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2.497.442.544 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.15.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.319-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.138-2.533.529-.269.307-.437.808-.438 1.578v.021c0 .265.021.562.063.893Zm-1.626 0c.042-.331.063-.628.063-.894v-.02c-.001-.77-.169-1.271-.438-1.578-.341-.391-1.046-.69-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.025-.462.472-.705 1.179-.705 2.319 0 1.211.175 1.926.558 2.361.365.414 1.084.751 2.657.751 1.21 0 1.902-.394 2.344-.938.475-.584.742-1.44.878-2.497Z"></path><path d="M14.5 14.25a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" 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2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon 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0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 px-lg-4"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"github_sponsors","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"github_sponsors_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="/sponsors"> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Sponsors</div> Fund open source developers </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center 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data-action=" combobox-commit:query-builder#comboboxCommit mousedown:query-builder#resultsMousedown " data-target="query-builder.resultsList" data-persist-list=false id="query-builder-test-results" ></ul> </div> <div class="FormControl-inlineValidation" id="validation-6b62ab1f-209b-4491-92fc-9877678e9cf9" hidden="hidden"> <span class="FormControl-inlineValidation--visual"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="12" viewBox="0 0 12 12" version="1.1" width="12" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert-fill"> <path d="M4.855.708c.5-.896 1.79-.896 2.29 0l4.675 8.351a1.312 1.312 0 0 1-1.146 1.954H1.33A1.313 1.313 0 0 1 .183 9.058ZM7 7V3H5v4Zm-1 3a1 1 0 1 0 0-2 1 1 0 0 0 0 2Z"></path> </svg> </span> <span></span> </div> </div> <div data-target="query-builder.screenReaderFeedback" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" class="sr-only"></div> </query-builder></form> <div class="d-flex flex-row color-fg-muted px-3 text-small color-bg-default search-feedback-prompt"> <a target="_blank" href="https://docs.github.com/search-github/github-code-search/understanding-github-code-search-syntax" data-view-component="true" class="Link color-fg-accent text-normal ml-2">Search syntax tips</a> <div class="d-flex flex-1"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </modal-dialog></div> </div> <div data-action="click:qbsearch-input#retract" class="dark-backdrop position-fixed" hidden data-target="qbsearch-input.darkBackdrop"></div> <div class="color-fg-default"> <dialog-helper> <dialog data-target="qbsearch-input.feedbackDialog" data-action="close:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose cancel:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose" id="feedback-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="feedback-dialog-title" aria-describedby="feedback-dialog-description" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay-whenNarrow Overlay--size-medium Overlay--motion-scaleFade Overlay--disableScroll"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-header"> <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap"> <div 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method="post"><input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" name="authenticity_token" value="SmfQvzZgHqqMSiI2C8zbYr9bPKsSWK9Reql5akr+tBJoOEMkVePlZLCWftvTtP60hO+1yE/1JqvR4v56ptaDRg==" /> <p>We read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.</p> <textarea name="feedback" class="form-control width-full mb-2" style="height: 120px" id="feedback"></textarea> <input name="include_email" id="include_email" aria-label="Include my email address so I can be contacted" class="form-control mr-2" type="checkbox"> <label for="include_email" style="font-weight: normal">Include my email address so I can be contacted</label> </form></div> </scrollable-region> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd"> <button data-close-dialog-id="feedback-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn"> Cancel </button> <button form="code-search-feedback-form" data-action="click:qbsearch-input#submitFeedback" type="submit" data-view-component="true" class="btn-primary btn"> Submit feedback </button> </div> </dialog></dialog-helper> <custom-scopes data-target="qbsearch-input.customScopesManager"> <dialog-helper> <dialog data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesModalDialog" data-action="close:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose cancel:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose" id="custom-scopes-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="custom-scopes-dialog-title" aria-describedby="custom-scopes-dialog-description" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay-whenNarrow Overlay--size-medium Overlay--motion-scaleFade Overlay--disableScroll"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-header Overlay-header--divided"> <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap"> <div class="Overlay-titleWrap"> <h1 class="Overlay-title " id="custom-scopes-dialog-title"> Saved searches </h1> <h2 id="custom-scopes-dialog-description" class="Overlay-description">Use saved searches to filter your results more quickly</h2> </div> <div class="Overlay-actionWrap"> 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name="custom_scope_query" id="custom_scope_query" data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesQueryField" class="form-control" autocomplete="off" placeholder="(repo:mona/a OR repo:mona/b) AND lang:python" required maxlength="500"> </div> <p class="text-small color-fg-muted"> To see all available qualifiers, see our <a class="Link--inTextBlock" href="https://docs.github.com/search-github/github-code-search/understanding-github-code-search-syntax">documentation</a>. </p> </form> </div> <div data-target="custom-scopes.manageCustomScopesForm"> <div data-target="custom-scopes.list"></div> </div> </div> </scrollable-region> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd Overlay-footer--divided"> <button data-action="click:custom-scopes#customScopesCancel" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn"> Cancel </button> <button form="custom-scopes-dialog-form" data-action="click:custom-scopes#customScopesSubmit" 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class="ActionListItem-label"> Insights </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div></action-list> </div> </div></anchored-position> </focus-group> </action-menu></div> </nav> </div> <turbo-frame id="repo-content-turbo-frame" target="_top" data-turbo-action="advance" class=""> <div id="repo-content-pjax-container" class="repository-content " > <h1 class='sr-only'>wal-e/wal-e</h1> <div class="clearfix container-xl px-md-4 px-lg-5 px-3"> <div> <div style="max-width: 100%" data-view-component="true" class="Layout Layout--flowRow-until-md react-repos-overview-margin Layout--sidebarPosition-end Layout--sidebarPosition-flowRow-end"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Layout-main"> <script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" src="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/vendors-node_modules_dompurify_dist_purify_es_mjs-dd1d3ea6a436.js"></script> <script crossorigin="anonymous" defer="defer" type="application/javascript" 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data-target="react-partial.embeddedData">{"props":{"initialPayload":{"allShortcutsEnabled":false,"path":"/","repo":{"id":7695747,"defaultBranch":"master","name":"wal-e","ownerLogin":"wal-e","currentUserCanPush":false,"isFork":false,"isEmpty":false,"createdAt":"2013-01-18T22:35:56.000Z","ownerAvatar":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/3310438?v=4","public":true,"private":false,"isOrgOwned":true},"currentUser":null,"refInfo":{"name":"master","listCacheKey":"v0:1528248994.0","canEdit":false,"refType":"branch","currentOid":"978bc1926c3d46f1cb43fe7ff002037ef48c55ff"},"tree":{"items":[{"name":"tests","path":"tests","contentType":"directory"},{"name":"wal_e","path":"wal_e","contentType":"directory"},{"name":".gitignore","path":".gitignore","contentType":"file"},{"name":".travis.yml","path":".travis.yml","contentType":"file"},{"name":"CONTRIBUTORS","path":"CONTRIBUTORS","contentType":"file"},{"name":"HISTORY.rst","path":"HISTORY.rst","contentType":"file"},{"name":"LICENSE","path":"LICENSE","contentType":"file"},{"name":"MANIFEST.in","path":"MANIFEST.in","contentType":"file"},{"name":"Makefile","path":"Makefile","contentType":"file"},{"name":"README.rst","path":"README.rst","contentType":"file"},{"name":"RELEASES.rst","path":"RELEASES.rst","contentType":"file"},{"name":"pytest.ini","path":"pytest.ini","contentType":"file"},{"name":"runtests.py","path":"runtests.py","contentType":"file"},{"name":"setup.py","path":"setup.py","contentType":"file"},{"name":"tox.ini","path":"tox.ini","contentType":"file"}],"templateDirectorySuggestionUrl":null,"readme":null,"totalCount":15,"showBranchInfobar":false},"fileTree":null,"fileTreeProcessingTime":null,"foldersToFetch":[],"treeExpanded":false,"symbolsExpanded":false,"isOverview":true,"overview":{"banners":{"shouldRecommendReadme":false,"isPersonalRepo":false,"showUseActionBanner":false,"actionSlug":null,"actionId":null,"showProtectBranchBanner":false,"publishBannersInfo":{"dismissActionNoticePath":"/settings/dismiss-notice/publish_action_from_repo","releasePath":"/wal-e/wal-e/releases/new?marketplace=true","showPublishActionBanner":false},"interactionLimitBanner":null,"showInvitationBanner":false,"inviterName":null,"actionsMigrationBannerInfo":{"releaseTags":[],"showImmutableActionsMigrationBanner":false,"initialMigrationStatus":null}},"codeButton":{"contactPath":"/contact","isEnterprise":false,"local":{"protocolInfo":{"httpAvailable":true,"sshAvailable":null,"httpUrl":"https://github.com/wal-e/wal-e.git","showCloneWarning":null,"sshUrl":null,"sshCertificatesRequired":null,"sshCertificatesAvailable":null,"ghCliUrl":"gh 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id=\"user-content-wal-e\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: WAL-E\" href=\"#wal-e\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 id=\"user-content-continuous-archiving-for-postgres\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eContinuous archiving for Postgres\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-continuous-archiving-for-postgres\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Continuous archiving for Postgres\" href=\"#continuous-archiving-for-postgres\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWAL-E is a program designed to perform continuous archiving of\nPostgreSQL WAL files and base backups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-obsolescence-notice\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id3\"\u003eObsolescence Notice\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-obsolescence-notice\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Obsolescence Notice\" href=\"#obsolescence-notice\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWAL-E is obsolete. Though it has been used recently, nobody routinely\nreviews patches or fixes regressions that are occasionally introduced\nby changing libraries and Python versions. It is also not fast as\nmore modern archivers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSome alternatives for you to consider:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/wal-g/wal-g\"\u003eWAL-G\u003c/a\u003e is one alternative that uses\na similar model as WAL-E, but is also a much more expansive piece of\nsoftware, supporting many databases and compression formats. WAL-G\nhas the capability to read, but not write, WAL-E archives. Like\nWAL-E, it is piece of software that tends to be developed from the\ncloud service provider set of priorities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://pgbackrest.org\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003epgBackRest\u003c/a\u003e has a more traditional model\n(by standards of Postgres archives predating cloud blob storage) and a\nnarrower focus on Postgres. In general, it makes more concessions to\nand implements more polished features for what independent system\noperators might encounter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo correspond on using WAL-E or to collaborate on its development, do\nnot hesitate to send mail to the mailing list at\n\u003ca href=\"mailto:wal-e@googlegroups.com\"\u003ewal-e@googlegroups.com\u003c/a\u003e (\u003ca href=\"https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/wal-e\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003earchives and subscription settings\u003c/a\u003e).\nGithub issues are also currently being used to track known problems,\nso please feel free to submit those.