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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pupillary_light_reflex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pupillary_light_reflex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pupillary light reflex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pupillary_light_reflex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smooth_pursuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smooth_pursuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Smooth pursuit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smooth_pursuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accommodation_reflex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accommodation_reflex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Accommodation reflex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accommodation_reflex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antinociception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antinociception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Antinociception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antinociception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-REM_sleep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#REM_sleep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>REM sleep</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-REM_sleep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pretectal area</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80rea_pretectal" title="Àrea pretectal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àrea pretectal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_pretectalis" title="Area pretectalis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Area pretectalis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE" title="Προτετραδυμική περιοχή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προτετραδυμική περιοχή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretectum" title="Pretectum – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pretectum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%AE%EA%B0%9C%EC%95%9E%EA%B5%AC%EC%97%AD" title="덮개앞구역 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="덮개앞구역" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleo_pretettale" title="Nucleo pretettale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nucleo pretettale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Предкрышечная область – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Предкрышечная область" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Претектална област – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Претектална област" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Structure in the midbrain which mediates responses to ambient light</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lemonchiffon">Pretectal area</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cn3nucleus-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cn3nucleus-en.svg/250px-Cn3nucleus-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cn3nucleus-en.svg/375px-Cn3nucleus-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Cn3nucleus-en.svg/500px-Cn3nucleus-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="470" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cross section of the <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a> at the level of the <a href="/wiki/Superior_colliculus" title="Superior colliculus">superior colliculus</a>. Pretectal area labeled (as pretectum) at right.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">Midbrain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em">Parts</th><td class="infobox-data">anterior pretectal nucleus,<br />medial pretectal nucleus,<br />nucleus of the optic tract,<br />olivary pretectal nucleus,<br />posterior pretectal nucleus,<br />posterior limitans,<br />commissural pretectal area</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>area praetectalis</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D066250">D066250</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroNames" title="NeuroNames">NeuroNames</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://braininfo.rprc.washington.edu/centraldirectory.aspx?ID=467">467</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/NeuroLex" title="NeuroLex">NeuroLex</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uri.neuinfo.org/nif/nifstd/nlx_59721">nlx_59721</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.08.505%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.08.505</a><br /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.08.506%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.08.506</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=5739">5739</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma62402">62402</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_neuroanatomy" title="Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy">Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640536" class="extiw" title="d:Q640536">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">neuroanatomy</a>, the <b>pretectal area</b>, or <b>pretectum</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a> structure composed of seven nuclei and comprises part of the subcortical <a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">visual system</a>. Through reciprocal bilateral projections from the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a>, it is involved primarily in mediating behavioral responses to acute changes in ambient light such as the <a href="/wiki/Pupillary_light_reflex" title="Pupillary light reflex">pupillary light reflex</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Optokinetic_reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Optokinetic reflex">optokinetic reflex</a>, and temporary changes to the <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gamlin_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gamlin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Magoun_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magoun-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clinical_neuroanatomy_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clinical_neuroanatomy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miller_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the pretectum's role in the visual system, the anterior pretectal nucleus has been found to mediate <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatosensory">somatosensory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nociception" title="Nociception">nociceptive</a> information.<sup id="cite_ref-Bosman_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bosman-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reis_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location_and_structure">Location and structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretectal_area&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pretectum is a bilateral group of highly interconnected nuclei located near the junction of the <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forebrain" title="Forebrain">forebrain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Millodot_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Millodot-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pretectum is generally classified as a midbrain structure, although because of its proximity to the forebrain it is sometimes classified as part of the caudal diencephalon (forebrain).