Japan">Allied occupation of Japan</a>, the government of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers" title="Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers">Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers</a> (SCAP) made it official policy to romanize Japanese. However, that policy failed and a more moderate attempt at <a href="/wiki/Japanese_script_reform" title="Japanese script reform">Japanese script reform</a> followed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_systems">Modern systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hepburn">Hepburn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hepburn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toyooka_Station_Sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Toyooka_Station_Sign.jpg/220px-Toyooka_Station_Sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Toyooka_Station_Sign.jpg/330px-Toyooka_Station_Sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Toyooka_Station_Sign.jpg/440px-Toyooka_Station_Sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2370" data-file-height="3159" /></a><figcaption>Old sign from the <a href="/wiki/JNR" class="mw-redirect" title="JNR">JNR</a> era at <a href="/wiki/Toyooka_Station_(Hy%C5%8Dgo)" title="Toyooka Station (Hyōgo)">Toyooka Station</a> shows inconsistent romanization. Although in principle Hepburn is used, <i>Kokuhu</i> is the <i>kunrei-shiki</i> form (which would be <a href="/wiki/Kokufu_Station" title="Kokufu Station"><i>Kokufu</i></a> in Hepburn).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn romanization</a></div> <p><b>Hepburn romanization</b> generally follows English phonology with <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> vowels. It is an intuitive method of showing <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">Anglophones</a> the pronunciation of a word in Japanese. It was standardized in the United States as <i>American National Standard System for the Romanization of Japanese (Modified Hepburn)</i>, but that status was abolished on October 6, 1994. Hepburn is the most common romanization system in use today, especially in the English-speaking world. </p><p>The <b>Revised Hepburn</b> system of romanization uses a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> to indicate some <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowels</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> to note the separation of easily confused <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> (usually, syllabic <i>n</i> <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ん</span></span></span> from a following naked vowel or semivowel). For example, the name <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">じゅんいちろう</span></span></span> is written with the kana characters <i>ju</i>-<i>n</i>-<i>i</i>-<i>chi</i>-<i>ro</i>-<i>u</i>, and romanized as <i>Jun'ichirō</i> in Revised Hepburn. Without the apostrophe, it would not be possible to distinguish this correct reading from the incorrect <i>ju</i>-<i>ni</i>-<i>chi</i>-<i>ro</i>-<i>u</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">じゅにちろう</span></span></span>). This system is widely used in Japan and among foreign students and academics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nihon-shiki">Nihon-shiki</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nihon-shiki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki romanization</a></div> <p><b>Nihon-shiki romanization</b> was originally invented as a method for Japanese to write their own language in Latin characters, rather than to transcribe it for Westerners as Hepburn was. It follows the Japanese syllabary very strictly, with no adjustments for changes in pronunciation. It has also been standardized as <a href="/wiki/ISO_3602_Strict" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 3602 Strict">ISO 3602 Strict</a>. Also known as <b>Nippon-shiki</b>, rendered in the Nihon-shiki style of romanization the name is either <i>Nihon-siki</i> or <i>Nippon-siki</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kunrei-shiki">Kunrei-shiki</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kunrei-shiki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki romanization</a></div> <p><b>Kunrei-shiki romanization</b> is a slightly modified version of Nihon-shiki which eliminates differences between the kana syllabary and modern pronunciation. For example, the characters <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">づ</span></span></span> and <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ず</span></span></span> are <a href="/wiki/Yotsugana" title="Yotsugana">pronounced identically</a> in modern Japanese, and thus Kunrei-shiki and Hepburn ignore the difference in kana and represent the sound in the same way (<i>zu</i>). Nihon-shiki, on the other hand, will romanize <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">づ</span></span></span> as <i>du</i>, but <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ず</span></span></span> as <i>zu</i>. Similarly for the pair <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">じ</span></span></span> and <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぢ</span></span></span>, they are both <i>zi</i> in Kunrei-shiki and <i>ji</i> in Hepburn, but are <i>zi</i> and <i>di</i> respectively in Nihon-shiki. See the table below for full details. </p><p>Kunrei-shiki has been standardized by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Government">Japanese Government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> as <a href="/wiki/ISO_3602" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 3602">ISO 3602</a>. Kunrei-shiki is taught to <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Japanese elementary school</a> students in their fourth year of education. </p><p>Written in Kunrei-shiki, the name of the system would be rendered <i>Kunreisiki</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_variants">Other variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is possible to elaborate these romanizations to enable non-native speakers to pronounce Japanese words more correctly. Typical additions include <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a> marks to note the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_pitch_accent" title="Japanese pitch accent">Japanese pitch accent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diacritic_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritic mark">diacritic marks</a> to distinguish phonological changes, such as the assimilation of the moraic nasal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɴ/</span> (see <a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese phonology</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JSL">JSL</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: JSL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/JSL_romanization" title="JSL romanization">JSL romanization</a></div> <p><b>JSL</b> is a romanization system based on Japanese phonology, designed using the linguistic principles used by linguists in designing writing systems for languages that do not have any. It is a purely <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> system, using exactly one symbol for each phoneme, and marking <a href="/wiki/Japanese_pitch_accent" title="Japanese pitch accent">the pitch accent</a> using <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>. It was created for <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Jorden" title="Eleanor Jorden">Eleanor Harz Jorden</a>'s system of Japanese language teaching. Its principle is that such a system enables students to internalize the phonology of Japanese better. Since it does not have any of the other systems' advantages for non-native speakers, and the Japanese already have a writing system for their language, JSL is not widely used outside the educational environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-standard_romanization">Non-standard romanization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Non-standard romanization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the standardized systems above, there are many variations in romanization, used either for simplification, in error or confusion between different systems, or for deliberate stylistic reasons. </p><p>Notably, the various mappings that <a href="/wiki/Japanese_input_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese input methods">Japanese input methods</a> use to convert keystrokes on a Roman keyboard to kana often combine features of all of the systems; when used as plain text rather than being converted, these are usually known as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81puro_r%C5%8Dmaji" title="Wāpuro rōmaji">wāpuro rōmaji</a></i></span>. (<i>Wāpuro</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Blend_word" title="Blend word">blend</a> of <i><b>wā</b>do <b>puro</b>sessā</i> <a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processor</a>.) Unlike the standard systems, <i>wāpuro rōmaji</i> requires no characters from outside the <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> character set. </p><p>While there may be arguments in favour of some of these variant romanizations in specific contexts, their use, especially if mixed, leads to confusion when romanized Japanese words are indexed. This confusion never occurs when inputting Japanese characters with a word processor, because input Latin letters are transliterated into Japanese kana as soon as the <a href="/wiki/Input_Method_Editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Input Method Editor">IME</a> processes what character is input. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_vowels">Long vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Long vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition, the following three "non-Hepburn <i>rōmaji</i>"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">非ヘボン式ローマ字</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">hi-Hebon-shiki rōmaji</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> methods of representing long vowels are authorized by the Japanese Foreign Ministry for use in passports.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>oh</i> for <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">おお</span></span> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">おう</span></span> (Hepburn <i>ō</i>).</li> <li><i>oo</i> for <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">おお</span></span> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">おう</span></span>. This is valid JSL romanization. For Hepburn romanization, it is not a valid romanization if the long vowel belongs within a single word.</li> <li><i>ou</i> for <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">おう</span></span>. This is also an example of <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81puro_r%C5%8Dmaji" title="Wāpuro rōmaji">wāpuro rōmaji</a></i></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_words_written_in_each_romanization_system">Example words written in each romanization system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Example words written in each romanization system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">English </th> <th rowspan="2">Japanese </th> <th rowspan="2">Kana spelling </th> <th colspan="3">Romanization </th></tr> <tr> <th>Revised Hepburn </th> <th>Kunrei-shiki </th> <th>Nihon-shiki </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"> <td>Roman characters </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ローマ字</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ローマじ</span></span> </td> <td><i>rōmaji</i> </td> <td><i>rômazi</i> </td> <td><i>rômazi</i> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">富士山</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ふじさん</span></span> </td> <td><i>Fujisan</i> </td> <td><i>Huzisan</i> </td> <td><i>Huzisan</i> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">お茶</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">おちゃ</span></span> </td> <td><i>ocha</i> </td> <td><i>otya</i> </td> <td><i>otya</i> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">governor</a> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">知事</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ちじ</span></span> </td> <td><i>chiji</i> </td> <td><i>tizi</i> </td> <td><i>tizi</i> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"> <td>to shrink </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">縮む</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ちぢむ</span></span> </td> <td><i>chijimu</i> </td> <td><i>tizimu</i> </td> <td><i>tidimu</i> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;"> <td>to continue </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">続く</span></span> </td> <td><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">つづく</span></span> </td> <td><i>tsuzuku</i> </td> <td><i>tuzuku</i> </td> <td><i>tuduku</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_among_romanizations">Differences among romanizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Differences among romanizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This chart shows in full the three main systems for the romanization of Japanese: <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihon-shiki">Nihon-shiki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunrei-shiki">Kunrei-shiki</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>あ</td> <td>ア</td> <td colspan="4">a </td></tr> <tr> <td>い</td> <td>イ</td> <td colspan="4">i </td></tr> <tr> <td>う</td> <td>ウ</td> <td colspan="3">u</td> <td>ɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>え</td> <td>エ</td> <td colspan="4">e </td></tr> <tr> <td>お</td> <td>オ</td> <td colspan="4">o </td></tr> <tr> <td>か</td> <td>カ</td> <td colspan="4">ka </td></tr> <tr> <td>き</td> <td>キ</td> <td colspan="3">ki</td> <td>kʲi </td></tr> <tr> <td>く</td> <td>ク</td> <td colspan="3">ku</td> <td>kɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>け</td> <td>ケ</td> <td colspan="4">ke </td></tr> <tr> <td>こ</td> <td>コ</td> <td colspan="4">ko </td></tr> <tr> <td>きゃ</td> <td>キャ</td> <td colspan="3">kya</td> <td>kʲa </td></tr> <tr> <td>きゅ</td> <td>キュ</td> <td colspan="3">kyu</td> <td>kʲɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>きょ</td> <td>キョ</td> <td colspan="3">kyo</td> <td>kʲo </td></tr> <tr> <td>さ</td> <td>サ</td> <td colspan="4">sa </td></tr> <tr> <td>し</td> <td>シ</td> <td>shi</td> <td colspan="2">si</td> <td>ɕi </td></tr> <tr> <td>す</td> <td>ス</td> <td colspan="3">su</td> <td>sɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>せ</td> <td>セ</td> <td colspan="4">se </td></tr> <tr> <td>そ</td> <td>ソ</td> <td colspan="4">so </td></tr> <tr> <td>しゃ</td> <td>シャ</td> <td>sha</td> <td colspan="2">sya</td> <td>ɕa </td></tr> <tr> <td>しゅ</td> <td>シュ</td> <td>shu</td> <td colspan="2">syu</td> <td>ɕɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>しょ</td> <td>ショ</td> <td>sho</td> <td colspan="2">syo</td> <td>ɕo </td></tr> <tr> <td>た</td> <td>タ</td> <td colspan="4">ta </td></tr> <tr> <td>ち</td> <td>チ</td> <td>chi</td> <td colspan="2">ti</td> <td>tɕi </td></tr> <tr> <td>つ</td> <td>ツ</td> <td>tsu</td> <td colspan="2">tu</td> <td>tsɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>て</td> <td>テ</td> <td colspan="4">te </td></tr> <tr> <td>と</td> <td>ト</td> <td colspan="4">to </td></tr> <tr> <td>ちゃ</td> <td>チャ</td> <td>cha</td> <td colspan="2">tya</td> <td>tɕa </td></tr> <tr> <td>ちゅ</td> <td>チュ</td> <td>chu</td> <td colspan="2">tyu</td> <td>tɕɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ちょ</td> <td>チョ</td> <td>cho</td> <td colspan="2">tyo</td> <td>tɕo </td></tr> <tr> <td>な</td> <td>ナ</td> <td colspan="4">na </td></tr> <tr> <td>に</td> <td>ニ</td> <td colspan="3">ni</td> <td>ɲi </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぬ</td> <td>ヌ</td> <td colspan="3">nu</td> <td>nɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ね</td> <td>ネ</td> <td colspan="4">ne </td></tr> <tr> <td>の</td> <td>ノ</td> <td colspan="4">no </td></tr> <tr> <td>にゃ</td> <td>ニャ</td> <td colspan="3">nya</td> <td>ɲa </td></tr> <tr> <td>にゅ</td> <td>ニュ</td> <td colspan="3">nyu</td> <td>ɲɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>にょ</td> <td>ニョ</td> <td colspan="3">nyo</td> <td>ɲo </td></tr> <tr> <td>は</td> <td>ハ</td> <td colspan="4">ha </td></tr> <tr> <td>ひ</td> <td>ヒ</td> <td colspan="3">hi</td> <td>çi </td></tr> <tr> <td>ふ</td> <td>フ</td> <td>fu</td> <td colspan="2">hu</td> <td>ɸɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>へ</td> <td>ヘ</td> <td colspan="4">he </td></tr> <tr> <td>ほ</td> <td>ホ</td> <td colspan="4">ho </td></tr> <tr> <td>ひゃ</td> <td>ヒャ</td> <td colspan="3">hya</td> <td>ça </td></tr> <tr> <td>ひゅ</td> <td>ヒュ</td> <td colspan="3">hyu</td> <td>çɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ひょ</td> <td>ヒョ</td> <td colspan="3">hyo</td> <td>ço </td></tr> <tr> <td>ま</td> <td>マ</td> <td colspan="4">ma </td></tr> <tr> <td>み</td> <td>ミ</td> <td colspan="3">mi</td> <td>mʲi </td></tr> <tr> <td>む</td> <td>ム</td> <td colspan="3">mu</td> <td>mɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>め</td> <td>メ</td> <td colspan="4">me </td></tr> <tr> <td>も</td> <td>モ</td> <td colspan="4">mo </td></tr> <tr> <td>みゃ</td> <td>ミャ</td> <td colspan="3">mya</td> <td>mʲa </td></tr> <tr> <td>みゅ</td> <td>ミュ</td> <td colspan="3">myu</td> <td>mʲɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>みょ</td> <td>ミョ</td> <td colspan="3">myo</td> <td>mʲo </td></tr> <tr> <td>や</td> <td>ヤ</td> <td colspan="3">ya</td> <td>ja </td></tr> <tr> <td>ゆ</td> <td>ユ</td> <td colspan="3">yu</td> <td>jɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>よ</td> <td>ヨ</td> <td colspan="3">yo</td> <td>jo </td></tr> <tr> <td>ら</td> <td>ラ</td> <td colspan="3">ra</td> <td>ɾa </td></tr> <tr> <td>り</td> <td>リ</td> <td colspan="3">ri</td> <td>ɾʲi </td></tr> <tr> <td>る</td> <td>ル</td> <td colspan="3">ru</td> <td>ɾɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>れ</td> <td>レ</td> <td colspan="3">re</td> <td>ɾe </td></tr> <tr> <td>ろ</td> <td>ロ</td> <td colspan="3">ro</td> <td>ɾo </td></tr> <tr> <td>りゃ</td> <td>リャ</td> <td colspan="3">rya</td> <td>ɾʲa </td></tr> <tr> <td>りゅ</td> <td>リュ</td> <td colspan="3">ryu</td> <td>ɾʲu </td></tr> <tr> <td>りょ</td> <td>リョ</td> <td colspan="3">ryo</td> <td>ɾʲo </td></tr> <tr> <td>わ</td> <td>ワ</td> <td colspan="3">wa</td> <td>wa~ɰa </td></tr> <tr> <td>ゐ</td> <td>ヰ</td> <td>i</td> <td>wi</td> <td colspan="2">i </td></tr> <tr> <td>ゑ</td> <td>ヱ</td> <td>e</td> <td>we</td> <td colspan="2">e </td></tr> <tr> <td>を</td> <td>ヲ</td> <td>o</td> <td>wo</td> <td colspan="2">o </td></tr> <tr> <td>ゐゃ</td> <td>ヰャ</td> <td>iya</td> <td>wya</td> <td colspan="2">iya </td></tr> <tr> <td>ゐゅ</td> <td>ヰュ</td> <td>iyu</td> <td>wyu</td> <td colspan="2">iyu </td></tr> <tr> <td>ゐょ</td> <td>ヰョ</td> <td>iyo</td> <td>wyo</td> <td colspan="2">iyo </td></tr> <tr> <td>ん</td> <td>ン</td> <td>n-n'(-m)</td> <td colspan="2">n-n'</td> <td>m~n~ŋ~ɴ </td></tr> <tr> <td>が</td> <td>ガ</td> <td colspan="4">ga </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぎ</td> <td>ギ</td> <td colspan="3">gi</td> <td>gʲi </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぐ</td> <td>グ</td> <td colspan="3">gu</td> <td>gɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>げ</td> <td>ゲ</td> <td colspan="4">ge </td></tr> <tr> <td>ご</td> <td>ゴ</td> <td colspan="4">go </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぎゃ</td> <td>ギャ</td> <td colspan="3">gya</td> <td>gʲa </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぎゅ</td> <td>ギュ</td> <td