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"user-content-table-of-contents\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTable of Contents\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#obsolescence-notice\" id=\"user-content-id3\"\u003eObsolescence Notice\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#installation\" id=\"user-content-id4\"\u003eInstallation\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#primary-commands\" id=\"user-content-id5\"\u003ePrimary Commands\u003c/a\u003e\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#aws-s3-and-work-alikes\" id=\"user-content-id6\"\u003eAWS S3 and Work-alikes\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#azure-blob-store\" id=\"user-content-id7\"\u003eAzure Blob Store\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#google-storage\" id=\"user-content-id8\"\u003eGoogle Storage\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#swift\" id=\"user-content-id9\"\u003eSwift\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#file-system\" id=\"user-content-id10\"\u003eFile System\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#dependencies\" id=\"user-content-id11\"\u003eDependencies\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#examples\" id=\"user-content-id12\"\u003eExamples\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id1\" id=\"user-content-id13\"\u003ePrimary Commands\u003c/a\u003e\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#backup-push\" id=\"user-content-id14\"\u003ebackup-push\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#backup-fetch\" id=\"user-content-id15\"\u003ebackup-fetch\u003c/a\u003e\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#tablespace-support\" id=\"user-content-id16\"\u003eTablespace Support\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#auxiliary-commands\" id=\"user-content-id17\"\u003eAuxiliary Commands\u003c/a\u003e\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#backup-list\" id=\"user-content-id18\"\u003ebackup-list\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#delete\" id=\"user-content-id19\"\u003edelete\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#compression-and-temporary-files\" id=\"user-content-id20\"\u003eCompression and Temporary Files\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#other-options\" id=\"user-content-id21\"\u003eOther Options\u003c/a\u003e\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#encryption\" id=\"user-content-id22\"\u003eEncryption\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#controlling-the-i-o-of-a-base-backup\" id=\"user-content-id23\"\u003eControlling the I/O of a Base Backup\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#logging\" id=\"user-content-id24\"\u003eLogging\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#increasing-throughput-of-wal-push\" id=\"user-content-id25\"\u003eIncreasing throughput of wal-push\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#using-aws-iam-instance-profiles\" id=\"user-content-id26\"\u003eUsing AWS IAM Instance Profiles\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#manually-specifying-the-s3-endpoint\" id=\"user-content-id27\"\u003eManually specifying the S3 Endpoint\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#development\" id=\"user-content-id28\"\u003eDevelopment\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-installation\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id4\"\u003eInstallation\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-installation\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Installation\" href=\"#installation\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf no up-to-date packages are available to you via a package manager,\nthis command can work on most operating systems:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003esudo python3 -m pip install wal-e[aws,azure,google,swift]\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou can omit storage services you do not wish to use from the above\nlist.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-primary-commands\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id5\"\u003ePrimary Commands\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-primary-commands\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Primary Commands\" href=\"#primary-commands\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWAL-E has these key commands:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ebackup-fetch\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ebackup-push\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ewal-fetch\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ewal-push\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"#delete\"\u003edelete\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAll of these operators work in a context of several environment\nvariables that WAL-E reads. The variables set depend on the storage\nprovider being used, and are detailed below.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWAL-E's organizing concept is the PREFIX. Prefixes must be set\nuniquely for each \u003cem\u003ewriting\u003c/em\u003e database, and prefix all objects stored\nfor a given database. For example: \u003ccode\u003es3://bucket/databasename\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOf these, the \"push\" operators send backup data to storage and \"fetch\"\noperators get backup data from storage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ewal\u003c/code\u003e commands are called by Postgres's \u003ccode\u003earchive_command\u003c/code\u003e and\n\u003ccode\u003erestore_command\u003c/code\u003e to fetch or pull write ahead log, and \u003ccode\u003ebackup\u003c/code\u003e\ncommands are used to fetch or push a hot backup of the base database\nthat WAL segments can be applied to. Finally, the \u003ccode\u003edelete\u003c/code\u003e command\nis used to prune the archives as to retain a finite number of backups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-aws-s3-and-work-alikes\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id6\"\u003eAWS S3 and Work-alikes\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-aws-s3-and-work-alikes\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: AWS S3 and Work-alikes\" href=\"#aws-s3-and-work-alikes\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWALE_S3_PREFIX (e.g. \u003ccode\u003es3://bucket/path/optionallymorepath\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAWS_REGION (e.g. \u003ccode\u003eus-east-1\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOptional:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWALE_S3_ENDPOINT: See \u003ca href=\"#manually-specifying-the-s3-endpoint\"\u003eManually specifying the S3 Endpoint\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWALE_S3_STORAGE_CLASS: One of: STANDARD (default), REDUCED_REDUNDANCY,\nGLACIER, STANDARD_IA, ONEZONE_IA, INTELLIGENT_TIERING, DEEP_ARCHIVE\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAWS_SECURITY_TOKEN: When using AWS STS\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePass \u003ccode\u003e--aws-instance-profile\u003c/code\u003e to gather credentials from the\nInstance Profile. See Using AWS IAM Instance Profiles.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-azure-blob-store\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id7\"\u003eAzure Blob Store\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-azure-blob-store\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Azure Blob Store\" href=\"#azure-blob-store\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eExample below is based on the following blob storage in Azure in the\nresource group \u003ccode\u003eresgroup\u003c/code\u003e :\n\u003ca href=\"https://store1.blob.core.windows.net/container1/nextpath\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://store1.blob.core.windows.net/container1/nextpath\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWALE_WABS_PREFIX (e.g. \u003ccode\u003ewabs://container1/nextpath\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWABS_ACCOUNT_NAME (e.g. \u003ccode\u003estore1\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWABS_ACCESS_KEY (Use key1 from running \u003ccode\u003eazure storage account keys\nlist store1 --resource-group resgroup\u003c/code\u003e You will need to have the\nAzure CLI installed for this to work.)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWABS_SAS_TOKEN (You only need this if you have not provided an\nWABS_ACCESS_KEY)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-google-storage\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id8\"\u003eGoogle Storage\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-google-storage\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Google Storage\" href=\"#google-storage\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWALE_GS_PREFIX (e.g. \u003ccode\u003egs://bucket/path/optionallymorepath\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-swift\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id9\"\u003eSwift\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-swift\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Swift\" href=\"#swift\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWALE_SWIFT_PREFIX (e.g. \u003ccode\u003eswift://container/path/optionallymorepath\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSWIFT_AUTHURL\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSWIFT_TENANT\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSWIFT_USER\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSWIFT_PASSWORD\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOptional Variables:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSWIFT_AUTH_VERSION which defaults to \u003ccode\u003e2\u003c/code\u003e. Some object stores such as\nSoftlayer require version \u003ccode\u003e1\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSWIFT_ENDPOINT_TYPE defaults to \u003ccode\u003epublicURL\u003c/code\u003e, this may be set to\n\u003ccode\u003einternalURL\u003c/code\u003e on object stores like Rackspace Cloud Files in order\nto use the internal network.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-file-system\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id10\"\u003eFile System\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-file-system\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: File System\" href=\"#file-system\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWALE_FILE_PREFIX (e.g. \u003ccode\u003efile://localhost/backups/pg\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eImportant\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eEnsure that all writing servers have different _PREFIXes set.\nReuse of a value between two, writing databases will likely cause\nunrecoverable backups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-dependencies\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id11\"\u003eDependencies\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-dependencies\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Dependencies\" href=\"#dependencies\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003epython (\u0026gt;= 3.4)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003elzop\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003epsql (\u0026gt;= 8.4)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003epv\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis software also has Python dependencies: installing with \u003ccode\u003epip\u003c/code\u003e\nwill attempt to resolve them:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003egevent\u0026gt;=1.1.1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eboto\u0026gt;=2.40.0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eazure==3.0.0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003egoogle-cloud-storage\u0026gt;=1.4.0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003epython-swiftclient\u0026gt;=3.0.0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003epython-keystoneclient\u0026gt;=3.0.0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt is possible to use WAL-E without the dependencies of back-end\nstorage one does not use installed: the imports for those are only\nperformed if the storage configuration demands their use.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-examples\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id12\"\u003eExamples\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-examples\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Examples\" href=\"#examples\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePushing a base backup to S3:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e$ AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=... wal-e \\\n -k AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID \\\n --s3-prefix=s3://some-bucket/directory/or/whatever \\\n backup-push /var/lib/my/database\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSending a WAL segment to WABS:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e$ WABS_ACCESS_KEY=... wal-e \\\n -a WABS_ACCOUNT_NAME \\\n --wabs-prefix=wabs://some-bucket/directory/or/whatever \\\n wal-push /var/lib/my/database/pg_xlog/WAL_SEGMENT_LONG_HEX\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePush a base backup to Swift:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e$ WALE_SWIFT_PREFIX=\"swift://my_container_name\" \\\n SWIFT_AUTHURL=\"http://my_keystone_url/v2.0/\" \\\n SWIFT_TENANT=\"my_tennant\" \\\n SWIFT_USER=\"my_user\" \\\n SWIFT_PASSWORD=\"my_password\" wal-e \\\n backup-push /var/lib/my/database\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePush a base backup to Google Cloud Storage:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e$ WALE_GS_PREFIX=\"gs://some-bucket/directory-or-whatever\" \\\n GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS=... \\\n wal-e backup-push /var/lib/my/database\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt is generally recommended that one use some sort of environment\nvariable management with WAL-E: working with it this way is less verbose,\nless prone to error, and less likely to expose secret information in\nlogs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://cr.yp.to/daemontools/envdir.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eenvdir\u003c/a\u003e, part of the \u003ca href=\"http://cr.yp.to/daemontools.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003edaemontools\u003c/a\u003e package is one recommended approach\nto setting environment variables. One can prepare an\nenvdir-compatible directory like so:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e# Assumption: the group is trusted to read secret information\n# S3 Setup\n$ umask u=rwx,g=rx,o=\n$ mkdir -p /etc/wal-e.d/env\n$ echo \"secret-key-content\" \u0026gt; /etc/wal-e.d/env/AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY\n$ echo \"access-key\" \u0026gt; /etc/wal-e.d/env/AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID\n$ echo 's3://some-bucket/directory/or/whatever' \u0026gt; \\\n /etc/wal-e.d/env/WALE_S3_PREFIX\n$ chown -R root:postgres /etc/wal-e.d\n\n\n# Assumption: the group is trusted to read secret information\n# WABS Setup\n$ umask u=rwx,g=rx,o=\n$ mkdir -p /etc/wal-e.d/env\n$ echo \"secret-key-content\" \u0026gt; /etc/wal-e.d/env/WABS_ACCESS_KEY\n$ echo \"access-key\" \u0026gt; /etc/wal-e.d/env/WABS_ACCOUNT_NAME\n$ echo 'wabs://some-container/directory/or/whatever' \u0026gt; \\\n /etc/wal-e.d/env/WALE_WABS_PREFIX\n$ chown -R root:postgres /etc/wal-e.d\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAfter having done this preparation, it is possible to run WAL-E\ncommands much more simply, with less risk of accidentally using\nincorrect values:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e$ envdir /etc/wal-e.d/env wal-e backup-push ...