<sup id="cite_ref-Ramachandran_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramachandran-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a>, the pretectum is located directly anterior to the <a href="/wiki/Superior_colliculus" title="Superior colliculus">superior colliculus</a> and posterior to the <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a>. It is situated above the <a href="/wiki/Periaqueductal_grey" class="mw-redirect" title="Periaqueductal grey">periaqueductal grey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Posterior_commissure" title="Posterior commissure">nucleus of the posterior commissure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several nuclei have been identified within the pretectum, although their borders can be difficult to define and there has been debate over which regions should be included and their precise names.<sup id="cite_ref-Gamlin_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gamlin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five primary nuclei are: the olivary pretectal nucleus (ON), the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT), and the anterior (NPA), medial (NPM), and posterior (NPP) pretectal nuclei. The NOT consists of relatively large cells and is located between the superior colliculi. The ON is located medial to the NOT and has a tail that extends between the NOT and NPP, which is ventral to the ON.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two additional nuclei have also been identified: the posterior limitans (PLi) and the commisural pretectal area (CPA).<sup id="cite_ref-Prichard_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prichard-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these two regions have not been examined to the same extent as the five primary nuclei, research has shown both the PLi and CPA to receive retinal input, which suggests a role in processing visual information.<sup id="cite_ref-Morin_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morin-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inputs">Inputs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretectal_area&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Inputs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pretectum receives significant <a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">binocular</a> input from <a href="/wiki/Photosensitive_ganglion_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Photosensitive ganglion cell">photosensitive ganglion cells</a> in the retina. In primates these afferents are bilateral<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in rodents they project from the contralateral retina. The majority of these retino-pretectal projections go to the ON and NOT<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other pretectal nuclei receive minor retinal input in mammals including the posterior, medial, and anterior pretectal nuclei.<sup id="cite_ref-Gamlin_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gamlin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NOT receives input from several regions. From the thalamus the NOT receives inhibitory projections from <a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</a>-producing neurons in the ipsilateral <a href="/wiki/Lateral_geniculate_nucleus" title="Lateral geniculate nucleus">lateral geniculate nucleus</a> and bilateral intergeniculate leaflets. The ipsilateral superficial <a href="/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus" title="Suprachiasmatic nucleus">suprachiasmatic nucleus</a> and the medial, dorsal, and lateral terminal nuclei in the midbrain project onto the NOT. Fibers also project to the NOT from the <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_prepositus_hypoglossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi">nucleus prepositus hypoglossi</a> in the medulla, the contralateral NOT, and from various cortical regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Gamlin_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gamlin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ono_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ono-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outputs">Outputs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretectal_area&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Outputs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many pretectal nuclei share targets of efferent projections. All pretectal nuclei, except for the ON, project to nuclei in the thalamus, subthalamus, <a href="/wiki/Superior_colliculus" title="Superior colliculus">superior colliculus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation" title="Reticular formation">reticular formation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">pons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inferior_olive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inferior olive">inferior olive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicholson_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the ON and the CPA have efferent projections to the <a href="/wiki/Edinger-Westphal_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinger-Westphal nucleus">Edinger-Westphal nucleus</a>. The NPP and NPA both project to the pulvinar, the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, and several precerebellar nuclei.<sup id="cite_ref-Gamlin_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gamlin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NOT has efferent projections to the zona incerta of the subthalamus, several nuclei of the pons, medulla, intralaminar nuclei, midbrain, and dorsal and ventral thalamic nuclei. Its bilateral inhibitory projections to the accessory optic system include connections to the lateral and medial terminal nuclei. Projections to the subthalamus are target toward the lateral geniculate nucleus and <a href="/wiki/Pulvinar_nuclei" title="Pulvinar nuclei">pulvinar</a>. The NOT projects bilaterally to the <a href="/wiki/Superior_colliculus" title="Superior colliculus">superior colliculus</a>, although the ipsilateral connections appear to be more dominant. In addition to these projections, the NOT projects to the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">vestibular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_the_cerebellum#Phylogenetic_and_functional_divisions" title="Anatomy of the cerebellum">vestibulocerebellar</a> relay nuclei.<sup id="cite_ref-Gamlin_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gamlin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretectal_area&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of the subcortical visual system, neurons within the pretectal nuclei respond to varying intensities of illuminance and are primarily involved in mediating non-conscious behavioral responses to acute changes in light. In general, these responses involve the initiation of optokinetic reflexes, although the pretectum can also regulate nociception and REM sleep.