colspan="3">gyu</td> <td>gʲɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぎょ</td> <td>ギョ</td> <td colspan="3">gyo</td> <td>gʲo </td></tr> <tr> <td>ざ</td> <td>ザ</td> <td colspan="3">za</td> <td>za~dza </td></tr> <tr> <td>じ</td> <td>ジ</td> <td>ji</td> <td colspan="2">zi</td> <td>ʑi~dʑi </td></tr> <tr> <td>ず</td> <td>ズ</td> <td colspan="3">zu</td> <td>zɯ~dzɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぜ</td> <td>ゼ</td> <td colspan="3">ze</td> <td>ze~dze </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぞ</td> <td>ゾ</td> <td colspan="3">zo</td> <td>zo~dzo </td></tr> <tr> <td>じゃ</td> <td>ジャ</td> <td>ja</td> <td colspan="2">zya</td> <td>ʑa~dʑa </td></tr> <tr> <td>じゅ</td> <td>ジュ</td> <td>ju</td> <td colspan="2">zyu</td> <td>ʑɯ~dʑɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>じょ</td> <td>ジョ</td> <td>jo</td> <td colspan="2">zyo</td> <td>ʑo~dʑo </td></tr> <tr> <td>だ</td> <td>ダ</td> <td colspan="4">da </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぢ</td> <td>ヂ</td> <td>ji</td> <td>di</td> <td>zi</td> <td>ʑi~dʑi </td></tr> <tr> <td>づ</td> <td>ヅ</td> <td>zu</td> <td>du</td> <td>zu</td> <td>zɯ~dzɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>で</td> <td>デ</td> <td colspan="4">de </td></tr> <tr> <td>ど</td> <td>ド</td> <td colspan="4">do </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぢゃ</td> <td>ヂャ</td> <td>ja</td> <td>dya</td> <td>zya</td> <td>ʑa~dʑa </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぢゅ</td> <td>ヂュ</td> <td>ju</td> <td>dyu</td> <td>zyu</td> <td>ʑɯ~dʑɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぢょ</td> <td>ヂョ</td> <td>jo</td> <td>dyo</td> <td>zyo</td> <td>ʑo~dʑo </td></tr> <tr> <td>ば</td> <td>バ</td> <td colspan="4">ba </td></tr> <tr> <td>び</td> <td>ビ</td> <td colspan="3">bi</td> <td>bʲi </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぶ</td> <td>ブ</td> <td colspan="3">bu</td> <td>bɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>べ</td> <td>ベ</td> <td colspan="4">be </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぼ</td> <td>ボ</td> <td colspan="4">bo </td></tr> <tr> <td>びゃ</td> <td>ビャ</td> <td colspan="3">bya</td> <td>bʲa </td></tr> <tr> <td>びゅ</td> <td>ビュ</td> <td colspan="3">byu</td> <td>bʲɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>びょ</td> <td>ビョ</td> <td colspan="3">byo</td> <td>bʲo </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぱ</td> <td>パ</td> <td colspan="4">pa </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぴ</td> <td>ピ</td> <td colspan="3">pi</td> <td>pʲi </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぷ</td> <td>プ</td> <td colspan="3">pu</td> <td>pɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぺ</td> <td>ペ</td> <td colspan="4">pe </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぽ</td> <td>ポ</td> <td colspan="4">po </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぴゃ</td> <td>ピャ</td> <td colspan="3">pya</td> <td>pʲa </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぴゅ</td> <td>ピュ</td> <td colspan="3">pyu</td> <td>pʲɯ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぴょ</td> <td>ピョ</td> <td colspan="3">pyo</td> <td>pʲo </td></tr> <tr> <td>ゔ</td> <td>ヴ</td> <td colspan="3">vu</td> <td>βɯ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This chart shows the significant differences among them. Despite the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>, the /j/ sound in <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%84" class="mw-redirect" title="や">や</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ゆ">ゆ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%E3%82%88" class="mw-redirect" title="よ">よ</a> are never romanized with the letter <a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Kana</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Revised Hepburn</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>うう</td> <td><i>ū</i></td> <td colspan="2"><i>û</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>おう, おお</td> <td><i>ō</i></td> <td colspan="2"><i>ô</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>し</td> <td><i>shi</i></td> <td colspan="2"><i>si</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>しゃ</td> <td><i>sha</i></td> <td colspan="2"><i>sya</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>しゅ</td> <td><i>shu</i></td> <td colspan="2"><i>syu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>しょ</td> <td><i>sho</i></td> <td colspan="2"><i>syo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>じ</td> <td><i>ji</i></td> <td colspan="2"><i>zi</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>じゃ</td> <td><i>ja</i></td> <td colspan="2"><i>zya</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>じゅ</td> <td><i>ju</i></td> <td colspan="2"><i>zyu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>じょ</td> <td><i>jo</i></td> <td colspan="2"><i>zyo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ち</td> <td><i>chi</i></td> <td colspan="2"><i>ti</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>つ</td> <td><i>tsu</i></td> <td colspan="2"><i>tu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ちゃ</td> <td><i>cha</i></td> <td colspan="2"><i>tya</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ちゅ</td> <td><i>chu</i></td> <td colspan="2"><i>tyu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ちょ</td> <td><i>cho</i></td> <td colspan="2"><i>tyo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぢ</td> <td><i>ji</i></td> <td><i>di</i></td> <td><i>zi</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>づ</td> <td><i>zu</i></td> <td><i>du</i></td> <td><i>zu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぢゃ</td> <td><i>ja</i></td> <td><i>dya</i></td> <td><i>zya</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぢゅ</td> <td><i>ju</i></td> <td><i>dyu</i></td> <td><i>zyu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ぢょ</td> <td><i>jo</i></td> <td><i>dyo</i></td> <td><i>zyo</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ふ</td> <td><i>fu</i></td> <td colspan="2"><i>hu</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ゐ</td> <td><i>i</i></td> <td><i>wi</i></td> <td><i>i</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ゑ</td> <td><i>e</i></td> <td><i>we</i></td> <td><i>e</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>を</td> <td><i>o</i></td> <td><i>wo</i></td> <td><i>o</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ん</td> <td><i>n</i>, <i>n'</i> ( <i>m</i>)</td> <td colspan="2"><i>n</i> <i>n'</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spacing">Spacing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Spacing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japanese is written without spaces between words, and in some cases, such as compounds, it may not be completely clear where word boundaries should lie, resulting in varying romanization styles. For example, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">結婚する</span></span>, meaning "to marry", and composed of the noun <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">結婚</span></span> (<i>kekkon</i>, "marriage") combined with <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">する</span></span> (<i>suru</i>, "to do"), is romanized as one word <i>kekkonsuru</i> by some authors but two words <i>kekkon suru</i> by others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kana_without_standardized_forms_of_romanization">Kana without standardized forms of romanization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Kana without standardized forms of romanization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no universally accepted style of romanization for the smaller versions of the vowels and <i>y</i>-row kana when used outside the normal combinations (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">きゃ</span></span>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">きょ</span></span>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ファ</span></span> etc.), nor for the <a href="/wiki/Sokuon" title="Sokuon">sokuon</a> or small <i>tsu</i> kana <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">っ/ッ</span></span> when it is not directly followed by a consonant. Although these are usually regarded as merely phonetic marks or diacritics, they do sometimes appear on their own, such as at the end of sentences, in exclamations, or in some names. The detached sokuon, representing a final glottal stop in exclamations, is sometimes represented as an apostrophe or as <i>t</i>; for example, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">あっ!</span></span> might be written as <i>a'!</i> or <i>at!