\n$ envdir /etc/wal-e.d/env wal-e wal-push ...\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eenvdir is conveniently combined with the archive_command functionality\nused by PostgreSQL to enable continuous archiving. To enable\ncontinuous archiving, one needs to edit \u003ccode\u003epostgresql.conf\u003c/code\u003e and\nrestart the server. The important settings to enable continuous\narchiving are related here:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003ewal_level = archive # hot_standby and logical in 9.x is also acceptable\narchive_mode = on\narchive_command = 'envdir /etc/wal-e.d/env wal-e wal-push %p'\narchive_timeout = 60\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eEvery segment archived will be noted in the PostgreSQL log.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWarning\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePostgreSQL users can check the pg_settings table and see the\narchive_command employed. Do not put secret information into\npostgresql.conf for that reason, and use envdir instead.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA base backup (via \u003ccode\u003ebackup-push\u003c/code\u003e) can be uploaded at any time, but\nthis must be done at least once in order to perform a restoration. It\nmust be done again if you decided to skip archiving any WAL segments:\nreplication will not be able to continue if there are any gaps in the\nstored WAL segments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-id1\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id13\"\u003ePrimary Commands\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-primary-commands-1\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Primary Commands\" href=\"#primary-commands-1\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ebackup-push\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003ebackup-fetch\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003ewal-push\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003ewal-fetch\u003c/code\u003e represent\nthe primary functionality of WAL-E and must reside on the database machine.\nUnlike \u003ccode\u003ewal-push\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003ewal-fetch\u003c/code\u003e commands, which function as described\nabove, the \u003ccode\u003ebackup-push\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003ebackup-fetch\u003c/code\u003e require a little additional\nexplanation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-backup-push\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id14\"\u003ebackup-push\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-backup-push\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: backup-push\" href=\"#backup-push\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBy default \u003ccode\u003ebackup-push\u003c/code\u003e will include all user defined tablespaces in\nthe database backup. please see the \u003ccode\u003ebackup-fetch\u003c/code\u003e section below for\nWAL-E's tablespace restoration behavior.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-backup-fetch\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id15\"\u003ebackup-fetch\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-backup-fetch\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: backup-fetch\" href=\"#backup-fetch\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUse \u003ccode\u003ebackup-fetch\u003c/code\u003e to restore a base backup from storage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis command makes use of the \u003ccode\u003eLATEST\u003c/code\u003e pseudo-backup-name to find a\nbackup to download:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e$ envdir /etc/wal-e.d/fetch-env wal-e \\\n--s3-prefix=s3://some-bucket/directory/or/whatever \\\nbackup-fetch /var/lib/my/database LATEST\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAlso allowed is naming a backup specifically as seen in\n\u003ccode\u003ebackup-list\u003c/code\u003e, which can be useful for restoring older backups for\nthe purposes of point in time recovery:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e$ envdir /etc/wal-e.d/fetch-env wal-e \\\n--s3-prefix=s3://some-bucket/directory/or/whatever \\\nbackup-fetch \\\n/var/lib/my/database base_LONGWALNUMBER_POSITION_NUMBER\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOne will need to provide a \u003ca href=\"https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/recovery-config.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003erecovery.conf\u003c/a\u003e file to recover WAL\nsegments associated with the backup. In short, \u003ca href=\"https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/recovery-config.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003erecovery.conf\u003c/a\u003e needs\nto be created in the Postgres's data directory with content like:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003erestore_command = 'envdir /etc/wal-e.d/env wal-e wal-fetch %f %p'\nstandby_mode = on\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA database with such a recovery.conf set will poll WAL-E storage for\nWAL indefinitely. You can exit recovery by running \u003ca href=\"https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/app-pg-ctl.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003epg_ctl promote\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you wish to perform Point In Time Recovery (PITR) can add \u003ca href=\"https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/recovery-target-settings.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003erecovery\ntargets\u003c/a\u003e to \u003ca href=\"https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/recovery-config.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003erecovery.conf\u003c/a\u003e, looking like this:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003erecovery_target_time = '2017-02-01 19:58:55'\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThere are several other ways to specify recovery target,\ne.g. transaction id.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eRegardless of recovery target, the result by default is Postgres will\npause recovery at this time, allowing inspection before promotion.\nSee \u003ca href=\"https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/recovery-target-settings.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003erecovery targets\u003c/a\u003e for details on how to customize what happens\nwhen the target criterion is reached.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-tablespace-support\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id16\"\u003eTablespace Support\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-tablespace-support\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Tablespace Support\" href=\"#tablespace-support\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf and only if you are using Tablespaces, you will need to consider\nadditional issues on how run \u003ccode\u003ebackup-fetch\u003c/code\u003e. The options are:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUser-directed Restore\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWAL-E expects that tablespace symlinks will be in place prior to a\n\u003ccode\u003ebackup-fetch\u003c/code\u003e run. This means prepare your target path by\ninsuring \u003ccode\u003e${PG_CLUSTER_DIRECTORY}/pg_tblspc\u003c/code\u003e contains all required\nsymlinks before restoration time. If any expected symlink does not\nexist \u003ccode\u003ebackup-fetch\u003c/code\u003e will fail.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBlind Restore\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you are unable to reproduce tablespace storage structures prior\nto running \u003ccode\u003ebackup-fetch\u003c/code\u003e you can set the option flag\n\u003ccode\u003e--blind-restore\u003c/code\u003e. This will direct WAL-E to skip the symlink\nverification process and place all data directly in the\n\u003ccode\u003e${PG_CLUSTER_DIRECTORY}/pg_tblspc\u003c/code\u003e path.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eRestoration Specification\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou can provide a restoration specification file to WAL-E using the\n\u003ccode\u003ebackup-fetch\u003c/code\u003e \u003ccode\u003e--restore-spec RESTORE_SPEC\u003c/code\u003e option. This spec\nmust be valid JSON and contain all contained tablespaces as well as\nthe target storage path they require, and the symlink postgres\nexpects for the tablespace. Here is an example for a cluster with a\nsingle tablespace:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e{\n \"12345\": {\n \"loc\": \"/data/postgres/tablespaces/tblspc001/\",\n \"link\": \"pg_tblspc/12345\"\n },\n \"tablespaces\": [\n \"12345\"\n ],\n}\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eGiven this information WAL-E will create the data storage directory\nand symlink it appropriately in\n\u003ccode\u003e${PG_CLUSTER_DIRECTORY}/pg_tblspc\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWarning\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e\"link\"\u003c/code\u003e properties of tablespaces in the restore specification\nmust contain the \u003ccode\u003epg_tblspc\u003c/code\u003e prefix, it will not be added for you.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-auxiliary-commands\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id17\"\u003eAuxiliary Commands\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-auxiliary-commands\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Auxiliary Commands\" href=\"#auxiliary-commands\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThese are commands that are not used expressly for backup or WAL\npushing and fetching, but are important to the monitoring or\nmaintenance of WAL-E archived databases. Unlike the critical four\noperators for taking and restoring backups (\u003ccode\u003ebackup-push\u003c/code\u003e,\n\u003ccode\u003ebackup-fetch\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003ewal-push\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003ewal-fetch\u003c/code\u003e) that must reside on the\ndatabase machine, these commands can be productively run from any\ncomputer with the appropriate _PREFIX set and the necessary credentials to\nmanipulate or read data there.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-backup-list\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id18\"\u003ebackup-list\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-backup-list\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: backup-list\" href=\"#backup-list\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ebackup-list is useful for listing base backups that are complete for a\ngiven WAL-E context. Some fields are only filled in when the\n\u003ccode\u003e--detail\u003c/code\u003e option is passed to \u003ccode\u003ebackup-list\u003c/code\u003e \u003ca href=\"#why-detail-flag\" id=\"user-content-id2\"\u003e[1]\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNote\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSome \u003ccode\u003e--detail\u003c/code\u003e only fields are not strictly to the right of\nfields that do not require \u003ccode\u003e--detail\u003c/code\u003e be passed. This is not a\nproblem if one uses any CSV parsing library (as two tab-delimiters\nwill be emitted) to signify the empty column, but if one is hoping\nto use string mangling to extract fields, exhibit care.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFirstly, the fields that are filled in regardless of if \u003ccode\u003e--detail\u003c/code\u003e\nis passed or not:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\n\n\n\n\u003cthead valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth\u003eHeader in CSV\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMeaning\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003ename\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eThe name of the backup, which can be\npassed to the \u003ccode\u003edelete\u003c/code\u003e and\n\u003ccode\u003ebackup-fetch\u003c/code\u003e commands.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003elast_modified\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eThe date and time the backup was\ncompleted and uploaded, rendered in\nan ISO-compatible format with\ntimezone information.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003ewal_segment_backup_start\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eThe wal segment number. It is a\n24-character hexadecimal number.\nThis information identifies the\ntimeline and relative ordering of\nvarious backups.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003ewal_segment_offset_backup_start\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eThe offset in the WAL segment that\nthis backup starts at. This is\nmostly to avoid ambiguity in event\nof backups that may start in the\nsame WAL segment.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSecondly, the fields that are filled in only when \u003ccode\u003e--detail\u003c/code\u003e is\npassed:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\n\n\n\n\u003cthead valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth\u003eHeader in CSV\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eMeaning\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003eexpanded_size_bytes\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eThe decompressed size of the backup\nin bytes.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003ewal_segment_backup_stop\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eThe last WAL segment file required\nto bring this backup into a\nconsistent state, and thus available\nfor hot-standby.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003ewal_segment_offset_backup_stop\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eThe offset in the last WAL segment\nfile required to bring this backup\ninto a consistent state.