<sup id="cite_ref-Prichard_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prichard-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pupillary_light_reflex">Pupillary light reflex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretectal_area&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pupillary light reflex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pupillary_light_reflex" title="Pupillary light reflex">Pupillary light reflex</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eye_dilate.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eye_dilate.gif/220px-Eye_dilate.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eye_dilate.gif/330px-Eye_dilate.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eye_dilate.gif/440px-Eye_dilate.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Pupillary constriction resulting from the pupillary light reflex is mediated by the olivary and posterior pretectal nuclei.</figcaption></figure> <p>The pupillary light reflex is mediated by the pretectum.<sup id="cite_ref-Magoun_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magoun-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reflex is responsible for the constriction of the pupils upon light's entering the eye. Several pretectal nuclei, in particular the ON, receive illuminance information from the ipsilateral side of the retinas of both eyes via the optic tract. Nuclei in the ON are known to gradually increase in activation in response to increasing levels of illuminance. This information is then relayed directly to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, which proceeds to relay the command to constrict the pupils to the pupillary sphincter via the ciliary ganglion.<sup id="cite_ref-clinical_neuroanatomy_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clinical_neuroanatomy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smooth_pursuit">Smooth pursuit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretectal_area&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Smooth pursuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Smooth_pursuit" title="Smooth pursuit">Smooth pursuit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Optokinetic_reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Optokinetic reflex">Optokinetic reflex</a></div> <p>Pretectal nuclei, in particular the NOT, are involved in coordinating eye movements during smooth pursuit. These movements allow the eye to closely follow a moving object and to catch up to an object after an unexpected change in direction or velocity. Direction-sensitive retinal slip neurons within the NOT provide ipsiversive horizontal retinal error information to the cortex through the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_olivary_nucleus" title="Inferior olivary nucleus">inferior olive</a>. During the day, this information is sensed and relayed by neurons with large receptive fields, whereas parafoveal neurons with small receptive fields do so in the dark. It is through this pathway that the NOT is able to provide retinal error information to guide eye movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Gamlin_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gamlin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ono_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ono-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to its role in maintaining smooth pursuit, the pretectum is activated during the optokinetic nystagmus in which the eye returns to a central, forward-facing position after an object it was following passes out of the field of vision.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accommodation_reflex">Accommodation reflex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretectal_area&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Accommodation reflex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Accommodation_reflex" title="Accommodation reflex">Accommodation reflex</a></div> <p>Part of the pretectum, particularly the NOT and NPP, are implicated in the <a href="/wiki/Accommodation_reflex" title="Accommodation reflex">accommodation reflex</a> by which the eye maintains focus.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proprioceptive information from the retina reaches the pretectum via the occulomotor nerve and the trigeminal nerve. From that point, the mechanism by which the eye maintains focus through muscular contractions of the retina is similar to that of the pupillary light reflex.<sup id="cite_ref-clinical_neuroanatomy_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clinical_neuroanatomy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antinociception">Antinociception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretectal_area&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Antinociception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The NPA participates in the active diminishing of the perception of pain stimuli (antinociception).<sup id="cite_ref-Reis_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the mechanism by which the NPA alters an organism's response to painful stimuli is not fully known, research has shown that activity in the ventral NPA triggers <a href="/wiki/Cholinergic" title="Cholinergic">cholinergic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">serotonergic</a> neurons. These neurons activate descending pathways that synapse in the spinal cord and inhibit nociceptive cells in the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_horn_of_spinal_cord" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior horn of spinal cord">dorsal horn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to its direct antionociceptive mechanism, the NPA projects onto brain regions that, through connections to the somatosensory cortex, regulate the perception of painful stimuli. Two of these regions that the NPA is known to project to are the zona incerta and posterior thalamic nucleus. Regions of the NPA may be specialized to respond to different types of pain. Research has found that the dorsal NPA best diminished the perception of brief pain whereas the ventral NPA reduced the perception of chronic pain.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its role in the reduction of chronic pain, abnormal activity of the NPA is thought to be implicated in <a href="/wiki/Central_pain_syndrome" title="Central pain syndrome">central pain syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="REM_sleep">REM sleep</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretectal_area&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: REM sleep"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multiple pretectal nuclei may be involved in regulating REM sleep and sleep behaviors. Research has shown that the pretectum, in conjunction with the superior colliculus, may be responsible for causing non-circadian changes in REM sleep behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pretectal nuclei receiving retinal input, in particular the NOT and the NPP, have been shown to be partially responsible for initiating REM sleep in albino rats.