CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Conquistador - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"92786f9f-5955-4d26-a562-a49174cf4903","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Conquistador","wgTitle":"Conquistador","wgCurRevisionId":1259680092,"wgRevisionId":1259680092,"wgArticleId":303159,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2023","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from January 2020","Pages with Spanish IPA","Pages with Portuguese IPA","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017", "Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2012","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2023","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2013","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2012","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018","Articles needing additional references from July 2012","All articles needing additional references","Conquistadors","Christianization","History of indigenous peoples of the Americas","Portuguese Empire","Portuguese colonization of the Americas","Portuguese exploration in the Age of Discovery","Spanish Empire","Spanish colonization of the Americas","Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Conquistador","wgRelevantArticleId":303159,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q126236","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands", "architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible", "mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg/1200px-Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1570"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg/800px-Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1047"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg/640px-Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="837"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Conquistador - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Conquistador rootpage-Conquistador skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Conquistador" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Conquistador" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Conquistador" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Conquistador" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Portuguese_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Portuguese_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early Portuguese period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Portuguese_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_of_the_Spanish_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_the_Spanish_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Birth of the Spanish Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_the_Spanish_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Treaties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Spanish exploration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spanish_exploration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spanish exploration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spanish_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonization_of_the_Caribbean,_Mesoamerica,_and_South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonization_of_the_Caribbean,_Mesoamerica,_and_South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Colonization of the Caribbean, Mesoamerica, and South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonization_of_the_Caribbean,_Mesoamerica,_and_South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America_colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America_colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>North America colonization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America_colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_and_Oceania_colonization,_and_Pacific_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_and_Oceania_colonization,_and_Pacific_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Asia and Oceania colonization, and Pacific exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_and_Oceania_colonization,_and_Pacific_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Portuguese exploration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Portuguese_exploration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Portuguese exploration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-After_1500:_West_and_East_Africa,_Asia,_and_the_Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_1500:_West_and_East_Africa,_Asia,_and_the_Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>After 1500: West and East Africa, Asia, and the Pacific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_1500:_West_and_East_Africa,_Asia,_and_the_Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China_and_the_campaigns_against_the_Manchus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China_and_the_campaigns_against_the_Manchus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>China and the campaigns against the Manchus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China_and_the_campaigns_against_the_Manchus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iberian_Union_period_(1580–1640)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iberian_Union_period_(1580–1640)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Iberian Union period (1580–1640)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iberian_Union_period_(1580–1640)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease_in_the_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease_in_the_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Disease in the Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease_in_the_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythic_lands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythic_lands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Mythic lands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythic_lands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secrecy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secrecy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Secrecy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secrecy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financing_and_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financing_and_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Financing and governance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Financing_and_governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Financing and governance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Financing_and_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conflicts_among_conquistadors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_among_conquistadors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Conflicts among conquistadors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_among_conquistadors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Military advantages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_advantages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military advantages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Tactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons_and_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons_and_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Weapons and animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons_and_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3.1</span> <span>Weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3.2</span> <span>Animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nautical_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nautical_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Nautical science</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nautical_science-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nautical science subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nautical_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ship_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ship_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Ship design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ship_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winds_and_currents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winds_and_currents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Winds and currents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winds_and_currents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cartography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cartography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Cartography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cartography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-People-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle People subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-People_in_the_service_of_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People_in_the_service_of_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>People in the service of Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People_in_the_service_of_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People_in_the_service_of_Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People_in_the_service_of_Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>People in the service of Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People_in_the_service_of_Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Conquistador</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Conquistador" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="كونكيستدور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كونكيستدور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkistador" title="Konkistador – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Konkistador" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Conquistador" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Канкістадоры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канкістадоры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Конкистадор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Конкистадор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konquistador" title="Konquistador – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Konquistador" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkvistador" title="Konkvistador – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Konkvistador" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkistador" title="Konkistador – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Konkistador" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Conquistador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Конкистадор – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Конкистадор" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Conquistador" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konquistador" title="Konquistador – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konquistador" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkistadoorid" title="Konkistadoorid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Konkistadoorid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B4%CF%8C%CF%81" title="Κονκισταδόρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κονκισταδόρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistadores_espa%C3%B1oles" title="Conquistadores españoles – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conquistadores españoles" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkistadoro" title="Konkistadoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konkistadoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkistatzaile" title="Konkistatzaile – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Konkistatzaile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="کنکیستادور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنکیستادور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conquistador" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Conquistador" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistadores" title="Conquistadores – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Conquistadores" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceannsaichean" title="Ceannsaichean – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ceannsaichean" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistadores_castel%C3%A1ns" title="Conquistadores casteláns – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Conquistadores casteláns" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%A9%ED%82%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EB%8F%84%EB%A5%B4" title="콩키스타도르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콩키스타도르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Կոնկիստադոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոնկիստադոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkvistadori" title="Konkvistadori – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Konkvistadori" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Conquistador" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Conquistador" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landvinningama%C3%B0ur" title="Landvinningamaður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Landvinningamaður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistadores" title="Conquistadores – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Conquistadores" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8" title="קונקיסטאדור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונקיסטאדור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="კონკისტადორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კონკისტადორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Конкистадор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Конкистадор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Conquistador" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquisitatores_Hispani" title="Conquisitatores Hispani – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Conquisitatores Hispani" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkistadors" title="Konkistadors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Konkistadors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkistadorai" title="Konkistadorai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Konkistadorai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkviszt%C3%A1dor" title="Konkvisztádor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Konkvisztádor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Конквистадор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Конквистадор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="კონკისტადორი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კონკისტადორი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkuistador" title="Konkuistador – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konkuistador" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Конкистадор – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Конкистадор" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador_(historisch)" title="Conquistador (historisch) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Conquistador (historisch)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="コンキスタドール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コンキスタドール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistadores" title="Conquistadores – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Conquistadores" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Конкистадор – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Конкистадор" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Conquistador" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Conquistador" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkistadorlar" title="Konkistadorlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Konkistadorlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkwista" title="Konkwista – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konkwista" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conquistador" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conchistador" title="Conchistador – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Conchistador" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qichukuq" title="Qichukuq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qichukuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Конкистадор – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Конкистадор" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Конкистадор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конкистадор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Conquistador" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Conquistador" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkvistador" title="Konkvistador – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Konkvistador" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%86%D8%B1" title="کۆنکیستادۆر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆنکیستادۆر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Конкистадор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Конкистадор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkvistador" title="Konkvistador – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Konkvistador" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkistadori" title="Konkistadori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Konkistadori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Conquistador" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="தேடல் வெற்றி வீரர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேடல் வெற்றி வீரர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="กองกิสตาดอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กองกิสตาดอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkistador" title="Konkistador – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Konkistador" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Конкістадор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конкістадор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Conquistador" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E8%80%85" title="征服者 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="征服者" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E8%80%85" title="征服者 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="征服者" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E8%80%85" title="征服者 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="征服者" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q126236#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Conquistador" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Conquistador" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Conquistador" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&oldid=1259680092" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Conquistador&id=1259680092&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FConquistador"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FConquistador"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Conquistador&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Conquistador" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q126236" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spanish and Portuguese colonialists of the early modern period</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Spanish and Portuguese colonialists of the early modern period. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Conquistador_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Conquistador (disambiguation)">Conquistador (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg/220px-Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg/330px-Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg/440px-Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a> and expanded the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_(ap%C3%B3s_1545)_-_Autor_desconhecido.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png/220px-Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="405" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png/330px-Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png/440px-Retrato_de_Afonso_de_Albuquerque_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> expanded the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Conquistadors</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span></span>-/</a></span></span>) or <b>conquistadores</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[koŋkistaˈðoɾes]</a></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Portuguese:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[kõkiʃtɐˈðoɾɨʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>kõkistɐˈdoɾis]</a></span>; lit 'conquerors') is the term used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> soldiers and explorers who carried out the conquests and explorations of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conquistadors sailed beyond the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, establishing new <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colonies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a>. They brought much of the "<a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>" under the dominion of Spain and Portugal. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>' arrival in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> in 1492, the Spanish, usually led by <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(nobility)" title="Hidalgo (nobility)">hidalgos</a> from the west and south of Spain, began building a <a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">colonial empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> using colonies such as <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> as their main bases. From 1519 to 1521, <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a>, ruled by <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a>. From the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a>, conquistadors expanded Spanish rule to northern <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> and parts of what is now the southern and western <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> sailing the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>. Other conquistadors took over the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> after crossing the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a> and sailing the Pacific to northern <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. From 1532 to 1572, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a> succeeded in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">subduing this empire</a> in a manner similar to Cortés. Subsequently, other conquistadores used Peru as a base for conquering much of <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>. Central <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca">Muisca</a> was conquered by licentiate <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a>, and its northern regions were explored by <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_de_Bastidas" title="Rodrigo de Bastidas">Rodrigo de Bastidas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Heredia" title="Pedro de Heredia">Pedro de Heredia</a> and others. For southwestern Colombia, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, conquistadors from Peru combined parties with other conquistadors arriving more directly from the Caribbean and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a>-<a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> respectively. These conquests founded the basis for modern <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hispanosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanosphere">Hispanosphere</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> conquistadors also made significant explorations into the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Jungle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>, the interior of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, and the discovery and exploration of the Pacific Ocean. Conquistadors founded numerous cities, some of them in locations with pre-existing settlements, such as <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. Conquistadors in the service of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Portuguese Crown</a> led numerous conquests and visits in the name of the Portuguese Empire across <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, going "anticlockwise" along the continent's coast right up to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, as well as commercial colonies in Asia, founding the origins of modern <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Portuguese-speaking world</a>. Notable Portuguese conquistadors include <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> who led conquests across <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Filipe_de_Brito_e_Nicote" title="Filipe de Brito e Nicote">Filipe de Brito e Nicote</a> who led conquests into <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conquest">Conquest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n.jpg/220px-Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n.jpg/330px-Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n.jpg/440px-Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponce de León">Ponce de León</a> and his explorers in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> searching for the <a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Youth" title="Fountain of Youth">Fountain of Youth</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landing_of_Columbus_(2)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Landing_of_Columbus_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Landing_of_Columbus_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Landing_of_Columbus_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Landing_of_Columbus_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Landing_of_Columbus_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Landing_of_Columbus_%282%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2968" data-file-height="1971" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spanish</a> crew making their first landfall in the Americas in 1492</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_D._Francisco_de_Almeida_(ap%C3%B3s_1545)_-_Autor_desconhecido.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Retrato_de_D._Francisco_de_Almeida_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png/220px-Retrato_de_D._Francisco_de_Almeida_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="411" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Retrato_de_D._Francisco_de_Almeida_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png/330px-Retrato_de_D._Francisco_de_Almeida_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Retrato_de_D._Francisco_de_Almeida_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png/440px-Retrato_de_D._Francisco_de_Almeida_%28ap%C3%B3s_1545%29_-_Autor_desconhecido.png 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Dom <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a>, Viceroy of Portuguese India.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Portugal established a route to China in the early 16th century, sending ships via the southern coast of Africa and founding numerous coastal enclaves along the route. Following the discovery in 1492 by Spaniards of the New World with Italian explorer <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>' first voyage there and the first <a href="/wiki/Circumnavigation" title="Circumnavigation">circumnavigation</a> of the world by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> in 1521, expeditions led by conquistadors in the 16th century established trading routes linking Europe with all these areas.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Age of Discovery was hallmarked in 1519, shortly after the European discovery of the Americas, when Hernán Cortés began his conquest of the Aztec Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Spaniards, motivated by gold and fame, established relations and war with the Aztecs, the slow progression of conquest, erection of towns, and cultural dominance over the natives brought more Spanish troops and support to modern-day Mexico. As trading routes over the seas were established by the works of Columbus, Magellan, and Elcano, land support system was established as the trails of Cortés' conquest to the capital. </p><p>Human infections gained worldwide transmission vectors for the first time: from Africa and Eurasia to the Americas and <i>vice versa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-urlCDC_Yellow_Fever_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlCDC_Yellow_Fever-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Native_American_disease_and_epidemics" title="Native American disease and epidemics">spread of Old World diseases</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>, led to the deaths of many indigenous inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. </p><p>In the 16th century, perhaps 240,000 Spaniards entered American ports.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 16th century, gold and silver imports from the Americas provided one-fifth of Spain's total budget.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Discovery_of_the_Mississippi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Discovery_of_the_Mississippi.jpg/220px-Discovery_of_the_Mississippi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Discovery_of_the_Mississippi.jpg/330px-Discovery_of_the_Mississippi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Discovery_of_the_Mississippi.jpg/440px-Discovery_of_the_Mississippi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1948" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a> and Spanish conquistadors seeing the Mississippi River for the first time.</figcaption></figure> <p>Contrary to popular belief, many conquistadors were not trained warriors, but mostly artisans, lesser nobility or farmers seeking an opportunity to advance themselves in the new world since they had limited opportunities in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few also had crude firearms known as <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebuses</a>. Their units (<i>compañia</i>) would often specialize in forms of combat that required long periods of training that were too costly for informal groups. Their armies were mostly composed of Spanish troops, as well as soldiers from other parts of Europe and Africa. </p><p>Native allied troops were largely infantry equipped with armament and armour that varied geographically. Some groups consisted of young men without military experience, <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Catholic clergy</a> who helped with administrative duties, and soldiers with military training. These native forces often included African slaves and Native Americans, some of whom were also slaves. They were not only made to fight in the battlefield but also to serve as interpreters, informants, servants, teachers, physicians, and scribes. <a href="/wiki/India_Catalina" title="India Catalina">India Catalina</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Malinche" title="La Malinche">Malintzin</a> were Native American women slaves who were forced to work for the Spaniards.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Castilian law prohibited foreigners and non-Catholics from settling in the New World. However, not all conquistadors were Castilian. Many foreigners <a href="/wiki/Hispanicization" title="Hispanicization">Hispanicised</a> their names and/or converted to Catholicism to serve the Castilian Crown. For example, <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Fuca" title="Juan de Fuca">Ioánnis Fokás</a> (known as Juan de Fuca) was a Castilian of Greek origin who discovered the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Juan_de_Fuca" title="Strait of Juan de Fuca">strait that bears his name</a> between <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington state</a> in 1592. German-born <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Federmann" title="Nikolaus Federmann">Nikolaus Federmann</a>, Hispanicised as Nicolás de Federmán, was a <i>conquistador</i> in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> and Colombia. The Venetian <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Cabot_(explorer)" title="Sebastian Cabot (explorer)">Sebastiano Caboto</a> was Sebastián Caboto, <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Speyer" title="Georg von Speyer">Georg von Speyer</a> Hispanicised as Jorge de la Espira, Eusebio Francesco Chini Hispanicised as <a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Kino" title="Eusebio Kino">Eusebio Kino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_Linck" title="Wenceslaus Linck">Wenceslaus Linck</a> was Wenceslao Linck, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Kon%C5%A1%C4%8Dak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Konščak">Ferdinand Konščak</a>, was Fernando Consag, <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a> was Américo Vespucio, and the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Aleixo_Garcia" title="Aleixo Garcia">Aleixo Garcia</a> was known as Alejo García in the Castilian army. </p><p>The origin of many people in mixed expeditions was not always distinguished. Various occupations, such as sailors, fishermen, soldiers and nobles employed different languages (even from unrelated language groups), so that crew and settlers of Iberian empires recorded as <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicians</a> from Spain were actually using Portuguese, Basque, Catalan, Italian and <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Languedoc</a> languages, which were wrongly identified. </p><p>Castilian law banned Spanish women from travelling to America unless they were married and accompanied by a husband. Women who travelled thus include María de Escobar, <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Estrada" class="mw-redirect" title="María Estrada">María Estrada</a>, Marina Vélez de Ortega, Marina de la Caballería, Francisca de Valenzuela, Catalina de Salazar. Some conquistadors married Native American women or had illegitimate children. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ROHM_D195_The_conquistadors_pray_before_entry_to_tenochtitlan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/ROHM_D195_The_conquistadors_pray_before_entry_to_tenochtitlan.jpg/170px-ROHM_D195_The_conquistadors_pray_before_entry_to_tenochtitlan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/ROHM_D195_The_conquistadors_pray_before_entry_to_tenochtitlan.jpg/255px-ROHM_D195_The_conquistadors_pray_before_entry_to_tenochtitlan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/ROHM_D195_The_conquistadors_pray_before_entry_to_tenochtitlan.jpg/340px-ROHM_D195_The_conquistadors_pray_before_entry_to_tenochtitlan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="2418" /></a><figcaption>Conquistadors praying before a battle at <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>European young men enlisted in the army because it was one way out of poverty. Catholic priests instructed the soldiers in mathematics, writing, theology, Latin, Greek, and history, and wrote letters and official documents for them. King's army officers taught military arts. An uneducated young recruit could become a military leader, elected by their fellow professional soldiers, perhaps based on merit. Others were born into <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(nobility)" title="Hidalgo (nobility)">hidalgo</a> families, and as such they were members of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> with some studies but without economic resources. Even some rich nobility families' members became soldiers or missionaries, but mostly not the firstborn heirs. </p><p>The two most famous conquistadors were <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> who conquered the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a> who led the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>. They were second cousins born in <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a>, where many of the Spanish conquerors were born. </p><p>Catholic religious orders that participated and supported the exploration, evangelizing and pacifying, were mostly <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan Order">Franciscans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit Order">Jesuits</a>, for example <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_Las_Casas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomé de Las Casas">Bartolomé de Las Casas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Kino" title="Eusebio Kino">Eusebio Kino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Palafox_y_Mendoza" title="Juan de Palafox y Mendoza">Juan de Palafox y Mendoza</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_da_Cruz" title="Gaspar da Cruz">Gaspar da Cruz</a>. In 1536, Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas went to <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> to participate in a series of discussions and debates among the Bishops of the Dominican and Franciscan orders. The two orders had very different approaches to the conversion of the Indians. The Franciscans used a method of mass conversion, sometimes baptizing many thousands of Indians in a day. This method was championed by prominent Franciscans such as <a href="/wiki/Toribio_de_Benavente" title="Toribio de Benavente">Toribio de Benavente</a>. </p><p>The conquistadors took many different roles, including religious leader, <a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a> keeper, King or Emperor, deserter and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> warrior. <i><a href="/wiki/Caramuru" title="Caramuru">Caramuru</a></i> was a Portuguese settler in the <a href="/wiki/Tupi_people" title="Tupi people">Tupinambá</a> Indians. <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Guerrero" title="Gonzalo Guerrero">Gonzalo Guerrero</a> was a Maya war leader for Nachan Can, Lord of <a href="/wiki/Chactemal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chactemal">Chactemal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B3nimo_de_Aguilar" title="Gerónimo de Aguilar">Gerónimo de Aguilar</a>, who had taken holy orders in his native Spain, was captured by Maya lords too, and later was a soldier with Hernán Cortés. Francisco Pizarro had children with more than 40 women, many of whom were <a href="/wiki/%C3%91usta" title="Ñusta">ñusta</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chronicler" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicler">chroniclers</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Cieza_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Cieza de León">Pedro Cieza de León</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Oviedo_y_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés">Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Dur%C3%A1n" title="Diego Durán">Diego Durán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Castellanos" title="Juan de Castellanos">Juan de Castellanos</a> and friar <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Sim%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Simón">Pedro Simón</a> wrote about the Americas. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atawallpa_Pizarro_tinkuy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Atawallpa_Pizarro_tinkuy.jpg/170px-Atawallpa_Pizarro_tinkuy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Atawallpa_Pizarro_tinkuy.jpg/255px-Atawallpa_Pizarro_tinkuy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Atawallpa_Pizarro_tinkuy.jpg/340px-Atawallpa_Pizarro_tinkuy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a> meets with the Inca emperor <a href="/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a>, 1532</figcaption></figure> <p>After Mexico fell, Hernán Cortés's enemies <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Fonseca" title="Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca">Bishop Fonseca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Garay" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Garay">Francisco Garay</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were mentioned in Cortés' fourth letter to the King in which he describes himself as the victim of a conspiracy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_of_Moor_(Muslim)_Being_Trampled_by_Conquistadors_Horse_-_Museo_Nacional_del_Virreinato_-_Tepotzotlan_-_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Image_of_Moor_%28Muslim%29_Being_Trampled_by_Conquistadors_Horse_-_Museo_Nacional_del_Virreinato_-_Tepotzotlan_-_Mexico.jpg/220px-Image_of_Moor_%28Muslim%29_Being_Trampled_by_Conquistadors_Horse_-_Museo_Nacional_del_Virreinato_-_Tepotzotlan_-_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Image_of_Moor_%28Muslim%29_Being_Trampled_by_Conquistadors_Horse_-_Museo_Nacional_del_Virreinato_-_Tepotzotlan_-_Mexico.jpg/330px-Image_of_Moor_%28Muslim%29_Being_Trampled_by_Conquistadors_Horse_-_Museo_Nacional_del_Virreinato_-_Tepotzotlan_-_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Image_of_Moor_%28Muslim%29_Being_Trampled_by_Conquistadors_Horse_-_Museo_Nacional_del_Virreinato_-_Tepotzotlan_-_Mexico.jpg/440px-Image_of_Moor_%28Muslim%29_Being_Trampled_by_Conquistadors_Horse_-_Museo_Nacional_del_Virreinato_-_Tepotzotlan_-_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A figure of a Moor being trampled by a conquistador's horse at the <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nacional_del_Virreinato" title="Museo Nacional del Virreinato">National Museum of the Viceroyalty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tepotzotlan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepotzotlan">Tepotzotlan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_and_La_Malinche_1576_Dur%C3%A1n_Codex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_and_La_Malinche_1576_Dur%C3%A1n_Codex.jpg/220px-Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_and_La_Malinche_1576_Dur%C3%A1n_Codex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_and_La_Malinche_1576_Dur%C3%A1n_Codex.jpg/330px-Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_and_La_Malinche_1576_Dur%C3%A1n_Codex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_and_La_Malinche_1576_Dur%C3%A1n_Codex.jpg/440px-Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_and_La_Malinche_1576_Dur%C3%A1n_Codex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>A page of the Durán Codex (1576) depicting <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Malinche" title="La Malinche">La Malinche</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Francisco_Pizarro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Portrait_of_Francisco_Pizarro.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Francisco_Pizarro.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Portrait_of_Francisco_Pizarro.jpg/225px-Portrait_of_Francisco_Pizarro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Portrait_of_Francisco_Pizarro.jpg/300px-Portrait_of_Francisco_Pizarro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="3731" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Portuguese_period">Early Portuguese period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Portuguese period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">Infante</a> <a href="/wiki/Dom_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom (title)">Dom</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Navigator" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry the Navigator">Henry the Navigator</a> of Portugal, son of <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_I_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="João I of Portugal">King João I</a>, became the main sponsor of exploration travels. In 1415, Portugal conquered <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>, its first overseas colony. </p><p>Throughout the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/European_exploration_of_Africa#Portuguese_explorers" title="European exploration of Africa">Portuguese explorers</a> sailed the coast of Africa, establishing trading posts for <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal#15th_century" title="Economic history of Portugal">tradable commodities</a> such as firearms, spices, silver, gold, and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a> crossing Africa and India. In 1434 the first consignment of <a href="/wiki/Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves">slaves</a> was brought to <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>; slave trading was the most profitable branch of Portuguese commerce until the Indian subcontinent was reached. Due to the importation of the slaves as early as 1441, the kingdom of Portugal was able to establish a number of population of slaves throughout the Iberia due to its slave markets' dominance within Europe. Before the Age of Conquest began, the continental Europe already associated darker skin color with slave-class, attributing to the slaves of African origins. This sentiment traveled with the conquistadors when they began their explorations into the Americas. The predisposition inspired a lot of the entradas to seek slaves as part of the conquest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_of_the_Spanish_Kingdom">Birth of the Spanish Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Birth of the Spanish Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his father's death in 1479, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragón</a> married <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a>, unifying both kingdoms and creating the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Spain">Kingdom of Spain</a>. He later tried to incorporate the kingdom of Portugal by marriage. Notably, Isabella supported Columbus' first voyage that launched the Spanish conquistadors into action. </p><p>The Iberian Peninsula was largely divided before the hallmark of this marriage. Five independent kingdoms: Portugal in the West, Aragon and Navarre in the East, Castile in the large center, and Granada in the south, all had independent sovereignty and competing interests. The conflict between Christians and Muslims to control Iberia, which started with North Africa's Muslim invasion in 711, lasted from the years 718 to 1492.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christians, fighting for control, successfully pushed the Muslims back to Granada, which was the Muslims' last control of the Iberian Peninsula. </p><p>The marriage between Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabel of Castile resulted in joint rule by the spouses of the two kingdoms, honoured as the "Catholic Monarchs" by Pope Alexander VI.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together, the Crown Kings saw about the fall of Granada, victory over the Muslim minority, and expulsion or forcibly converted Jews and non-Christians to turn Iberia into a religious homogeneity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaties">Treaties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Treaties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1492 discovery of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> by Spain rendered desirable a <a href="/wiki/Boundary_delimitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary delimitation">delimitation</a> of the Spanish and Portuguese spheres of exploration, thus dividing the world into two areas of exploration and colonization. This was settled by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a> (7 June 1494) which modified the delimitation authorized by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI" title="Pope Alexander VI">Pope Alexander VI</a> in two <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">bulls</a> issued on 4 May 1493. The treaty gave to Portugal all lands which might be discovered east of a <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(geography)" title="Meridian (geography)">meridian</a> drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> Pole to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a>, at a distance of 370 leagues (1,800 km) west of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>. Spain received the lands west of this line. </p><p>The known means of measuring <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> were so inexact that the line of demarcation could not in practice be determined,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> subjecting the treaty to diverse interpretations. Both the Portuguese claim to Brazil and the Spanish claim to the Moluccas depended on the treaty. It was particularly valuable to the Portuguese as a recognition of their new-found,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="incomplete phrase (May 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> particularly when, in 1497–1499, Vasco da Gama completed the voyage to India. </p><p>Later, when Spain established a route to the Indies from the west, Portugal arranged a second treaty, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zaragoza" title="Treaty of Zaragoza">Treaty of Zaragoza</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_exploration">Spanish exploration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spanish exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonization_of_the_Caribbean,_Mesoamerica,_and_South_America"><span id="Colonization_of_the_Caribbean.2C_Mesoamerica.2C_and_South_America"></span>Colonization of the Caribbean, Mesoamerica, and South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Colonization of the Caribbean, Mesoamerica, and South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sevilla_la_Nueva_(settlement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sevilla la Nueva (settlement)">Sevilla la Nueva</a></i>, established in 1509, was the first Spanish settlement on the island of <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, which the Spaniards called <i>Isla de Santiago</i>. The capital was in an unhealthy location<sup id="cite_ref-JNHT_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JNHT-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consequently moved around 1534 to the place they called "Villa de Santiago de la Vega", later named <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Town" title="Spanish Town">Spanish Town</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine_Parish" title="Saint Catherine Parish">Saint Catherine Parish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spanish_town_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spanish_town-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasco_-N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Vasco_-N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa.jpg/170px-Vasco_-N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Vasco_-N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa.jpg/255px-Vasco_-N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Vasco_-N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa.jpg/340px-Vasco_-N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a> and spanish conquistadors claiming the Pacific Ocean for Spain in 1513.</figcaption></figure> <p>After first landing on "<a href="/wiki/Guanahani" title="Guanahani">Guanahani</a>" in <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">the Bahamas</a>, Columbus found the island which he called "Isla Juana", later named Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1511, the first <i><a href="/wiki/Adelantado" title="Adelantado">Adelantado</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a> founded the island's first Spanish settlement at Baracoa; other towns soon followed, including <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, which was founded in 1515. </p><p>After he pacified <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, where the native Indians had revolted against the administration of governor <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a>, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar led the conquest of Cuba in 1511 under orders from Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Diego_Col%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego Colón">Diego Columbus</a> and was appointed governor of the island. As governor he authorized expeditions to explore lands further west, including the 1517 <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_expedition" title="Hernández de Córdoba expedition">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba expedition</a> to <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán</a>. <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez</a>, ordered expeditions, one led by his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Grijalva" title="Juan de Grijalva">Juan de Grijalva</a>, to Yucatán and the Hernán Cortés expedition of 1519. He initially backed Cortés's expedition to Mexico, but because of his personal enmity for Cortés later ordered <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a> to arrest him. Grijalva was sent out with four ships and some 240 men.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Mendoza_folio_67r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Codex_Mendoza_folio_67r.jpg/170px-Codex_Mendoza_folio_67r.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Codex_Mendoza_folio_67r.jpg/255px-Codex_Mendoza_folio_67r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Codex_Mendoza_folio_67r.jpg/340px-Codex_Mendoza_folio_67r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>A page (folio 67), depicting indigenous Mexican warriors in the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Mendoza" title="Codex Mendoza">Codex Mendoza</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hernán Cortés, led an expedition (entrada) to Mexico, which included Pedro de Alvarado and Bernardino Vázquez de Tapia. The Spanish campaign against the Aztec Empire had its final victory on 13 August 1521, when a coalition army of Spanish forces and native Tlaxcalan warriors led by Cortés and Xicotencatl the Younger captured the emperor Cuauhtemoc and Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire. The fall of Tenochtitlan marks the beginning of Spanish rule in central Mexico, and they established their capital of Mexico City on the ruins of Tenochtitlan. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a> was one of the most significant events in world history. </p><p>In 1516, <a href="/wiki/Juan_D%C3%ADaz_de_Sol%C3%ADs" title="Juan Díaz de Solís">Juan Díaz de Solís</a>, discovered the <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuary</a> formed by the <a href="/wiki/Confluence_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Confluence (geography)">confluence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_River" title="Uruguay River">Uruguay River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River" title="Paraná River">Paraná River</a>. </p><p>In 1517, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(discoverer_of_Yucat%C3%A1n)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (discoverer of Yucatán)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba</a> sailed from <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> in search of slaves along the coast of <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatán (state)">Yucatán</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition returned to Cuba to report on the discovery of this new land. </p><p>After receiving notice from <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Grijalva" title="Juan de Grijalva">Juan de Grijalva</a> of gold in the area of what is now <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Cuba">governor of Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Velasquez" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego de Velasquez">Diego de Velasquez</a>, sent a larger force than had previously sailed, and appointed Cortés as Captain-General of the Armada. Cortés then applied all of his funds, mortgaged his estates and borrowed from merchants and friends to outfit his ships. Velásquez may have contributed to the effort, but the government of Spain offered no financial support.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Arias_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Arias Dávila">Pedro Arias Dávila</a>, Governor of the Island <a href="/wiki/La_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="La Española">La Española</a> was descended from a <a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">converso</a>'s family. In 1519 Dávila founded <a href="/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n,_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Darién, Panama">Darién</a>, then in 1524 he founded Panama City and moved his capital there laying the basis for the exploration of South America's west coast and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of Peru">conquest of Peru</a>. Dávila was a soldier in wars against Moors at <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a> in Spain, and in North Africa, under <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Navarro" title="Pedro Navarro">Pedro Navarro</a> intervening in the Conquest of <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a>. At the age of nearly seventy years he was made commander in 1514 by Ferdinand of the largest Spanish expedition. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pizarroshipbuilding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pizarroshipbuilding.jpg/220px-Pizarroshipbuilding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pizarroshipbuilding.jpg/330px-Pizarroshipbuilding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pizarroshipbuilding.jpg/440px-Pizarroshipbuilding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1625" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Orellana" title="Francisco de Orellana">Francisco de Orellana</a> and his men became the first Europeans to travel the entire length of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a> in 1541–1542</figcaption></figure> <p>Dávila sent <a href="/wiki/Gil_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Gil González Dávila">Gil González Dávila</a> to explore northward, and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a> to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">explore Guatemala</a>. In 1524 he sent another expedition with <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(founder_of_Nicaragua)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba</a>, executed there in 1526 by Dávila, by then aged over 85. Dávila's daughters married Rodrigo de Contreras and conquistador of Florida and Mississippi, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Cuba">Governor of Cuba</a> <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_(explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hernando de Soto (explorer)">Hernando de Soto</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Conquistador_Pedro_de_Alvarado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/El_Conquistador_Pedro_de_Alvarado.jpg/170px-El_Conquistador_Pedro_de_Alvarado.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/El_Conquistador_Pedro_de_Alvarado.jpg/255px-El_Conquistador_Pedro_de_Alvarado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/El_Conquistador_Pedro_de_Alvarado.jpg/340px-El_Conquistador_Pedro_de_Alvarado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Dávila made an agreement with Francisco Pizarro and <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a>, which brought about the discovery of Peru, but withdrew in 1526 for a small compensation, having lost confidence in the outcome. In 1526 Dávila was superseded as Governor of Panama by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_los_R%C3%ADos_y_Guti%C3%A9rrez_de_Aguayo" title="Pedro de los Ríos y Gutiérrez de Aguayo">Pedro de los Ríos</a>, but became governor in 1527 of <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">León</a> in Nicaragua. </p><p>An expedition commanded by Pizarro and his brothers explored south from what is today Panama, reaching Inca territory by 1526.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After one more expedition in 1529, Pizarro received royal approval to conquer the region and be its viceroy. The approval read: "In July 1529 the queen of Spain signed a charter allowing Pizarro to conquer the Inca. Pizarro was named governor and captain of all conquests in New Castile."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a> was established in 1542, encompassing all Spanish holdings in South America. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expedici%C3%B3n_de_Almagro_Pedro_Subercaseaux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Expedici%C3%B3n_de_Almagro_Pedro_Subercaseaux.jpg/220px-Expedici%C3%B3n_de_Almagro_Pedro_Subercaseaux.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Expedici%C3%B3n_de_Almagro_Pedro_Subercaseaux.jpg/330px-Expedici%C3%B3n_de_Almagro_Pedro_Subercaseaux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Expedici%C3%B3n_de_Almagro_Pedro_Subercaseaux.jpg/440px-Expedici%C3%B3n_de_Almagro_Pedro_Subercaseaux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a> led the first Spanish expedition south of Peru into <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> 1535–37.</figcaption></figure> <p>In early 1536, the Adelantado of <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Lugo" title="Pedro Fernández de Lugo">Pedro Fernández de Lugo</a>, arrived to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Marta" title="Santa Marta">Santa Marta</a>, a city founded in 1525 by <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_de_Bastidas" title="Rodrigo de Bastidas">Rodrigo de Bastidas</a> in modern-day Colombia, as governor. After some expeditions to the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_de_Santa_Marta" title="Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta">Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta</a>, Fernández de Lugo sent an expedition to the interior of the territory, initially looking for a land path to Peru following the <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_River" title="Magdalena River">Magdalena River</a>. This expedition was commanded by Licentiate <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a>, who ended up discovering and conquering the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca">Muisca</a>, and establishing the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">New Kingdom of Granada</a>, which almost two centuries would be a viceroyalty. Jiménez de Quesada also founded the capital of Colombia, <a href="/wiki/Santaf%C3%A9_de_Bogot%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Santafé de Bogotá">Santafé de Bogotá</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Don_Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Don_Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada.JPG/220px-Don_Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Don_Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada.JPG/330px-Don_Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Don_Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada.JPG/440px-Don_Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada.JPG 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a>, conquistador of the New Kingdom of Granada</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Juan_D%C3%ADaz_de_Sol%C3%ADs" title="Juan Díaz de Solís">Juan Díaz de Solís</a> arrived again to the renamed <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a>, literally river of the silver, after the Incan conquest. He sought a way to transport the Potosi's silver to Europe. For a long time due to the Incan silver mines, <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a> was the most important site in Colonial Spanish America, located in the current <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD_Department" title="Potosí Department">department of Potosí</a> in Bolivia<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was the location of the Spanish colonial mint. The first settlement in the way was the fort of <a href="/wiki/Sancti_Spiritu_(Argentina)" title="Sancti Spiritu (Argentina)">Sancti Spiritu</a>, established in 1527 next to the <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River" title="Paraná River">Paraná River</a>. Buenos Aires was established in 1536, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Governorate of the Río de la Plata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FranciscodeVillagra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/FranciscodeVillagra.jpg/170px-FranciscodeVillagra.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/FranciscodeVillagra.jpg/255px-FranciscodeVillagra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/FranciscodeVillagra.jpg/340px-FranciscodeVillagra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Villagra" title="Francisco de Villagra">Francisco de Villagra</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Africans were also conquistadors in the early conquest campaigns in the Caribbean and Mexico. In the 1500s there were enslaved black and free black<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> sailors on Spanish ships crossing the Atlantic and developing new routes of conquest and trade in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-Restall2009_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Restall2009-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1521, the wealth and credit generated by the acquisition of the Aztec Empire funded auxiliary forces of black conquistadors that could number as many as five hundred. Spaniards recognized the value of these fighters. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One of the black conquistadors who fought against the Aztecs and survived the destruction of their empire was <a href="/wiki/Juan_Garrido" title="Juan Garrido">Juan Garrido</a>. Born in Africa, Garrido lived as a young slave in Portugal before being sold to a Spaniard and acquiring his freedom fighting in the conquests of Puerto Rico, Cuba, and other islands. He fought as a free servant or auxiliary, participating in Spanish expeditions to other parts of Mexico (including Baja California) in the 1520s and 1530s. Granted a house plot in Mexico City, he raised a family there, working at times as a guard and town crier. He claimed to have been the first person to plant wheat in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Principe_de_Esquilache.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Principe_de_Esquilache.jpg/170px-Principe_de_Esquilache.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Principe_de_Esquilache.jpg/255px-Principe_de_Esquilache.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Principe_de_Esquilache.jpg/340px-Principe_de_Esquilache.jpg 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Borja_y_Arag%C3%B3n" title="Francisco de Borja y Aragón">Francisco de Borja y Aragón</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sebastian Toral was an African slave and one of the first black conquistadors in the New World. While a slave, he went with his Spanish owner on a campaign. He was able to earn his freedom during this service. He continued as a free conquistador with the Spaniards to fight the Maya in Yucatán in 1540. After the conquests he settled in the city of Mérida in the newly formed colony of Yucatán with his family. In 1574, the Spanish crown ordered that all slaves and free blacks in the colony had to pay a tribute to the crown. However, Toral wrote in protest of the tax based on his services during his conquests. The Spanish king responded that Toral need not pay the tax because of his service. Toral died a veteran of three transatlantic voyages and two Conquest expeditions, a man who had successfully petitioned the great Spanish King, walked the streets of Lisbon, Seville, and Mexico City, and helped found a capital city in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Juan_Valiente" title="Juan Valiente">Juan Valiente</a> was born in West Africa and purchased by Portuguese traders from African slavers. Around 1530 he was purchased by Alonso Valiente to be a slaved domestic servant in Puebla, Mexico. In 1533, Juan Valiente made a deal with his owner to allow him to be a conquistador for four years with the agreement that all earnings would come back to Alonso. He fought for many years in Chile and Peru. By 1540, he was a captain, horseman, and partner in Pedro de Valdivia's company in Chile. He was later awarded an estate in Santiago; a city he would help Valdivia found. Both Alonso and Valiente tried to contact the other to make an agreement about Valiente's manumission and send Alonso his awarded money. They were never able to reach each other and Valiente died in 1553 in the Battle of Tucapel.<sup id="cite_ref-Restall_2003_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Restall_2003-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other black conquistadors include Pedro Fulupo, Juan Bardales, Antonio Pérez, and Juan Portugués. Pedro Fulupo was a black slave that fought in Costa Rica. Juan Bardales was an African slave that fought in Honduras and Panama. For his service he was granted manumission and a pension of 50 pesos. Antonio Pérez was from North Africa, and a free black. He joined the conquest in Venezuela and was made a captain. Juan Portugués fought in the conquests in Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-Restall_2003_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Restall_2003-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America_colonization">North America colonization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: North America colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_a_color_de_Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Retrato_a_color_de_Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n.jpg/170px-Retrato_a_color_de_Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Retrato_a_color_de_Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n.jpg/255px-Retrato_a_color_de_Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Retrato_a_color_de_Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n.jpg/340px-Retrato_a_color_de_Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The conquistador <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a> (<a href="/wiki/Santerv%C3%A1s_de_Campos" title="Santervás de Campos">Santervás de Campos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Valladolid" title="Province of Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, Spain). He was the first European to arrive at the current U.S. and led the first European expedition to Florida, which he named.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabeza_de_Vaca1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Cabeza_de_Vaca1.jpg/170px-Cabeza_de_Vaca1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Cabeza_de_Vaca1.jpg/255px-Cabeza_de_Vaca1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Cabeza_de_Vaca1.jpg/340px-Cabeza_de_Vaca1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Cabeza_de_Vaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabeza de Vaca">Cabeza de Vaca</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1500s, the Spanish began to travel through and colonize North America. They were looking for gold in foreign kingdoms. By 1511 there were rumours of <a href="/wiki/Discovery_doctrine" title="Discovery doctrine">undiscovered lands</a> to the northwest of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>. <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a> equipped three ships with at least 200 men at his own expense and set out from Puerto Rico on 4 March 1513 to Florida and surrounding coastal area. Another early motive was the search for the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Cities_of_Gold" title="Seven Cities of Gold">Seven Cities of Gold</a>, or "Cibola", rumoured to have been built by Native Americans somewhere in the desert Southwest. In 1536 <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Ulloa" title="Francisco de Ulloa">Francisco de Ulloa</a>, the first documented European to reach the Colorado River, sailed up the Gulf of California and a short distance into the river's delta.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Basque_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque people">Basques</a> were fur trading, fishing cod and whaling in Terranova (<a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>) in 1520,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Iceland by at least the early 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They established whaling stations at the former, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Red_Bay,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Red Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador">Red Bay</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and probably established some in the latter as well. In Terranova they hunted <a href="/wiki/Bowhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowhead">bowheads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right_whale" title="Right whale">right whales</a>, while in Iceland<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they appear to have only hunted the latter. The Spanish fishery in Terranova declined over conflicts between Spain and other European powers during the late 16th and early 17th centuries. </p><p>In 1524, the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_Gomes" title="Estêvão Gomes">Estêvão Gomes</a>, who had sailed in <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a>'s fleet, explored Nova Scotia, sailing South through Maine, where he entered <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> and eventually reached Florida in August 1525. As a result of his expedition, the 1529 <a href="/wiki/Diogo_Ribeiro_(cartographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogo Ribeiro (cartographer)">Diego Ribeiro</a> world map outlined the East coast of North America almost perfectly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expedition_Cabeza_de_Vaca_Karte.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Expedition_Cabeza_de_Vaca_Karte.png/330px-Expedition_Cabeza_de_Vaca_Karte.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Expedition_Cabeza_de_Vaca_Karte.png/495px-Expedition_Cabeza_de_Vaca_Karte.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Expedition_Cabeza_de_Vaca_Karte.png/660px-Expedition_Cabeza_de_Vaca_Karte.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>Route of <a href="/wiki/Narv%C3%A1ez_expedition" title="Narváez expedition">Narváez expedition</a> (until November 1528), and a reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Cabeza_de_Vaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabeza de Vaca">Cabeza de Vaca</a>'s later wanderings</figcaption></figure> <p>The Spaniard <a href="/wiki/Cabeza_de_Vaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabeza de Vaca">Cabeza de Vaca</a> was the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Narv%C3%A1ez_expedition" title="Narváez expedition">Narváez expedition</a> of 600 men<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that between 1527 and 1535 explored the mainland of North America. From <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Tampa Bay, Florida">Tampa Bay, Florida</a>, on 15 April 1528, they marched through Florida. Traveling mostly on foot, they crossed Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, and Mexican states of <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>. After several months of fighting native inhabitants through wilderness and <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamp</a>, the party reached <a href="/wiki/Apalachee_Bay" title="Apalachee Bay">Apalachee Bay</a> with 242 men. They believed they were near other Spaniards in Mexico, but there was in fact 1500 miles of coast between them. They followed the coast westward, until they reached the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> near to <a href="/wiki/Galveston_Island" title="Galveston Island">Galveston Island</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronado_expedition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Coronado_expedition.jpg/390px-Coronado_expedition.