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable frame=\"void\" id=\"user-content-why-detail-flag\" rules=\"none\"\u003e\n\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id2\"\u003e[1]\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003ccode\u003ebackup-list --detail\u003c/code\u003e is slower (one web\nrequest per backup, rather than one web request per thousand\nbackups or so) than \u003ccode\u003ebackup-list\u003c/code\u003e, and often (but not always) the\ninformation in the regular \u003ccode\u003ebackup-list\u003c/code\u003e is all one needs.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-delete\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id19\"\u003edelete\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-delete\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: delete\" href=\"#delete\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003edelete\u003c/code\u003e contains additional subcommands that are used for deleting\ndata from storage for various reasons. These commands are organized\nseparately because the \u003ccode\u003edelete\u003c/code\u003e subcommand itself takes options that\napply to any subcommand that does deletion, such as \u003ccode\u003e--confirm\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAll deletions are designed to be reentrant and idempotent: there are\nno negative consequences if one runs several deletions at once or if\none resubmits the same deletion command several times, with or without\ncanceling other deletions that may be concurrent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThese commands have a \u003ccode\u003edry-run\u003c/code\u003e mode that is the default. The\ncommand is basically optimized for not deleting data except in a very\nspecific circumstance to avoid operator error. Should a dry-run be\nperformed, \u003ccode\u003ewal-e\u003c/code\u003e will instead simply report every key it would\notherwise delete if it was not running in dry-run mode, along with\nprominent HINT-lines for every key noting that nothing was actually\ndeleted from the blob store.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo \u003cem\u003eactually\u003c/em\u003e delete any data, one must pass \u003ccode\u003e--confirm\u003c/code\u003e to \u003ccode\u003ewal-e\ndelete\u003c/code\u003e. If one passes both \u003ccode\u003e--dry-run\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003e--confirm\u003c/code\u003e, a dry\nrun will be performed, regardless of the order of options passed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eCurrently, these kinds of deletions are supported. Examples omit\nenvironment variable configuration for clarity:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003ebefore\u003c/code\u003e: Delete all backups and wal segment files before the\ngiven base-backup name. This does not include the base backup\npassed: it will remain a viable backup.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eExample:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e$ wal-e delete [--confirm] before base_00000004000002DF000000A6_03626144\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eretain\u003c/code\u003e: Leave the given number of backups in place, and delete\nall base backups and wal segment files older than them.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eExample:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e$ wal-e delete [--confirm] retain 5\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eold-versions\u003c/code\u003e: Delete all backups and wal file segments with an\nolder format. This is only intended to be run after a major WAL-E\nversion upgrade and the subsequent base-backup. If no base backup\nis successfully performed first, one is more exposed to data loss\nuntil one does perform a base backup.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eExample:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e$ wal-e delete [--confirm] old-versions\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eeverything\u003c/code\u003e: Delete all backups and wal file segments in the\ncontext. This is appropriate if one is decommissioning a database\nand has no need for its archives.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eExample:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e$ wal-e delete [--confirm] everything\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-compression-and-temporary-files\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id20\"\u003eCompression and Temporary Files\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-compression-and-temporary-files\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Compression and Temporary Files\" href=\"#compression-and-temporary-files\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAll assets pushed to storage are run through the program \"lzop\" which\ncompresses the object using the very fast lzo compression algorithm.\nIt takes roughly 2 CPU seconds to compress a gigabyte, which when\nsending things to storage at about 25MB/s occupies about 5% CPU time.\nCompression ratios are expected to make file sizes 50% or less of the\noriginal file size in most cases, making backups and restorations\nconsiderably faster.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBecause storage services generally require the Content-Length header\nof a stored object to be set up-front, it is necessary to completely\nfinish compressing an entire input file and storing the compressed\noutput in a temporary file. Thus, the temporary file directory needs\nto be big enough and fast enough to support this, although this tool\nis designed to avoid calling fsync(), so some memory can be leveraged.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBase backups first have their files consolidated into disjoint tar\nfiles of limited length to avoid the relatively large per-file transfer\noverhead. This has the effect of making base backups and restores\nmuch faster when many small relations and ancillary files are\ninvolved.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-other-options\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id21\"\u003eOther Options\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-other-options\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Other Options\" href=\"#other-options\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-encryption\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id22\"\u003eEncryption\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-encryption\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Encryption\" href=\"#encryption\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo encrypt backups as well as compress them, first generate a key pair\nusing \u003ccode\u003egpg --gen-key\u003c/code\u003e. You don't need the private key on the machine\nto back up, but you will need it to restore. The private key may have\na password, but to restore, the password should be present in GPG\nagent. WAL-E does not support entering GPG passwords via a tty device.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOnce this is done, set the \u003ccode\u003eWALE_GPG_KEY_ID\u003c/code\u003e environment variable or\nthe \u003ccode\u003e--gpg-key-id\u003c/code\u003e command line option to the ID of the secret key\nfor backup and restore commands.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHere's an example of how you can restore with a private key that has a\npassword, by forcing decryption of an arbitrary file with the correct\nkey to unlock the GPG keychain:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e# This assumes you have \"keychain\" gpg-agent installed.\neval $( keychain --eval --agents gpg )\n\n# If you want default gpg-agent, use this instead\n# eval $( gpg-agent --daemon )\n\n# Force storing the private key password in the agent. Here you\n# will need to enter the key password.\nexport TEMPFILE=`tempfile`\ngpg --recipient \"$WALE_GPG_KEY_ID\" --encrypt \"$TEMPFILE\"\ngpg --decrypt \"$TEMPFILE\".gpg || exit 1\n\nrm \"$TEMPFILE\" \"$TEMPFILE\".gpg\nunset TEMPFILE\n\n# Now use wal-e to fetch the backup.\nwal-e backup-fetch [...]\n\n# If you have WAL segments encrypted, don't forget to add\n# restore_command to recovery.conf, e.g.\n#\n# restore_command = 'wal-e wal-fetch \"%f\" \"%p\"'\n\n# Start the restoration postgres server in a context where you have\n# gpg-agent's environment variables initialized, such as the current\n# shell.\npg_ctl -D [...] start\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-controlling-the-i-o-of-a-base-backup\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id23\"\u003eControlling the I/O of a Base Backup\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-controlling-the-io-of-a-base-backup\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Controlling the I/O of a Base Backup\" href=\"#controlling-the-io-of-a-base-backup\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo reduce the read load on base backups, they are sent through the\ntool \u003ccode\u003epv\u003c/code\u003e first. To use this rate-limited-read mode, use the option\n\u003ccode\u003e--cluster-read-rate-limit\u003c/code\u003e as seen in \u003ccode\u003ewal-e backup-push\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-logging\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id24\"\u003eLogging\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-logging\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Logging\" href=\"#logging\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWAL-E supports logging configuration with following environment\nvariables:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eWALE_LOG_DESTINATION\u003c/code\u003e comma separated values, \u003cstrong\u003esyslog\u003c/strong\u003e and\n\u003cstrong\u003estderr\u003c/strong\u003e are supported. The default is equivalent to:\n\u003ccode\u003esyslog,stderr\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode\u003eWALE_SYSLOG_FACILITY\u003c/code\u003e from \u003ccode\u003eLOCAL0\u003c/code\u003e to \u003ccode\u003eLOCAL7\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003eUSER\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo restrict log statements to warnings and errors, use the \u003ccode\u003e--terse\u003c/code\u003e\noption.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-increasing-throughput-of-wal-push\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id25\"\u003eIncreasing throughput of wal-push\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-increasing-throughput-of-wal-push\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Increasing throughput of wal-push\" href=\"#increasing-throughput-of-wal-push\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn certain situations, the \u003ccode\u003ewal-push\u003c/code\u003e process can take long enough\nthat it can't keep up with WAL segments being produced by Postgres,\nwhich can lead to unbounded disk usage and an eventual crash of the\ndatabase.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOne can instruct WAL-E to pool WAL segments together and send them in\ngroups by passing the \u003ccode\u003e--pool-size\u003c/code\u003e parameter to \u003ccode\u003ewal-push\u003c/code\u003e. This\ncan increase throughput significantly.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAs of version 1.x, \u003ccode\u003e--pool-size\u003c/code\u003e defaults to 32.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNote: You can also use this parameter when calling \u003ccode\u003ebackup-fetch\u003c/code\u003e\nand \u003ccode\u003ebackup-push\u003c/code\u003e (it defaults to 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-using-aws-iam-instance-profiles\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id26\"\u003eUsing AWS IAM Instance Profiles\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-using-aws-iam-instance-profiles\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Using AWS IAM Instance Profiles\" href=\"#using-aws-iam-instance-profiles\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eStoring credentials on AWS EC2 instances has usability and security\ndrawbacks. When using WAL-E with AWS S3 and AWS EC2, most uses of\nWAL-E would benefit from use with the \u003ca href=\"http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/AESDG-chapter-instancedata.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eAWS Instance Profile feature\u003c/a\u003e,\nwhich automatically generates and rotates credentials on behalf of an\ninstance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo instruct WAL-E to use these credentials for access to S3, pass the\n\u003ccode\u003e--aws-instance-profile\u003c/code\u003e flag.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eInstance profiles may \u003cem\u003enot\u003c/em\u003e be preferred in more complex scenarios\nwhen one has multiple AWS IAM policies written for multiple programs\nrun on an instance, or an existing key management infrastructure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-manually-specifying-the-s3-endpoint\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id27\"\u003eManually specifying the S3 Endpoint\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-manually-specifying-the-s3-endpoint\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Manually specifying the S3 Endpoint\" href=\"#manually-specifying-the-s3-endpoint\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf one wishes to target WAL-E against an alternate S3 endpoint\n(e.g. Ceph RADOS), one can set the \u003ccode\u003eWALE_S3_ENDPOINT\u003c/code\u003e environment\nvariable. This can also be used take fine-grained control over\nendpoints and calling conventions with AWS.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe format is that of:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003eprotocol+convention://hostname:port\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhere valid protocols are \u003ccode\u003ehttp\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003ehttps\u003c/code\u003e, and conventions are\n\u003ccode\u003epath\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003evirtualhost\u003c/code\u003e, and \u003ccode\u003esubdomain\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eExample:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e# Turns off encryption and specifies us-west-1 endpoint.