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of projections from the pretectum to several thalamic nuclei involved in cortical activation during REM sleep, to be specific the projection to the superchiasmatic nucleus, which is part of a known REM sleep regulatory mechanism, supports this hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Prichard_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prichard-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretectal_area&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oculomotor_nerve" title="Oculomotor nerve">Oculomotor nerve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesencephalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesencephalon">Mesencephalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_in_the_human_brain" title="List of regions in the human brain">List of regions in the human brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midbrain#Tectum" title="Midbrain">Midbrain#Tectum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegmentum" title="Tegmentum">Tegmentum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretectal_area&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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"Autonomic control of the eye and the iris". <i>Autonomic Neuroscience</i>. <b>165</b> (1): 67–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.autneu.2010.10.004">10.1016/j.autneu.2010.10.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21071284">21071284</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35330212">35330212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Autonomic+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Autonomic+control+of+the+eye+and+the+iris&rft.volume=165&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-79&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35330212%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21071284&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.autneu.2010.10.004&rft.aulast=Neuhuber&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Schr%C3%B6dl%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretectal+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clinical_neuroanatomy-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clinical_neuroanatomy_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clinical_neuroanatomy_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clinical_neuroanatomy_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonkelaar2012" class="citation book cs1">Donkelaar H (2012). <i>Clinical neuroanatomy brain circuitry and its disorders</i> (1st ed.). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=The+pretectum+mediates+rapid+eye+movement+sleep+regulation+by+light&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=755-65&rft.date=1999-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0735-7044.113.4.755&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10495083&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=AM&rft.au=Miller%2C+RB&rft.au=Obermeyer%2C+WH&rft.au=Behan%2C+M&rft.au=Benca%2C+RM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretectal+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bosman-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bosman_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosmanHouwelingOwensTanke2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bosman LW, Houweling AR, Owens CB, Tanke N, Shevchouk OT, Rahmati N, Teunissen WH, Ju C, Gong W, Koekkoek SK, De Zeeuw CI (1 January 2011). <a 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=The+superior+colliculus-pretectum+mediates+the+direct+effects+of+light+on+sleep&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=8957-62&rft.date=1998-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC21184%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9671786&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.95.15.8957&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998PNAS...95.8957M&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=AM&rft.au=Obermeyer%2C+WH&rft.au=Behan%2C+M&rft.au=Benca%2C+RM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC21184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APretectal+area" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretectal_area&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brainmaps.org/index.php?q=Pretectum">Stained brain slice images which include the "Pretectum"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BrainMaps" title="BrainMaps">BrainMaps project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091021004541/http://isc.temple.edu/neuroanatomy/lab/atlas/papc/">Sectional atlas of the pretectum</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_diencephalon_of_the_human_brain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diencephalon" title="Template:Diencephalon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diencephalon" title="Template talk:Diencephalon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diencephalon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diencephalon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_diencephalon_of_the_human_brain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Diencephalon" title="Diencephalon">diencephalon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epithalamus" title="Epithalamus">Epithalamus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habenula" title="Habenula">Habenula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habenular_trigone" title="Habenular trigone">Habenular trigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habenular_commissure" title="Habenular commissure">Habenular commissure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pretectal area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habenular_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Habenular nuclei">Habenular nuclei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcommissural_organ" title="Subcommissural organ">Subcommissural organ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">Thalamus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stria_medullaris" title="Stria medullaris">Stria medullaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalamic_reticular_nucleus" title="Thalamic reticular nucleus">Thalamic reticular nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taenia_thalami" title="Taenia thalami">Taenia thalami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_thalamic_nuclei" title="List of thalamic nuclei">nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>paired:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anterior_nuclei_of_thalamus" title="Anterior nuclei of thalamus">AN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_nuclear_group" title="Ventral nuclear group">Ventral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_anterior_nucleus" title="Ventral anterior nucleus">VA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ventral_lateral_nucleus" title="Ventral lateral nucleus">VL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_posterior_nucleus" title="Ventral posterior nucleus">VP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ventral_posteromedial_nucleus" title="Ventral