</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_romanizations">Historical romanizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Historical romanizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><b>1603</b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Nippo_jisho" class="mw-redirect" title="Nippo jisho">Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam</a></i> (1603)</dd> <dd><b>1604</b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Arte_da_Lingoa_de_Iapam" title="Arte da Lingoa de Iapam">Arte da Lingoa de Iapam</a></i> (1604–1608)</dd> <dd><b>1620</b>: <i>Arte Breve da Lingoa Iapoa</i> (1620)</dd> <dd><b>1848</b>: <i>Kaisei zoho Bango sen</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1848)</dd></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">あ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">い</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">う</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">え</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">お</span></span></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="4">a</td> <td>i, j, y</td> <td>v, u</td> <td rowspan="3">ye</td> <td>vo, uo</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td>i</td> <td rowspan="2">v</td> <td rowspan="2">vo</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td>y</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>i</td> <td>woe</td> <td>e</td> <td>o</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">か</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">き</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">く</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">け</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">こ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">きゃ</span></span></th> <th></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">きょ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">くゎ</span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="2">ca</td> <td>qi, qui</td> <td rowspan="2">cu, qu</td> <td>qe, que</td> <td rowspan="3">co</td> <td>qia</td> <td></td> <td>qio, qeo</td> <td rowspan="3">qua </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td>qui</td> <td>que</td> <td>quia</td> <td></td> <td>quio </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td>ca, ka</td> <td rowspan="2">ki</td> <td>cu, ku</td> <td>ke</td> <td>kia</td> <td></td> <td>kio </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>ka</td> <td>kfoe</td> <td>ko</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">が</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぎ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぐ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">げ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ご</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぎゃ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぎゅ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぎょ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぐゎ</span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="2">ga</td> <td rowspan="2">gui</td> <td>gu, gv</td> <td rowspan="2">gue</td> <td rowspan="2">go</td> <td>guia</td> <td rowspan="2">guiu</td> <td rowspan="2">guio</td> <td rowspan="3">gua </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td>gu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td>ga, gha</td> <td>ghi</td> <td>gu, ghu</td> <td>ghe</td> <td>go, gho</td> <td>ghia</td> <td>ghiu</td> <td>ghio </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>ga</td> <td>gi</td> <td>gfoe</td> <td>ge</td> <td>go</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">さ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">し</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">す</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">せ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">そ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">しゃ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">しゅ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">しょ</span></span></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="4">sa</td> <td rowspan="3">xi</td> <td rowspan="3">su</td> <td rowspan="3">xe</td> <td rowspan="4">so</td> <td rowspan="3">xa</td> <td rowspan="3">xu</td> <td rowspan="3">xo</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>si</td> <td>sfoe</td> <td>se</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ざ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">じ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ず</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぜ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぞ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">じゃ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">じゅ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">じょ</span></span></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="4">za</td> <td>ii, ji</td> <td rowspan="3">zu</td> <td>ie, ye</td> <td rowspan="4">zo</td> <td>ia, ja</td> <td>iu, ju</td> <td>io, jo</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td rowspan="2">ji</td> <td></td> <td rowspan="2">ia</td> <td>ju</td> <td>jo</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td>ie</td> <td>iu</td> <td>io</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>zi</td> <td>zoe</td> <td>ze</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">た</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ち</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">つ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">て</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">と</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ちゃ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ちゅ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ちょ</span></span></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="4">ta</td> <td rowspan="3">chi</td> <td rowspan="3">tçu</td> <td rowspan="4">te</td> <td rowspan="4">to</td> <td rowspan="3">cha</td> <td rowspan="3">chu</td> <td rowspan="3">cho</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>tsi</td> <td>tsoe</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">だ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぢ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">づ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">で</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ど</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぢゃ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぢゅ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぢょ</span></span></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="4">da</td> <td rowspan="3">gi</td> <td>zzu</td> <td rowspan="4">de</td> <td rowspan="4">do</td> <td rowspan="3">gia</td> <td rowspan="3">giu</td> <td rowspan="3">gio</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td rowspan="2">dzu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>dsi</td> <td>dsoe</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">な</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">に</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぬ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ね</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">の</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">にゃ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">にゅ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">にょ</span></span></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="4">na</td> <td rowspan="4">ni</td> <td rowspan="3">nu</td> <td rowspan="4">ne</td> <td rowspan="4">no</td> <td>nha</td> <td>nhu, niu</td> <td>nho, neo</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td rowspan="2">nha</td> <td rowspan="2">nhu</td> <td rowspan="2">nho</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>noe</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">は</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ひ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ふ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">へ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ほ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ひゃ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ひゅ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ひょ</span></span></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="3">fa</td> <td rowspan="3">fi</td> <td rowspan="3">fu</td> <td rowspan="3">fe</td> <td rowspan="3">fo</td> <td>fia</td> <td>fiu</td> <td>fio, feo</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td rowspan="2">fio</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>ha</td> <td>hi</td> <td>foe</td> <td>he</td> <td>ho</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ば</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">び</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぶ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">べ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぼ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">びゃ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">びゅ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">びょ</span></span></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="4">ba</td> <td rowspan="4">bi</td> <td rowspan="3">bu</td> <td rowspan="4">be</td> <td rowspan="4">bo</td> <td>bia</td> <td>biu</td> <td>bio, beo</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td>bia</td> <td>biu</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>boe</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぱ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぴ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぷ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぺ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぽ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぴゃ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぴゅ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ぴょ</span></span></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="4">pa</td> <td rowspan="4">pi</td> <td rowspan="3">pu</td> <td rowspan="4">pe</td> <td rowspan="4">po</td> <td>pia</td> <td></td> <td>pio</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td>pia</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>poe</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ま</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">み</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">む</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">め</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">も</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">みゃ</span></span></th> <th></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">みょ</span></span></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="4">ma</td> <td rowspan="4">mi</td> <td rowspan="3">mu</td> <td rowspan="4">me</td> <td rowspan="4">mo</td> <td>mia, mea</td> <td></td> <td>mio, meo</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>mio</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>moe</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">や</span></span></th> <th></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ゆ</span></span></th> <th></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">よ</span></span></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="3">ya</td> <td></td> <td