\nWALE_S3_ENDPOINT=http+path://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com:80\n\n# For radosgw.\nWALE_S3_ENDPOINT=http+path://hostname\n\n# As seen when using Deis, which uses radosgw.\nWALE_S3_ENDPOINT=http+path://deis-store-gateway:8888\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-development\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id28\"\u003eDevelopment\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-development\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Development\" href=\"#development\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eDevelopment is heavily reliant on the tool \u003ca href=\"https://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003etox\u003c/a\u003e being existent within\nthe development environment. All additional dependencies of WAL-E are\nmanaged by \u003ca href=\"https://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003etox\u003c/a\u003e. In addition, the coding conventions are checked by\nthe \u003ca href=\"https://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003etox\u003c/a\u003e configuration included with WAL-E.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo run the tests, run:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e$ tox -e py35\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo run a somewhat more lengthy suite of integration tests that\ncommunicate with a real blob store account, one might run \u003ca href=\"https://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003etox\u003c/a\u003e like\nthis:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003e$ WALE_S3_INTEGRATION_TESTS=TRUE \\\n AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=[AKIA...] \\\n AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=[...] \\\n WALE_WABS_INTEGRATION_TESTS=TRUE \\\n WABS_ACCOUNT_NAME=[...] \\\n WABS_ACCESS_KEY=[...] \\\n WALE_GS_INTEGRATION_TESTS=TRUE \\\n GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS=[~/my-credentials.json] \\\n tox -e py35 -- -n 8\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eLooking carefully at the above, notice the \u003ccode\u003e-n 8\u003c/code\u003e added the \u003ca href=\"https://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003etox\u003c/a\u003e\ninvocation. This \u003ccode\u003e-n 8\u003c/code\u003e is after a \u003ccode\u003e--\u003c/code\u003e that indicates to \u003ca href=\"https://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003etox\u003c/a\u003e\nthat the subsequent arguments are for the underlying test program\n\u003ca href=\"https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pytest\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003epytest\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis is to enable parallel test execution, which makes the integration\ntests complete a small fraction of the time it would take otherwise.\nIt is a design requirement of new tests that parallel execution not be\nsacrificed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eCoverage testing can be used by combining any of these using\n\u003ca href=\"https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pytest-cov\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003epytest-cov\u003c/a\u003e, e.g.: \u003ccode\u003etox -- --cov wal_e\u003c/code\u003e and\n\u003ccode\u003etox -- --cov wal_e --cov-report html; see htmlcov/index.html\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n\u003c/article\u003e","loaded":true,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":[{"level":1,"text":"WAL-E","anchor":"wal-e","htmlText":"WAL-E"},{"level":2,"text":"Continuous archiving for Postgres","anchor":"continuous-archiving-for-postgres","htmlText":"Continuous archiving for Postgres"},{"level":2,"text":"Obsolescence Notice","anchor":"obsolescence-notice","htmlText":"Obsolescence Notice"},{"level":2,"text":"Installation","anchor":"installation","htmlText":"Installation"},{"level":2,"text":"Primary Commands","anchor":"primary-commands","htmlText":"Primary Commands"},{"level":3,"text":"AWS S3 and Work-alikes","anchor":"aws-s3-and-work-alikes","htmlText":"AWS S3 and Work-alikes"},{"level":3,"text":"Azure Blob Store","anchor":"azure-blob-store","htmlText":"Azure Blob Store"},{"level":3,"text":"Google Storage","anchor":"google-storage","htmlText":"Google Storage"},{"level":3,"text":"Swift","anchor":"swift","htmlText":"Swift"},{"level":3,"text":"File System","anchor":"file-system","htmlText":"File System"},{"level":2,"text":"Dependencies","anchor":"dependencies","htmlText":"Dependencies"},{"level":2,"text":"Examples","anchor":"examples","htmlText":"Examples"},{"level":2,"text":"Primary Commands","anchor":"primary-commands-1","htmlText":"Primary Commands"},{"level":3,"text":"backup-push","anchor":"backup-push","htmlText":"backup-push"},{"level":3,"text":"backup-fetch","anchor":"backup-fetch","htmlText":"backup-fetch"},{"level":4,"text":"Tablespace Support","anchor":"tablespace-support","htmlText":"Tablespace Support"},{"level":2,"text":"Auxiliary Commands","anchor":"auxiliary-commands","htmlText":"Auxiliary Commands"},{"level":3,"text":"backup-list","anchor":"backup-list","htmlText":"backup-list"},{"level":3,"text":"delete","anchor":"delete","htmlText":"delete"},{"level":2,"text":"Compression and Temporary Files","anchor":"compression-and-temporary-files","htmlText":"Compression and Temporary Files"},{"level":2,"text":"Other Options","anchor":"other-options","htmlText":"Other Options"},{"level":3,"text":"Encryption","anchor":"encryption","htmlText":"Encryption"},{"level":3,"text":"Controlling the I/O of a Base Backup","anchor":"controlling-the-io-of-a-base-backup","htmlText":"Controlling the I/O of a Base Backup"},{"level":3,"text":"Logging","anchor":"logging","htmlText":"Logging"},{"level":3,"text":"Increasing throughput of wal-push","anchor":"increasing-throughput-of-wal-push","htmlText":"Increasing throughput of wal-push"},{"level":3,"text":"Using AWS IAM Instance Profiles","anchor":"using-aws-iam-instance-profiles","htmlText":"Using AWS IAM Instance Profiles"},{"level":3,"text":"Manually specifying the S3 Endpoint","anchor":"manually-specifying-the-s3-endpoint","htmlText":"Manually specifying the S3 Endpoint"},{"level":2,"text":"Development","anchor":"development","htmlText":"Development"}],"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fwal-e%2Fwal-e"}},{"displayName":"LICENSE","repoName":"wal-e","refName":"master","path":"LICENSE","preferredFileType":"license","tabName":"BSD-3-Clause","richText":null,"loaded":false,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":null,"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fwal-e%2Fwal-e"}}],"overviewFilesProcessingTime":0}},"appPayload":{"helpUrl":"https://docs.github.com","findFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-file-worker-7d7eb7c71814.js","findInFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-in-file-worker-708ec8ade250.js","githubDevUrl":null,"enabled_features":{"copilot_workspace":null,"code_nav_ui_events":false,"overview_shared_code_dropdown_button":true,"react_blob_overlay":false,"accessible_code_button":true,"github_models_repo_integration":false}}}}</script> <div 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width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M9.5 3.25a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 3 2.122V6A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 10 8.5H6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v1.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5.372a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v1.836A2.493 2.493 0 0 1 6 7h4a1 1 0 0 0 1-1v-.628A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 9.5 3.25Zm-6 0a.75.75 0 1 0 1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0Zm8.25-.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5ZM4.25 12a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Z"></path></svg></span><span data-component="text" class="prc-Button-Label-pTQ3x">Branches</span></span></a><a style="--button-color:fg.muted" type="button" href="/wal-e/wal-e/tags" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 lmSMZJ prc-Button-ButtonBase-c50BI" data-loading="false" data-size="medium" data-variant="invisible" aria-describedby=":Rklab:-loading-announcement"><span data-component="buttonContent" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 gUkoLg prc-Button-ButtonContent-HKbr-"><span data-component="leadingVisual" class="prc-Button-Visual-2epfX 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class="octicon octicon-tag" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1 7.775V2.75C1 1.784 1.784 1 2.75 1h5.025c.464 0 .91.184 1.238.513l6.25 6.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 2.474l-5.026 5.026a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-2.474 0l-6.25-6.25A1.752 1.752 0 0 1 1 7.775Zm1.5 0c0 .066.026.13.073.177l6.25 6.25a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l5.025-5.025a.25.25 0 0 0 0-.354l-6.25-6.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.177-.073H2.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM6 5a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Z"></path></svg></a></div></div><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 jxTzTd"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 gqqBXN"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 dzXgxt"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 iWFGlI"><span class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 vcvyP TextInput-wrapper prc-components-TextInputWrapper-i1ofR prc-components-TextInputBaseWrapper-ueK9q" data-leading-visual="true" data-trailing-visual="true" aria-busy="false"><span class="TextInput-icon" id=":R2j5ab:" aria-hidden="true"><svg 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aria-describedby=":Rr5ab:-loading-announcement"><span data-component="buttonContent" data-align="center" class="prc-Button-ButtonContent-HKbr-"><span data-component="text" class="prc-Button-Label-pTQ3x">Go to file</span></span></button></div><div class="react-directory-add-file-icon"></div><div class="react-directory-remove-file-icon"></div></div><button type="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" class="prc-Button-ButtonBase-c50BI" data-loading="false" data-size="medium" data-variant="primary" aria-describedby=":R55ab:-loading-announcement" id=":R55ab:"><span data-component="buttonContent" data-align="center" class="prc-Button-ButtonContent-HKbr-"><span data-component="leadingVisual" class="prc-Button-Visual-2epfX prc-Button-VisualWrap-Db-eB"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-code hide-sm" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path></svg></span><span data-component="text" class="prc-Button-Label-pTQ3x">Code</span><span data-component="trailingVisual" class="prc-Button-Visual-2epfX prc-Button-VisualWrap-Db-eB"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-triangle-down" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m4.427 7.427 3.396 3.396a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l3.396-3.396A.25.25 0 0 0 11.396 7H4.604a.25.25 0 0 0-.177.427Z"></path></svg></span></span></button><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 izFOf"><button 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ScreenReaderHeading-module__userSelectNone--vW4Cq prc-Heading-Heading-6CmGO" data-testid="screen-reader-heading" id="folders-and-files">Folders and files</h2><table aria-labelledby="folders-and-files" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 fdROMU"><thead class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 jGKpsv"><tr class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 jdgHnn"><th colSpan="2" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 bQivRW"><span class="text-bold">Name</span></th><th colSpan="1" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 ldkMIO"><span class="text-bold">Name</span></th><th class="hide-sm"><div title="Last commit message" class="Truncate__StyledTruncate-sc-23o1d2-0 liVpTx width-fit"><span class="text-bold">Last commit message</span></div></th><th colSpan="1" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 jMbWeI"><div title="Last commit date" class="Truncate__StyledTruncate-sc-23o1d2-0 liVpTx width-fit"><span class="text-bold">Last commit date</span></div></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 gpqjiB"><td colSpan="3" class="bgColor-muted p-1 rounded-top-2"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 dzCJzi"><h2 class="sr-only ScreenReaderHeading-module__userSelectNone--vW4Cq prc-Heading-Heading-6CmGO" data-testid="screen-reader-heading">Latest commit</h2><div style="width:120px" class="Skeleton Skeleton--text" data-testid="loading"> </div><div class="d-flex flex-shrink-0 gap-2"><div data-testid="latest-commit-details" class="d-none d-sm-flex flex-items-center"></div><div class="d-flex gap-2"><h2 class="sr-only ScreenReaderHeading-module__userSelectNone--vW4Cq prc-Heading-Heading-6CmGO" data-testid="screen-reader-heading">History</h2><a href="/wal-e/wal-e/commits/master/" class="prc-Button-ButtonBase-c50BI d-none d-lg-flex LinkButton-module__code-view-link-button--xvCGA flex-items-center fgColor-default" data-loading="false" data-size="small" data-variant="invisible" aria-describedby=":Raqj8pab:-loading-announcement"><span data-component="buttonContent" data-align="center" class="prc-Button-ButtonContent-HKbr-"><span data-component="leadingVisual" class="prc-Button-Visual-2epfX prc-Button-VisualWrap-Db-eB"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-history" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="m.427 1.927 1.215 1.215a8.002 8.002 0 1 1-1.6 5.685.75.75 0 1 1 1.493-.154 6.5 6.5 0 1 0 1.18-4.458l1.358 1.358A.25.25 0 0 1 3.896 6H.25A.25.25 0 0 1 0 5.75V2.104a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177ZM7.75 4a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.992l2.028.812a.75.75 0 0 1-.557 1.392l-2.5-1A.751.751 0 0 1 7 8.25v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 7.75 4Z"></path></svg></span><span data-component="text" class="prc-Button-Label-pTQ3x"><span class="fgColor-default">745 Commits</span></span></span></a><div class="d-sm-none"></div><div class="d-flex d-lg-none"><span role="tooltip" aria-label="745 Commits" id="history-icon-button-tooltip" class="Tooltip__TooltipBase-sc-17tf59c-0 hWlpPn