posteromedial nucleus">VPM</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ventral_posterolateral_nucleus" title="Ventral posterolateral nucleus">VPL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_nuclear_group" title="Lateral nuclear group">Lateral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_dorsal_nucleus_of_thalamus" title="Lateral dorsal nucleus of thalamus">LD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_posterior_nucleus_of_thalamus" title="Lateral posterior nucleus of thalamus">LP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulvinar_nuclei" title="Pulvinar nuclei">Pulvinar nuclei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metathalamus" class="mw-redirect" title="Metathalamus">Metathalamus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_geniculate_nucleus" title="Medial geniculate nucleus">MG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_geniculate_nucleus" title="Lateral geniculate nucleus">LG</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parvocellular_cell" title="Parvocellular cell">P cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnocellular_cell" title="Magnocellular cell">M cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koniocellular_cell" title="Koniocellular cell">K cell</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>midline:</i> <a href="/wiki/Medial_dorsal_nucleus" title="Medial dorsal nucleus">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intralaminar_nuclei_of_thalamus" class="mw-redirect" title="Intralaminar nuclei of thalamus">Intralaminar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centromedian_nucleus" title="Centromedian nucleus">Centromedian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midline_nuclear_group" title="Midline nuclear group">Midline nuclear group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interthalamic_adhesion" title="Interthalamic adhesion">Interthalamic adhesion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammillothalamic_tract" title="Mammillothalamic tract">Mammillothalamic tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallidothalamic_tracts" title="Pallidothalamic tracts">Pallidothalamic tracts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansa_lenticularis" title="Ansa lenticularis">Ansa lenticularis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenticular_fasciculus" title="Lenticular fasciculus">Lenticular fasciculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalamic_fasciculus" title="Thalamic fasciculus">Thalamic fasciculus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway">DCML</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">Medial lemniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_lemniscus" title="Trigeminal lemniscus">Trigeminal lemniscus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinothalamic_tract" title="Spinothalamic tract">Spinothalamic tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_lemniscus" title="Lateral lemniscus">Lateral lemniscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentatothalamic_tract" title="Dentatothalamic tract">Dentatothalamic tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_radiation" title="Acoustic radiation">Acoustic radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_radiation" title="Optic radiation">Optic radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subthalamic_fasciculus" title="Subthalamic fasciculus">Subthalamic fasciculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_trigeminal_tract" title="Ventral trigeminal tract">Ventral trigeminal tract</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medullary_laminae_of_thalamus" title="Medullary laminae of thalamus">Medullary laminae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">Hypothalamus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_eminence" title="Median eminence">Median eminence</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tuber_cinereum" title="Tuber cinereum">Tuber cinereum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammillary_body" title="Mammillary body">Mammillary body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_stalk" title="Pituitary stalk">Infundibulum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">Autonomic</a> zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_hypothalamic_nucleus" title="Anterior hypothalamic nucleus">Anterior (parasympathetic/heat loss)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_nucleus_of_hypothalamus" title="Posterior nucleus of hypothalamus">Posterior (sympathetic/heat conservation)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">posterior pituitary</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Paraventricular_nucleus_of_hypothalamus" title="Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus">Paraventricular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnocellular_neurosecretory_cell" title="Magnocellular neurosecretory cell">Magnocellular neurosecretory cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvocellular_neurosecretory_cell" title="Parvocellular neurosecretory cell">Parvocellular neurosecretory cell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supraoptic_nucleus" title="Supraoptic nucleus">Supraoptic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">oxytocin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">vasopressin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>other:</i> <a href="/wiki/Arcuate_nucleus_(hypothalamus)" title="Arcuate nucleus (hypothalamus)">Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preoptic_area" title="Preoptic area">Preoptic (GnRH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus" title="Suprachiasmatic nucleus">Suprachiasmatic (melatonin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_hypothalamus" title="Lateral hypothalamus">Lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventromedial_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventromedial nucleus">Ventromedial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsomedial_hypothalamic_nucleus" title="Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus">Dorsomedial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>afferent</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stria_terminalis" title="Stria terminalis">Stria terminalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_forebrain_bundle" title="Medial forebrain bundle">Medial forebrain bundle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinohypothalamic_tract" title="Retinohypothalamic tract">Retinohypothalamic tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>efferent</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammillothalamic_tract" title="Mammillothalamic tract">Mammillothalamic tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus">Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">Pituitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">Posterior</a> is diencephalon, but <a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary" title="Anterior pituitary">anterior</a> is glandular</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subthalamus" title="Subthalamus">Subthalamus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subthalamic_nucleus" title="Subthalamic