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Coronado_expedition.jpg/585px-Coronado_expedition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Coronado_expedition.jpg/780px-Coronado_expedition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1230" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Coronado</a> expedition, 1540–1542</figcaption></figure> <p>Later they were enslaved for a few years by various Native American tribes of the upper <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a>. They continued through Coahuila and <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya" title="Nueva Vizcaya">Nueva Vizcaya</a>; then down the Gulf of California coast to what is now <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a>, Mexico, over a period of roughly eight years. They spent years enslaved by the Ananarivo of the Louisiana <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Islands" title="Gulf Islands">Gulf Islands</a>. Later they were enslaved by the <i>Hans</i>, the <i>Capoques</i> and others. In 1534 they escaped into the American interior, contacting other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> tribes along the way. Only four men, Cabeza de Vaca, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Dorantes_de_Carranza" title="Andrés Dorantes de Carranza">Andrés Dorantes de Carranza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alonso_del_Castillo_Maldonado" title="Alonso del Castillo Maldonado">Alonso del Castillo Maldonado</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">enslaved</a> Moroccan <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> named <a href="/wiki/Estevanico" title="Estevanico">Estevanico</a>, survived and escaped to reach <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. In 1539, Estevanico was one of four men who accompanied <a href="/wiki/Marcos_de_Niza" title="Marcos de Niza">Marcos de Niza</a> as a guide in search of the fabled <a href="/wiki/Seven_Cities_of_Cibola" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Cities of Cibola">Seven Cities of Cibola</a>, preceding <a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Coronado</a>. When the others were struck ill, Estevanico continued alone, opening up what is now New Mexico and Arizona. He was killed at the <a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a> village of <a href="/wiki/Hawikuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawikuh">Hawikuh</a> in present-day New Mexico.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DeSoto_Map_HRoe_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/DeSoto_Map_HRoe_2008.jpg/340px-DeSoto_Map_HRoe_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/DeSoto_Map_HRoe_2008.jpg/510px-DeSoto_Map_HRoe_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/DeSoto_Map_HRoe_2008.jpg/680px-DeSoto_Map_HRoe_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">de Soto</a> route through the Southeast, 1539–1542</figcaption></figure> <p>The viceroy of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Mendoza" title="Antonio de Mendoza">Antonio de Mendoza</a>, for whom is named the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Mendoza" title="Codex Mendoza">Codex Mendoza</a>, commissioned several expeditions to explore and establish settlements in the northern lands of New Spain in 1540–1542. <a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a> reached <a href="/wiki/Quivira" title="Quivira">Quivira</a> in central Kansas. <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a> explored the western coastline of <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a> in 1542–1543. Vázquez de Coronado's 1540–1542 expedition began as a search for the fabled Cities of Gold, but after learning from natives in New Mexico of a large river to the west, he sent <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a> to lead a small contingent to find it. With the guidance of Hopi Indians, Cárdenas and his men became the first outsiders to see the Grand Canyon.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Cárdenas was reportedly unimpressed with the canyon, assuming the width of the Colorado River at six feet (1.8 m) and estimating 300-foot-tall (91 m) rock formations to be the size of a person. After unsuccessfully attempting to descend to the river, they left the area, defeated by the difficult terrain and torrid weather.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1540, <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Alarc%C3%B3n" title="Hernando de Alarcón">Hernando de Alarcón</a> and his fleet reached the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a>, intending to provide additional supplies to Coronado's expedition. Alarcón may have sailed the Colorado as far upstream as the present-day California–Arizona border. However, Coronado never reached the Gulf of California, and Alarcón eventually gave up and left. <a href="/wiki/Melchior_D%C3%ADaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Melchior Díaz">Melchior Díaz</a> reached the delta in the same year, intending to establish contact with Alarcón, but the latter was already gone by the time of Díaz's arrival. Díaz named the Colorado River <i>Río del Tizón</i>, while the name <i>Colorado</i> ("Red River") was first applied to a tributary of the Gila River. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando_y_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando_y_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg/170px-Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando_y_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando_y_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg/255px-Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando_y_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando_y_C%C3%A1ceres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1540, expeditions under Hernando de Alarcon and Melchior Diaz visited the area of <a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma</a> and immediately saw the natural crossing of the Colorado River from Mexico to California by land as an ideal spot for a city, as the Colorado River narrows to slightly under 1000 feet wide in one small point. Later military expeditions that crossed the Colorado River at the <a href="/wiki/Yuma_Crossing_National_Heritage_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuma Crossing National Heritage Area">Yuma Crossing</a> include <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Anza" title="Juan Bautista de Anza">Juan Bautista de Anza</a>'s (1774). </p><p>The marriage between Luisa de Abrego, a free black domestic servant from Seville and Miguel Rodríguez, a white Segovian conquistador in 1565 in St. Augustine (Spanish Florida), is the first known and recorded Christian marriage anywhere in the continental United States.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chamuscado_and_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Expedition" title="Chamuscado and Rodríguez Expedition">Chamuscado and Rodríguez Expedition</a> explored New Mexico in 1581–1582. They explored a part of the route visited by Coronado in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> and other parts in the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542. </p><p>The viceroy of New Spain Don <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_Sarmiento_de_Sotomayor,_2nd_Count_of_Salvatierra" title="García Sarmiento de Sotomayor, 2nd Count of Salvatierra">Diego García Sarmiento</a> sent another expedition in 1648 to explore, conquer and colonize the Californias. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_and_Oceania_colonization,_and_Pacific_exploration"><span id="Asia_and_Oceania_colonization.2C_and_Pacific_exploration"></span>Asia and Oceania colonization, and Pacific exploration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Asia and Oceania colonization, and Pacific exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1525, King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Spain">Charles I of Spain</a> ordered an expedition led by friar <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_Jofre_de_Loa%C3%ADsa" class="mw-redirect" title="García Jofre de Loaísa">García Jofre de Loaísa</a> to go to Asia by trying to accomplished the task first set by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> in 1492 and then <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> in 1521, through a western passage to the Pacific ocean, to colonize the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a> (known as the "Spice Islands", now part of present-day <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>), thus crossing first the Atlantic and then the Pacific oceans. In 1542 and 1543, <a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a> and his crew sailed to the Philippines to find the islands where Magellan had landed in 1521, and established trade settlements in the region. From 1546 to 1547 <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a> worked in Maluku among the peoples of <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morotai" class="mw-redirect" title="Morotai">Morotai</a>, and laid the foundations for the Christian religion there. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lopez_de_Legazpi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lopez_de_Legazpi.jpg/220px-Lopez_de_Legazpi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lopez_de_Legazpi.jpg/330px-Lopez_de_Legazpi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Lopez_de_Legazpi.jpg/440px-Lopez_de_Legazpi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1564, a quest led by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a> was commissioned by the Viceroy of New Spain, <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Velasco" class="mw-redirect" title="Luís de Velasco">Luís de Velasco</a>, to explore the Maluku Islands where Magellan and Villalobos had landed in 1521 and 1543, respectively. The expedition was ordered by King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, after whom the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> had earlier been named by Villalobos. After winning a series of conflict between the native tribes of the Philippines and the Spaniards. López de Legazpi established settlements in the northern and central parts of the Philippines, and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a> in 1571 and he became the first governor-general of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagatna_from_Fort_Santa_Agueda.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hagatna_from_Fort_Santa_Agueda.JPG/220px-Hagatna_from_Fort_Santa_Agueda.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hagatna_from_Fort_Santa_Agueda.JPG/330px-Hagatna_from_Fort_Santa_Agueda.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hagatna_from_Fort_Santa_Agueda.JPG/440px-Hagatna_from_Fort_Santa_Agueda.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hag%C3%A5t%C3%B1a,_Guam" title="Hagåtña, Guam">Hagåtña</a> (Agaña) is the capital of the United States territory of <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, ancient city of the Spanish possessions in Oceania.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Spanish settled and took control of <a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a> in 1603 to trade spices and counter Dutch encroachment in the archipelago of Maluku. The Spanish presence lasted until 1663, when the settlers and military were moved back to the Philippines. Part of the Ternatean population chose to leave with the Spanish, settling near Manila in what later became the <a href="/wiki/Ternate,_Cavite" title="Ternate, Cavite">municipality of Ternate</a>. A Pacific trade known as the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Galleons" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila Galleons">Manila Galleons</a> was established between the Philippines and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. Spanish <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">galleons</a> traveled across the Pacific Ocean between <a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a> in Mexico and Manila for almost three centuries. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_contact_in_BC_and_Alaska.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Spanish_contact_in_BC_and_Alaska.jpg/250px-Spanish_contact_in_BC_and_Alaska.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Spanish_contact_in_BC_and_Alaska.jpg/375px-Spanish_contact_in_BC_and_Alaska.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Spanish_contact_in_BC_and_Alaska.jpg/500px-Spanish_contact_in_BC_and_Alaska.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="978" /></a><figcaption>Areas of Alaska and British Columbia Explored by Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1542, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a> traversed the coast of California and named many of its features. In 1601, <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a> mapped the coastline in detail and gave new names to many features. <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Aguilar" title="Martín de Aguilar">Martín de Aguilar</a>, lost from the expedition led by Sebastián Vizcaíno, explored the Pacific coast as far north as <a href="/wiki/Coos_Bay" title="Coos Bay">Coos Bay</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1549 arrival to Kagoshima (Kyushu) of a group of Jesuits with St. Francis Xavier missionary and Portuguese traders, Spain sent missionaries to Japan after gaining some trade interests. In this first group of Jesuit missionaries were included Spaniards Cosme de Torres and Juan Fernandez. </p><p>In 1611, Sebastián Vizcaíno surveyed the east coast of Japan and from the year of 1611 to 1614 and he was ambassador of King Felipe III in the Spanish East Indies in Southeast Asia, only to returned to Acapulco in the year of 1614. In 1608, he was sent to search for two mythical islands called Rico de Oro (island of gold) and Rico de Plata (island of silver).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portuguese_exploration">Portuguese exploration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Portuguese exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931578)" title="History of Portugal (1415–1578)">History of Portugal (1415–1578)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese discoveries">Portuguese discoveries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandeirantes" title="Bandeirantes">Bandeirantes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_Portuguese_discovery_of_Australia" title="Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia">Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Figure_of_Portuguese_Soldier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bronze_Figure_of_Portuguese_Soldier.jpg/220px-Bronze_Figure_of_Portuguese_Soldier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bronze_Figure_of_Portuguese_Soldier.jpg/330px-Bronze_Figure_of_Portuguese_Soldier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bronze_Figure_of_Portuguese_Soldier.jpg/440px-Bronze_Figure_of_Portuguese_Soldier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Bronze figure of a Portuguese soldier made by Benin culture in West Africa around 1600</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_Portuguese_Empire_1342-1801.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Africa_Portuguese_Empire_1342-1801.png/220px-Africa_Portuguese_Empire_1342-1801.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Africa_Portuguese_Empire_1342-1801.png/330px-Africa_Portuguese_Empire_1342-1801.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Africa_Portuguese_Empire_1342-1801.png/440px-Africa_Portuguese_Empire_1342-1801.png 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese expansion in Africa and the Middle East (1415–1801)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benin_brass_plaque_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Benin_brass_plaque_05.jpg/170px-Benin_brass_plaque_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Benin_brass_plaque_05.jpg/255px-Benin_brass_plaque_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Benin_brass_plaque_05.jpg/340px-Benin_brass_plaque_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Two brass plates depicting a bearded Portuguese soldier before 1500 on top and Benin warriors at the bottom</figcaption></figure> <p>As a seafaring people in the south-westernmost region of Europe, the Portuguese became natural leaders of exploration during the Middle Ages. Faced with the options of either accessing other European markets by sea, by exploiting its seafaring prowess, or by land, and facing the task of crossing <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a> and Aragon territory, it is not surprising that goods were sent via the sea to England, <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, Italy and the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_league" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanseatic league">Hanseatic league</a> towns.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One important reason was the need for alternatives to the expensive eastern trade routes that followed the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. Those routes were dominated first by the republics of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>, and then by the Ottoman Empire after the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 1453. The Ottomans barred European access. For decades the Spanish Netherlands ports produced more revenue than the colonies since all goods brought from Spain, Mediterranean possessions, and the colonies were sold directly there to neighbouring European countries: wheat, olive oil, wine, silver, spice, wool and silk were big businesses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The gold brought home from <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> stimulated the commercial energy of the Portuguese, and its European neighbours, especially Spain. Apart from their religious and scientific aspects, these voyages of discovery were highly profitable. </p><p>They had benefited from Guinea's connections with neighbouring Iberians and north African Muslim states. Due to these connections, <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematicians</a> and experts in naval technology appeared in Portugal. Portuguese and foreign experts made several breakthroughs in the fields of mathematics, cartography and naval technology. </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Afonso_V_of_Portugal" title="Afonso V of Portugal">Afonso V</a> (1443–1481), surnamed the African, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a> was explored as far as Cape St. Catherine (<i>Cabo Santa Caterina</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and three expeditions in 1458, 1461 and 1471, were sent to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Morocco</a>; in 1471 Arzila (<a href="/wiki/Asilah" title="Asilah">Asila</a>) and Tangier were captured from the Moors. Portuguese explored the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans before the Iberian Union period (1580–1640). Under <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Portugal" title="John II of Portugal">John II</a> (1481–1495) the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina">São Jorge da Mina</a>, the modern Elmina, was founded for the protection of the Guinea trade. <a href="/wiki/Diogo_C%C3%A3o" title="Diogo Cão">Diogo Cão</a>, or Can, discovered the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo</a> in 1482 and reached <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cross" title="Cape Cross">Cape Cross</a> in 1486. </p><p>In 1483, Diogo Cão sailed up the uncharted <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a>, finding Kongo villages and becoming the first European to encounter the <a href="/wiki/Kongo_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongo kingdom">Kongo kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-diogo_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diogo-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 May 1487, two Portuguese envoys, <a href="/wiki/Pero_da_Covilh%C3%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Pero da Covilhã">Pero da Covilhã</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Paiva" title="Afonso de Paiva">Afonso de Paiva</a>, were sent traveling secretly overland to gather information on a possible sea route to India, but also to inquire about Prester John. Covilhã managed to reach Ethiopia. Although well received, he was forbidden to depart. <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a> crossed the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> in 1488, thus proving that the Indian Ocean was accessible by sea. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisboa-Museu_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga-Retrato_dito_de_Vasco_da_Gama-20140917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lisboa-Museu_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga-Retrato_dito_de_Vasco_da_Gama-20140917.jpg/170px-Lisboa-Museu_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga-Retrato_dito_de_Vasco_da_Gama-20140917.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lisboa-Museu_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga-Retrato_dito_de_Vasco_da_Gama-20140917.jpg/255px-Lisboa-Museu_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga-Retrato_dito_de_Vasco_da_Gama-20140917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Lisboa-Museu_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga-Retrato_dito_de_Vasco_da_Gama-20140917.jpg/340px-Lisboa-Museu_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga-Retrato_dito_de_Vasco_da_Gama-20140917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1076" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1498, <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> reached India. In 1500, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a> discovered Brazil, claiming it for Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1510, <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> in India, <a href="/wiki/Ormuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ormuz">Ormuz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Strait">Persian Strait</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>. The Portuguese sailors sailed eastward to such places as Taiwan, Japan, and the island of <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a>. Several writers have also suggested the Portuguese were the first Europeans to discover Australia and New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Caminha" title="Álvaro Caminha">Álvaro Caminha</a>, in Cape Verde islands, who received the land as a grant from the crown, established a colony with Jews forced to stay on <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_Island" title="São Tomé Island">São Tomé Island</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Príncipe">Príncipe</a> island was settled in 1500 under a similar arrangement. Attracting settlers proved difficult; however, the Jewish settlement was a success and their descendants settled many parts of Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malacca_1630.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Malacca_1630.jpg/220px-Malacca_1630.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Malacca_1630.jpg/330px-Malacca_1630.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Malacca_1630.jpg/440px-Malacca_1630.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>1630 map of the Portuguese fort and the city of <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_Gulf_1507-1750.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Persian_Gulf_1507-1750.gif/220px-Persian_Gulf_1507-1750.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Persian_Gulf_1507-1750.gif/330px-Persian_Gulf_1507-1750.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Persian_Gulf_1507-1750.gif/440px-Persian_Gulf_1507-1750.gif 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese in the Persian Gulf (1507–1750).</figcaption></figure> <p>From their peaceful settlings in secured islands along Atlantic Ocean (archipelagos and islands such as Madeira, the Azores, Cape Verde, São Tomé, Príncipe, and Annobón) they travelled to coastal enclaves trading almost every goods of African and Islander areas like spices (hemp, opium, garlic), wine, dry fish, dried meat, toasted flour, leather, fur of tropical animals and seals, whaling ... but mainly ivory, black slaves, gold and hardwoods. They maintaining trade ports in Congo (M'banza), Angola, Natal (City of Cape Good Hope, in Portuguese "Cidade do Cabo da Boa Esperança"), Mozambique (Sofala), Tanzania (Kilwa Kisiwani), Kenya (Malindi) to Somalia. The Portuguese following the maritime trade routes of Muslims and Chinese traders, sailed the Indian Ocean. They were on <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> since 1498 when <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> reached Anjadir, Kannut, Kochi and <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a>. </p><p>Da Gama in 1498 marked the beginning of Portuguese influence in Indian Ocean. In 1503 or 1504, <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> became part of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> when Captain Ruy Lourenço Ravasco Marques landed and demanded and received tribute from the sultan in exchange for peace.<sup id="cite_ref-Ingrams_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingrams-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: page: 99">: page: 99 </span></sup> Zanzibar remained a possession of Portugal for almost two centuries. It initially became part of the Portuguese province of Arabia and Ethiopia and was administered by a governor general. Around 1571, Zanzibar became part of the western division of the Portuguese empire and was administered from Mozambique.<sup id="cite_ref-Eliot_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eliot-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> It appears, however, that the Portuguese did not closely administer Zanzibar. The first English ship to visit Unguja, the <i>Edward Bonaventure</i> in 1591, found that there was no Portuguese fort or garrison. The extent of their occupation was a trade depot where produce was purchased and collected for shipment to Mozambique. "In other respects, the affairs of the island were managed by the local 'king,' the predecessor of the Mwinyi Mkuu of Dunga."<sup id="cite_ref-Pearce_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearce-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 81">: 81 </span></sup> This hands-off approach ended when Portugal established a fort on <a href="/wiki/Pemba_Island" title="Pemba Island">Pemba</a> around 1635 in response to the Sultan of Mombasa's slaughter of Portuguese residents several years earlier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_1500:_West_and_East_Africa,_Asia,_and_the_Pacific"><span id="After_1500:_West_and_East_Africa.2C_Asia.2C_and_the_Pacific"></span>After 1500: West and East Africa, Asia, and the Pacific</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: After 1500: West and East Africa, Asia, and the Pacific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India_Armadas" title="Portuguese India Armadas">Portuguese India Armadas</a></div> <p>In west Africa <i><a href="/wiki/M%27banza-Kongo" title="M'banza-Kongo">Cidade de Congo de São Salvador</a></i> was founded some time after the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a>, in the pre-existing capital of the local dynasty ruling at that time (1483), in a city of the Luezi River valley. Portuguese were established supporting one Christian local dynasty ruling suitor. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Kongo" title="Afonso I of Kongo">Afonso I of Kongo</a> was established the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church_in_Kongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church in Kongo">Roman Catholic Church in Kongo kingdom</a>. By 1516, Afonso I sent various of his children and nobles to Europe to study, including his son Henrique Kinu a Mvemba, who was elevated to the status of bishop in 1518. Afonso I wrote a series of letters to the kings of Portugal <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_III_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="João III of Portugal">João III of Portugal</a> concerning to the behavior of the Portuguese in his country and their role in the developing <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a>, complaining of Portuguese complicity in purchasing illegally enslaved people and the connections between Afonso's men, Portuguese mercenaries in Kongo's service and the capture and sale of slaves by Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The aggregate of Portugal's colonial holdings in India were <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a>. The period of European contact of <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> began with the arrival of Portuguese soldiers and <a href="/wiki/Exploration" title="Exploration">explorers</a> of the expedition of <a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_de_Almeida" title="Lourenço de Almeida">Lourenço de Almeida</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a>, in 1505.<sup id="cite_ref-francal_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-francal-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese founded a fort at the port city of <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> in 1517 and gradually extended their control over the coastal areas and inland. In a series of military conflicts, political manoeuvres and conquests, the Portuguese extended their control over the <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhala Kingdom">Sinhalese kingdoms</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Jaffna_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaffna Kingdom">Jaffna</a> (1591),<sup id="cite_ref-Silva1981_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva1981-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Raigama" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Raigama">Raigama</a> (1593), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sitawaka" title="Kingdom of Sitawaka">Sitawaka</a> (1593), and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kotte" title="Kingdom of Kotte">Kotte</a> (1594,)<sup id="cite_ref-Silva2009_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silva2009-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the aim of unifying the entire island under Portuguese control failed.<sup id="cite_ref-Fernando2013_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernando2013-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese, led by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Lopes_de_Sousa" title="Pedro Lopes de Sousa">Pedro Lopes de Sousa</a>, launched a full-scale military invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kingdom of Kandy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Danture" title="Campaign of Danture">Danture campaign</a> of 1594. The invasion was a disaster for the Portuguese, with their entire army wiped out by Kandyan <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perera2007_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perera2007-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Obeyesekere1999_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obeyesekere1999-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More envoys were sent in 1507 to Ethiopia, after <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a> was taken by the Portuguese. As a result of this mission, and facing Muslim expansion, Queen Regent <a href="/wiki/Eleni_of_Ethiopia" title="Eleni of Ethiopia">Eleni of Ethiopia</a> sent ambassador <a href="/wiki/Mateus_(Ethiopia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mateus (Ethiopia)">Mateus</a> to King <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a> and to the Pope, in search of a coalition. Mateus reached Portugal via Goa, having returned with a Portuguese embassy, along with priest <a href="/wiki/Francisco_%C3%81lvares" title="Francisco Álvares">Francisco Álvares</a> in 1520. Francisco Álvares book, which included the testimony of Covilhã, the <i>Verdadeira Informação das Terras do Preste João das Indias</i> ("A True Relation of the Lands of Prester John of the Indies") was the first direct account of Ethiopia, greatly increasing European knowledge at the time, as it was presented to the pope, published and quoted by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Ramusio" title="Giovanni Battista Ramusio">Giovanni Battista Ramusio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1509, the Portuguese under Francisco de Almeida won a critical victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diu" title="Battle of Diu">Battle of Diu</a> against a joint <a href="/wiki/Burji_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Burji dynasty">Mamluk</a> and Arab fleet sent to counteract their presence in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>. The retreat of the Mamluks and Arabs enabled the Portuguese to implement their strategy of controlling the Indian Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers1995_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers1995-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> set sail in April 1511 from Goa to Malacca with a force of 1,200 men and seventeen or eighteen ships.<sup id="cite_ref-Ricklefs1993_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs1993-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" title="Capture of Malacca (1511)">capture</a> of the city on 24 August 1511, it became a strategic base for Portuguese expansion in the East Indies; consequently the Portuguese were obliged to build a fort they named <i><a href="/wiki/A_Famosa" title="A Famosa">A Famosa</a></i> to defend it. That same year, the Portuguese, desiring a commercial alliance, sent an ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Fernandes" title="Duarte Fernandes">Duarte Fernandes</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Kingdom of Ayutthaya</a>, where he was well received by King <a href="/wiki/Ramathibodi_II" title="Ramathibodi II">Ramathibodi II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mishra2010_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mishra2010-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1526, a large force of Portuguese ships under the command of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mascarenhas" title="Pedro Mascarenhas">Pedro Mascarenhas</a> was sent to conquer <a href="/wiki/Bintan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bintan">Bintan</a>, where Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_of_Malacca" title="Mahmud Shah of Malacca">Mahmud</a> was based. Earlier expeditions by <a href="/wiki/Diogo_Dias" title="Diogo Dias">Diogo Dias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> had explored that part of the Indian Ocean, and discovered several islands new to Europeans. Mascarenhas served as Captain-Major of the Portuguese colony of Malacca from 1525 to 1526, and as <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> of Goa, capital of the Portuguese possessions in Asia, from 1554 until his death in 1555. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Barreto" title="Francisco Barreto">Francisco Barreto</a>, who served with the title of "governor-general".<sup id="cite_ref-Kerr1824_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerr1824-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_Castle_(Hormuz).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Portuguese_Castle_%28Hormuz%29.jpg/220px-Portuguese_Castle_%28Hormuz%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Portuguese_Castle_%28Hormuz%29.jpg/330px-Portuguese_Castle_%28Hormuz%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Portuguese_Castle_%28Hormuz%29.jpg/440px-Portuguese_Castle_%28Hormuz%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Forte de Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Ormuz (<a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Conception" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort of Our Lady of the Conception">Fort of Our Lady of the Conception</a>), the Portuguese Castle on <a href="/wiki/Hormuz_Island" title="Hormuz Island">Hormuz Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagasaki_City_view_from_Hamahira01s3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nagasaki_City_view_from_Hamahira01s3.jpg/220px-Nagasaki_City_view_from_Hamahira01s3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nagasaki_City_view_from_Hamahira01s3.jpg/330px-Nagasaki_City_view_from_Hamahira01s3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nagasaki_City_view_from_Hamahira01s3.jpg/440px-Nagasaki_City_view_from_Hamahira01s3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4560" data-file-height="3040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> in Japan was founded in 1570 by Portuguese explorers</figcaption></figure> <p>To enforce a trade monopoly, <a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hormuz_Island" title="Hormuz Island">Hormuz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, were seized by <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> in 1507, and in 1507 and 1515, respectively. He also entered into <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomatic relations</a> with <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a>. In 1513 while trying to conquer <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>, an expedition led by Albuquerque cruised the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> inside the <a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Mandab" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab al-Mandab">Bab al-Mandab</a>, and sheltered at <a href="/wiki/Kamaran" title="Kamaran">Kamaran</a> island. In 1521, a force under <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Correia_(admiral)" title="António Correia (admiral)">António Correia</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, ushering in a period of almost eighty years of Portuguese rule of the Persian Gulf.