tooltipped-n"><a href="/wal-e/wal-e/commits/master/" class="prc-Button-ButtonBase-c50BI 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4Z"></path></svg></span></span></a></span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="react-directory-row undefined" id="folder-row-0"><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-small-screen" colSpan="2"><div class="react-directory-filename-column"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-file-directory-fill icon-directory" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M1.75 1A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 0 2.75v10.5C0 14.216.784 15 1.75 15h12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 16 13.25v-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 0 14.25 3H7.5a.25.25 0 0 1-.2-.1l-.9-1.2C6.07 1.26 5.55 1 5 1H1.75Z"></path></svg><div class="overflow-hidden"><div class="react-directory-filename-cell"><div class="react-directory-truncate"><a title="tests" aria-label="tests, (Directory)" class="Link--primary" href="/wal-e/wal-e/tree/master/tests">tests</a></div></div></div></div></td><td class="react-directory-row-name-cell-large-screen" 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aria-describedby=":Rr9ab:-loading-announcement" id=":Rr9ab:"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-list-unordered" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M5.75 2.5h8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5Zm0 5h8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5Zm0 5h8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM2 14a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Zm1-6a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0ZM2 4a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg></button></div><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 QkQOb js-snippet-clipboard-copy-unpositioned undefined" data-hpc="true"><article class="markdown-body entry-content container-lg" itemprop="text"><div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">WAL-E</h1><a id="user-content-wal-e" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: WAL-E" href="#wal-e"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 id="user-content-continuous-archiving-for-postgres" tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Continuous archiving for Postgres</h2><a id="user-content-continuous-archiving-for-postgres" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Continuous archiving for Postgres" href="#continuous-archiving-for-postgres"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">WAL-E is a program designed to perform continuous archiving of PostgreSQL WAL files and base backups.</p> <a name="user-content-obsolescence-notice"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id3">Obsolescence Notice</a></h2><a id="user-content-obsolescence-notice" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Obsolescence Notice" href="#obsolescence-notice"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">WAL-E is obsolete. Though it has been used recently, nobody routinely reviews patches or fixes regressions that are occasionally introduced by changing libraries and Python versions. It is also not fast as more modern archivers.</p> <p dir="auto">Some alternatives for you to consider:</p> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://github.com/wal-g/wal-g">WAL-G</a> is one alternative that uses a similar model as WAL-E, but is also a much more expansive piece of software, supporting many databases and compression formats. WAL-G has the capability to read, but not write, WAL-E archives. Like WAL-E, it is piece of software that tends to be developed from the cloud service provider set of priorities.</p> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://pgbackrest.org" rel="nofollow">pgBackRest</a> has a more traditional model (by standards of Postgres archives predating cloud blob storage) and a narrower focus on Postgres. In general, it makes more concessions to and implements more polished features for what independent system operators might encounter.</p> <p dir="auto">To correspond on using WAL-E or to collaborate on its development, do not hesitate to send mail to the mailing list at <a href="mailto:wal-e@googlegroups.com">wal-e@googlegroups.com</a> (<a href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/wal-e" rel="nofollow">archives and subscription settings</a>). Github issues are also currently being used to track known problems, so please feel free to submit those.</p> <div id="user-content-table-of-contents" dir="auto"> <p dir="auto">Table of Contents</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="#obsolescence-notice" id="user-content-id3">Obsolescence Notice</a></li> <li><a href="#installation" id="user-content-id4">Installation</a></li> <li><a href="#primary-commands" id="user-content-id5">Primary Commands</a><ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="#aws-s3-and-work-alikes" id="user-content-id6">AWS S3 and Work-alikes</a></li> <li><a href="#azure-blob-store" id="user-content-id7">Azure Blob Store</a></li> <li><a href="#google-storage" id="user-content-id8">Google Storage</a></li> <li><a href="#swift" id="user-content-id9">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="#file-system" id="user-content-id10">File System</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#dependencies" id="user-content-id11">Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="#examples" id="user-content-id12">Examples</a></li> <li><a href="#id1" id="user-content-id13">Primary Commands</a><ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="#backup-push" id="user-content-id14">backup-push</a></li> <li><a href="#backup-fetch" id="user-content-id15">backup-fetch</a><ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="#tablespace-support" id="user-content-id16">Tablespace Support</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#auxiliary-commands" id="user-content-id17">Auxiliary Commands</a><ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="#backup-list" id="user-content-id18">backup-list</a></li> <li><a href="#delete" id="user-content-id19">delete</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#compression-and-temporary-files" id="user-content-id20">Compression and Temporary Files</a></li> <li><a href="#other-options" id="user-content-id21">Other Options</a><ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="#encryption" id="user-content-id22">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="#controlling-the-i-o-of-a-base-backup" id="user-content-id23">Controlling the I/O of a Base Backup</a></li> <li><a href="#logging" id="user-content-id24">Logging</a></li> <li><a href="#increasing-throughput-of-wal-push" id="user-content-id25">Increasing throughput of wal-push</a></li> <li><a href="#using-aws-iam-instance-profiles" id="user-content-id26">Using AWS IAM Instance Profiles</a></li> <li><a href="#manually-specifying-the-s3-endpoint" id="user-content-id27">Manually specifying the S3 Endpoint</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#development" id="user-content-id28">Development</a></li> </ul> </div> <a name="user-content-installation"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id4">Installation</a></h2><a id="user-content-installation" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Installation" href="#installation"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">If no up-to-date packages are available to you via a package manager, this command can work on most operating systems:</p> <pre>sudo python3 -m pip install wal-e[aws,azure,google,swift] </pre> <p dir="auto">You can omit storage services you do not wish to use from the above list.</p> <a name="user-content-primary-commands"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id5">Primary Commands</a></h2><a id="user-content-primary-commands" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Primary Commands" href="#primary-commands"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">WAL-E has these key commands:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>backup-fetch</li> <li>backup-push</li> <li>wal-fetch</li> <li>wal-push</li> <li><a href="#delete">delete</a></li> </ul> <p dir="auto">All of these operators work in a context of several environment variables that WAL-E reads. The variables set depend on the storage provider being used, and are detailed below.</p> <p dir="auto">WAL-E's organizing concept is the PREFIX. Prefixes must be set uniquely for each <em>writing</em> database, and prefix all objects stored for a given database. For example: <code>s3://bucket/databasename</code>.</p> <p dir="auto">Of these, the "push" operators send backup data to storage and "fetch" operators get backup data from storage.</p> <p dir="auto"><code>wal</code> commands are called by Postgres's <code>archive_command</code> and <code>restore_command</code> to fetch or pull write ahead log, and <code>backup</code> commands are used to fetch or push a hot backup of the base database that WAL segments can be applied to. Finally, the <code>delete</code> command is used to prune the archives as to retain a finite number of backups.</p> <a name="user-content-aws-s3-and-work-alikes"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id6">AWS S3 and Work-alikes</a></h3><a id="user-content-aws-s3-and-work-alikes" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: AWS S3 and Work-alikes" href="#aws-s3-and-work-alikes"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>WALE_S3_PREFIX (e.g. <code>s3://bucket/path/optionallymorepath</code>)</li> <li>AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID</li> <li>AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY</li> <li>AWS_REGION (e.g. <code>us-east-1</code>)</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">Optional:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>WALE_S3_ENDPOINT: See <a href="#manually-specifying-the-s3-endpoint">Manually specifying the S3 Endpoint</a></li> <li>WALE_S3_STORAGE_CLASS: One of: STANDARD (default), REDUCED_REDUNDANCY, GLACIER, STANDARD_IA, ONEZONE_IA, INTELLIGENT_TIERING, DEEP_ARCHIVE</li> <li>AWS_SECURITY_TOKEN: When using AWS STS</li> <li>Pass <code>--aws-instance-profile</code> to gather credentials from the Instance Profile. See Using AWS IAM Instance Profiles.</li> </ul> <a name="user-content-azure-blob-store"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id7">Azure Blob Store</a></h3><a id="user-content-azure-blob-store" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Azure Blob Store" href="#azure-blob-store"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Example below is based on the following blob storage in Azure in the resource group <code>resgroup</code> : <a href="https://store1.blob.core.windows.net/container1/nextpath" rel="nofollow">https://store1.blob.core.windows.net/container1/nextpath</a></p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>WALE_WABS_PREFIX (e.g. <code>wabs://container1/nextpath</code>)</li> <li>WABS_ACCOUNT_NAME (e.g. <code>store1</code>)</li> <li>WABS_ACCESS_KEY (Use key1 from running <code>azure storage account keys list store1 --resource-group resgroup</code> You will need to have the Azure CLI installed for this to work.)</li> <li>WABS_SAS_TOKEN (You only need this if you have not provided an WABS_ACCESS_KEY)</li> </ul> <a name="user-content-google-storage"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id8">Google Storage</a></h3><a id="user-content-google-storage" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Google Storage" href="#google-storage"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>WALE_GS_PREFIX (e.g. <code>gs://bucket/path/optionallymorepath</code>)</li> <li>GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS</li> </ul> <a name="user-content-swift"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id9">Swift</a></h3><a id="user-content-swift" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Swift" href="#swift"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>WALE_SWIFT_PREFIX (e.g. <code>swift://container/path/optionallymorepath</code>)</li> <li>SWIFT_AUTHURL</li> <li>SWIFT_TENANT</li> <li>SWIFT_USER</li> <li>SWIFT_PASSWORD</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">Optional Variables:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>SWIFT_AUTH_VERSION which defaults to <code>2</code>. Some object stores such as Softlayer require version <code>1</code>.</li> <li>SWIFT_ENDPOINT_TYPE defaults to <code>publicURL</code>, this may be set to <code>internalURL</code> on object stores like Rackspace Cloud Files in order to use the internal network.</li> </ul> <a name="user-content-file-system"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id10">File System</a></h3><a id="user-content-file-system" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: File System" href="#file-system"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>WALE_FILE_PREFIX (e.g. <code>file://localhost/backups/pg</code>)</li> </ul> <div dir="auto"> <p dir="auto">Important</p> <p dir="auto">Ensure that all writing servers have different _PREFIXes set. Reuse of a value between two, writing databases will likely cause unrecoverable backups.</p> </div> <a name="user-content-dependencies"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id11">Dependencies</a></h2><a id="user-content-dependencies" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Dependencies" href="#dependencies"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li>python (>= 3.4)</li> <li>lzop</li> <li>psql (>= 8.4)</li> <li>pv</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">This software also has Python dependencies: installing with <code>pip</code> will attempt to resolve them:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>gevent>=1.1.1</li> <li>boto>=2.40.0</li> <li>azure==3.0.0</li> <li>google-cloud-storage>=1.4.0</li> <li>python-swiftclient>=3.0.0</li> <li>python-keystoneclient>=3.0.0</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">It is possible to use WAL-E without the dependencies of back-end storage one does not use installed: the imports for those are only performed if the storage configuration demands their use.