nucleus">Subthalamic nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zona_incerta" title="Zona incerta">Zona incerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclei_campi_perizonalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclei campi perizonalis">Nuclei campi perizonalis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fields_of_Forel" title="Fields of Forel">Fields of Forel</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anatomy_of_the_midbrain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesencephalon" title="Template:Mesencephalon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mesencephalon" title="Template talk:Mesencephalon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mesencephalon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mesencephalon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anatomy_of_the_midbrain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Anatomy of the <a href="/wiki/Midbrain" title="Midbrain">midbrain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Midbrain_tectum" class="mw-redirect" title="Midbrain tectum">Tectum</a><br />(Dorsal)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corpora_quadrigemina" title="Corpora quadrigemina">Corpora quadrigemina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_colliculus" title="Inferior colliculus">Inferior colliculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_colliculus#Input_and_output_connections_of_IC" title="Inferior colliculus">Inferior brachium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_colliculus" title="Superior colliculus">Superior colliculus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_colliculus#Structure" title="Superior colliculus">Superior brachium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pretectal area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensory / ascending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinotectal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinotectal tract">Spinotectal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_tegmental_tract" title="Central tegmental tract">Central tegmental tract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motor / descending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tectospinal_tract" title="Tectospinal tract">Tectospinal tract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ventricular_system" title="Ventricular system">CSF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_aqueduct" title="Cerebral aqueduct">Cerebral aqueduct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_peduncle" title="Cerebral peduncle">Peduncle</a><br />(Ventral)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Midbrain_tegmentum" title="Midbrain tegmentum">Tegmentum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensory / ascending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lemnisci <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medial_lemniscus" title="Medial lemniscus">Medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_lemniscus" title="Lateral lemniscus">Lateral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Ascending MLF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulo-oculomotor_fibers" title="Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers">Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinothalamic_tract" title="Spinothalamic tract">Spinothalamic tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_trigeminal_tract" title="Ventral trigeminal tract">Ventral trigeminal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentatothalamic_tract" title="Dentatothalamic tract">Dentatothalamic tract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motor / descending</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubrospinal_tract" title="Rubrospinal tract">Rubrospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubro-olivary_tract" title="Rubro-olivary tract">Rubro-olivary tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Medial longitudinal fasciculus">Descending MLF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve_nucleus" title="Cranial nerve nucleus">cranial nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_afferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic afferent fibers">GSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesencephalic_nucleus_of_trigeminal_nerve" title="Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal nerve">Mesencephalic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_somatic_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General somatic efferent fibers">GSE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oculomotor_nucleus" title="Oculomotor nucleus">Oculomotor nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochlear_nucleus" title="Trochlear nucleus">Trochlear nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_visceral_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="General visceral efferent fibers">GVE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edinger%E2%80%93Westphal_nucleus" title="Edinger–Westphal nucleus">Edinger–Westphal nucleus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ventral_tegmental_area" title="Ventral tegmental area">Ventral tegmental area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rostromedial_tegmental_nucleus" title="Rostromedial tegmental nucleus">Rostromedial tegmental nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periaqueductal_gray" title="Periaqueductal gray">Periaqueductal gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_nucleus" title="Red nucleus">Red nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostral_interstitial_nucleus_of_medial_longitudinal_fasciculus" title="Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus">Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabrachial_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Parabrachial area">Parabrachial area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpeduncular_nucleus" title="Interpeduncular nucleus">Interpeduncular nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Midbrain_reticular_formation" title="Midbrain reticular formation">Midbrain reticular formation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_tegmental_nucleus" title="Dorsal tegmental nucleus">Dorsal tegmental nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphe_nuclei" title="Raphe nuclei">Raphe nuclei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_raphe_nucleus" title="Dorsal raphe nucleus">dorsal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulotegmental_nucleus" title="Reticulotegmental nucleus">Reticulotegmental nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Base</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_crus" title="Cerebral crus">Cerebral crus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_tracts" title="Pyramidal tracts">Pyramidal tracts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corticospinal_tract" title="Corticospinal tract">Corticospinal tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticobulbar_tract" title="Corticobulbar tract">Corticobulbar tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticopontine_fibers" title="Corticopontine fibers">Corticopontine