rowspan="3">yu</td> <td></td> <td rowspan="3">yo</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ら</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">り</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">る</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">れ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ろ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">りゃ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">りゅ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">りょ</span></span></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td rowspan="4">ra</td> <td rowspan="4">ri</td> <td rowspan="3">ru</td> <td rowspan="4">re</td> <td rowspan="4">ro</td> <td>ria, rea</td> <td>riu</td> <td>rio, reo</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td rowspan="2">rio</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td></td> <td>riu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>roe</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">わ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ゐ</span></span></th> <th></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ゑ</span></span></th> <th><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">を</span></span></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td>va, ua</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>vo, uo</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td rowspan="2">va</td> <td rowspan="2">y</td> <td></td> <td rowspan="2">ye</td> <td rowspan="2">vo</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848</td> <td>wa</td> <td>wi</td> <td></td> <td>ije, ÿe</td> <td>wo</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th colspan="9"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ん</span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td colspan="9">n, m, ˜ (<a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td colspan="9">n </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td colspan="9">n, m </td></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th colspan="9"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">っ</span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1603</td> <td colspan="9">-t, -cc-, -cch-, -cq-, -dd-, -pp-, -ss-, -tt, -xx-, -zz- </td></tr> <tr> <td>1604</td> <td colspan="9">-t, -cc-, -cch-, -pp-, -cq-, -ss-, -tt-, -xx- </td></tr> <tr> <td>1620</td> <td colspan="9">-t, -cc-, -cch-, -pp-, -ck-, -cq-, -ss-, -tt-, -xx- </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_letter_names_in_Japanese">Roman letter names in Japanese</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Roman letter names in Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The list below shows the Japanese readings of letters in Katakana, for spelling out words, or in acronyms. For example, <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a> is read <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">enu-eichi-kē</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">エヌ・エイチ・ケー</span></span>)</span>. These are the standard names, based on the British English letter names (so Z is from <i>zed</i>, not <i>zee</i>), but in specialized circumstances, names from other languages may also be used. For example, musical keys are often referred to by the German names, so that B<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span> is called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">bē</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">べー</span></span>)</span> from German <b>B</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[beː]</a></span>). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>A; <i>ē</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">エー</span></span>, sometimes pronounced <i>ei</i>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">エイ</span></span>)</li> <li>B; <i>bī</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ビー</span></span>)</li> <li>C; <i>shī</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">シー</span></span>, sometimes pronounced <i>sī</i>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">スィー</span></span>)</li> <li>D; <i>dī</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ディー</span></span>, sometimes pronounced <i>dē</i>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">デー</span></span>)</li> <li>E; <i>ī</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">イー</span></span>)</li> <li>F; <i>efu</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">エフ</span></span>)</li> <li>G; <i>jī</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ジー</span></span>)</li> <li>H; <i>eichi</i> or <i>etchi</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">エイチ</span></span> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">エッチ</span></span>)</li> <li>I; <i>ai</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">アイ</span></span>)</li> <li>J; <i>jē</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ジェー</span></span>, sometimes pronounced <i>jei</i>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ジェイ</span></span>)</li> <li>K; <i>kē</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ケー</span></span>, sometimes pronounced <i>kei</i>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ケイ</span></span>)</li> <li>L; <i>eru</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">エル</span></span>)</li> <li>M; <i>emu</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">エム</span></span>)</li> <li>N; <i>enu</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">エヌ</span></span>)</li> <li>O; <i>ō</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">オー</span></span>)</li> <li>P; <i>pī</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ピー</span></span>)</li> <li>Q; <i>kyū</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">キュー</span></span>)</li> <li>R; <i>āru</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">アール</span></span>)</li> <li>S; <i>esu</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">エス</span></span>)</li> <li>T; <i>tī</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ティー</span></span>)</li> <li>U; <i>yū</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ユー</span></span>)</li> <li>V; <i>bui</i> or <i>vī</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ブイ</span></span> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ヴィー</span></span>)</li> <li>W; <i>daburyū</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ダブリュー</span></span>)</li> <li>X; <i>ekkusu</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">エックス</span></span>)</li> <li>Y; <i>wai</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ワイ</span></span>)</li> <li>Z; <i>zetto</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ゼット</span></span>)</li></ul></div> <p>Sources: <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Djien" title="Kōjien">Kōjien</a> (7th edition), <a href="/wiki/Daijisen" title="Daijisen">Daijisen</a> (online version). </p><p>Note: Daijisen does not mention the name <i>vī</i>, while Kōjien does. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Japanese" title="Cyrillization of Japanese">Cyrillization of Japanese</a></li> <li><a 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Crosby_Eells1952" class="citation journal cs1">Walter Crosby Eells (May 1952). "Language Reform in Japan". <i>The Modern Language Journal</i>. <b>36</b> (5): 210–213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-4781.1952.tb06122.x">10.1111/j.1540-4781.1952.tb06122.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/318376">318376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Modern+Language+Journal&rft.atitle=Language+Reform+in+Japan&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=210-213&rft.date=1952-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-4781.1952.tb06122.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F318376%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Walter+Crosby+Eells&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.lingodeer.com/what-is-romaji/">"What is Romaji? Everything you need to know about Romaji Everything you need to know about Romaji"</a>. 17 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Romaji%3F+Everything+you+need+to+know+about+Romaji+Everything+you+need+to+know+about+Romaji&rft.date=2020-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.lingodeer.com%2Fwhat-is-romaji%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oomoto.or.jp/Romazi/index.html">"Oomoto.or.jp"</a>. Oomoto.or.jp. 2000-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oomoto.or.jp&rft.pub=Oomoto.or.jp&rft.date=2000-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oomoto.or.jp%2FRomazi%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.age.ne.jp/x/nrs/">"Age.ne.jp"</a>. Age.ne.jp<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Age.ne.jp&rft.pub=Age.ne.jp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.age.ne.jp%2Fx%2Fnrs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/osirase/02/2315/hihepburn.html">"<span style="lang:ja">ヘボン式ローマ字と異なる場合（非ヘボン式ローマ字）</span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture" title="Kanagawa Prefecture">Kanagawa Prefectural Government</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+style%3D%22lang%3Aja%3E%E3%83%98%E3%83%9C%E3%83%B3%E5%BC%8F%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%AD%97%E3%81%A8%E7%95%B0%E3%81%AA%E3%82%8B%E5%A0%B4%E5%90%88%EF%BC%88%E9%9D%9E%E3%83%98%E3%83%9C%E3%83%B3%E5%BC%8F%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%AD%97%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Kanagawa+Prefectural+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pref.kanagawa.jp%2Fosirase%2F02%2F2315%2Fhihepburn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndl.go.jp/nichiran/e/data/L/104/104-002l.html">"Kaisei zoho Bango sen. (Lager image 104-002) | Japan-Netherlands Exchange in the Edo Period"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kaisei+zoho+Bango+sen.