</p> <a name="user-content-examples"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id12">Examples</a></h2><a id="user-content-examples" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Examples" href="#examples"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Pushing a base backup to S3:</p> <pre>$ AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=... wal-e \ -k AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID \ --s3-prefix=s3://some-bucket/directory/or/whatever \ backup-push /var/lib/my/database </pre> <p dir="auto">Sending a WAL segment to WABS:</p> <pre>$ WABS_ACCESS_KEY=... wal-e \ -a WABS_ACCOUNT_NAME \ --wabs-prefix=wabs://some-bucket/directory/or/whatever \ wal-push /var/lib/my/database/pg_xlog/WAL_SEGMENT_LONG_HEX </pre> <p dir="auto">Push a base backup to Swift:</p> <pre>$ WALE_SWIFT_PREFIX="swift://my_container_name" \ SWIFT_AUTHURL="http://my_keystone_url/v2.0/" \ SWIFT_TENANT="my_tennant" \ SWIFT_USER="my_user" \ SWIFT_PASSWORD="my_password" wal-e \ backup-push /var/lib/my/database </pre> <p dir="auto">Push a base backup to Google Cloud Storage:</p> <pre>$ WALE_GS_PREFIX="gs://some-bucket/directory-or-whatever" \ GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS=... \ wal-e backup-push /var/lib/my/database </pre> <p dir="auto">It is generally recommended that one use some sort of environment variable management with WAL-E: working with it this way is less verbose, less prone to error, and less likely to expose secret information in logs.</p> <p dir="auto"><a href="http://cr.yp.to/daemontools/envdir.html" rel="nofollow">envdir</a>, part of the <a href="http://cr.yp.to/daemontools.html" rel="nofollow">daemontools</a> package is one recommended approach to setting environment variables. One can prepare an envdir-compatible directory like so:</p> <pre># Assumption: the group is trusted to read secret information # S3 Setup $ umask u=rwx,g=rx,o= $ mkdir -p /etc/wal-e.d/env $ echo "secret-key-content" > /etc/wal-e.d/env/AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY $ echo "access-key" > /etc/wal-e.d/env/AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID $ echo 's3://some-bucket/directory/or/whatever' > \ /etc/wal-e.d/env/WALE_S3_PREFIX $ chown -R root:postgres /etc/wal-e.d # Assumption: the group is trusted to read secret information # WABS Setup $ umask u=rwx,g=rx,o= $ mkdir -p /etc/wal-e.d/env $ echo "secret-key-content" > /etc/wal-e.d/env/WABS_ACCESS_KEY $ echo "access-key" > /etc/wal-e.d/env/WABS_ACCOUNT_NAME $ echo 'wabs://some-container/directory/or/whatever' > \ /etc/wal-e.d/env/WALE_WABS_PREFIX $ chown -R root:postgres /etc/wal-e.d </pre> <p dir="auto">After having done this preparation, it is possible to run WAL-E commands much more simply, with less risk of accidentally using incorrect values:</p> <pre>$ envdir /etc/wal-e.d/env wal-e backup-push ... $ envdir /etc/wal-e.d/env wal-e wal-push ... </pre> <p dir="auto">envdir is conveniently combined with the archive_command functionality used by PostgreSQL to enable continuous archiving. To enable continuous archiving, one needs to edit <code>postgresql.conf</code> and restart the server. The important settings to enable continuous archiving are related here:</p> <pre>wal_level = archive # hot_standby and logical in 9.x is also acceptable archive_mode = on archive_command = 'envdir /etc/wal-e.d/env wal-e wal-push %p' archive_timeout = 60 </pre> <p dir="auto">Every segment archived will be noted in the PostgreSQL log.</p> <div dir="auto"> <p dir="auto">Warning</p> <p dir="auto">PostgreSQL users can check the pg_settings table and see the archive_command employed. Do not put secret information into postgresql.conf for that reason, and use envdir instead.</p> </div> <p dir="auto">A base backup (via <code>backup-push</code>) can be uploaded at any time, but this must be done at least once in order to perform a restoration. It must be done again if you decided to skip archiving any WAL segments: replication will not be able to continue if there are any gaps in the stored WAL segments.</p> <a name="user-content-id1"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id13">Primary Commands</a></h2><a id="user-content-primary-commands-1" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Primary Commands" href="#primary-commands-1"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><code>backup-push</code>, <code>backup-fetch</code>, <code>wal-push</code>, <code>wal-fetch</code> represent the primary functionality of WAL-E and must reside on the database machine. Unlike <code>wal-push</code> and <code>wal-fetch</code> commands, which function as described above, the <code>backup-push</code> and <code>backup-fetch</code> require a little additional explanation.</p> <a name="user-content-backup-push"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id14">backup-push</a></h3><a id="user-content-backup-push" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: backup-push" href="#backup-push"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">By default <code>backup-push</code> will include all user defined tablespaces in the database backup. please see the <code>backup-fetch</code> section below for WAL-E's tablespace restoration behavior.</p> <a name="user-content-backup-fetch"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id15">backup-fetch</a></h3><a id="user-content-backup-fetch" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: backup-fetch" href="#backup-fetch"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Use <code>backup-fetch</code> to restore a base backup from storage.</p> <p dir="auto">This command makes use of the <code>LATEST</code> pseudo-backup-name to find a backup to download:</p> <pre>$ envdir /etc/wal-e.d/fetch-env wal-e \ --s3-prefix=s3://some-bucket/directory/or/whatever \ backup-fetch /var/lib/my/database LATEST </pre> <p dir="auto">Also allowed is naming a backup specifically as seen in <code>backup-list</code>, which can be useful for restoring older backups for the purposes of point in time recovery:</p> <pre>$ envdir /etc/wal-e.d/fetch-env wal-e \ --s3-prefix=s3://some-bucket/directory/or/whatever \ backup-fetch \ /var/lib/my/database base_LONGWALNUMBER_POSITION_NUMBER </pre> <p dir="auto">One will need to provide a <a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/recovery-config.html" rel="nofollow">recovery.conf</a> file to recover WAL segments associated with the backup. In short, <a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/recovery-config.html" rel="nofollow">recovery.conf</a> needs to be created in the Postgres's data directory with content like:</p> <pre>restore_command = 'envdir /etc/wal-e.d/env wal-e wal-fetch %f %p' standby_mode = on </pre> <p dir="auto">A database with such a recovery.conf set will poll WAL-E storage for WAL indefinitely. You can exit recovery by running <a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/app-pg-ctl.html" rel="nofollow">pg_ctl promote</a>.</p> <p dir="auto">If you wish to perform Point In Time Recovery (PITR) can add <a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/recovery-target-settings.html" rel="nofollow">recovery targets</a> to <a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/recovery-config.html" rel="nofollow">recovery.conf</a>, looking like this:</p> <pre>recovery_target_time = '2017-02-01 19:58:55' </pre> <p dir="auto">There are several other ways to specify recovery target, e.g. transaction id.</p> <p dir="auto">Regardless of recovery target, the result by default is Postgres will pause recovery at this time, allowing inspection before promotion. See <a href="https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/recovery-target-settings.html" rel="nofollow">recovery targets</a> for details on how to customize what happens when the target criterion is reached.</p> <a name="user-content-tablespace-support"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id16">Tablespace Support</a></h4><a id="user-content-tablespace-support" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Tablespace Support" href="#tablespace-support"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">If and only if you are using Tablespaces, you will need to consider additional issues on how run <code>backup-fetch</code>. The options are:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><p dir="auto">User-directed Restore</p> <p dir="auto">WAL-E expects that tablespace symlinks will be in place prior to a <code>backup-fetch</code> run. This means prepare your target path by insuring <code>${PG_CLUSTER_DIRECTORY}/pg_tblspc</code> contains all required symlinks before restoration time. If any expected symlink does not exist <code>backup-fetch</code> will fail.</p> </li> <li><p dir="auto">Blind Restore</p> <p dir="auto">If you are unable to reproduce tablespace storage structures prior to running <code>backup-fetch</code> you can set the option flag <code>--blind-restore</code>. This will direct WAL-E to skip the symlink verification process and place all data directly in the <code>${PG_CLUSTER_DIRECTORY}/pg_tblspc</code> path.</p> </li> <li><p dir="auto">Restoration Specification</p> <p dir="auto">You can provide a restoration specification file to WAL-E using the <code>backup-fetch</code> <code>--restore-spec RESTORE_SPEC</code> option. This spec must be valid JSON and contain all contained tablespaces as well as the target storage path they require, and the symlink postgres expects for the tablespace. Here is an example for a cluster with a single tablespace:</p> <pre>{ "12345": { "loc": "/data/postgres/tablespaces/tblspc001/", "link": "pg_tblspc/12345" }, "tablespaces": [ "12345" ], } </pre> <p dir="auto">Given this information WAL-E will create the data storage directory and symlink it appropriately in <code>${PG_CLUSTER_DIRECTORY}/pg_tblspc</code>.</p> </li> </ul> <div dir="auto"> <p dir="auto">Warning</p> <p dir="auto"><code>"link"</code> properties of tablespaces in the restore specification must contain the <code>pg_tblspc</code> prefix, it will not be added for you.</p> </div> <a name="user-content-auxiliary-commands"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id17">Auxiliary Commands</a></h2><a id="user-content-auxiliary-commands" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Auxiliary Commands" href="#auxiliary-commands"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">These are commands that are not used expressly for backup or WAL pushing and fetching, but are important to the monitoring or maintenance of WAL-E archived databases. Unlike the critical four operators for taking and restoring backups (<code>backup-push</code>, <code>backup-fetch</code>, <code>wal-push</code>, <code>wal-fetch</code>) that must reside on the database machine, these commands can be productively run from any computer with the appropriate _PREFIX set and the necessary credentials to manipulate or read data there.</p> <a name="user-content-backup-list"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id18">backup-list</a></h3><a id="user-content-backup-list" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: backup-list" href="#backup-list"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">backup-list is useful for listing base backups that are complete for a given WAL-E context. Some fields are only filled in when the <code>--detail</code> option is passed to <code>backup-list</code> <a href="#why-detail-flag" id="user-content-id2">[1]</a>.</p> <div dir="auto"> <p dir="auto">Note</p> <p dir="auto">Some <code>--detail</code> only fields are not strictly to the right of fields that do not require <code>--detail</code> be passed. This is not a problem if one uses any CSV parsing library (as two tab-delimiters will be emitted) to signify the empty column, but if one is hoping to use string mangling to extract fields, exhibit care.</p> </div> <p dir="auto">Firstly, the fields that are filled in regardless of if <code>--detail</code> is passed or not:</p> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr><th>Header in CSV</th> <th>Meaning</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td>name</td> <td>The name of the backup, which can be passed to the <code>delete</code> and <code>backup-fetch</code> commands.</td> </tr> <tr><td>last_modified</td> <td>The date and time the backup was completed and uploaded, rendered in an ISO-compatible format with timezone information.</td> </tr> <tr><td>wal_segment_backup_start</td> <td>The wal segment number. It is a 24-character hexadecimal number. This information identifies the timeline and relative ordering of various backups.</td> </tr> <tr><td>wal_segment_offset_backup_start</td> <td>The offset in the WAL segment that this backup starts at. This is mostly to avoid ambiguity in event of backups that may start in the same WAL segment.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <p dir="auto">Secondly, the fields that are filled in only when <code>--detail</code> is passed:</p> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table> <thead valign="bottom"> <tr><th>Header in CSV</th> <th>Meaning</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td>expanded_size_bytes</td> <td>The decompressed size of the backup in bytes.</td> </tr> <tr><td>wal_segment_backup_stop</td> <td>The last WAL segment file required to bring this backup into a consistent state, and thus available for hot-standby.</td> </tr> <tr><td>wal_segment_offset_backup_stop</td> <td>The offset in the last WAL segment file required to bring this backup into a consistent state.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table frame="void" id="user-content-why-detail-flag" rules="none"> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td><a href="#id2">[1]</a></td><td><code>backup-list --detail</code> is slower (one web request per backup, rather than one web request per thousand backups or so) than <code>backup-list</code>, and often (but not always) the information in the regular <code>backup-list</code> is all one needs.</td></tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <a name="user-content-delete"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id19">delete</a></h3><a id="user-content-delete" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: delete" href="#delete"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><code>delete</code> contains additional subcommands that are used for deleting data from storage for various reasons. These commands are organized separately because the <code>delete</code> subcommand itself takes options that apply to any subcommand that does deletion, such as <code>--confirm</code>.