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Red Sea, <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> was the most northerly point frequented by the Portuguese until 1541, when a fleet under <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_da_Gama_(16th_century)" title="Estêvão da Gama (16th century)">Estevão da Gama</a> penetrated as far as <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China_and_the_campaigns_against_the_Manchus">China and the campaigns against the Manchus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: China and the campaigns against the Manchus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_Teixeira_Correia" title="Gonçalo Teixeira Correia">Gonçalo Teixeira Correia</a> </p><p>In 1511, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach the city of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> by the sea, and they settled on its port for a commercial monopoly of trade with other nations. They were later expelled from their settlements, but they were allowed the use of <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, which was also occupied in 1511, and to be appointed in 1557 as the base for doing business with Guangzhou. The quasi-monopoly on foreign trade in the region would be maintained by the Portuguese until the early seventeenth century, when the Spanish and Dutch arrived. </p><p>By 1619 several Ming officials who supported the use of the new technology were Christian converts of the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China missions">Jesuit mission</a>, such as the influential minister <a href="/wiki/Xu_Guangqi" title="Xu Guangqi">Xu Guangqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yuanhua" title="Sun Yuanhua">Sun Yuanhua</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tianqi_Emperor" title="Tianqi Emperor">Tianqi Emperor</a> approved in having a company of Portuguese gunners approved in 1620 only to have them returned the way they'd come in 1621, owing to local resistance upon various pretexts. After <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guangning" title="Battle of Guangning">the fall</a> of <a href="/wiki/Guangning,_Liaoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangning, Liaoning">Guangning</a> (now Beizhen in <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignatius Sun">Ignatius Sun</a>'s extremely thorough memorials on the superiority of Western cannon and <a href="/wiki/Star_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Star fort">fortification</a> attracted attention at the highest levels of the War Ministry. The <a href="/wiki/Tianqi_Emperor" title="Tianqi Emperor">Tianqi Emperor</a> permitted a second Portuguese expedition to reach his capital in the spring of 1622.The first pieces produced there could throw a forty-pound shot. In 1623 some <i>hongyipao</i> were deployed to China's northern frontier at <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignatius Sun">Sun</a>'s request under generals such as <a href="/wiki/Sun_Chengzong" title="Sun Chengzong">Sun Chengzong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Chonghuan" title="Yuan Chonghuan">Yuan Chonghuan</a>. They were used to repel <a href="/wiki/Nurhaci" title="Nurhaci">Nurhaci</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ningyuan" title="Battle of Ningyuan">Battle of Ningyuan</a> in 1626. </p><p>The Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Diogo_Rodrigues" title="Diogo Rodrigues">Diogo Rodrigues</a> explored the Indian Ocean in 1528, he explored the islands of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>, Mauritius, and <a href="/wiki/Rodrigues_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodrigues (island)">Rodrigues</a>, naming it the <a href="/wiki/Mascarene" class="mw-redirect" title="Mascarene">Mascarene</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mascarene_Islands" title="Mascarene Islands">Mascarenhas Islands</a>, after his countryman Pedro Mascarenhas, who had been there before. The Portuguese presence disrupted and reorganised the Southeast Asian trade, and in eastern Indonesia they introduced Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-RICKLEFSp26_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RICKLEFSp26-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> annexed <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> in August 1511, one Portuguese diary noted 'it is thirty years since they became <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>'–<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving a sense of the competition then taking place between Islamic and European influences in the region. Afonso de Albuquerque learned of the route to the <a href="/wiki/Banda_Islands" title="Banda Islands">Banda Islands</a> and other "Spice Islands", and sent an exploratory expedition of three vessels under the command of <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Abreu" title="António de Abreu">António de Abreu</a>, Simão Afonso Bisigudo and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serr%C3%A3o" title="Francisco Serrão">Francisco Serrão</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the return trip, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serr%C3%A3o" title="Francisco Serrão">Francisco Serrão</a> was shipwrecked at Hitu Island (northern <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a>) in 1512. There he established ties with the local ruler who was impressed with his martial skills. The rulers of the competing island states of <a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a> also sought Portuguese assistance and the newcomers were welcomed in the area as buyers of supplies and spices during a lull in the regional trade due to the temporary disruption of <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a> sailings to the area following the 1511 conflict in Malacca. The spice trade soon revived but the Portuguese would not be able to fully monopolize nor disrupt this trade.<sup id="cite_ref-RICKLEFSp24_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RICKLEFSp24-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allying himself with Ternate's ruler, Serrão constructed a fortress on that tiny island and served as the head of a <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenary</a> band of Portuguese seamen under the service of one of the two local feuding sultans who controlled most of the <a href="/wiki/Spices" class="mw-redirect" title="Spices">spice</a> trade. Such an outpost far from Europe generally only attracted the most desperate and avaricious, and as such the feeble attempts at Christianization only strained relations with Ternate's Muslim ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-RICKLEFSp24_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RICKLEFSp24-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serrão urged <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> to join him in Maluku, and sent the explorer information about the Spice Islands. Both Serrão and Magellan, however, perished before they could meet one another, with Magellan dying in battle in Macatan.<sup id="cite_ref-RICKLEFSp24_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RICKLEFSp24-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1535 Sultan Tabariji was deposed and sent to Goa in chains, where he converted to Christianity and changed his name to Dom Manuel. After being declared innocent of the charges against him he was sent back to reassume his throne, but died en route at Malacca in 1545. He had however, already bequeathed the island of <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a> to his Portuguese godfather Jordão de Freitas. Following the murder of Sultan Hairun at the hands of the Europeans, the Ternateans expelled the hated foreigners in 1575 after a five-year siege. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Jesus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Fort_Jesus.jpg/220px-Fort_Jesus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Fort_Jesus.jpg/330px-Fort_Jesus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Fort_Jesus.jpg/440px-Fort_Jesus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_Jesus" title="Fort Jesus">Fort Jesus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>), seen from the inside</figcaption></figure> <p>The Portuguese first landed in <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a> in 1513, but it only became the new centre for their activities in Maluku following the expulsion from Ternate. European power in the region was weak and Ternate became an expanding, fiercely Islamic and anti-European state under the rule of Sultan Baab Ullah (r. 1570–1583) and his son Sultan Said.<sup id="cite_ref-RICKLEFSp25_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RICKLEFSp25-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese in Ambon, however, were regularly attacked by native Muslims on the island's northern coast, in particular Hitu which had trading and religious links with major port cities on Java's north coast. Altogether, the Portuguese never had the resources or manpower to control the local trade in spices, and failed in attempts to establish their authority over the crucial Banda Islands, the nearby centre of most nutmeg and mace production. Following Portuguese missionary work, there have been large Christian communities in eastern Indonesia particularly among the Ambonese.<sup id="cite_ref-RICKLEFSp25_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RICKLEFSp25-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1560s there were 10,000 Catholics in the area, mostly on Ambon, and by the 1590s there were 50,000 to 60,000, although most of the region surrounding Ambon remained Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-RICKLEFSp25_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RICKLEFSp25-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> was visited by the Portuguese between 1507 (by Diogo Fernandes Pereira) and 1513. The Portuguese took no interest in the isolated <a href="/wiki/Mascarene_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Mascarene islands">Mascarene islands</a>. Their main African base was in <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, and therefore the Portuguese navigators preferred to use the <a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a> to go to India. The <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> at the north proved to be a more practical port of call. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese colonization of the Americas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Il-171_0007_10-11_t24-C-R0150.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Il-171_0007_10-11_t24-C-R0150.jpg/220px-Il-171_0007_10-11_t24-C-R0150.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Il-171_0007_10-11_t24-C-R0150.jpg/330px-Il-171_0007_10-11_t24-C-R0150.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Il-171_0007_10-11_t24-C-R0150.jpg/440px-Il-171_0007_10-11_t24-C-R0150.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese North America (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>); Vaz Dourado, c. 1576.</figcaption></figure> <p>Based on the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a>, Manuel I claimed territorial rights in the area visited by <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a> in 1497 and 1498.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To that end, in 1499 and 1500, the Portuguese mariner <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Fernandes_Lavrador" title="João Fernandes Lavrador">João Fernandes Lavrador</a> visited the northeast Atlantic coast and <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and the north Atlantic coast of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, which accounts for the appearance of "Labrador" on topographical maps of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-Diffie1977_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diffie1977-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, in 1501 and 1502 the <a href="/wiki/Corte-Real_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Corte-Real (disambiguation)">Corte-Real</a> brothers explored and charted Greenland and the coasts of present-day <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>, claiming these lands as part of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>. Whether or not the Corte-Reals expeditions were also inspired by or continuing the alleged voyages of their father, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Vaz_Corte-Real" title="João Vaz Corte-Real">João Vaz Corte-Real</a> (with other Europeans) in 1473, to <i>Terra Nova do Bacalhau</i> (<i>Newfoundland of the Codfish</i>), remains controversial, as the 16th century accounts of the 1473 expedition differ considerably. In 1520–1521, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_%C3%81lvares_Fagundes" title="João Álvares Fagundes">João Álvares Fagundes</a> was granted <a href="/wiki/Donat%C3%A1rio" title="Donatário">donatary</a> rights to the inner islands of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a>. Accompanied by colonists from mainland Portugal and the Azores, he explored Newfoundland and <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> (possibly reaching the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Minas_Basin" title="Minas Basin">Minas Basin</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and established a fishing colony on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a>, that would last some years or until at least 1570s, based on contemporary accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabral_voyage_1500.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Cabral_voyage_1500.svg/300px-Cabral_voyage_1500.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Cabral_voyage_1500.svg/450px-Cabral_voyage_1500.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Cabral_voyage_1500.svg/600px-Cabral_voyage_1500.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1410" data-file-height="1058" /></a><figcaption>Cabral's voyage to Brazil and India, 1500</figcaption></figure> <p>Brazil was claimed by Portugal in April 1500, on the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boxer,_p._98_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boxer,_p._98-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese encountered natives divided into several tribes. The first settlement was founded in 1532. Some European countries, especially France, were also sending excursions to Brazil to extract <a href="/wiki/Brazilwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilwood">brazilwood</a>. Worried about the foreign incursions and hoping to find mineral riches, the Portuguese crown decided to send large missions to take possession of the land and combat the French. In 1530, an expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Martim_Afonso_de_Sousa" title="Martim Afonso de Sousa">Martim Afonso de Sousa</a> arrived to patrol the entire coast, ban the French, and to create the first colonial villages, like São Vicente, at the coast. As time passed, the Portuguese created the Viceroyalty of Brazil. Colonization was effectively begun in 1534, when <a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">Dom</a> <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">João III</a> divided the territory into twelve hereditary captaincies,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Skidmore,_p._27_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skidmore,_p._27-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a model that had previously been used successfully in the colonization of the <a href="/wiki/Madeira_Island" title="Madeira Island">Madeira Island</a>, but this arrangement proved problematic and in 1549 the king assigned a <a href="/wiki/Governor-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General">Governor-General</a> to administer the entire colony,<sup id="cite_ref-Skidmore,_p._27_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skidmore,_p._27-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_de_Sousa" title="Tomé de Sousa">Tomé de Sousa</a>. </p><p>The Portuguese frequently relied on the help of <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> and European adventurers who lived together with the aborigines and knew their languages and culture, such as <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Ramalho" title="João Ramalho">João Ramalho</a>, who lived among the Guaianaz tribe near today's São Paulo, and <a href="/wiki/Diogo_%C3%81lvares_Correia" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogo Álvares Correia">Diogo Álvares Correia</a>, who lived among the Tupinamba natives near today's Salvador de Bahia. </p><p>The Portuguese assimilated some of the native tribes<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others were enslaved or exterminated in long wars or by European diseases to which they had no immunity.<sup id="cite_ref-Boxer,_p._102_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boxer,_p._102-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-16th century, sugar had become Brazil's most important export<sup id="cite_ref-Boxer,_p._100_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boxer,_p._100-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Portuguese imported African slaves<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to produce it. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27,_1879,_oil_on_canvas,_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes,_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG/220px-Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG/330px-Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG/440px-Victor_Meirelles_-_%27Battle_of_Guararapes%27%2C_1879%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes%2C_Rio_de_Janeiro.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="1668" /></a><figcaption>The Portuguese victory at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="Second Battle of Guararapes">Second Battle of Guararapes</a>, ended Dutch presence in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">Brazil</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mem_de_S%C3%A1" title="Mem de Sá">Mem de Sá</a> was the third <a href="/wiki/Governor-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General">Governor-General</a> of Brazil in 1556, succeeding Duarte da Costa, in <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvador, Brazil">Salvador</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a> when France founded several colonies. Mem de Sá was supporting of <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> priests, Fathers <a href="/wiki/Manuel_da_N%C3%B3brega" title="Manuel da Nóbrega">Manuel da Nóbrega</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Anchieta" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Anchieta">José de Anchieta</a>, who founded <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Vicente,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="São Vicente, Brazil">São Vicente</a> in 1532, and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="São Paulo (city)">São Paulo</a>, in 1554. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raposo_Tavares.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Raposo_Tavares.jpg/170px-Raposo_Tavares.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Raposo_Tavares.jpg/255px-Raposo_Tavares.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Raposo_Tavares.jpg/340px-Raposo_Tavares.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Raposo_Tavares" title="António Raposo Tavares">António Raposo Tavares</a>, a bandeirante, led in 1648–1652 the largest continental expedition made in the Americas until then, from São Paulo to the east, near the Andes (via Mato Grosso, the <a href="/wiki/Paraguay_River" title="Paraguay River">Paraguay River</a>, the Grande River, the <a href="/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9_River" title="Mamoré River">Mamoré River</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Madeira_River" title="Madeira River">Madeira River</a>), and to the Amazon River and the Atlantic</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonists</a> tried to settle in present-day <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, from 1555 to 1567, the so-called <a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">France Antarctique</a> episode, and in present-day <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Lu%C3%ADs,_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="São Luís, Maranhão">São Luís</a>, from 1612 to 1614 the so-called <a href="/wiki/France_%C3%89quinoxiale" class="mw-redirect" title="France Équinoxiale">France Équinoxiale</a>. Through wars against the French the Portuguese slowly expanded their territory to the southeast, taking <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> in 1567, and to the northwest, taking <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Lu%C3%ADs,_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="São Luís, Maranhão">São Luís</a> in 1615.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dutch sacked <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a> in 1604, and temporarily captured the capital <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvador, Brazil">Salvador</a>. </p><p>In the 1620s and 1630s, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> established many trade posts or colonies. The Spanish silver fleet, which carried silver from Spanish colonies to Spain, were seized by <a href="/wiki/Piet_Hein_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piet Hein (Netherlands)">Piet Heyn</a> in 1628. In 1629 <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> were established.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1630 the West India Company conquered part of Brazil, and the colony of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Brazil" title="Dutch Brazil">New Holland</a> (capital Mauritsstad, present-day <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a>) was founded. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Maurice_of_Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="John Maurice of Nassau">John Maurice of Nassau</a> prince of <a href="/wiki/Nassau-Siegen" title="Nassau-Siegen">Nassau-Siegen</a>, was appointed as the governor of the Dutch possessions in Brazil in 1636 by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> on recommendation of Frederick Henry. He landed at <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a>, the port of <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a> and the chief stronghold of the Dutch, in January 1637. By a series of successful expeditions, he gradually extended the Dutch possessions from <a href="/wiki/Sergipe" title="Sergipe">Sergipe</a> on the south to <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Lu%C3%ADs_de_Maranh%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="São Luís de Maranhão">São Luís de Maranhão</a> in the north. </p><p>In 1624 most of the inhabitants of the town <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a>), in the future Dutch colony of Brazil were <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> who had been banned by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a> to this town at the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. As some years afterward the Dutch in Brazil appealed to Holland for craftsmen of all kinds, many Jews went to Brazil; about 600 Jews left Amsterdam in 1642, accompanied by two distinguished scholars – <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Aboab_da_Fonseca" title="Isaac Aboab da Fonseca">Isaac Aboab da Fonseca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moses_Raphael_de_Aguilar" title="Moses Raphael de Aguilar">Moses Raphael de Aguilar</a>. In the struggle between Holland and Portugal for the possession of Brazil the Dutch were supported by the Jews. </p><p>From 1630 to 1654, the Dutch set up more permanently in the <i>Nordeste</i> and controlled a long stretch of the coast most accessible to Europe, without, however, penetrating the interior. But the colonists of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a> in Brazil were in a constant state of siege, in spite of the presence in Recife of <a href="/wiki/John_Maurice_of_Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="John Maurice of Nassau">John Maurice of Nassau</a> as governor. After several years of open warfare, the Dutch formally withdrew in 1661. </p><p>Portuguese sent military expeditions to the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a> and conquered British and Dutch strongholds,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founding villages and forts from 1669.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1680 they reached the far south and founded <a href="/wiki/Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Colonia del Sacramento">Sacramento</a> on the bank of the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Río de la Plata">Rio de la Plata</a>, in the Eastern Strip region (present-day <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1690s, gold was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Bandeirantes" title="Bandeirantes">explorers</a> in the region that would later be called <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a> (General Mines) in current <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s" title="Goiás">Goiás</a>. </p><p>Before the Iberian Union period (1580–1640), Spain tried to prevent Portuguese expansion into Brazil with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">1494 Treaty of Tordesillas</a>. After the Iberian Union period, the <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Eastern Strip</a> were settled by Portugal. This was disputed in vain, and in 1777 Spain confirmed Portuguese sovereignty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iberian_Union_period_(1580–1640)"><span id="Iberian_Union_period_.281580.E2.80.931640.29"></span>Iberian Union period (1580–1640)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Iberian Union period (1580–1640)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ataque_Cartagena_de_Indias.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ataque_Cartagena_de_Indias.jpg/260px-Ataque_Cartagena_de_Indias.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ataque_Cartagena_de_Indias.jpg/390px-Ataque_Cartagena_de_Indias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ataque_Cartagena_de_Indias.jpg/520px-Ataque_Cartagena_de_Indias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Battle of Cartagena de Indias</a>, March–May 1741, during this battle the Spanish Empire defeated a British fleet of over 30,000 professional soldiers, 51 warships and 135 transport ships counting the glorious Spanish army only less than 2400 professional soldiers, 600 natives and 6 ships.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1578, the Saadi <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Mansur" title="Ahmad al-Mansur">Ahmad al-Mansur</a>, contemporary of Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>, defeated Portugal at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ksar_El_Kebir" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ksar El Kebir">Battle of Ksar El Kebir</a>, beating the young king <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian of Portugal">Sebastian I</a>, a devout Christian who believed in the crusade to defeat Islam. Portugal had landed in North Africa after <a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_Mohammed_II_Saadi" title="Abu Abdallah Mohammed II Saadi">Abu Abdallah</a> asked him to help recover the Saadian throne. Abu Abdallah's uncle, Abd Al-Malik, had taken it from Abu Abdallah with Ottoman Empire support. The defeat of Abu Abdallah and the death of Portugal's king led to the end of the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">Aviz dynasty</a> and later to the integration of Portugal and its empire at the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> for 60 years under Sebastian's uncle <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Dynasty">Philip II of Spain</a>. Philip was married to his relative <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> cousin of his father, due to this, Philip was <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">King of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Irish monarchs">Ireland</a><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">dynastic union</a> with Spain. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%81lvaroDeBaz%C3%A1nRafaelTegeo1828.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%C3%81lvaroDeBaz%C3%A1nRafaelTegeo1828.jpg/170px-%C3%81lvaroDeBaz%C3%A1nRafaelTegeo1828.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%C3%81lvaroDeBaz%C3%A1nRafaelTegeo1828.jpg/255px-%C3%81lvaroDeBaz%C3%A1nRafaelTegeo1828.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%C3%81lvaroDeBaz%C3%A1nRafaelTegeo1828.jpg/340px-%C3%81lvaroDeBaz%C3%A1nRafaelTegeo1828.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1705" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n,_Marquis_of_Santa_Cruz" title="Álvaro de Bazán, Marquis of Santa Cruz">Álvaro de Bazán</a>, Spanish admiral famous for never having lost a battle.</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of the Iberian Union, Phillip II's enemies became Portugal's enemies, such as the Dutch in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a>, England or France. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">English-Spanish wars of 1585–1604</a> were clashes not only in English and Spanish ports or on the sea between them but also in and around the present-day territories of Florida, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, and Panama. War with the Dutch led to invasions of many countries in Asia, including Ceylon and commercial interests in Japan, Africa (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Gabon" title="History of Gabon">Mina</a>), and South America. Even though the Portuguese were unable to capture the entire island of Ceylon, they were able to control its coastal regions for a considerable time. </p><p>From 1580 to 1670 mostly, the <a href="/wiki/Bandeirantes" title="Bandeirantes">Bandeirantes</a> in Brazil focused on slave hunting, then from 1670 to 1750 they focused on mineral wealth. Through these expeditions and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil</a> expanded from the small limits of the <a href="/wiki/Tordesilhas_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Tordesilhas Line">Tordesilhas Line</a> to roughly the same borders as current Brazil. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Empire_Anachronous_0.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Spanish_Empire_Anachronous_0.PNG/440px-Spanish_Empire_Anachronous_0.PNG" decoding="async" width="440" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Spanish_Empire_Anachronous_0.PNG/660px-Spanish_Empire_Anachronous_0.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Spanish_Empire_Anachronous_0.PNG/880px-Spanish_Empire_Anachronous_0.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2752" data-file-height="1397" /></a><figcaption>The combined Spanish and Portuguese empires during the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> (1580–1640)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 17th century, taking advantage of this period of Portuguese weakness, the Dutch occupied many Portuguese territories in Brazil. <a href="/wiki/John_Maurice,_Prince_of_Nassau-Siegen" title="John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen">John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen</a> was appointed as the governor of the Dutch possessions in Brazil in 1637 by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_India_Company" title="Dutch West India Company">Dutch West India Company</a>. He landed at Recife, the port of Pernambuco, in January 1637. In a series of expeditions, he gradually expanded from Sergipe on the south to São Luís de Maranhão in the north. He likewise conquered the Portuguese possessions of <a href="/wiki/Elmina_Castle" title="Elmina Castle">Elmina Castle</a>, Saint Thomas, and <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a> and Angola. The Dutch intrusion into Brazil was long lasting and troublesome to Portugal. The <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a> captured a large portion of the Brazilian coast including the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>, Pernambuco, <a href="/wiki/Para%C3%ADba" title="Paraíba">Paraíba</a>, Rio Grande do Norte, <a href="/wiki/Cear%C3%A1" title="Ceará">Ceará</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sergipe" title="Sergipe">Sergipe</a>, while Dutch privateers sacked Portuguese ships in both the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The large area of Bahia and its city, the strategically important Salvador, was recovered quickly by an Iberian military expedition in 1625. </p><p>After the dissolution of the Iberian Union in 1640, Portugal re-established authority over its lost territories including remaining Dutch controlled areas. The other smaller, less developed areas were recovered in stages and relieved of Dutch piracy in the next two decades by local resistance and Portuguese expeditions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Spanish Formosa</a> was established in Taiwan, first by Portugal in 1544 and later renamed and repositioned by Spain in <a href="/wiki/Keelung" title="Keelung">Keelung</a>. It became a natural defence site for the Iberian Union. The colony was designed to protect Spanish and Portuguese trade from interference by the Dutch base in the south of Taiwan. The Spanish colony was short-lived due to the unwillingness of Spanish colonial authorities in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> to defend it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disease_in_the_Americas">Disease in the Americas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Disease in the Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Florentinoviruela.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Florentinoviruela.JPG/200px-Florentinoviruela.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Florentinoviruela.JPG/300px-Florentinoviruela.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Florentinoviruela.JPG/400px-Florentinoviruela.JPG 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Aztecs dying of smallpox ("<a href="/wiki/Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">The Florentine Codex</a>" 1540–85)</figcaption></figure> <p>While technological superiority, military strategy and forging local alliances played an important role in the victories of the conquistadors in the Americas, their conquest was greatly facilitated by Old World diseases: <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicken_pox" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken pox">chicken pox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>. The diseases were carried to distant tribes and villages. This typical path of disease transmission moved much faster than the conquistadors, so that as they advanced, resistance weakened.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of epidemics">Epidemic disease</a> is commonly cited as the primary reason for the population collapse. The American natives lacked <a href="/wiki/Immunity_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity (medical)">immunity</a> to these infections.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Coronado" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Coronado">Francisco Coronado</a> and the Spaniards first explored the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> Valley in 1540, in modern New Mexico, some of the chieftains complained of new diseases that affected their tribes. <a href="/wiki/Cabeza_de_Vaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabeza de Vaca">Cabeza de Vaca</a> reported that in 1528, when the Spanish landed in Texas, "half the natives died from a disease of the bowels and blamed us".<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Spanish conquistadors arrived in the Incan empire, a large portion of the population had already died in a <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> epidemic. The first epidemic was recorded in 1529 and killed the emperor <a href="/wiki/Huayna_Capac" title="Huayna Capac">Huayna Capac</a>, the father of <a href="/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a>. Further epidemics of smallpox broke out in 1533, 1535, 1558 and 1565, as well as typhus in 1546, influenza in 1558, diphtheria in 1614 and measles in 1618.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 133">: 133 </span></sup> </p><p>Recently developed <a href="/wiki/Growth_rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Growth rings">tree-ring</a> evidence shows that the illness which reduced the population in Aztec Mexico was aided by a great drought in the 16th century, and which continued through the arrival of the Spanish conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has added to the body of epidemiological evidence indicating that <a href="/wiki/Cocoliztli_epidemics" title="Cocoliztli epidemics">cocoliztli epidemics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> name for <a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever" title="Viral hemorrhagic fever">viral haemorrhagic fever</a>) were indigenous fevers transmitted by rodents and aggravated by the drought. The <a href="/wiki/Cocoliztli_Epidemic_of_1545-1548" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoliztli Epidemic of 1545-1548">cocoliztli epidemic from 1545 to 1548</a> killed an estimated 5 to 15 million people, or up to 80% of the native population. The cocoliztli epidemic from 1576 to 1578 killed an estimated, additional 2 to 2.5 million people, or about 50% of the remainder.