tract</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontopontine_fibers" title="Frontopontine fibers">Frontopontine fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporopontine_fibers" title="Temporopontine fibers">Temporopontine fibers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Substantia_nigra" title="Substantia nigra">Substantia nigra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pars_compacta" title="Pars compacta">Pars compacta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pars_reticulata" title="Pars reticulata">Pars reticulata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_cerebellar_peduncle" title="Superior cerebellar peduncle">Superior cerebellar peduncle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decussation_of_superior_cerebellar_peduncles" class="mw-redirect" title="Decussation of superior cerebellar peduncles">Decussation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpeduncular_fossa" title="Interpeduncular fossa">Interpeduncular fossa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Optical_illusions_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Optical_illusions" title="Template:Optical illusions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Optical_illusions" title="Template talk:Optical illusions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Optical_illusions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Optical illusions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Optical_illusions_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Optical_illusion" title="Optical illusion">Optical illusions</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_optical_illusions" title="List of optical illusions">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illusions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambigram" title="Ambigram">Ambigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguous_image" title="Ambiguous image">Ambiguous image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ames_room" title="Ames room">Ames room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autostereogram" title="Autostereogram">Autostereogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barberpole_illusion" title="Barberpole illusion">Barberpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezold_effect" title="Bezold effect">Bezold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_wall_illusion" title="Café wall illusion">Café wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checker_shadow_illusion" title="Checker shadow illusion">Checker shadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chubb_illusion" title="Chubb illusion">Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornsweet_illusion" title="Cornsweet illusion">Cornsweet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delboeuf_illusion" title="Delboeuf illusion">Delboeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebbinghaus_illusion" title="Ebbinghaus illusion">Ebbinghaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehrenstein_illusion" title="Ehrenstein illusion">Ehrenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_lag_illusion" title="Flash lag illusion">Flash lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_spiral_illusion" title="Fraser spiral illusion">Fraser spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_hill" title="Gravity hill">Gravity hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_illusion" title="Grid illusion">Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hering_illusion" title="Hering illusion">Hering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_trident" title="Impossible trident">Impossible trident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irradiation_illusion" title="Irradiation illusion">Irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastrow_illusion" title="Jastrow illusion">Jastrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilac_chaser" title="Lilac chaser">Lilac chaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach_bands" title="Mach bands">Mach bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCollough_effect" title="McCollough effect">McCollough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Lyer_illusion" title="Müller-Lyer illusion">Müller-Lyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necker_cube" title="Necker cube">Necker cube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppel-Kundt_illusion" title="Oppel-Kundt illusion">Oppel-Kundt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbison_illusion" title="Orbison illusion">Orbison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose_stairs" title="Penrose stairs">Penrose stairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose_triangle" title="Penrose triangle">Penrose triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_drift_illusion" title="Peripheral drift illusion">Peripheral drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poggendorff_illusion" title="Poggendorff illusion">Poggendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponzo_illusion" title="Ponzo illusion">Ponzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubin_vase" title="Rubin vase">Rubin vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sander_illusion" title="Sander illusion">Sander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schroeder_stairs" title="Schroeder stairs">Schroeder stairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepard_tables" title="Shepard tables">Shepard tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_dancer" title="Spinning dancer">Spinning dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternus_illusion" title="Ternus illusion">Ternus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical%E2%80%93horizontal_illusion" title="Vertical–horizontal illusion">Vertical–horizontal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White%27s_illusion" title="White's illusion">White's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wundt_illusion" title="Wundt illusion">Wundt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%B6llner_illusion" title="Zöllner illusion">Zöllner</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Optical_Illustion-Ambiguous_Patterns.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Optical_Illustion-Ambiguous_Patterns.svg/30px-Optical_Illustion-Ambiguous_Patterns.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Optical_Illustion-Ambiguous_Patterns.svg/45px-Optical_Illustion-Ambiguous_Patterns.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Optical_Illustion-Ambiguous_Patterns.svg/60px-Optical_Illustion-Ambiguous_Patterns.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="117" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Op_art" title="Op art">Op art</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">Trompe-l'œil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectropia" title="Spectropia">Spectropia</a></i> (1864 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ascending_and_Descending" title="Ascending and Descending">Ascending and Descending</a></i> (1960 drawing)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_(M._C._Escher)" title="Waterfall (M. C. 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