</p> <p dir="auto">All deletions are designed to be reentrant and idempotent: there are no negative consequences if one runs several deletions at once or if one resubmits the same deletion command several times, with or without canceling other deletions that may be concurrent.</p> <p dir="auto">These commands have a <code>dry-run</code> mode that is the default. The command is basically optimized for not deleting data except in a very specific circumstance to avoid operator error. Should a dry-run be performed, <code>wal-e</code> will instead simply report every key it would otherwise delete if it was not running in dry-run mode, along with prominent HINT-lines for every key noting that nothing was actually deleted from the blob store.</p> <p dir="auto">To <em>actually</em> delete any data, one must pass <code>--confirm</code> to <code>wal-e delete</code>. If one passes both <code>--dry-run</code> and <code>--confirm</code>, a dry run will be performed, regardless of the order of options passed.</p> <p dir="auto">Currently, these kinds of deletions are supported. Examples omit environment variable configuration for clarity:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><p dir="auto"><code>before</code>: Delete all backups and wal segment files before the given base-backup name. This does not include the base backup passed: it will remain a viable backup.</p> <p dir="auto">Example:</p> <pre>$ wal-e delete [--confirm] before base_00000004000002DF000000A6_03626144 </pre> </li> <li><p dir="auto"><code>retain</code>: Leave the given number of backups in place, and delete all base backups and wal segment files older than them.</p> <p dir="auto">Example:</p> <pre>$ wal-e delete [--confirm] retain 5 </pre> </li> <li><p dir="auto"><code>old-versions</code>: Delete all backups and wal file segments with an older format. This is only intended to be run after a major WAL-E version upgrade and the subsequent base-backup. If no base backup is successfully performed first, one is more exposed to data loss until one does perform a base backup.</p> <p dir="auto">Example:</p> <pre>$ wal-e delete [--confirm] old-versions </pre> </li> <li><p dir="auto"><code>everything</code>: Delete all backups and wal file segments in the context. This is appropriate if one is decommissioning a database and has no need for its archives.</p> <p dir="auto">Example:</p> <pre>$ wal-e delete [--confirm] everything </pre> </li> </ul> <a name="user-content-compression-and-temporary-files"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id20">Compression and Temporary Files</a></h2><a id="user-content-compression-and-temporary-files" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Compression and Temporary Files" href="#compression-and-temporary-files"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">All assets pushed to storage are run through the program "lzop" which compresses the object using the very fast lzo compression algorithm. It takes roughly 2 CPU seconds to compress a gigabyte, which when sending things to storage at about 25MB/s occupies about 5% CPU time. Compression ratios are expected to make file sizes 50% or less of the original file size in most cases, making backups and restorations considerably faster.</p> <p dir="auto">Because storage services generally require the Content-Length header of a stored object to be set up-front, it is necessary to completely finish compressing an entire input file and storing the compressed output in a temporary file. Thus, the temporary file directory needs to be big enough and fast enough to support this, although this tool is designed to avoid calling fsync(), so some memory can be leveraged.</p> <p dir="auto">Base backups first have their files consolidated into disjoint tar files of limited length to avoid the relatively large per-file transfer overhead. This has the effect of making base backups and restores much faster when many small relations and ancillary files are involved.</p> <a name="user-content-other-options"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id21">Other Options</a></h2><a id="user-content-other-options" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Other Options" href="#other-options"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <a name="user-content-encryption"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id22">Encryption</a></h3><a id="user-content-encryption" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Encryption" href="#encryption"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">To encrypt backups as well as compress them, first generate a key pair using <code>gpg --gen-key</code>. You don't need the private key on the machine to back up, but you will need it to restore. The private key may have a password, but to restore, the password should be present in GPG agent. WAL-E does not support entering GPG passwords via a tty device.</p> <p dir="auto">Once this is done, set the <code>WALE_GPG_KEY_ID</code> environment variable or the <code>--gpg-key-id</code> command line option to the ID of the secret key for backup and restore commands.</p> <p dir="auto">Here's an example of how you can restore with a private key that has a password, by forcing decryption of an arbitrary file with the correct key to unlock the GPG keychain:</p> <pre># This assumes you have "keychain" gpg-agent installed. eval $( keychain --eval --agents gpg ) # If you want default gpg-agent, use this instead # eval $( gpg-agent --daemon ) # Force storing the private key password in the agent. Here you # will need to enter the key password. export TEMPFILE=`tempfile` gpg --recipient "$WALE_GPG_KEY_ID" --encrypt "$TEMPFILE" gpg --decrypt "$TEMPFILE".gpg || exit 1 rm "$TEMPFILE" "$TEMPFILE".gpg unset TEMPFILE # Now use wal-e to fetch the backup. wal-e backup-fetch [...] # If you have WAL segments encrypted, don't forget to add # restore_command to recovery.conf, e.g. # # restore_command = 'wal-e wal-fetch "%f" "%p"' # Start the restoration postgres server in a context where you have # gpg-agent's environment variables initialized, such as the current # shell. pg_ctl -D [...] start </pre> <a name="user-content-controlling-the-i-o-of-a-base-backup"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id23">Controlling the I/O of a Base Backup</a></h3><a id="user-content-controlling-the-io-of-a-base-backup" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Controlling the I/O of a Base Backup" href="#controlling-the-io-of-a-base-backup"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">To reduce the read load on base backups, they are sent through the tool <code>pv</code> first. To use this rate-limited-read mode, use the option <code>--cluster-read-rate-limit</code> as seen in <code>wal-e backup-push</code>.</p> <a name="user-content-logging"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id24">Logging</a></h3><a id="user-content-logging" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Logging" href="#logging"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">WAL-E supports logging configuration with following environment variables:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><code>WALE_LOG_DESTINATION</code> comma separated values, <strong>syslog</strong> and <strong>stderr</strong> are supported. The default is equivalent to: <code>syslog,stderr</code>.</li> <li><code>WALE_SYSLOG_FACILITY</code> from <code>LOCAL0</code> to <code>LOCAL7</code> and <code>USER</code>.</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">To restrict log statements to warnings and errors, use the <code>--terse</code> option.</p> <a name="user-content-increasing-throughput-of-wal-push"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id25">Increasing throughput of wal-push</a></h3><a id="user-content-increasing-throughput-of-wal-push" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Increasing throughput of wal-push" href="#increasing-throughput-of-wal-push"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">In certain situations, the <code>wal-push</code> process can take long enough that it can't keep up with WAL segments being produced by Postgres, which can lead to unbounded disk usage and an eventual crash of the database.</p> <p dir="auto">One can instruct WAL-E to pool WAL segments together and send them in groups by passing the <code>--pool-size</code> parameter to <code>wal-push</code>. This can increase throughput significantly.</p> <p dir="auto">As of version 1.x, <code>--pool-size</code> defaults to 32.</p> <p dir="auto">Note: You can also use this parameter when calling <code>backup-fetch</code> and <code>backup-push</code> (it defaults to 4).</p> <a name="user-content-using-aws-iam-instance-profiles"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id26">Using AWS IAM Instance Profiles</a></h3><a id="user-content-using-aws-iam-instance-profiles" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Using AWS IAM Instance Profiles" href="#using-aws-iam-instance-profiles"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Storing credentials on AWS EC2 instances has usability and security drawbacks. When using WAL-E with AWS S3 and AWS EC2, most uses of WAL-E would benefit from use with the <a href="http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/AESDG-chapter-instancedata.html" rel="nofollow">AWS Instance Profile feature</a>, which automatically generates and rotates credentials on behalf of an instance.</p> <p dir="auto">To instruct WAL-E to use these credentials for access to S3, pass the <code>--aws-instance-profile</code> flag.</p> <p dir="auto">Instance profiles may <em>not</em> be preferred in more complex scenarios when one has multiple AWS IAM policies written for multiple programs run on an instance, or an existing key management infrastructure.</p> <a name="user-content-manually-specifying-the-s3-endpoint"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id27">Manually specifying the S3 Endpoint</a></h3><a id="user-content-manually-specifying-the-s3-endpoint" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Manually specifying the S3 Endpoint" href="#manually-specifying-the-s3-endpoint"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">If one wishes to target WAL-E against an alternate S3 endpoint (e.g. Ceph RADOS), one can set the <code>WALE_S3_ENDPOINT</code> environment variable. This can also be used take fine-grained control over endpoints and calling conventions with AWS.</p> <p dir="auto">The format is that of:</p> <pre>protocol+convention://hostname:port </pre> <p dir="auto">Where valid protocols are <code>http</code> and <code>https</code>, and conventions are <code>path</code>, <code>virtualhost</code>, and <code>subdomain</code>.</p> <p dir="auto">Example:</p> <pre># Turns off encryption and specifies us-west-1 endpoint. WALE_S3_ENDPOINT=http+path://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com:80 # For radosgw. WALE_S3_ENDPOINT=http+path://hostname # As seen when using Deis, which uses radosgw. WALE_S3_ENDPOINT=http+path://deis-store-gateway:8888 </pre> <a name="user-content-development"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto"><a href="#id28">Development</a></h2><a id="user-content-development" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Development" href="#development"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Development is heavily reliant on the tool <a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox" rel="nofollow">tox</a> being existent within the development environment. All additional dependencies of WAL-E are managed by <a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox" rel="nofollow">tox</a>. In addition, the coding conventions are checked by the <a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox" rel="nofollow">tox</a> configuration included with WAL-E.</p> <p dir="auto">To run the tests, run:</p> <pre>$ tox -e py35 </pre> <p dir="auto">To run a somewhat more lengthy suite of integration tests that communicate with a real blob store account, one might run <a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox" rel="nofollow">tox</a> like this:</p> <pre>$ WALE_S3_INTEGRATION_TESTS=TRUE \ AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=[AKIA...] \ AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=[...] \ WALE_WABS_INTEGRATION_TESTS=TRUE \ WABS_ACCOUNT_NAME=[...] \ WABS_ACCESS_KEY=[...] \ WALE_GS_INTEGRATION_TESTS=TRUE \ GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS=[~/my-credentials.json] \ tox -e py35 -- -n 8 </pre> <p dir="auto">Looking carefully at the above, notice the <code>-n 8</code> added the <a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox" rel="nofollow">tox</a> invocation. This <code>-n 8</code> is after a <code>--</code> that indicates to <a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/tox" rel="nofollow">tox</a> that the subsequent arguments are for the underlying test program <a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pytest" rel="nofollow">pytest</a>.</p> <p dir="auto">This is to enable parallel test execution, which makes the integration tests complete a small fraction of the time it would take otherwise. It is a design requirement of new tests that parallel execution not be sacrificed.</p> <p dir="auto">Coverage testing can be used by combining any of these using <a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pytest-cov" rel="nofollow">pytest-cov</a>, e.g.: <code>tox -- --cov wal_e</code> and <code>tox -- --cov wal_e --cov-report html; see htmlcov/index.html</code>.</p> </article></div></div></div></div></div>   <script type="application/json" id="__PRIMER_DATA_:R0:__">{"resolvedServerColorMode":"day"}</script></div> </react-partial> <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" value="CDyx/gKr448gHz2+wfQbfqb9QqiCEC9IKkFqMWbuJRt48tNS8qQRYbWbRfGu1ABOFy47JYu69rQRRVsQvGqzqQ==" /> </div> <div data-view-component="true" class="Layout-sidebar"> <div class="BorderGrid about-margin" data-pjax> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <div class="hide-sm hide-md"> <h2 class="mb-3 h4">About</h2> <p class="f4 my-3"> Continuous Archiving for Postgres </p> <h3 class="sr-only">Topics</h3> <div 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