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American researcher <a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Dobyns" title="Henry F. Dobyns">Henry Dobyns</a> said that 95% of the total population of the Americas died in the first 130 years,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that 90% of the population of the Inca Empire died in epidemics.<sup id="cite_ref-dobyns83_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dobyns83-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cook and Borah of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California at Berkeley</a> believe that the indigenous population in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> declined from 25.2 million in 1518 to 700,000 people in 1623, less than 3% of the original population.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythic_lands">Mythic lands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mythic lands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conquistadors found new animal species, but reports confused these with monsters such as giants, dragons, or ghosts.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stories about castaways on mysterious islands were common. </p><p>An early motive for exploration was the search for Cipango, the place where gold was born. Cathay and Cibao were later goals. The <a href="/wiki/Seven_Cities_of_Gold" title="Seven Cities of Gold">Seven Cities of Gold</a>, or "Cibola", was rumoured to have been built by Native Americans somewhere in the desert Southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 1611, Sebastián Vizcaíno surveyed the east coast of Japan and searched for two mythical islands called Rico de Oro ('Rich in Gold') and Rico de Plata ('Rich in Silver'). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumento_a_Francisco_de_Orellana,_Gu%C3%A1pulo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Monumento_a_Francisco_de_Orellana%2C_Gu%C3%A1pulo.jpg/220px-Monumento_a_Francisco_de_Orellana%2C_Gu%C3%A1pulo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Monumento_a_Francisco_de_Orellana%2C_Gu%C3%A1pulo.jpg/330px-Monumento_a_Francisco_de_Orellana%2C_Gu%C3%A1pulo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Monumento_a_Francisco_de_Orellana%2C_Gu%C3%A1pulo.jpg/440px-Monumento_a_Francisco_de_Orellana%2C_Gu%C3%A1pulo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Francisco de Orellana monument in <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A1pulo" title="Guápulo">Guápulo</a>, point of departure (from <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>) to the Amazon.</figcaption></figure> <p>Books such as <a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo" title="The Travels of Marco Polo">The Travels of Marco Polo</a> fuelled rumours of mythical places. Stories included the half-fabulous Christian Empire of "<a href="/wiki/Prester_John" title="Prester John">Prester John</a>", the kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Dido_(Queen_of_Carthage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dido (Queen of Carthage)">White Queen</a> on the "Western Nile" (<a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sénégal River">Sénégal River</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Youth" title="Fountain of Youth">Fountain of Youth</a>, cities of Gold in North and South America such as <a href="/wiki/Quivira" title="Quivira">Quivira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zuni-Cibola_Complex" title="Zuni-Cibola Complex">Zuni-Cibola Complex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado">El Dorado</a>, and wonderful kingdoms of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes</a> and women called <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a>. In 1542, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Orellana" title="Francisco de Orellana">Francisco de Orellana</a> reached the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a>, naming it after a tribe of warlike women he claimed to have fought there. Others claimed that the similarity between <i>Indio</i> and <i>Iudio</i>, the Spanish-language word for 'Jew' around 1500, revealed the indigenous peoples' origin. Portuguese traveller <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Montezinos" title="Antonio de Montezinos">Antonio de Montezinos</a> reported that some of the Lost Tribes were living among the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans of the Andes in South America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Oviedo_y_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés">Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés</a> wrote that Ponce de León was looking for the waters of <a href="/wiki/Bimini" title="Bimini">Bimini</a> to cure his aging.<sup id="cite_ref-EditionAmador_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EditionAmador-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar account appears in <a href="/wiki/Francisco_L%C3%B3pez_de_G%C3%B3mara" title="Francisco López de Gómara">Francisco López de Gómara</a>'s <i>Historia General de las Indias</i> of 1551.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then in 1575, <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Escalante_Fontaneda" title="Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda">Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda</a>, a shipwreck survivor who had lived with the Native Americans of Florida for 17 years, published his memoir in which he locates the Fountain of Youth in Florida, and says that Ponce de León was supposed to have looked for them there.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This land<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> somehow also became confused with the <a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Youth" title="Fountain of Youth">Boinca</a> or Boyuca mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Solis" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan de Solis">Juan de Solis</a>, although Solis's navigational data placed it in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Honduras" title="Gulf of Honduras">Gulf of Honduras</a>. </p><p>Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a> and some Italian, Spanish, Dutch, French and Portuguese expeditions were looking for the wonderful Guiana empire that gave its name to the present day countries of <a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">the Guianas</a>. </p><p>Several expeditions went in search of these fabulous places, but returned empty-handed, or brought less gold than they had hoped. They found other <a href="/wiki/Precious_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Precious metals">precious metals</a> such as silver, which was particularly abundant in <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a>, in modern-day Bolivia. They discovered new routes, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">ocean currents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade_winds" title="Trade winds">trade winds</a>, crops, spices and other products. In the sail era knowledge of winds and currents was essential, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Agulhas current">Agulhas current</a> long prevented Portuguese sailors from reaching India. Various places in Africa and the Americas have been named after the imagined cities made of gold, rivers of gold and precious stones. </p><p>Shipwrecked off <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Catarina (island)">Santa Catarina island</a> in present-day Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Aleixo_Garcia" title="Aleixo Garcia">Aleixo Garcia</a> living among the Guaranís heard tales of a "White King" who lived to the west, ruling cities of incomparable riches and splendour. Marching westward in 1524 to find the land of the "White King", he was the first European to cross South America from the East. He discovered a great waterfall<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Chaco" title="Gran Chaco">Chaco Plain</a>. He managed to penetrate the outer defences of the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> on the hills of the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, the first European to do so, eight years before Francisco Pizarro. Garcia looted a booty of silver. When the army of <a href="/wiki/Huayna_C%C3%A1pac" class="mw-redirect" title="Huayna Cápac">Huayna Cápac</a> arrived to challenge him, Garcia then retreated with the spoils, only to be assassinated by his Indian allies near <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro,_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="San Pedro, Paraguay">San Pedro</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Paraguay_River" title="Paraguay River">Paraguay River</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secrecy">Secrecy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Secrecy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:California_island_Vinckeboons5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/California_island_Vinckeboons5.jpg/280px-California_island_Vinckeboons5.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/California_island_Vinckeboons5.jpg/420px-California_island_Vinckeboons5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/California_island_Vinckeboons5.jpg/560px-California_island_Vinckeboons5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8359" data-file-height="5800" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_California" title="Island of California">Island of California</a>, circa 1650; restored.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Spanish discovery of what they thought at that time was India, and the constant competition of Portugal and Spain led to a desire for secrecy about every trade route and every colony. As a consequence, many documents that could reach other European countries included fake dates and faked facts, to mislead any other nation's possible efforts. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_California" title="Island of California">Island of California</a> refers to a famous <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartographic</a> error propagated on many maps during the 17th and 18th centuries, despite contradictory evidence from various explorers. The legend was initially infused with the idea that California was a terrestrial paradise, peopled by black <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a>. </p><p>The tendency to secrecy and falsification of dates casts doubts about the authenticity of many <a href="/wiki/Primary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary sources">primary sources</a>. Several historians<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> have hypothesized that John II may have known of the existence of Brazil and North America as early as 1480, thus explaining his wish in 1494 at the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a>, to push the line of influence further west. Many historians suspect that the real documents would have been placed in the Library of Lisbon.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Unfortunately, a fire following the <a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">1755 Lisbon earthquake</a> destroyed nearly all of the library's records, but an extra copy<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> available in Goa was transferred to Lisbon's Tower of Tombo, during the following 100 years. The Corpo Cronológico (Chronological Corpus), a collection of manuscripts on the Portuguese explorations and discoveries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, was inscribed on <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory of the World Register">Memory of the World Register</a> in 2007 in recognition of its historical value "for acquiring knowledge of the political, diplomatic, military, economic and religious history of numerous countries at the time of the Portuguese Discoveries."<sup id="cite_ref-mow_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mow-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Financing_and_governance">Financing and governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Financing and governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fundacion_de_Santiago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Fundacion_de_Santiago.jpg/220px-Fundacion_de_Santiago.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Fundacion_de_Santiago.jpg/330px-Fundacion_de_Santiago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Fundacion_de_Santiago.jpg/440px-Fundacion_de_Santiago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1330" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>1541 founding of <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago de Chile">Santiago de Chile</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estatua_de_Francisco_Pizarro_en_Trujillo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Estatua_de_Francisco_Pizarro_en_Trujillo.JPG/170px-Estatua_de_Francisco_Pizarro_en_Trujillo.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Estatua_de_Francisco_Pizarro_en_Trujillo.JPG/255px-Estatua_de_Francisco_Pizarro_en_Trujillo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Estatua_de_Francisco_Pizarro_en_Trujillo.JPG/340px-Estatua_de_Francisco_Pizarro_en_Trujillo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Bronze equestrian statue of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_C%C3%A1ceres" title="Trujillo, Cáceres">Trujillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ferdinand II King of Aragon and Regent of Castile, incorporated the American territories into the Kingdom of Castile and then withdrew the authority granted to governor Christopher Columbus and the first conquistadors. He established direct royal control with the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a>, the most important administrative organ of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, both in the Americas and in Asia. After unifying Castile, Ferdinand introduced to Castile many laws, regulations and institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>, that were typical in Aragon. These laws were later used in the new lands. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_Burgos" title="Laws of Burgos">Laws of Burgos</a>, created in 1512–1513, were the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of settlers in Spanish colonial America, particularly with regards to <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>. They forbade the maltreatment of indigenous people, and endorsed their conversion to Catholicism. </p><p>The evolving structure of colonial government was not fully formed until the third quarter of the 16th century; however, <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">los Reyes Católicos</a></i> designated <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Fonseca" title="Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca">Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca</a> to study the problems related to the colonization process. Rodríguez de Fonseca effectively became minister for the Indies and laid the foundations for the creation of a colonial bureaucracy, combining legislative, executive and judicial functions. Rodríguez de Fonseca presided over the council, which contained a number of members of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Castile" title="Council of Castile">Council of Castile</a> (<i>Consejo de Castilla</i>), and formed a <i>Junta de Indias</i> of about eight counsellors. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> was already using the term "<a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a>" in 1519. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> (1527–1598).</figcaption></figure> <p>The Crown reserved for itself important tools of intervention. The "capitulacion" clearly stated that the conquered territories belonged to the Crown, not to the individual. On the other hand, <i>concessions</i> allowed the Crown to guide the Companies conquests to certain territories, depending on their interests. In addition, the leader of the expedition received clear instructions about their duties towards the army, the native population, the type of military action. A written report about the results was mandatory. The army had a royal official, the "veedor". The "veedor" or notary, ensured they complied with orders and instructions and preserved the King's share of the booty. </p><p>In practice the Capitán had almost unlimited power. Besides the Crown and the conquistador, they were very important the backers who were charged with anticipating the money to the Capitán and guarantee payment of obligations. </p><p>Armed groups sought supplies and funds in various ways. Financing was requested from the King, delegates of the Crown, the nobility, rich merchants or the troops themselves. The more professional campaigns were funded by the Crown. Campaigns were sometimes initiated by inexperienced governors, because in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish Colonial America</a>, offices were bought or handed to relatives or cronies. Sometimes, an expedition of conquistadors were a group of influential men who had recruited and equipped their fighters, by promising a share of the booty. </p><p>Aside from the explorations predominated by Spain and Portugal, other parts of Europe also aided in colonization of the New World. King Charles I was documented to receive loans from the German <a href="/wiki/Welser_family" title="Welser family">Welser family</a> to help finance the Venezuela expedition for gold.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With numerous armed groups aiming to launch explorations well into the Age of Conquest, the Crown became indebted, allowing opportunity for foreign European creditors to finance the explorations. </p><p>The conquistador borrowed as little as possible, preferring to invest all their belongings. Sometimes, every soldier brought his own equipment and supplies, other times the soldiers received gear as an advance from the conquistador. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a>, seamen of the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Tinto_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Río Tinto (river)">Tinto</a>–<a href="/wiki/Odiel" title="Odiel">Odiel</a> participated in Columbus's undertaking.<sup id="cite_ref-ortegamartin_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ortegamartin-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also supported the project economically, supplying money from their personal fortunes.<sup id="cite_ref-LascasasPinzón_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LascasasPinzón-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sponsors included governments, the king, viceroys, and local governors backed by rich men. The contribution of each individual conditioned the subsequent division of the booty, receiving a portion the pawn (lancero, piquero, alabardero, rodelero) and twice a man on horseback (caballero) owner of a horse.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sometimes part of the booty consisted of women and/or slaves. Even the dogs, important weapons of war in their own right, were in some cases rewarded. The division of the booty produced conflicts, such as the one between Pizarro and Almagro. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflicts_among_conquistadors">Conflicts among conquistadors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Conflicts among conquistadors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The division of the booty produced bloody conflicts, such as the one between Pizarro and De Almagro. After present-day Peruvian territories fell to Spain, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a> dispatched <i>El Adelantado</i>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a>, before they became enemies to the Inca Empire's northern city of <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a> to claim it. Their fellow conquistador <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Belalc%C3%A1zar" title="Sebastián de Belalcázar">Sebastián de Belalcázar</a>, who had gone forth without Pizarro's approval, had already reached Quito. The arrival of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a> from the lands known today as <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> in search of Inca gold further complicated the situation for De Almagro and Belalcázar. De Alvarado left South America in exchange for monetary compensation from Pizarro. De Almagro was executed in 1538, by <a href="/wiki/Hernando_Pizarro" title="Hernando Pizarro">Hernando Pizarro</a>'s orders. In 1541, supporters of <a href="/wiki/Diego_Almagro_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego Almagro II">Diego Almagro II</a> assassinated Francisco Pizarro in Lima. In 1546, De Belalcázar ordered the execution of <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Robledo_(conquistador)" title="Jorge Robledo (conquistador)">Jorge Robledo</a>, who governed a neighbouring province in yet another land-related vendetta. De Belalcázar was tried in absentia, convicted and condemned for killing Robledo and for other offenses pertaining to his involvement in the wars between armies of conquistadors. <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Pedro de Ursúa">Pedro de Ursúa</a> was killed by his subordinate <a href="/wiki/Lope_de_Aguirre" title="Lope de Aguirre">Lope de Aguirre</a> who crowned himself king while searching for <i><a href="/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado">El Dorado</a></i>. In 1544, Lope de Aguirre and Melchor Verdugo (a <i><a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">converso</a></i> Jew) were at the side of Peru's first viceroy Blasco Núñez Vela, who had arrived from Spain with orders to implement the <a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws</a> and suppress the <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomiendas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Pizarro" title="Gonzalo Pizarro">Gonzalo Pizarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pizarro_brothers" title="Pizarro brothers">another brother</a> of Francisco Pizarro, rose in revolt, killed viceroy <a href="/wiki/Blasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Vela" title="Blasco Núñez Vela">Blasco Núñez Vela</a> and most of his Spanish army in the battle in 1546, and Gonzalo attempted to have himself crowned king. </p><p>The Emperor commissioned bishop <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_la_Gasca" title="Pedro de la Gasca">Pedro de la Gasca</a> to restore the peace, naming him president of the <i><a href="/wiki/Audiencia_Real" class="mw-redirect" title="Audiencia Real">Audiencia</a></i> and providing him with unlimited authority to punish and pardon the rebels. Gasca repealed the <a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws</a>, the issue around which the rebellion had been organized. Gasca convinced <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a>, explorer of Chile, <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Alvarado" title="Alonso de Alvarado">Alonso de Alvarado</a> another searcher for <i>El Dorado</i>, and others that if he were unsuccessful, a royal fleet of 40 ships and 15,000 men was preparing to sail from <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> in June.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_advantages">Military advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Military advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mendoza,_Villagra_y_Quiroga_segun_Ovalle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mendoza%2C_Villagra_y_Quiroga_segun_Ovalle.JPG/170px-Mendoza%2C_Villagra_y_Quiroga_segun_Ovalle.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mendoza%2C_Villagra_y_Quiroga_segun_Ovalle.JPG/255px-Mendoza%2C_Villagra_y_Quiroga_segun_Ovalle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mendoza%2C_Villagra_y_Quiroga_segun_Ovalle.JPG/340px-Mendoza%2C_Villagra_y_Quiroga_segun_Ovalle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ovalle" title="Alonso de Ovalle">Alonso de Ovalle</a>'s 1646 engraving of the conquistadors <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_Hurtado_de_Mendoza,_5th_Marquis_of_Ca%C3%B1ete" title="García Hurtado de Mendoza, 5th Marquis of Cañete">García Hurtado de Mendoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Villagra" title="Pedro de Villagra">Pedro de Villagra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_de_Quiroga" title="Rodrigo de Quiroga">Rodrigo de Quiroga</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabeza_reducida_J%C3%ADbaro_(M._Am%C3%A9rica,_Madrid)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cabeza_reducida_J%C3%ADbaro_%28M._Am%C3%A9rica%2C_Madrid%29_01.jpg/170px-Cabeza_reducida_J%C3%ADbaro_%28M._Am%C3%A9rica%2C_Madrid%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cabeza_reducida_J%C3%ADbaro_%28M._Am%C3%A9rica%2C_Madrid%29_01.jpg/255px-Cabeza_reducida_J%C3%ADbaro_%28M._Am%C3%A9rica%2C_Madrid%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Cabeza_reducida_J%C3%ADbaro_%28M._Am%C3%A9rica%2C_Madrid%29_01.jpg/340px-Cabeza_reducida_J%C3%ADbaro_%28M._Am%C3%A9rica%2C_Madrid%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2181" data-file-height="2495" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shrunken_head" title="Shrunken head">Shrunken head</a> of a mestizo man by the <a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jívaro</a> indigenous people. In 1599, the Jívaro destroyed Spanish settlements in eastern Ecuador and killed all the men.</figcaption></figure> <p>Though vastly outnumbered on foreign and unknown territory, Conquistadors had several military advantages over the native peoples they conquered, military strategies and tactics that were mostly learned from the 781 year war of the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_13_de_la_Isla_del_Gallo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Los_13_de_la_Isla_del_Gallo.jpg/220px-Los_13_de_la_Isla_del_Gallo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Los_13_de_la_Isla_del_Gallo.jpg/330px-Los_13_de_la_Isla_del_Gallo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Los_13_de_la_Isla_del_Gallo.jpg/440px-Los_13_de_la_Isla_del_Gallo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1839" data-file-height="1186" /></a><figcaption>A group of 16th century conquistadors that participated in the Spanish conquest of Peru (second expedition) along with their leader, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategy">Strategy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One factor was the ability of the conquistadors to manipulate the political situation between indigenous peoples and make alliances against larger empires. To beat the <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> civilization, they supported one side of a civil war. The Spanish overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> civilization by allying with natives who had been subjugated by more powerful neighbouring tribes and kingdoms. These tactics had been used by the Spanish, for example, in the <a href="/wiki/Granada_War" title="Granada War">Granada War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">conquest of the Canary Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Iberian_Navarre" title="Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre">conquest of Navarre</a>. Throughout the conquest, the indigenous people greatly outnumbered the conquistadors; the conquistador troops never exceeded 2% of the native population. The army with which <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> besieged <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a> was composed of 200,000 soldiers, of which fewer than 1% were Spaniards.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 178">: 178 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tactics">Tactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spanish and Portuguese forces were capable of quickly moving long distances in foreign land, allowing for speed of maneuver to catch outnumbering forces by surprise. Wars were mainly between clans, expelling intruders. On land, these wars combined some European methods with techniques from Muslim bandits in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>. These tactics consisted of small groups who attempted to catch their opponents by surprise, through an ambush. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> resorted to attacking Arab merchant ships, which were generally unarmed trading vessels without heavy cannons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weapons_and_animals">Weapons and animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Weapons and animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Weapons">Weapons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conquistador_espa%C3%B1ol.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Conquistador_espa%C3%B1ol.JPG/170px-Conquistador_espa%C3%B1ol.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Conquistador_espa%C3%B1ol.JPG/255px-Conquistador_espa%C3%B1ol.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Conquistador_espa%C3%B1ol.JPG/340px-Conquistador_espa%C3%B1ol.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Spanish conquistador in the Pavilion of Navigation in Seville, Spain.</figcaption></figure> <p>Spanish conquistadors in the Americas made extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">swords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pikes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbows</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebuses</a> becoming widespread only from the 1570s.<sup id="cite_ref-Espino2012_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espino2012-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A scarcity of firearms did not prevent conquistadors to pioneer the use of mounted arquebusiers, an early form of <a href="/wiki/Dragoon" title="Dragoon">dragoon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Espino2012_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espino2012-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1540s <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Carvajal" title="Francisco de Carvajal">Francisco de Carvajal</a>'s use of firearms in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish civil war in Peru</a> prefigured the <a href="/wiki/Volley_fire" title="Volley fire">volley fire</a> technique that developed in Europe many decades after.<sup id="cite_ref-Espino2012_115-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espino2012-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Animals">Animals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1898_urtoko_pottoka_eta_artzanora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/1898_urtoko_pottoka_eta_artzanora.jpg/220px-1898_urtoko_pottoka_eta_artzanora.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/1898_urtoko_pottoka_eta_artzanora.jpg/330px-1898_urtoko_pottoka_eta_artzanora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/1898_urtoko_pottoka_eta_artzanora.jpg/440px-1898_urtoko_pottoka_eta_artzanora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>Basque Countrymen near the France–Spain border in 1898, with characteristic horse, donkey and dogs. These were the type of animals introduced to America.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mastspagn3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mastspagn3.jpg/220px-Mastspagn3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mastspagn3.jpg/330px-Mastspagn3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Mastspagn3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Mastiff" title="Spanish Mastiff">Spanish Mastiff</a> used in expeditions and guard</figcaption></figure> <p>Animals were another important factor for Spanish triumph. On the one hand, the introduction of the horse and other domesticated pack animals allowed them greater mobility unknown to the Indian cultures. However, in the mountains and jungles, the Spaniards were less able to use narrow Amerindian roads and bridges made for pedestrian traffic, which were sometimes no wider than a few feet. In places such as <a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentina#Spanish_colonial_era" title="History of Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">New Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_California_to_1899#Spanish_colonization_and_governance_(1697–1821)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of California to 1899">California</a>, the indigenous people learned horsemanship, cattle raising, and sheep herding. The use of the new techniques by indigenous groups later became a disputed factor in native resistance to the colonial and American governments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Spaniards were also skilled at breeding dogs for war, hunting and protection. The <a href="/wiki/Mastiff" title="Mastiff">mastiffs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alano_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="Alano Español">Spanish war dogs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Livestock_guardian_dog" title="Livestock guardian dog">sheep dogs</a> they used in battle were effective as a psychological weapon against the natives, who, in many cases, had never seen domesticated dogs. Although some indigenous peoples did have domestic dogs during the conquest of the Americas, Spanish conquistadors used <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Mastiff" title="Spanish Mastiff">Spanish Mastiffs</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Molossers" class="mw-redirect" title="Molossers">Molossers</a> in battle against the <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a>. These specially trained dogs were feared because of their strength and ferocity. The strongest big breeds of broad-mouthed dogs were <a href="/wiki/Attack_dog" title="Attack dog">specifically trained</a> for battle. These <a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_warfare" title="Dogs in warfare">war dogs</a> were used against barely clothed troops. They were armoured dogs trained to kill and disembowel.<sup id="cite_ref-Stannard_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stannard-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most famous of these dogs of war was a mascot of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Ponce de Leon</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Becerrillo" title="Becerrillo">Becerrillo</a></i>, the first European dog known to reach North America;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> another famous dog called <i>Leoncico</i>, the son of <i>Becerillo</i>, and the first European dog known to see the Pacific Ocean, was a mascot of <a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a> and accompanied him on several expeditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nautical_science">Nautical science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Nautical science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlmanachPerpetuum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/AlmanachPerpetuum.jpg/170px-AlmanachPerpetuum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/AlmanachPerpetuum.jpg/255px-AlmanachPerpetuum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/AlmanachPerpetuum.jpg/340px-AlmanachPerpetuum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="1054" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">Ephemeris</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Zacuto" title="Abraham Zacuto">Abraham Zacuto</a> in Almanach Perpetuum, 1496</figcaption></figure> <p>The successive expeditions and experience of the Spanish and Portuguese pilots led to a rapid evolution of European nautical science. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigation">Navigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Conquistador" title="Special:EditPage/Conquistador">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the thirteenth century they were guided by the sun position. For <a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">celestial navigation</a> like other Europeans, they used Greek tools, like the <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)" title="Quadrant (instrument)">quadrant</a>, which they made easier and simpler. They also created the <a href="/wiki/Cross-staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-staff">cross-staff</a>, or <i>cane of Jacob</i>, for measuring at sea the height of the sun and other stars. The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Cross">Southern Cross</a> became a reference upon the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Santar%C3%A9m" title="João de Santarém">João de Santarém</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Escobar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Escobar">Pedro Escobar</a> in the Southern hemisphere in 1471, starting its use in celestial navigation. The results varied throughout the year, which required corrections. To address this the Portuguese used the astronomical tables (<a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">Ephemeris</a>), a precious tool for oceanic navigation, which spread widely in the fifteenth century. These tables revolutionized navigation, enabling <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> calculations. The tables of the Almanach Perpetuum, by astronomer <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Zacuto" title="Abraham Zacuto">Abraham Zacuto</a>, published in Leiria in 1496, were used along with its improved astrolabe, by <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ship_design">Ship design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ship design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iberian_ship_development,_1400%E2%80%931600" title="Iberian ship development, 1400–1600">Iberian ship development, 1400–1600</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caravel_Boa_Esperanca_Portugal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Caravel_Boa_Esperanca_Portugal.jpg/220px-Caravel_Boa_Esperanca_Portugal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Caravel_Boa_Esperanca_Portugal.