+%28Lager+image+104-002%29+%26%23124%3B+Japan-Netherlands+Exchange+in+the+Edo+Period&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndl.go.jp%2Fnichiran%2Fe%2Fdata%2FL%2F104%2F104-002l.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChibbett,_David1977" class="citation book cs1">Chibbett, David (1977). <i>The History of Japanese Printing and Book Illustration</i>. Kodansha International Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87011-288-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87011-288-0"><bdi>0-87011-288-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Japanese+Printing+and+Book+Illustration&rft.pub=Kodansha+International+Ltd.&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-87011-288-0&rft.au=Chibbett%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJun'ichirō_Kida_(紀田順一郎Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text,_Kida_Jun'ichirō)1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jun'ichirō Kida<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">紀田順一郎</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kida Jun'ichirō</i></span>)</span> (1994). <i>Nihongo Daihakubutsukan<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日本語大博物館</span></span>)</span></i> (in Japanese). Just System<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ジャストシステム</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Jasuto Shisutem</i></span>)</span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-88309-046-9" title="Special:BookSources/4-88309-046-9"><bdi>4-88309-046-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nihongo+Daihakubutsukan%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Just+System%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%2C+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Hepburn+transliteration%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22ja-Latn%22%3EJasuto+Shisutem%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=4-88309-046-9&rft.au=Jun%27ichir%C5%8D+Kida%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E7%B4%80%E7%94%B0%E9%A0%86%E4%B8%80%E9%83%8E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%2C+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Hepburn+transliteration%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22ja-Latn%22%3EKida+Jun%27ichir%C5%8D%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTadao_Doi_(土井忠生Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text)1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tadao Doi<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">土井忠生</span></span>)</span> (1980). <i>Hōyaku Nippo Jisho<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">邦訳日葡辞書</span></span>)</span></i> (in Japanese). Iwanami Shoten<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">岩波書店</span></span>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H%C5%8Dyaku+Nippo+Jisho%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E9%82%A6%E8%A8%B3%E6%97%A5%E8%91%A1%E8%BE%9E%E6%9B%B8%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Iwanami+Shoten%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Tadao+Doi%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E5%9C%9F%E4%BA%95%E5%BF%A0%E7%94%9F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTadao_Doi_(土井忠生Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text)1955" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tadao Doi<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">土井忠生</span></span>)</span> (1955). <i>Nihon Daibunten<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日本大文典</span></span>)</span></i> (in Japanese). Sanseido<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">三省堂</span></span>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nihon+Daibunten%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%A4%A7%E6%96%87%E5%85%B8%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Sanseido%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81%E5%A0%82%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1955&rft.au=Tadao+Doi%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E5%9C%9F%E4%BA%95%E5%BF%A0%E7%94%9F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMineo_Ikegami_(池上岑夫Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text)1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mineo Ikegami<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">池上岑夫</span></span>)</span> (1993). <i>Nihongo Shōbunten<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日本語小文典</span></span>)</span></i> (in Japanese). Iwanami Shoten<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">岩波書店</span></span>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nihongo+Sh%C5%8Dbunten%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E5%B0%8F%E6%96%87%E5%85%B8%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Iwanami+Shoten%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Mineo+Ikegami%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E6%B1%A0%E4%B8%8A%E5%B2%91%E5%A4%AB%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiroshi_Hino_(日埜博Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text)1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hiroshi Hino<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日埜博</span></span>)</span> (1993). <i>Nihon Shōbunten<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日本小文典</span></span>)</span></i> (in Japanese). Shin-Jinbutsu-Ôrai-Sha<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">新人物往来社</span></span>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nihon+Sh%C5%8Dbunten%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B0%8F%E6%96%87%E5%85%B8%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Shin-Jinbutsu-%C3%94rai-Sha%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E5%BE%80%E6%9D%A5%E7%A4%BE%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Hiroshi+Hino%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-weight%3A+normal%22%3E+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Japanese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22%3E%E6%97%A5%E5%9F%9C%E5%8D%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Japanese-language+text%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span> Hishiyama, Takehide (菱山剛秀 <i>Hishiyama Takehide</i>), Topographic Department (測図部). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsi.go.jp/common/000024858.pdf">Romanization of Geographical Names in Japan</a>." (地名のローマ字表記) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130805055103/http://www.gsi.go.jp/common/000024858.pdf">Archive</a>) <a href="/wiki/Geospatial_Information_Authority_of_Japan" title="Geospatial Information Authority of Japan">Geospatial Information Authority of Japan</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Japanese&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Romanization_of_Japanese" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Romanization of Japanese">Romanization of Japanese</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/">"Rōmaji sōdan shitsu" <bdi lang="ja">ローマ字相談室</bdi></a> (in Japanese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306112226/http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%C5%8Dmaji+s%C5%8Ddan+shitsu+%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%AD%97%E7%9B%B8%E8%AB%87%E5%AE%A4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp%2F~kaizu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Japanese" class="Z3988"></span> An extensive collection of materials relating to rōmaji, including standards documents and HTML versions of Hepburn's original dictionaries.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416175444/http://www.cic.sfu.ca/tqj/JapaneseStudy/romaji.html">The rōmaji conundrum</a> by Andrew Horvat contains a discussion of the problems caused by the variety of confusing romanization systems in use in Japan today.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanization_of_Japanese" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_romanization" title="Template:Japanese romanization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_romanization" title="Template talk:Japanese romanization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_romanization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese romanization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanization_of_Japanese" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romanization of Japanese</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSL_romanization" title="JSL romanization">JSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki <small>(ISO 3602)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki <small>(ISO 3602 Strict)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81puro_r%C5%8Dmaji" title="Wāpuro rōmaji">Wāpuro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_language" title="Template:Japanese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_language" title="Template talk:Japanese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earlier forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese" title="Old Japanese">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Japanese" title="Early Middle Japanese">Early Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Japanese" title="Late Middle Japanese">Late Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Japanese" title="Early Modern Japanese">Early Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects"><b>Eastern</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_dialects" title="Hokkaido dialects">Hokkaidō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_dialect" title="Tōhoku dialect"><b>Tōhoku</b></a> <ul><li>Northern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanbu_dialect" title="Nanbu dialect">Nanbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsugaru_dialect" title="Tsugaru dialect">Tsugaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akita_dialect" title="Akita dialect">Akita</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kesen_dialect" title="Kesen dialect">Kesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairiku_dialect" title="Nairiku dialect">Nairiku</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantō dialect"><b>Kantō</b></a> <ul><li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunma_dialect" title="Gunma dialect">Gunma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanagawa_dialect" title="Kanagawa dialect">Kanagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_dialect" title="Tokyo dialect">Tokyo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibaraki_dialect" title="Ibaraki dialect">Ibaraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tochigi_dialect" title="Tochigi dialect">Tochigi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Izu_Archipelago_dialects" title="Northern Izu Archipelago dialects">Northern Izu Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkai%E2%80%93T%C5%8Dsan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōkai–Tōsan dialect"><b>Tōkai–Tōsan</b></a> <ul><li>Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_dialect" title="Shizuoka dialect">Shizuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada_dialect" title="Narada dialect">Narada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Echigo <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagaoka_dialect" title="Nagaoka dialect">Nagaoka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Gifu-Aichi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya_dialect" title="Nagoya dialect">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikawa_dialect" title="Mikawa dialect">Mikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mino_dialect" title="Mino dialect">Mino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hida_dialect" title="Hida dialect">Hida</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects"><b>Western</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokuriku_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokuriku dialect"><b>Hokuriku</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaga_dialect" title="Kaga dialect">Kaga</a> <ul><li>Kanazawa</li> <li>Shiramine</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansai_dialect" title="Kansai dialect"><b>Kansai</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaji_dialect" title="Awaji dialect">Awaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansh%C5%AB_dialect" title="Banshū dialect">Banshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%AB_dialect" title="Kishū dialect">Kishū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okuyoshino_dialect" title="Okuyoshino dialect">Okuyoshino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikoku_dialect" title="Shikoku dialect"><b>Shikoku</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iyo_dialect" title="Iyo dialect">Iyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosa_dialect" title="Tosa dialect">Tosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanuki_dialect" title="Sanuki dialect">Sanuki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABgoku_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chūgoku dialect"><b>Chūgoku</b></a> <ul><li>San'yō <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bingo_dialect" title="Bingo dialect">Bingo</a></li></ul></li> <li>East San'in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insh%C5%AB_dialect" title="Inshū dialect">Inshū</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpaku_dialect" title="Umpaku dialect"><b>Umpaku</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects"><b>Kyūshū</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnichi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hōnichi dialect"><b>Hōnichi</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cita_dialect" title="Ōita dialect">Ōita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hichiku_dialect" title="Hichiku dialect"><b>Hichiku</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chikuzen_dialect" title="Chikuzen dialect">Chikuzen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakata_dialect" title="Hakata dialect">Hakata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumamoto_dialect" title="Kumamoto dialect">Kumamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_dialect" title="Nagasaki dialect">Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_dialect" title="Saga dialect">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsushima_dialect" title="Tsushima dialect">Tsushima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagoshima_dialect" title="Kagoshima dialect"><b>Satsugū</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Other</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_Japanese" title="Amami Japanese">Amami Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_Japanese" title="Okinawan Japanese">Okinawan Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese-based_creole_languages" title="Japanese-based creole languages">Pidgins and creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_English" title="Bamboo English">Bamboo English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonin_English" title="Bonin English">Bonin English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_loanwords_in_Hawaii" title="Japanese loanwords in Hawaii">Hawaiian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyowa-go" title="Kyowa-go">Kyowa-go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Chinese" title="Pseudo-Chinese">Pseudo-Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yilan_Creole_Japanese" title="Yilan Creole Japanese">Yilan Creole Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokohama_Pidgin_Japanese" title="Yokohama Pidgin Japanese">Yokohama Pidgin Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Old_Japanese" title="Eastern Old Japanese">Eastern Old Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_language" title="Hachijō language">Hachijō</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_grammar" title="Hachijō grammar">grammar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ryukyuan_languages" title="Northern Ryukyuan languages">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_%C5%8Cshima_language" title="Amami Ōshima language">Amami Ōshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Amami_%C5%8Cshima_language" title="Southern Amami Ōshima language">Southern Amami Ōshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikai_language" title="Kikai language">Kikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunigami_language" title="Kunigami language">Kunigami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinoerabu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinoerabu language">Okinoerabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokunoshima_language" title="Tokunoshima language">Tokunoshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoron_language" title="Yoron language">Yoron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ryukyuan_languages" title="Southern Ryukyuan languages">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miyakoan_language" title="Miyakoan language">Miyako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarama_language" title="Tarama language">Tarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaeyama_language" title="Yaeyama language">Yaeyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonaguni_language" title="Yonaguni language">Yonaguni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Writing system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_script_reform" title="Japanese script reform">Script reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">Kanbun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kanji_by_stroke_count" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kanji by stroke count">by stroke count</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kanji radicals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kanji_radicals_by_frequency" title="List of kanji radicals by frequency">by frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kanji_radicals_by_stroke_count" title="List of kanji radicals by stroke count">by stroke count</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokuji" title="Kokuji">Kokuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryakuji" title="Ryakuji">Ryakuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ateji" title="Ateji">Ateji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furigana" title="Furigana">Furigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okurigana" title="Okurigana">Okurigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goj%C5%ABon" title="Gojūon">Gojūon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_ligature" title="Kana ligature">Kana ligature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Braille</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_punctuation" title="Japanese punctuation">Punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanazukai" title="Kanazukai">Kanazukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_kana_orthography" title="Historical kana orthography">Historical kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_kana_usage" title="Modern kana usage">Modern kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddai_Tokushu_Kanazukai" title="Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai">Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yotsugana" title="Yotsugana">Yotsugana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Japanese" title="Transcription into Japanese">Transcription into Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Encoding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code" title="Extended Unix Code">EUC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code#EUC-JP" title="Extended Unix Code">EUC-JP</a></li></ul></li> <li>ISO/IEC <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li>JIS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0201" title="JIS X 0201">0201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0208" title="JIS X 0208">0208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0211" title="JIS X 0211">0211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0212" title="JIS X 0212">0212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0213" title="JIS X 0213">0213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_JIS" title="Shift JIS">Shift JIS</a></li></ul></li> <li>Unicode <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana_(Unicode_block)" title="Hiragana (Unicode block)">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_Extended-A" title="Kana Extended-A">Kana Extended-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_Extended-B" title="Kana Extended-B">Kana Extended-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_Supplement" title="Kana Supplement">Kana Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Kana_Extension" title="Small Kana Extension">Small Kana Extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana_(Unicode_block)" title="Katakana (Unicode block)">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana_Phonetic_Extensions" title="Katakana Phonetic Extensions">Katakana Phonetic Extensions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARIB_STD_B24_character_set" title="ARIB STD B24 character set">ARIB STD B24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_CJK_Letters_and_Months" title="Enclosed CJK Letters and Months">Enclosed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_Ideographic_Supplement" title="Enclosed Ideographic Supplement">EIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_shinjitai" title="Extended shinjitai">Extended shinjitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_fullwidth_forms" title="Halfwidth and fullwidth forms">Half/Full</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Grammar and<br />vocabulary</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_grammar" title="Japanese grammar">Japanese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_verb_conjugation" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese verb conjugation">Verb conjugations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_godan_and_ichidan_verbs" title="Japanese godan and ichidan verbs">Godan and ichidan verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_irregular_verbs" title="Japanese irregular verbs">Irregular verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pronouns" title="Japanese pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_adjectives" title="Japanese adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_possessives" title="Japanese possessives">Possessives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_particles" title="Japanese particles">Particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_marker" title="Topic marker">Topic marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_counter_word" title="Japanese counter word">Counter words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_numerals" title="Japanese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_kotoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamato kotoba">Native words (<i>yamato kotoba</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">Sino-Japanese vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gairaigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gairaigo">Loan words (<i>gairaigo</i>)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_words_of_Dutch_origin" title="Glossary of Japanese words of Dutch origin">from Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_words_of_Portuguese_origin" title="Glossary of Japanese words of Portuguese origin">from Portuguese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasei-eigo" title="Wasei-eigo">Wasei-eigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasei-kango" title="Wasei-kango">Wasei-kango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorific_speech_in_Japanese" title="Honorific speech in Japanese">Honorific speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_honorifics" title="Japanese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C5%8Db%C5%8D_kotoba" title="Nyōbō kotoba">Court lady language (<i>nyōbō kotoba</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuwarigo" title="Yakuwarigo">Role language (<i>yakuwarigo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_Japanese" title="Gender differences in Japanese">Gender differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dictionary" title="Japanese dictionary">Dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pitch_accent" title="Japanese pitch accent">Pitch accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendaku" title="Rendaku">Rendaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_sound_symbolism" title="Japanese sound symbolism">Sound symbolism</a></li> <li>Kanji pronunciation sources <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go-on" title="Go-on">Go-on</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kan-on" title="Kan-on">Kan-on</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8D-on" title="Tō-on">Tō-on</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transliteration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Romanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSL_romanization" title="JSL romanization">JSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81puro_r%C5%8Dmaji" title="Wāpuro rōmaji">Wāpuro rōmaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_of_the_Japanese_language_in_Esperanto" title="Transcription of the Japanese language in Esperanto">In Esperanto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Japanese" title="Cyrillization of Japanese">Cyrillization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polivanov_system" title="Polivanov system">Polivanov system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_poetry" title="Japanese poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_writers" title="List of Japanese writers">Writers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_speculative_fiction_writers" title="List of Japanese speculative fiction writers">Speculative fiction writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese" title="Classical Japanese">Classical Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_Japanese_texts" title="List of classical Japanese texts">texts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanization" title="Template:Romanization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanization" title="Template talk:Romanization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By publisher (for several languages)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization">BGN/PCGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST_16876-71" title="GOST 16876-71">GOST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization" title="Yale romanization">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By language or writing system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Amharic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Urdu" title="Roman Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Latin_alphabet" title="Uyghur Latin alphabet">Uyghur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Bengali" title="Romanisation of Bengali">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Latin_alphabet" title="Berber Latin alphabet">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Burmese" title="Romanization of Burmese">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanization_in_Taiwan" title="Chinese language romanization in Taiwan">in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanisation_in_Singapore" title="Chinese language romanisation in Singapore">in Singapore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Cyrillic" title="Romanization of Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian" title="Romanization of Belarusian">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian" title="Romanization of Bulgarian">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kyrgyz" title="Romanization of Kyrgyz">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Macedonian" title="Romanization of Macedonian">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Serbian" title="Romanization of Serbian">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Devanagari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_transliteration" title="Devanagari transliteration">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_syllabics" title="Inuktitut syllabics">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer" title="Romanization of Khmer">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean" title="Romanization of Korean">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Lao" title="Romanization of Lao">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Malayalam" title="Romanisation of Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Maldivian" title="Romanisation of Maldivian">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Latin_alphabet_and_romanization" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Telugu" title="Romanisation of Telugu">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Thai" title="Romanization of Thai">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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