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="209" /></a><figcaption>A Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">caravel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The ship that truly launched the first phase of the discoveries along the African coast was the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">caravel</a>. Iberians quickly adopted it for their merchant navy. It was a development based on African fishing boats. They were agile and easier to navigate, with a tonnage of 50 to 160 tons and one to three masts, with <a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">lateen</a> triangular sails allowing <a href="/wiki/Luffing" title="Luffing">luffing</a>. The caravel particularly benefited from a greater capacity to <a href="/wiki/Tack_(sailing)" title="Tack (sailing)">tack</a>. The limited capacity for cargo and crew were their main drawbacks, but have not hindered its success. Limited crew and cargo space was acceptable, initially, because as exploratory ships, their "cargo" was what was in the explorer's discoveries about a new territory, which only took up the space of one person.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the famous caravels are <i>Berrio</i> and <i>Caravela Annunciation</i>. Columbus also used them in his travels. </p><p>Long oceanic voyages led to larger ships. "Nau" was the Portuguese archaic synonym for any large ship, primarily <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchant ships</a>. Due to the piracy that plagued the coasts, they began to be used in the navy and were provided with cannon windows, which led to the classification of "naus" according to the power of its artillery. The <a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">carrack</a> or nau was a three- or four-<a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">masted</a> ship. It had a high rounded <a href="/wiki/Stern" title="Stern">stern</a> with large <a href="/wiki/Aftcastle" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftcastle">aftcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forecastle" title="Forecastle">forecastle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bowsprit" title="Bowsprit">bowsprit</a> at the stem. It was first used by the Portuguese, and later by the Spanish. They were also adapted to the increasing maritime trade. They grew from 200 tons capacity in the 15th century to 500. In the 16th century they usually had two <a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">decks</a>, stern castles fore and aft, two to four masts with overlapping sails. In India travels in the sixteenth century used carracks, large merchant ships with a high edge and three masts with square sails, that reached 2,000 tons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winds_and_currents">Winds and currents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Winds and currents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Conquistador" title="Special:EditPage/Conquistador">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:302px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:194px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:0px; top:0px; width:300px; position:absolute;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oceanic_gyres.png" class="mw-file-description" title="World map of the five major ocean gyres"><img alt="Map showing 5 circles. The first is between western Australia and eastern Africa. The second is between eastern Australia and western South America. The third is between Japan and western North America. Of the two in the Atlantic, one is in hemisphere." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oceanic_gyres.png/300px-Oceanic_gyres.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oceanic_gyres.png/450px-Oceanic_gyres.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oceanic_gyres.png/600px-Oceanic_gyres.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1225" /></a></span></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> <div id="annotation_200x_35" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top: 35px; font-weight:bold; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:black;">North Atlantic <br />gyre</span></div> <div id="annotation_202x_37" style="position:absolute; left:202px; top: 37px; font-weight:bold; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:black;">North Atlantic <br />gyre</span></div> <div id="annotation_201x_36" style="position:absolute; left:201px; top: 36px; font-weight:bold; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:white;">North Atlantic <br />gyre</span></div> <div id="annotation__75x140" style="position:absolute; left: 75px; top:140px; font-weight:bold; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:white;">Indian<br />Ocean <br />gyre</span></div> <div id="annotation_125x_58" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top: 58px; font-weight:bold; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:white;">North<br />Pacific<br />gyre</span></div> <div id="annotation_165x115" style="position:absolute; left:165px; top:115px; font-weight:bold; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:white;">South<br />Pacific<br />gyre</span></div> <div id="annotation_220x160" style="position:absolute; left:220px; top:160px; font-weight:bold; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:white;">South Atlantic<br />        gyre</span></div> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Oceanic_gyres.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing 5 circles. The first is between western Australia and eastern Africa. The second is between eastern Australia and western South America. The third is between Japan and western North America. Of the two in the Atlantic, one is in hemisphere." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oceanic_gyres.png/300px-Oceanic_gyres.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oceanic_gyres.png/450px-Oceanic_gyres.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oceanic_gyres.png/600px-Oceanic_gyres.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1225" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Oceanic_gyres.png" title="File:Oceanic gyres.png"> </a></div>World map of the five major ocean gyres</div> </div></div> <p>Besides coastal exploration, Portuguese ships also made trips further out to gather <a href="/wiki/Meteorological" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorological">meteorological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceanographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanographic">oceanographic</a> information. These voyages revealed the archipelagos of <a href="/wiki/Bissagos_Islands" title="Bissagos Islands">Bissagos Islands</a> where the Portuguese were defeated by native people in 1535, Madeira, the Azores, Cape Verde, Sao Tome, <a href="/wiki/Trindade_and_Martim_Vaz" title="Trindade and Martim Vaz">Trindade and Martim Vaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_and_Saint_Paul_Archipelago" title="Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago">Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Noronha" title="Fernando de Noronha">Fernando de Noronha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corisco" title="Corisco">Corisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elobey_Grande" title="Elobey Grande">Elobey Grande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elobey_Chico" title="Elobey Chico">Elobey Chico</a> <a href="/wiki/Annob%C3%B3n" title="Annobón">Annobón Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bioko_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioko Island">Bioko Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Príncipe">Príncipe Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> Island and <a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a>. </p><p>The knowledge of wind patterns and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">currents</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Trade_winds" title="Trade winds">trade winds</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_gyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic gyre">oceanic gyres</a> in the Atlantic, and the determination of latitude led to the discovery of the best ocean route back from Africa: crossing the Central Atlantic to the Azores, using the winds and currents that spin clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere because of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">atmospheric circulation</a> and the effect of <a href="/wiki/Coriolis_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolis effect">Coriolis</a>, facilitating the way to Lisbon and thus enabling the Portuguese to venture farther from shore, a manoeuvre that became known as the <i>"volta do mar"</i> (<i>return of the sea</i>). In 1565, the application of this principle in the Pacific Ocean led the Spanish discovering the <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a> trade route. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cartography">Cartography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Cartography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Angelino_Dulcert_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Map_of_Angelino_Dulcert_cropped.jpg/220px-Map_of_Angelino_Dulcert_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Map_of_Angelino_Dulcert_cropped.jpg/330px-Map_of_Angelino_Dulcert_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Map_of_Angelino_Dulcert_cropped.jpg/440px-Map_of_Angelino_Dulcert_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2651" data-file-height="1964" /></a><figcaption> Portolan of <a href="/wiki/Angelino_Dulcert" title="Angelino Dulcert">Angelino Dulcert</a> (1339) showing <a href="/wiki/Lanzarote" title="Lanzarote">Lanzarote</a> island</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado_1571-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado_1571-1.jpg/220px-Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado_1571-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado_1571-1.jpg/330px-Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado_1571-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado_1571-1.jpg/440px-Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado_1571-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3102" data-file-height="2381" /></a><figcaption>Pre-mercator navigation chart of the Coast of Africa (1571), by <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado" title="Fernão Vaz Dourado">Fernão Vaz Dourado</a> (<a href="/wiki/Torre_do_Tombo_National_Archive" title="Torre do Tombo National Archive">Torre do Tombo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1339, <a href="/wiki/Angelino_Dulcert" title="Angelino Dulcert">Angelino Dulcert</a> of Majorca produced the <a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">portolan chart</a> map. Evidently drawing from the information provided in 1336 by <a href="/wiki/Lanceloto_Malocello" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanceloto Malocello">Lanceloto Malocello</a> sponsored by King <a href="/wiki/Dinis_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinis of Portugal">Dinis of Portugal</a>. It showed <a href="/wiki/Lanzarote" title="Lanzarote">Lanzarote</a> island, named <i>Insula de Lanzarotus Marocelus</i> and marked by a Genoese shield, as well as the island of <i>Forte Vetura</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fuerteventura" title="Fuerteventura">Fuerteventura</a>) and <i>Vegi Mari</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lobos_Island" title="Lobos Island">Lobos</a>), although Dulcert also included some imaginary islands himself, notably <a href="/wiki/Saint_Brendan%27s_Island" title="Saint Brendan's Island">Saint Brendan's Island</a>, and three islands he names <i>Primaria</i>, <i>Capraria</i>, and <i>Canaria</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meliá_p.45_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meliá_p.45-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mestre Jacome was a Majorcan cartographer induced by Portuguese prince <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Navigator" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry the Navigator">Henry the Navigator</a> to move to Portugal in the 1420s to train Portuguese map-makers in Majorcan-style cartography.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'Jacome of Majorca' is even sometimes described as the head of Henry's observatory and "school" at <a href="/wiki/Sagres_(Vila_do_Bispo)" title="Sagres (Vila do Bispo)">Sagres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is thought that <a href="/wiki/Jehuda_Cresques" title="Jehuda Cresques">Jehuda Cresques</a>, son of Jewish cartographer Abraham Cresques of <a href="/wiki/Palma,_Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Palma, Majorca">Palma</a> in Majorca, and Italian-Majorcan <a href="/wiki/Angelino_Dulcert" title="Angelino Dulcert">Angelino Dulcert</a> were cartographers at the service of Prince Henry. Majorca had many skilled Jewish cartographers. However, the oldest signed Portuguese sea chart is a Portolan made by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Reinel" title="Pedro Reinel">Pedro Reinel</a> in 1485 representing the Western Europe and parts of Africa, reflecting the explorations made by <a href="/wiki/Diogo_C%C3%A3o" title="Diogo Cão">Diogo Cão</a>. Reinel was also author of the first nautical chart known with an indication of latitudes in 1504 and the first representation of a <a href="/wiki/Wind_rose" title="Wind rose">wind rose</a>. </p><p>With his son, cartographer <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Reinel" title="Jorge Reinel">Jorge Reinel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lopo_Homem" title="Lopo Homem">Lopo Homem</a>, they participated in the making of the atlas known as "Lopo Homem-Reinés Atlas" or "<a href="/wiki/Miller_Atlas" title="Miller Atlas">Miller Atlas</a>", in 1519. They were considered the best cartographers of their time. Emperor Charles V wanted them to work for him. In 1517 King <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a> handed Lopo Homem a charter giving him the privilege to certify and amend all <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a> needles in vessels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The third phase of nautical cartography was characterized by the abandonment of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s representation of the East and more accuracy in the representation of lands and continents. <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Vaz_Dourado" title="Fernão Vaz Dourado">Fernão Vaz Dourado</a> (Goa ≈1520 – ≈1580), produced work of extraordinary quality and beauty, giving him a reputation as one of the best cartographers of the time. Many of his charts are large scale.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 238px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 236px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Iberian Union (1581–1640)"><img alt="Iberian Union (1581–1640)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png/354px-Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png" decoding="async" width="236" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png/531px-Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png/708px-Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1303" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> (1581–1640)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 238.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 236.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magellan_Elcano_Circumnavigation-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Magellan–Elcano voyage. The first travel around the world."><img alt="The Magellan–Elcano voyage. The first travel around the world." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Magellan_Elcano_Circumnavigation-en.svg/355px-Magellan_Elcano_Circumnavigation-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="237" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Magellan_Elcano_Circumnavigation-en.svg/533px-Magellan_Elcano_Circumnavigation-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Magellan_Elcano_Circumnavigation-en.svg/710px-Magellan_Elcano_Circumnavigation-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2246" data-file-height="1139" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Magellan–Elcano voyage. The first travel around the world.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 288.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 286.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Manila-Acapulco trade route started in 1568 and Spanish treasure fleets (white) and its eastwards rivals, the Portuguese India Armadas routes of 1498–1640 (blue)"><img alt="The Manila-Acapulco trade route started in 1568 and Spanish treasure fleets (white) and its eastwards rivals, the Portuguese India Armadas routes of 1498–1640 (blue)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png/430px-16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png" decoding="async" width="287" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png/645px-16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png/860px-16th_century_Portuguese_Spanish_trade_routes.png 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="1188" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Manila-Acapulco <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade route</a> started in 1568 and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleets</a> (white) and its eastwards rivals, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India_Armadas" title="Portuguese India Armadas">Portuguese India Armadas</a> routes of 1498–1640 (blue)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ines_de_Suarez_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Inés Suárez was a Spanish conquistadora, successfully defending Santiago against a Mapuche attack in 1541"><img alt="Inés Suárez was a Spanish conquistadora, successfully defending Santiago against a Mapuche attack in 1541" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ines_de_Suarez_2.JPG/130px-Ines_de_Suarez_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ines_de_Suarez_2.JPG/195px-Ines_de_Suarez_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ines_de_Suarez_2.JPG/259px-Ines_de_Suarez_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2551" data-file-height="3930" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/In%C3%A9s_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Inés Suárez">Inés Suárez</a> was a Spanish <i>conquistadora</i>, successfully defending <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a> against a <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> attack in 1541</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumento_a_Gonzalo_Guerrero_M%C3%A9rida_Yucat%C3%A1n.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gonzalo Guerrero, a shipwrecked Spanish mariner who married a Maya woman and later fought with the Mayas against the conquistadors"><img alt="Gonzalo Guerrero, a shipwrecked Spanish mariner who married a Maya woman and later fought with the Mayas against the conquistadors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Monumento_a_Gonzalo_Guerrero_M%C3%A9rida_Yucat%C3%A1n.jpg/160px-Monumento_a_Gonzalo_Guerrero_M%C3%A9rida_Yucat%C3%A1n.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Monumento_a_Gonzalo_Guerrero_M%C3%A9rida_Yucat%C3%A1n.jpg/240px-Monumento_a_Gonzalo_Guerrero_M%C3%A9rida_Yucat%C3%A1n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Monumento_a_Gonzalo_Guerrero_M%C3%A9rida_Yucat%C3%A1n.jpg/320px-Monumento_a_Gonzalo_Guerrero_M%C3%A9rida_Yucat%C3%A1n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1695" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Guerrero" title="Gonzalo Guerrero">Gonzalo Guerrero</a>, a shipwrecked Spanish mariner who married a <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a> woman and later fought with the Mayas against the conquistadors</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parlamento_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands (1402–1496)"><img alt="Conquest of the Canary Islands (1402–1496)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Parlamento_04.jpg/114px-Parlamento_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Parlamento_04.jpg/171px-Parlamento_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Parlamento_04.jpg/228px-Parlamento_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2083" data-file-height="3646" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Conquest of the Canary Islands</a> (1402–1496)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rodolfo_Amoedo_-_Bandeirante.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandeirantes were crucial in Portuguese exploration, colonization, and pacification of the Brazilian interior."><img alt="Bandeirantes were crucial in Portuguese exploration, colonization, and pacification of the Brazilian interior." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rodolfo_Amoedo_-_Bandeirante.jpg/131px-Rodolfo_Amoedo_-_Bandeirante.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rodolfo_Amoedo_-_Bandeirante.jpg/197px-Rodolfo_Amoedo_-_Bandeirante.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rodolfo_Amoedo_-_Bandeirante.jpg/262px-Rodolfo_Amoedo_-_Bandeirante.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="1324" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bandeirantes" title="Bandeirantes">Bandeirantes</a> were crucial in Portuguese exploration, colonization, and pacification of the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Brazil" title="Regions of Brazil">Brazilian interior</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People_in_the_service_of_Spain">People in the service of Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: People in the service of Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristopher_Columbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristopher Columbus">Cristopher Columbus</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, 1492–1504)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Lugo" title="Alonso Fernández de Lugo">Alonso Fernández de Lugo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, 1492–1496)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, 1518–1522, <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, 1532–1536)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a> (Mexico, 1519–1521, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, El Salvador 1523–1527, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, 1533–1535, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, 1540–1541)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a> (Perú, 1509–1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a> (Colombia, 1536–1539, Venezuela, 1569–1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Lugo" title="Pedro Fernández de Lugo">Pedro Fernández de Lugo</a> (Canary Island, Colombia 1509–1536)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Candia" title="Pedro de Candia">Pedro de Candia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, 1527, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, 1528, Peru, 1530)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1squez_de_Coronado" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Vásquez de Coronado">Francisco Vásquez de Coronado</a> (United States, 1540–1542)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Juan de Oñate">Juan de Oñate</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Mexico,_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mexico, United States">New Mexico, United States</a>, 1598–1608)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Roque_(Zape_Confraternity)" title="Juan Roque (Zape Confraternity)">Juan Roque (Zape Confraternity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_V%C3%A1squez_de_Coronado_y_Anaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Vásquez de Coronado y Anaya">Juan Vásquez de Coronado y Anaya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a> (Perú, 1524–1535, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, 1535–1537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_de_Bastidas" title="Rodrigo de Bastidas">Rodrigo de Bastidas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panam%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamá">Panamá</a>, 1500–1527)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a> (Panamá, 1510–1519)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, 1508, Florida, 1513–1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a> (United States, 1527–1536, 1540–1542)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Ayll%C3%B3n" title="Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón">Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón</a> (United States, 1524–1527)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Belalc%C3%A1zar" title="Sebastián de Belalcázar">Sebastián de Belalcázar</a> (Ecuador and Colombia, 1533–1536)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a> (Peru, Argentina, 16th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Mart%C3%ADnez_de_Irala" title="Domingo Martínez de Irala">Domingo Martínez de Irala</a> (Argentina and Paraguay, 1535–1556)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Pizarro" title="Gonzalo Pizarro">Gonzalo Pizarro</a> (Perú, 1532–1542)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, 1511–1519)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Garay" title="Juan de Garay">Juan de Garay</a> (Peru, Paraguay, Argentina, 16th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Ordaz" title="Diego de Ordaz">Diego de Ordaz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, 1532)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pizarro_(conquistador)" title="Juan Pizarro (conquistador)">Juan Pizarro</a> (Perú, 1532–1536)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(Yucat%C3%A1n_conquistador)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatán (state)">Yucatán</a>, 1517)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(founder_of_Nicaragua)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, 1524)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Pizarro" title="Hernando Pizarro">Hernando Pizarro</a> (Perú, 1532–1560)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Cabot_(explorer)" title="Sebastian Cabot (explorer)">Sebastián Caboto</a> (Uruguay 16th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Alderete" title="Jerónimo de Alderete">Jerónimo de Alderete</a> (Perú, 1535–1540; Chile, 1550–1552)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_Serpa" title="Diego Hernández de Serpa">Diego Hernández de Serpa</a> (Venezuela, 1510–1570)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Grijalva" title="Juan de Grijalva">Juan de Grijalva</a> (Yucatán, 1518)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Montejo" title="Francisco de Montejo">Francisco de Montejo</a> (Yucatán, 1527–1546)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_C%C3%A1mara" title="Juan de la Cámara">Juan de la Cámara</a> (Yucatán, 1539–1546)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Federmann" title="Nikolaus Federmann">Nicolás Federmann</a> (Venezuela and Colombia, 1537–1539).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a>, 1527–1528)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Nicuesa" title="Diego de Nicuesa">Diego de Nicuesa</a> (Panama, 1506–1511)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Venegas_Carrillo" title="Hernán Venegas Carrillo">Hernán Venegas Carrillo</a> (Colombia, 1536–1544)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Olid" title="Cristóbal de Olid">Cristóbal de Olid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, 1523–1524)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Orellana" title="Francisco de Orellana">Francisco de Orellana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a>, 1541–1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a> (United States, 1539–1542)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Garc%C3%ADa_Zorro" title="Gonzalo García Zorro">Gonzalo García Zorro</a> (Colombia, 1536–1544)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In%C3%A9s_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Inés Suárez">Inés Suárez</a>, (Chile, 1541)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Aguirre_(conquistador)" title="Francisco de Aguirre (conquistador)">Francisco de Aguirre</a>, Peru,(1536–40), Bolivia,(1538–39) Chile, (1540–1553) and Argentina (1562–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Urzúa y Arizmendi</a>, count of Lizárraga, (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a>, Guatemala, 1696–1697)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_C%C3%A9spedes_Ruiz" title="Juan de Céspedes Ruiz">Juan de Céspedes Ruiz</a> (Colombia, 1521–1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a> (Chile, 1540–1552)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Robledo_(conquistador)" title="Jorge Robledo (conquistador)">Jorge Robledo</a> (Peru and Colombia, 1521–1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a> (Florida, 1565–1567)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Sanct_Mart%C3%ADn" title="Juan de Sanct Martín">Juan de Sanct Martín</a> (Colombia, 1536–1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Mendoza" title="Pedro de Mendoza">Pedro de Mendoza</a> (Argentina, 1534–1537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Lebrija_(conquistador)" title="Antonio de Lebrija (conquistador)">Antonio de Lebrija</a> (Colombia, 1529–1539)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ribera" title="Alonso de Ribera">Alonso de Ribera</a> (Chile 1599–1617)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Sotomayor" title="Alonso de Sotomayor">Alonso de Sotomayor</a> (Chile 1583–1592, Panamá 1592–1604)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Ruiz_de_Gamboa" title="Martín Ruiz de Gamboa">Martín Ruiz de Gamboa</a> (Chile 1552–1590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Garrido" title="Juan Garrido">Juan Garrido</a> (Multiple campaigns 1502–1530, <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Florida, Mexico)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, 1565–1572)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Salcedo" title="Juan de Salcedo">Juan de Salcedo</a> (Philippines, 1565–1576)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Romo_de_Vivar" title="Diego Romo de Vivar">Diego Romo de Vivar y Pérez</a> (Mexico, 17th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Su%C3%A1rez_Rend%C3%B3n" title="Gonzalo Suárez Rendón">Gonzalo Suárez Rendón</a> (Colombia, 1536–1539)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People_in_the_service_of_Portugal">People in the service of Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: People in the service of Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Azevedo" title="Jerónimo de Azevedo">Jerónimo de Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillippe_de_Oliveira" title="Phillippe de Oliveira">Phillippe de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantino_of_Braganza" title="Constantino of Braganza">Constantino of Braganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Furtado_de_Mendon%C3%A7a" title="André Furtado de Mendonça">André Furtado de Mendonça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Castro" title="João de Castro">João de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Raposo_Tavares" title="António Raposo Tavares">António Raposo Tavares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingos_Jorge_Velho" title="Domingos Jorge Velho">Domingos Jorge Velho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Barreto" title="Francisco Barreto">Francisco Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Mendes_Pinto" title="Fernão Mendes Pinto">Fernão Mendes Pinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Martins" title="Álvaro Martins">Álvaro Martins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Abreu" title="António de Abreu">António de Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_de_Menezes" title="Jorge de Menezes">Jorge de Menezes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mascarenhas" title="Pedro Mascarenhas">Pedro Mascarenhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Fernandes" title="Duarte Fernandes">Duarte Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Lopes_de_Sequeira" title="Diogo Lopes de Sequeira">Diogo Lopes de Sequeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Noli" title="António de Noli">António de Noli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%A3o_Gon%C3%A7alves" title="Antão Gonçalves">Antão Gonçalves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Dias" title="Bartolomeu Dias">Bartolomeu Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadamosto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadamosto">Cadamosto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3v%C3%A3o_de_Mendon%C3%A7a" title="Cristóvão de Mendonça">Cristóvão de Mendonça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_de_Almeida" title="Lourenço de Almeida">Lourenço de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_C%C3%A3o" title="Diogo Cão">Diogo Cão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Azambuja" title="Diogo de Azambuja">Diogo de Azambuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogo_Gomes" title="Diogo Gomes">Diogo Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Serr%C3%A3o" title="Francisco Serrão">Francisco Serrão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinis_Dias" title="Dinis Dias">Dinis Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_do_P%C3%B3" title="Fernão do Pó">Fernão do Pó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Fernão Magalhães</a> also known as Ferdinand Magellan and Magallanes, served Spain too.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Pires_de_Andrade" title="Fernão Pires de Andrade">Fernão Pires de Andrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_%C3%81lvares" title="Francisco Álvares">Francisco Álvares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Navigator" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry the Navigator">Henry the Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corte-Real" title="Gaspar Corte-Real">Gaspar Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Eanes" title="Gil Eanes">Gil Eanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_Velho" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonçalo Velho">Gonçalo Velho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Afonso_de_Aveiro" class="mw-redirect" title="João Afonso de Aveiro">João Afonso de Aveiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Nova" title="João da Nova">João da Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Grego" title="João Grego">João Grego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_%C3%81lvares_Fagundes" title="João Álvares Fagundes">João Álvares Fagundes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Fernandes_Lavrador" title="João Fernandes Lavrador">João Fernandes Lavrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Gon%C3%A7alves_Zarco" title="João Gonçalves Zarco">João Gonçalves Zarco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Infante" title="João Infante">João Infante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Vaz_Corte-Real" title="João Vaz Corte-Real">João Vaz Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_%C3%81lvares" title="Jorge Álvares">Jorge Álvares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_de_Sousa" title="Tomé de Sousa">Tomé de Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopo_Soares_de_Albergaria" title="Lopo Soares de Albergaria">Lopo Soares de Albergaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Pires" title="Luís Pires">Luís Pires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Vaz_de_Torres" title="Luís Vaz de Torres">Luís Vaz de Torres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martim_Afonso_de_Sousa" title="Martim Afonso de Sousa">Martim Afonso de Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Corte-Real" title="Miguel Corte-Real">Miguel Corte-Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolau_Coelho" title="Nicolau Coelho">Nicolau Coelho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuno_%C3%81lvares_Pereira" title="Nuno Álvares Pereira">Nuno Álvares Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuno_da_Cunha" title="Nuno da Cunha">Nuno da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_da_Gama" title="Paulo da Gama">Paulo da Gama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuno_Trist%C3%A3o" title="Nuno Tristão">Nuno Tristão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Dias_de_Novais" title="Paulo Dias de Novais">Paulo Dias de Novais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Teixeira" title="Pedro Teixeira">Pedro Teixeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pero_de_Alenquer" title="Pero de Alenquer">Pero de Alenquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pero_de_Barcelos" class="mw-redirect" title="Pero de Barcelos">Pero de Barcelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pero_da_Covilh%C3%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Pero da Covilhã">Pero da Covilhã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pero_Dias" title="Pero Dias">Pero Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pero_Vaz_de_Caminha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pero Vaz de Caminha">Pero Vaz de Caminha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A3o_da_Cunha" title="Tristão da Cunha">Tristão da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A3o_Vaz_Teixeira" title="Tristão Vaz Teixeira">Tristão Vaz Teixeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/48px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/64px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/32px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/48px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/64px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Portugal" title="Portal:Portugal">Portugal portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertadores" title="Libertadores">Libertadores</a>, leaders of the Hispanic American wars of independence from Spain and Portugal (contrast to the Conquistadors)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors" title="List of conquistadors">List of conquistadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_revolution" title="Price revolution">Price revolution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></i>, a Renaissance-era military formation sometimes referred to as the Spanish Square</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/conquistador">"conquistador"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=conquistador&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fconquistador&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Hill, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fmHU8bQlG2YC&pg=PA4">Gold: The California Story</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanhanen1997" class="citation book cs1">Vanhanen, Tatu (1997). <i>Prospects of democracy: a study of 172 countries</i>. New York: Routledge. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14405-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14405-1"><bdi>0-415-14405-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prospects+of+democracy%3A+a+study+of+172+countries&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-14405-1&rft.aulast=Vanhanen&rft.aufirst=Tatu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir2018" class="citation book cs1">Weir, William (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com.br/Battles-That-Changed-World-English-ebook/dp/B09GB3XKQB"><i>50 Battles That Changed the World</i></a>. Permuted Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+Battles+That+Changed+the+World&rft.pub=Permuted+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com.br%2FBattles-That-Changed-World-English-ebook%2Fdp%2FB09GB3XKQB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/exploration/ferdinand-magellan#section_4">"Ferdinand Magellan"</a>. <i>History</i>. A&E Television Networks<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Ferdinand+Magellan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fexploration%2Fferdinand-magellan%23section_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkholderJohnson2019" class="citation book cs1">Burkholder, Mark A.; Johnson, Lyman L. (2019). <i>Colonial Latin America</i> (Tenth ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-064240-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-064240-2"><bdi>978-0-19-064240-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1015274908">1015274908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Latin+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Tenth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1015274908&rft.isbn=978-0-19-064240-2&rft.aulast=Burkholder&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Lyman+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinezBellomoSan_JuanPinna2005" class="citation journal cs1">Martinez VP, Bellomo C, San Juan J, Pinna D, Forlenza R, Elder M, Padula PJ (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3367635">"Person-to-person transmission of Andes virus"</a>. <i>Emerging Infect. Dis</i>. <b>11</b> (12): 1848–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1112.050501">10.3201/eid1112.050501</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3367635">3367635</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16485469">16485469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Infect.+Dis.&rft.atitle=Person-to-person+transmission+of+Andes+virus&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1848-53&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3367635%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16485469&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid1112.050501&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=VP&rft.au=Bellomo%2C+C&rft.au=San+Juan%2C+J&rft.au=Pinna%2C+D&rft.au=Forlenza%2C+R&rft.au=Elder%2C+M&rft.au=Padula%2C+PJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3367635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318141815/http://www.virus.med.puc.cl/viajero/f_amarilla.html">"Fiebre amarilla"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virus.med.puc.cl/viajero/f_amarilla.html">the original</a> on 18 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fiebre+amarilla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virus.med.puc.cl%2Fviajero%2Ff_amarilla.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlCDC_Yellow_Fever-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlCDC_Yellow_Fever_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101123080659/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/yellowfever/">"CDC Yellow Fever"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/yellowfever/">the original</a> on 23 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CDC+Yellow+Fever&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fncidod%2Fdvbid%2Fyellowfever%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517052031/http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/AXTELL01.ART">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America" by James Axtell"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/AXTELL01.ART">the original</a> on 17 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+Columbian+Mosaic+in+Colonial+America%22+by+James+Axtell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.millersville.edu%2F~columbus%2Fdata%2Fart%2FAXTELL01.ART&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/67/908.html">The Spanish Colonial System, 1550–1800. Population Development</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090204221411/http://www.bartleby.com/67/908.html">Archived</a> 4 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028035130/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575057_13/Spain.html"><i>Conquest in the Americas</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575057_13/spain.html">the original</a> on 28 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquest+in+the+Americas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761575057_13%2Fspain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern1992" class="citation journal cs1">Stern, Steve J. (March 1992). "Paradigms of Conquest: History, Historiography, and Politics". <i>Journal of Latin American Studies</i>. <b>24</b> (S1): 1–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022216x00023750">10.1017/s0022216x00023750</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-216X">0022-216X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145787038">145787038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Latin+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Paradigms+of+Conquest%3A+History%2C+Historiography%2C+and+Politics&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=S1&rft.pages=1-34&rft.date=1992-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145787038%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-216X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0022216x00023750&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Steve+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p30-31 of J.H. Elliot, introductory essay to Anthony Pagdens translation of Cortés's letters "Hernán Cortés" letters from Mexico" 2001 (1971, 1986) Yale University NotaBene books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. de Andrade Corvo in <i>Journal das Ciências Matemáticas</i>, xxxi.147–176, Lisbon, 1881</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JNHT-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JNHT_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100926083214/http://jnht.com/jamaica/hist_spanish.php">"History of Jamaica"</a>. Jamaica National Heritage Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jnht.com/jamaica/hist_spanish.php">the original</a> on 26 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Jamaica&rft.pub=Jamaica+National+Heritage+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jnht.com%2Fjamaica%2Fhist_spanish.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spanish_town-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spanish_town_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100925160737/http://jnht.com/heritage_site.php?id=217">"Spanish Town"</a>. Jamaica National Heritage Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jnht.com/heritage_site.php?id=217">the original</a> on 25 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spanish+Town&rft.pub=Jamaica+National+Heritage+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jnht.com%2Fheritage_site.php%3Fid%3D217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreaOverfield,_James_H.2005" class="citation book cs1">Andrea, Alfred J.; Overfield, James H. (2005). "Letter by Christopher Columbus concerning recently discovered islands". <i>The Human Record</i>. Vol. 1. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-37040-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-37040-4"><bdi>0-618-37040-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+by+Christopher+Columbus+concerning+recently+discovered+islands&rft.btitle=The+Human+Record&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-618-37040-4&rft.aulast=Andrea&rft.aufirst=Alfred+J.&rft.au=Overfield%2C+James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The numbers for Grijalva's expedition are as given by Bernal Díaz, who participated in the voyage. See Díaz del Castillo (1963, p. 27).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Inga_Clendinnen" title="Inga Clendinnen">Clendinnen, Inga</a>; Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatán, 1517–1570. (p. 11) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-37981-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-37981-4">0-521-37981-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Inga_Clendinnen" title="Inga Clendinnen">Clendinnen, Inga</a>; Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatán, 1517–1570. (p. 12) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-37981-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-37981-4">0-521-37981-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Prescott – Mexico and the Life of the Conqueror – Volume I, Book 2, Chapter 2, circa 1843</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuan_de_Sámano2009" class="citation web cs1">Juan de Sámano (9 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121218162839/http://bloknot.info/juan-de-samanos-relacion-de-los-primeros-descubrimientos-peru-francisco-pizarro-y-diego-de-almagro-1526/">"Relación de los primeros descubrimientos de Francisco Pizarro y Diego de Almagro, 1526"</a>. bloknot.info (A. Skromnitsky). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bloknot.info/juan-de-samanos-relacion-de-los-primeros-descubrimientos-peru-francisco-pizarro-y-diego-de-almagro-1526/">the original</a> on 18 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Relaci%C3%B3n+de+los+primeros+descubrimientos+de+Francisco+Pizarro+y+Diego+de+Almagro%2C+1526&rft.pub=bloknot.info+%28A.+Skromnitsky%29&rft.date=2009-10-09&rft.au=Juan+de+S%C3%A1mano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbloknot.info%2Fjuan-de-samanos-relacion-de-los-primeros-descubrimientos-peru-francisco-pizarro-y-diego-de-almagro-1526%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomervill2005" class="citation book cs1">Somervill, Barbara (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-FusDo4ssoC"><i>Francisco Pizarro: Conqueror of the Incas</i></a>. Compass Point Books. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-1061-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-1061-9"><bdi>978-0-7565-1061-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francisco+Pizarro%3A+Conqueror+of+the+Incas&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Compass+Point+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7565-1061-9&rft.aulast=Somervill&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-FusDo4ssoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boliviaweb.com/cities/potosi.htm">Bolivia & Main Cities / Potosí</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206081732/http://www.boliviaweb.com/cities/potosi.htm">Archived</a> 6 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from boliviaweb.com. Retrieved 27 September 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abad de Santillán, pp. 96–140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Restall2009-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Restall2009_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Restall2009" class="citation book cs1">Matthew Restall (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ygzb9M7cL5wC&pg=PA114"><i>The Black Middle: Africans, Mayas, and Spaniards in Colonial Yucatan</i></a>. Stanford University Press. pp. xv, 7, 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4983-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4983-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-4983-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Middle%3A+Africans%2C+Mayas%2C+and+Spaniards+in+Colonial+Yucatan&rft.pages=xv%2C+7%2C+114&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4983-1&rft.au=Matthew+Restall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dygzb9M7cL5wC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Latin America in Colonial Times</i>. Cambridge University Press. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America+in+Colonial+Times&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Restall2009" class="citation book cs1">Matthew Restall (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ygzb9M7cL5wC&pg=PA114"><i>The Black Middle: Africans, Mayas, and Spaniards in Colonial Yucatan</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4983-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4983-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-4983-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Middle%3A+Africans%2C+Mayas%2C+and+Spaniards+in+Colonial+Yucatan&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4983-1&rft.au=Matthew+Restall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dygzb9M7cL5wC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Restall_2003-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Restall_2003_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Restall_2003_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRestall2003" class="citation book cs1">Restall, Matthew (2003). <i>Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195160770" title="Special:BookSources/0195160770"><bdi>0195160770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Myths+of+the+Spanish+Conquest&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0195160770&rft.aulast=Restall&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405233341/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/geology/publications/inf/powell/sec2.htm">"John Wesley Powell's Exploration of the Colorado River"</a>. U.S. Geological Survey. 28 March 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/geology/publications/inf/powell/sec2.html">the original</a> on 5 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Wesley+Powell%27s+Exploration+of+the+Colorado+River&rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2006-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cr.nps.gov%2Fhistory%2Fonline_books%2Fgeology%2Fpublications%2Finf%2Fpowell%2Fsec2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barkham (1984), p. 515.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafnsson (2006), p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101027002247/http://www.gara.net/paperezkoa/20101024/228160/es/La-odisea-Terranova-balleneros-vascos">"La odisea en Terranova de los balleneros vascos – GARA"</a>. <i>www.GARA.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gara.net/paperezkoa/20101024/228160/es/La-odisea-Terranova-balleneros-vascos">the original</a> on 27 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.GARA.net&rft.atitle=La+odisea+en+Terranova+de+los+balleneros+vascos+%E2%80%93+GARA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gara.net%2Fpaperezkoa%2F20101024%2F228160%2Fes%2FLa-odisea-Terranova-balleneros-vascos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Between 1550 and the early 17th century, Red Bay, known as Balea Baya (Whale Bay), was a centre for whaling operations.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120413013323/http://www.borealidad.com.ar/balleneros-vascos-en-islandia/">"Balleneros vascos en Islandia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.borealidad.com.ar/balleneros-vascos-en-islandia/">the original</a> on 13 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Balleneros+vascos+en+Islandia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.borealidad.com.ar%2Fballeneros-vascos-en-islandia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabeza_de1542" class="citation book cs1">Cabeza de, Vaca (1542). <i>La relación</i> [<i>The Story</i>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+relaci%C3%B3n&rft.date=1542&rft.aulast=Cabeza+de&rft.aufirst=Vaca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span> Chap's II-III</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Axelrod and Phillips, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lankford, pp. 100–101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Michael_Francis,_PhD" class="citation cs2">J. Michael Francis, PhD, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204110350/http://laflorida.org/florida-stories/"><i>Luisa de Abrego: Marriage, Bigamy, and the Spanish Inquisition</i></a>, University of South Florida, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laflorida.org/florida-stories/">the original</a> on 4 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luisa+de+Abrego%3A+Marriage%2C+Bigamy%2C+and+the+Spanish+Inquisition&rft.pub=University+of+South+Florida&rft.au=J.+Michael+Francis%2C+PhD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaflorida.org%2Fflorida-stories%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCogswell1977" class="citation book cs1">Cogswell, Philip Jr. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEUXAQAAIAAJ"><i>Capitol Names: Individuals Woven into Oregon's History</i></a>. Portland, Oregon: <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Historical_Society" title="Oregon Historical Society">Oregon Historical Society</a>. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87595-054-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87595-054-9"><bdi>978-0-87595-054-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitol+Names%3A+Individuals+Woven+into+Oregon%27s+History&rft.place=Portland%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Oregon+Historical+Society&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-87595-054-9&rft.aulast=Cogswell&rft.aufirst=Philip+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZEUXAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFish,_S.2011" class="citation book cs1">Fish, S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kk_iU0f-iT8C"><i>The Manila-Acapulco Galleons: The Treasure Ships of the Pacific With an Annotated List of the Transpacific Galleons 1565–1815</i></a>. translated by. AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4567-7542-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4567-7542-1"><bdi>978-1-4567-7542-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manila-Acapulco+Galleons%3A+The+Treasure+Ships+of+the+Pacific+With+an+Annotated+List+of+the+Transpacific+Galleons+1565%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4567-7542-1&rft.au=Fish%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkk_iU0f-iT8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2015" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Roger (1 December 2015). <i>Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire</i>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9400-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9400-1"><bdi>978-0-8129-9400-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquerors%3A+How+Portugal+Forged+the+First+Global+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2015-12-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-9400-1&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsBurns,_James_M.2007" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Robert O.; Burns, James M. (2007). "Part II, Chapter 12: The arrival of Europeans in sub-Saharan Africa". <i>A History of Sub-Saharan Africa</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86746-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86746-7"><bdi>978-0-521-86746-7</bdi></a>. <q>in 1475 when his contract expired Rui de Sequeira had reached Cabo Santa Caterina (Cape Saint Catherine) south of the equator and the Gabon River.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+II%2C+Chapter+12%3A+The+arrival+of+Europeans+in+sub-Saharan+Africa&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sub-Saharan+Africa&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86746-7&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Robert+O.&rft.au=Burns%2C+James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Percival1970" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Percival, Newton (1970) [1932]. "Vasco da Gama and The Indies". <i>The Great Age of Discovery</i>. Ayer Publishing. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8337-2523-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8337-2523-8"><bdi>0-8337-2523-8</bdi></a>. <q>and about the same time Lopo Gonçalves crossed the Equator, while Ruy de Sequeira went on to Cape St. Catherine, two degrees south of the line.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vasco+da+Gama+and+The+Indies&rft.btitle=The+Great+Age+of+Discovery&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Ayer+Publishing&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-8337-2523-8&rft.aulast=Arthur+Percival&rft.aufirst=Newton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2003" class="citation book cs1">Koch, Peter O. (2003). "Following the Dream of Prince Henry". <i>To the Ends of the Earth: The Age of the European Explorers</i>. McFarland & Company. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1565-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1565-7"><bdi>0-7864-1565-7</bdi></a>. <q>Gomes was obligated to pledge a small percentage of his profits to the royal treasury. Starting from Sierra Leone in 1469, this monetarily motivated entrepreneurial explorer spent the next five years extending Portugal's claims even further than he had been required, reaching as far south as Cape St. Catherine before his contract came up for renewal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Following+the+Dream+of+Prince+Henry&rft.btitle=To+the+Ends+of+the+Earth%3A+The+Age+of+the+European+Explorers&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7864-1565-7&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Peter+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diogo-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-diogo_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatesAnthony_Appiah1999" class="citation book cs1">Gates, Louis; Anthony Appiah (1999). <i>Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience</i>. p. 1105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africana%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+African+and+African+American+Experience&rft.pages=1105&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.au=Anthony+Appiah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The standard view of historians is that Cabral was blown off course as he was navigating the currents of the South Atlantic, sighted the coast of South America, and thereby accidentally discovered Brazil. However, for an alternative account of the discovery of Brazil, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil" title="History of Brazil">History of Brazil</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaonga" class="citation web cs1">Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/speech/1401/proof-of-spanish-discovery">"Proof of Spanish discovery?"</a>. <i>www.Teara.govt.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.Teara.govt.nz&rft.atitle=Proof+of+Spanish+discovery%3F&rft.aulast=Taonga&rft.aufirst=New+Zealand+Ministry+for+Culture+and+Heritage+Te+Manatu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fspeech%2F1401%2Fproof-of-spanish-discovery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10429904">"Portuguese visited New Zealand '250 years before Cook'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New Zealand Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Portuguese+visited+New+Zealand+%27250+years+before+Cook%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fworld%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D2%26objectid%3D10429904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStirling2011" class="citation web cs1">Stirling, Rose (10 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/northland/dargaville-districts/5420481/Ancient-facts-unfold">"Ancient facts unfold"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2017</span> – via Stuff.co.nz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+facts+unfold&rft.date=2011-08-10&rft.aulast=Stirling&rft.aufirst=Rose&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fauckland%2Flocal-news%2Fnorthland%2Fdargaville-districts%2F5420481%2FAncient-facts-unfold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150105213611/http://tvnz.co.nz/content/57589/2539670/article.html">"Spanish first European NZ explorers? – National News | TVNZ"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tvnz.co.nz/content/57589/2539670/article.html">the original</a> on 5 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spanish+first+European+NZ+explorers%3F+%E2%80%93+National+News+%7C+TVNZ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftvnz.co.nz%2Fcontent%2F57589%2F2539670%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSSYD3449720070321">Map proves Portuguese discovered Australia: new book</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> (Wed 21 March 2007) – (see <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Portuguese_discovery_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of Portuguese discovery of Australia">Theory of Portuguese discovery of Australia</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131003125410/http://www.aish.com/h/9av/aas/52421817.html">"The Expulsion 1492 Chronicles"</a>. <i>AISH.com</i>. 4 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/h/9av/aas/52421817.html">the original</a> on 3 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AISH.com&rft.atitle=The+Expulsion+1492+Chronicles&rft.date=2009-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aish.com%2Fh%2F9av%2Faas%2F52421817.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ingrams-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ingrams_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngrams1967" class="citation book cs1">Ingrams, W. H. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oYhrCkGaxyUC"><i>Zanzibar: Its History and Its People</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1102-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1102-0"><bdi>978-0-7146-1102-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zanzibar%3A+Its+History+and+Its+People&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-1102-0&rft.aulast=Ingrams&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoYhrCkGaxyUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eliot-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eliot_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eastafricaprotec00eliouoft"><i>The East Africa Protectorate</i>, Sir Charles Eliot, K.C.M.G., published by Edward Arnold, London, 1905, digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008</a> (<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> format).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearce-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pearce_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2017" class="citation web cs1">Pearce, Francis Barrow (30 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XRRzAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA81-IA2">"Zanzibar: The Island Metropolis of Eastern Africa"</a>. Dutton<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zanzibar%3A+The+Island+Metropolis+of+Eastern+Africa&rft.pub=Dutton&rft.date=2017-05-30&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Francis+Barrow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXRRzAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA81-IA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100316075617/http://www.millersville.edu/~winthrop/Thornton.html">"African Political Ethics and the Slave Trade"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.millersville.edu/~winthrop/Thornton.html">the original</a> on 16 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+Political+Ethics+and+the+Slave+Trade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.millersville.edu%2F~winthrop%2FThornton.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-francal-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-francal_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thondaman.org/srilankanhistory.html">"Sri Lanka History"</a>. <i>Thondaman Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thondaman+Foundation&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thondaman.org%2Fsrilankanhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silva1981-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Silva1981_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._M._De_Silva1981" class="citation book cs1">K. M. De Silva (January 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dByI_qil26YC"><i>A History of Sri Lanka</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_dByI_qil26YC/page/n117">101</a>–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04320-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04320-6"><bdi>978-0-520-04320-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=101-102&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1981-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04320-6&rft.au=K.+M.+De+Silva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_dByI_qil26YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silva2009-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Silva2009_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra_Richard_De_Silva2009" class="citation book cs1">Chandra Richard De Silva (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xc8oW6pedrwC&pg=PA153"><i>Portuguese Encounters with Sri Lanka and the Maldives: Translated Texts from the Age of Discoveries</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0186-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0186-9"><bdi>978-0-7546-0186-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portuguese+Encounters+with+Sri+Lanka+and+the+Maldives%3A+Translated+Texts+from+the+Age+of+Discoveries&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-0186-9&rft.au=Chandra+Richard+De+Silva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxc8oW6pedrwC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernando2013-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fernando2013_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJude_Lal_Fernando2013" class="citation book cs1">Jude Lal Fernando (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wWInAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA135"><i>Religion, Conflict and Peace in Sri Lanka: The Politics of Interpretation of Nationhoods</i></a>. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90428-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90428-7"><bdi>978-3-643-90428-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Conflict+and+Peace+in+Sri+Lanka%3A+The+Politics+of+Interpretation+of+Nationhoods&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90428-7&rft.au=Jude+Lal+Fernando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwWInAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perera2007-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perera2007_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Gaston_Perera2007" class="citation book cs1">C. Gaston Perera (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hgtuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Danture%22%20%221594%22"><i>Kandy fights the Portuguese: a military history of Kandyan resistance</i></a>. Vijitha Yapa Publications. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-1266-77-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-1266-77-6"><bdi>978-955-1266-77-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kandy+fights+the+Portuguese%3A+a+military+history+of+Kandyan+resistance&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Vijitha+Yapa+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-955-1266-77-6&rft.au=C.+Gaston+Perera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhgtuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Danture%2522%2520%25221594%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obeyesekere1999-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Obeyesekere1999_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Obeyesekere1999" class="citation book cs1">Donald Obeyesekere (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cDwvQF_OgvMC&pg=PA232"><i>Outlines of Ceylon History</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1363-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1363-8"><bdi>978-81-206-1363-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Ceylon+History&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1363-8&rft.au=Donald+Obeyesekere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcDwvQF_OgvMC%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cecil H. Clough, David B. Quinn, Paul Edward Hedley Hair, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dg-8ZOeBqcYC&dq=Jo%C3%A3o%20Gomes%20socotra%20Albuquerque&pg=PA85">"The European outthrust and encounter: the first phase c. 1400–c. 1700", pp. 85–86</a>, Liverpool University Press, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85323-229-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85323-229-6">0-85323-229-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogers1995-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rogers1995_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rogers, Clifford J. <i>Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe</i>, San Francisco: Westview Press, 1995, pp. 299–333 at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/ga4/guilmartin.com/Revolution.html">Angelfire.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricklefs1993-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs1993_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerle_Calvin_Ricklefs1993" class="citation book cs1">Merle Calvin Ricklefs (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ukurAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA23"><i>A History of Modern Indonesia Since C. 1300</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2194-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2194-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-2194-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia+Since+C.+1300&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2194-3&rft.au=Merle+Calvin+Ricklefs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DukurAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mishra2010-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mishra2010_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatit_Paban_Mishra2010" class="citation book cs1">Patit Paban Mishra (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HzTHaIEduwYC&pg=PA50"><i>The History of Thailand</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34091-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34091-8"><bdi>978-0-313-34091-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Thailand&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34091-8&rft.au=Patit+Paban+Mishra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHzTHaIEduwYC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kerr1824-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kerr1824_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Kerr1824" class="citation book cs1">Robert Kerr (1824). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cihm_47799#page/n435/mode/2up/search/barreto">"Conquest of India"</a>. <i>A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels (Complete)</i>. Vol. VI. W. Blackwood and T. Cadell. pp. 441–442. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-665-47799-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-665-47799-7"><bdi>978-0-665-47799-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conquest+of+India&rft.btitle=A+General+History+and+Collection+of+Voyages+and+Travels+%28Complete%29&rft.pages=441-442&rft.pub=W.+Blackwood+and+T.+Cadell&rft.date=1824&rft.isbn=978-0-665-47799-7&rft.au=Robert+Kerr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcihm_47799%23page%2Fn435%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fbarreto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2002" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Juan Ricardo (28 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ntarP5hrza0C&pg=1"><i>Sacred Space and Holy War: The Politics, Culture and History of Shi'Ite Islam</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-736-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-736-9"><bdi>978-1-86064-736-9</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Space+and+Holy+War%3A+The+Politics%2C+Culture+and+History+of+Shi%27Ite+Islam&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2002-06-28&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-736-9&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Juan+Ricardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DntarP5hrza0C%26pg%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RICKLEFSp26-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RICKLEFSp26_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicklefs1991" class="citation book cs1">Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). <i>A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300</i> (2nd ed.). London: MacMillan. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-57689-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-57689-6"><bdi>0-333-57689-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia+Since+c.+1300&rft.place=London&rft.pages=26&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-333-57689-6&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lach, DF. (1994) <i>Asia in the Making of Europe: The Century of Discovery (Vol 1)</i>, Chicago University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._C._AbendanonE._Heawood1919" class="citation journal cs1">E. C. Abendanon; E. Heawood (December 1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1449308">"Missing Links in the Development of the Ancient Portuguese Cartography of the Netherlands East Indian Archipelago"</a>. <i>The Geographical Journal</i>. <b>54</b> (6). Blackwell Publishing: 347–355. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1919GeogJ..54..347A">1919GeogJ..54..347A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1779411">10.2307/1779411</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1779411">1779411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=Missing+Links+in+the+Development+of+the+Ancient+Portuguese+Cartography+of+the+Netherlands+East+Indian+Archipelago&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=347-355&rft.date=1919-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1779411%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1779411&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1919GeogJ..54..347A&rft.au=E.+C.+Abendanon&rft.au=E.+Heawood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1449308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RICKLEFSp24-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RICKLEFSp24_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RICKLEFSp24_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RICKLEFSp24_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicklefs1991" class="citation book cs1">Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). <i>A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300</i> (2nd ed.). London: MacMillan. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-57689-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-57689-6"><bdi>0-333-57689-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia+Since+c.+1300&rft.place=London&rft.pages=24&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-333-57689-6&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RICKLEFSp25-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RICKLEFSp25_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RICKLEFSp25_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RICKLEFSp25_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicklefs1991" class="citation book cs1">Ricklefs, M. C. (1991). <i>A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300</i> (2nd ed.). London: MacMillan. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-57689-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-57689-6"><bdi>0-333-57689-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia+Since+c.+1300&rft.place=London&rft.pages=25&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-333-57689-6&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/cabot1498.html">"John Cabot's voyage of 1498"</a>. Memorial University of Newfoundland (Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage). 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Cabot%27s+voyage+of+1498&rft.pub=Memorial+University+of+Newfoundland+%28Newfoundland+and+Labrador+Heritage%29&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.nf.ca%2Fexploration%2Fcabot1498.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diffie1977-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Diffie1977_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey_Bailey_Wallys_Diffie1977" class="citation book cs1">Bailey Bailey Wallys Diffie (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZtMBLJ7GgC&pg=PA464"><i>Foundations of the Portuguese Empire: 1415–1580</i></a>. U of Minnesota Press. p. 464. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0782-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0782-2"><bdi>978-0-8166-0782-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+the+Portuguese+Empire%3A+1415%E2%80%931580&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=U+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-0782-2&rft.au=Bailey+Bailey+Wallys+Diffie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvtZtMBLJ7GgC%26pg%3DPA464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mount Allison University, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mta.ca/marshland/topic3_europeans/european.htm">Marshlands: Records of Life on the Tantramar: European Contact and Mapping</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419042914/https://www.mta.ca/marshland/topic3_europeans/european.htm">Archived</a> 19 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Souza1877" class="citation web cs1">de Souza, Francisco (18 November 1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3WMDAAAAQAAJ">"Tratado das ilhas novas e descombrimento dellas e outras couzas, 1570"</a>. p. 6 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tratado+das+ilhas+novas+e+descombrimento+dellas+e+outras+couzas%2C+1570&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1877-11-18&rft.aulast=de+Souza&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3WMDAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boxer,_p._98-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boxer,_p._98_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer, pp. 100–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skidmore,_p._27-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skidmore,_p._27_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skidmore,_p._27_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Skidmore, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boxer,_p._102-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boxer,_p._102_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skidmore, pp. 30, 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boxer,_p._100-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boxer,_p._100_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skidmore, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boxer, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skidmore, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bueno, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.s4ulanguages.com/wic.html">Facsimiles of multiple original documents</a> relating about the events in Brazil in the 17th century that led to a Dutch influence and their final defeat</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calmon, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bueno, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Parker. <i>The Grand Strategy of Philip II</i>, (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whether several diseases from "the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>" (America) struck Europe shortly after Columbus's voyage is also debated among scholars. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodling" class="citation web cs1">Goodling, Stacy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080510163413/http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/papers/goodling.html">"Effects of European Diseases on the Inhabitants of the New World"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/papers/goodling.html">the original</a> on 10 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Effects+of+European+Diseases+on+the+Inhabitants+of+the+New+World&rft.aulast=Goodling&rft.aufirst=Stacy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.millersville.edu%2F~columbus%2Fpapers%2Fgoodling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-070/summary/index.asp">The Journey of Alvar Nuńez Cabeza de Vaca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121005010422/http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-070/summary/index.asp">Archived</a> 5 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mann-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mann_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mann_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Mann" title="Charles C. Mann">Mann, Charles</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/1491:_New_Revelations_of_the_Americas_Before_Columbus" title="1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus"><i>1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus</i></a>. Madrid: Taurus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1491%3A+New+Revelations+of+the+Americas+Before+Columbus&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Taurus&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030054407/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna41493611">"Did major droughts doom cultures of ancient Mexico?"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 9 February 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna41493611">the original</a> on 30 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Did+major+droughts+doom+cultures+of+ancient+Mexico%3F&rft.date=2011-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna41493611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStecker" class="citation magazine cs1">Stecker, Tiffany. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/tree-rings-reveal-mexican-drought-history/">"Tree Rings Reveal History of History-Changing Mexican Droughts"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Tree+Rings+Reveal+History+of+History-Changing+Mexican+Droughts&rft.aulast=Stecker&rft.aufirst=Tiffany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Ftree-rings-reveal-mexican-drought-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0GVK/is_4_8/ai_86041040/">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903042208/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/naked-science/3489/Overview">"Naked Science | What Killed the Aztecs? | National Geographic Channel"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/naked-science/3489/Overview">the original</a> on 3 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naked+Science+%26%23124%3B+What+Killed+the+Aztecs%3F+%26%23124%3B+National+Geographic+Channel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchannel.nationalgeographic.com%2Fseries%2Fnaked-science%2F3489%2FOverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobyns" class="citation book cs1">Dobyns, H. F. <i>American population dynamics in Eastern North Americas</i>. Knoxville (Tenn.): University of Tennessee Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+population+dynamics+in+Eastern+North+Americas&rft.place=Knoxville+%28Tenn.%29&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.aulast=Dobyns&rft.aufirst=H.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dobyns83-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dobyns83_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobyns1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Dobyns" title="Henry F. Dobyns">Dobyns</a>, H. F. (1983). <i>Their number become thined: Native American population dynamics in Eastern North America</i>. Knoxville (Tenn.): University of Tennessee Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Their+number+become+thined%3A+Native+American+population+dynamics+in+Eastern+North+America&rft.place=Knoxville+%28Tenn.%29&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Dobyns&rft.aufirst=H.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookBorah1963" class="citation book cs1">Cook, S. F.; Borah, W. W. (1963). <i>The Indian population of Central Mexico</i>. Berkeley (Cal.): University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+population+of+Central+Mexico&rft.place=Berkeley+%28Cal.%29&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=S.+F.&rft.au=Borah%2C+W.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monografias.com/trabajos65/imaginario-conquistador-espanol/imaginario-conquistador-espanol3.shtml">"El imaginario del conquistador español (página 3)"</a> (in Spanish). 12 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+imaginario+del+conquistador+espa%C3%B1ol+%28p%C3%A1gina+3%29&rft.date=2021-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monografias.com%2Ftrabajos65%2Fimaginario-conquistador-espanol%2Fimaginario-conquistador-espanol3.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1940" class="citation web cs1">Hammond, George P. (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015024850227">"Coronado's Seven Cities"</a>. <i>HathiTrust Digital Library</i>. Albuquerque, New Mexico: United States Coronado Exposition Commission. pp. 1–82. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015024850227">2027/mdp.39015024850227</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2651957">2651957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HathiTrust+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Coronado%27s+Seven+Cities&rft.pages=1-82&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015024850227&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2651957&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=George+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015024850227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarnum1943" class="citation web cs1">Farnum, Mabel (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.32000001028374">"The Seven Golden Cities"</a> [Fray Marcos and the Coronado Adventure]. <i>HathiTrust Digital Library</i>. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: The Bruce Publishing Company. pp. 1–225. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2690209">2690209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HathiTrust+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=The+Seven+Golden+Cities&rft.pages=1-225&rft.date=1943&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2690209&rft.aulast=Farnum&rft.aufirst=Mabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dinu.32000001028374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EditionAmador-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EditionAmador_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández_de_Oviedo_y_Valdés1851" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Oviedo_y_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés">Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, Gonzalo</a> (1851) [1535]. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Amador_de_los_R%C3%ADos" title="José Amador de los Ríos">José Amador de los Ríos</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/historia-general-y-natural-de-las-indias-islas-y-tierrafirme-del-mar-oceano-primera-parte--0/html/014747fa-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_4.htm"><i>Historia general y natural de las Indias</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes_Virtual_Library" title="Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library">Miguel de Cervantes Virtual Library</a>. <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>: La <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_de_la_Historia" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia de la Historia">Real Academia de la Historia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+general+y+natural+de+las+Indias&rft.place=Madrid&rft.series=Miguel+de+Cervantes+Virtual+Library&rft.pub=La+Real+Academia+de+la+Historia&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez+de+Oviedo+y+Vald%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Gonzalo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cervantesvirtual.com%2Fobra-visor%2Fhistoria-general-y-natural-de-las-indias-islas-y-tierrafirme-del-mar-oceano-primera-parte--0%2Fhtml%2F014747fa-82b2-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francisco López de Gómara. <i>Historia General de las Indias</i>, second part.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keyshistory.org/Fontenada.html">"Fontaneda"</a>. <i>www.keyshistory.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.keyshistory.org&rft.atitle=Fontaneda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keyshistory.org%2FFontenada.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mow-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mow_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080918094143/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D22297%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html">"Corpo Cronológico (Collection of Manuscripts on the Portuguese Discoveries)"</a>. UNESCO Memory of the World Programme. 16 May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID=22297&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html">the original</a> on 18 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corpo+Cronol%C3%B3gico+%28Collection+of+Manuscripts+on+the+Portuguese+Discoveries%29&rft.pub=UNESCO+Memory+of+the+World+Programme&rft.date=2008-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.unesco.org%2Fci%2Fen%2Fev.php-URL_ID%3D22297%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ortegamartin-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ortegamartin_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtega1980" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fray_%C3%81ngel_Ortega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fray Ángel Ortega (page does not exist)">Ortega, Ángel</a> (1980) [1925], <i>La Rábida. Historia documental crítica. 4 vol.</i>, vol. III (facsimile ed.), Diputación Provincial de Huelva. Servicio de Publicaciones, pp. 37–100, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-500-3860-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-500-3860-6"><bdi>978-84-500-3860-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+R%C3%A1bida.+Historia+documental+cr%C3%ADtica.+4+vol.&rft.pages=37-100&rft.edition=facsimile&rft.pub=Diputaci%C3%B3n+Provincial+de+Huelva.+Servicio+de+Publicaciones&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-84-500-3860-6&rft.aulast=Ortega&rft.aufirst=%C3%81ngel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LascasasPinzón-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LascasasPinzón_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_las_Casas1875" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_Las_Casas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomé de Las Casas">de las Casas, Bartolomé</a> (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/12033856617830495876213/ima0271.htm">"Tomo I. Capítulo XXXIV, pág. 256"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/12033856617830495876213/index.htm"><i>Historia de las Indias</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tomo+I.+Cap%C3%ADtulo+XXXIV%2C+p%C3%A1g.+256&rft.btitle=Historia+de+las+Indias&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=de+las+Casas&rft.aufirst=Bartolom%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cervantesvirtual.com%2Fservlet%2FSirveObras%2F12033856617830495876213%2Fima0271.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span> On the website of the Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Espino2012-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Espino2012_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Espino2012_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Espino2012_115-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspino_López2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Espino López, Antonio (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18800%2Fhistorica.201202.001">"El uso táctico de las armas de fuego en las guerras civiles peruanas (1538–1547)"</a>. <i>Historica</i> (in Spanish). <b>XXXVI</b> (2): 7–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18800%2Fhistorica.201202.001">10.18800/historica.201202.001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258861207">258861207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historica&rft.atitle=El+uso+t%C3%A1ctico+de+las+armas+de+fuego+en+las+guerras+civiles+peruanas+%281538%E2%80%931547%29&rft.volume=XXXVI&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=7-48&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18800%2Fhistorica.201202.001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258861207%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Espino+L%C3%B3pez&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18800%252Fhistorica.201202.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerr2004" class="citation book cs1">Derr, Mark (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dogshistoryofame00mark/page/23"><i>A Dog's History of America</i></a>. North Point Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dogshistoryofame00mark/page/23">23–45</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-631-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-631-8"><bdi>978-0-86547-631-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dog%27s+History+of+America&rft.pages=23-45&rft.pub=North+Point+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-86547-631-8&rft.aulast=Derr&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdogshistoryofame00mark%2Fpage%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Yardley2004" class="citation news cs1">Jonathan Yardley (5 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A57784-2004Sep2.html">"A Dog's History of America"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i> (Review).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Dog%27s+History+of+America&rft.date=2004-09-05&rft.au=Jonathan+Yardley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA57784-2004Sep2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Stannard-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stannard_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStannard" class="citation book cs1">Stannard, David. <i>American holocaust: the conquest of the New World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+holocaust%3A+the+conquest+of+the+New+World&rft.aulast=Stannard&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Smith_(journalist)" title="Roger Smith (journalist)">Roger Smith</a>, "Vanguard of the Empire", Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meliá_p.45-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meliá_p.45_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meliá (p. 45)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mestre Jacome" the Majorcan cartographer is first mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a> in his <i>Esmeraldo de situ Orbis</i> (c. 1507, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/esmeraldodesitu00peregoog">p. 58</a>). <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros" title="João de Barros">João de Barros</a>, in his <i>Decadas de Asia</i> (1552: I.16 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Epo2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA133">p. 133</a>) adds that he was also a master instrument-maker.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"He also from Majorca caused one Master James, a man skilfull (sic) in Navigation and in Cards and Sea Instruments, to be brought into Portugall, there at his charge as it were, to erect a Schoole of Marinership, and to instruct his Countreymen in that Mysterie." <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Purchas" title="Samuel Purchas">Samuel Purchas</a>, <i>Hakluytus Posthumus</i>, (1625, vol. 2, pt. 2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hakluytusposthu92purcgoog/page/n103">p. 11</a>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCervantes2021" class="citation book cs1">Cervantes, Fernando (2021). <i>Conquistadores: A New History of Spanish Discovery and Conquest</i>. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-98126-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-98126-9"><bdi>978-1-101-98126-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquistadores%3A+A+New+History+of+Spanish+Discovery+and+Conquest&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-101-98126-9&rft.aulast=Cervantes&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChasteen2001" class="citation book cs1">Chasteen, John Charles (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/borninbloodfirec00chas_0"><i>Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America</i></a>. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-97613-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-97613-7"><bdi>978-0-393-97613-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Born+in+Blood+and+Fire%3A+A+Concise+History+of+Latin+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-97613-7&rft.aulast=Chasteen&rft.aufirst=John+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fborninbloodfirec00chas_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>de Vitoria, Francisco (2006). <i>De Indis et de Iure Belli Relectiones</i>. Reprint edition, Lawbook Exchange Ltd.</li> <li>Gibson, Charles. <i>The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule: A History of the Indians of the Valley of Mexico</i>. Stanford University Press, 1964.</li> <li>Hinz, Felix (2014): "Spanish-Indian encounters: the conquest and creation of new empires". In: Robert Aldrich, Kirsten McKenzie (eds.): <i>The Routledge History of Western Empires</i>, Routledge, London/ New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-63987-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-63987-3">978-0-415-63987-3</a>, pp. 17–32.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInnes2002" class="citation book cs1">Innes, Hammond (2002). <i>The Conquistadors</i>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-139122-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-139122-9"><bdi>978-0-14-139122-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conquistadors&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-14-139122-9&rft.aulast=Innes&rft.aufirst=Hammond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Johnson, Lyman, and Sonya Lipsett-Rivera. <i>The Faces of Honor: Sex, Shame, and Violence in Colonial Latin America</i>. University of New Mexico Press, 2003.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkpatrick1934" class="citation book cs1">Kirkpatrick, F. A. (1934). <i>The Spanish Conquistadores</i>. London: A. & C. Black.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Conquistadores&rft.place=London&rft.pub=A.+%26+C.+Black&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=F.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lockhart, James and Stuart Schwartz (1983). <i>Early Latin America: A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil</i>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Mignolo, Walter D. (1996). <i>The Darker Side of the Renaissance: Literacy, Territoriality, and Colonization</i>. University of Michigan Press.</li> <li>Restall, Matthew (2003). <i>Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest</i>. Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Seed, Patricia (1998). <i>Colonial Spanish America: A Documentary History</i>. Rowman & Littlefield.</li> <li>Varon Gabai, Rafael (2013). <i>Other Council Fires Were Here Before Ours: A Classic Native American Creation Story as Retold by a Contemporary Seneca/Oneida Writer</i>. Syracuse University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2000" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Michael (2000). <i>Conquistadors</i>. London: BBC Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-48706-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-563-48706-7"><bdi>978-0-563-48706-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquistadors&rft.place=London&rft.pub=BBC+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-563-48706-7&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConquistador" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Empire" title="Template talk:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Timeline–immersed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline–immersed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conquest of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #FFDD99"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Indigenous peoples of the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples of the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples of the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Pre-history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Americas" title="Archaeology of the Americas">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean_hypothesis" title="Solutrean hypothesis">Solutrean hypothesis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Americas_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/180px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/240px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Mythology/Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Mythologies</a>‎ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_deities" title="List of Native American deities">List of deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_pre-Columbian_cultures" title="Human sacrifice in pre-Columbian cultures">Human sacrifice</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arborglyph" title="Arborglyph">Arborglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_World_(mythology)" title="Fifth World (mythology)">Fifth World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">Medicine man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_red_road" title="The red road">The red road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem_pole" title="Totem pole">Totem pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Island" title="Turtle Island">Turtle Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">Mesoamerica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">Common</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_cosmovision" title="Mesoamerican cosmovision">Cosmovision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_creation_myths" title="Mesoamerican creation myths">Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_world_tree" title="Mesoamerican world tree">World tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">Muisca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Columbian_cultures" title="List of pre-Columbian cultures">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_cultures_of_Colombia" title="Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Ecuador" title="Pre-Columbian Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru">Peru</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Art" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America" title="Indigenous music of North America">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Visual arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painting_in_the_Americas_before_European_colonization" title="Painting in the Americas before European colonization">Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_artists_of_the_Americas" title="List of Indigenous artists of the Americas">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_writers_of_the_Americas" title="List of Indigenous writers of the Americas">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">European<br />colonization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Population history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Modern groups<br />by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#North_America" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#Belize" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Costa_Rica" title="Indigenous peoples of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago" title="Kalinago">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Inuit" title="Greenlandic Inuit">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Honduras" title="Indigenous peoples of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Nicaragua" title="Indigenous peoples of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Panama" title="Indigenous peoples of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_First_Peoples_Community" title="Santa Rosa First Peoples Community">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">South America</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="List of Indigenous peoples of South America">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Argentina" title="Indigenous peoples in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Bolivia" title="Indigenous peoples in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Chile" title="Indigenous peoples in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Colombia" title="Indigenous peoples in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Ecuador" title="Indigenous peoples in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Guyana" title="Indigenous peoples in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Paraguay" title="Indigenous peoples in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Peru" title="Indigenous peoples of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Suriname" title="Indigenous peoples in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Uruguay" title="Indigenous peoples in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" title="Indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_ethnobotany" title="Native American ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_ethnobotany" title="Cherokee ethnobotany">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_ethnobotany" title="Iroquois ethnobotany">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_ethnobotany" title="Navajo ethnobotany">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_ethnobotany" title="Zuni ethnobotany">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_identity_in_the_United_States" title="Native American identity in the United States">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_movements_in_the_Americas" title="Indigenous movements in the Americas">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_American_philosophy" title="Indigenous American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_studies" title="Native American studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_trade" title="Native American trade">Trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deerskin_trade" title="Deerskin trade">Deerskin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_popular_culture" title="Native Americans in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #FFDD99"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Columbian_civilizations_and_cultures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;background: #FFDEAD"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_era" title="Template:Pre-Columbian era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_era" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_civilizations_and_cultures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Americas" title="Archaeology of the Americas">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Columbian_cultures" title="List of pre-Columbian cultures">Cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_America" title="History of North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Archaeological periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture" title="Caddoan Mississippian culture">Caddoan Mississippian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">Chichimeca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_culture" title="Dorset culture">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshara_tradition" title="Oshara tradition">Oshara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picosa_culture" title="Picosa culture">Picosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_culture" title="Plum Bayou culture">Plum Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinagua" title="Sinagua">Sinagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule_people" title="Thule people">Thule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Mesoamerican chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acolhua" title="Acolhua">Acolhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacha" title="Capacha">Capacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcatzingo" title="Chalcatzingo">Chalcatzingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholula_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Cholula (Mesoamerican site)">Cholula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chup%C3%ADcuaro" title="Chupícuaro">Chupícuaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Cocl%C3%A9" title="Gran Coclé">Coclé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicuilco" title="Cuicuilco">Cuicuilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diquis" title="Diquis">Diquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi-Olmec_culture" title="Epi-Olmec culture">Epi-Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_civilization" title="Huastec civilization">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izapa" title="Izapa">Izapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezcala_culture" title="Mezcala culture">Mezcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nicoya" title="Kingdom of Nicoya">Nicoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_Empire" title="Purépecha Empire">Purépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quelepa" title="Quelepa">Quelepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Mexico_shaft_tomb_tradition" title="Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition">Shaft tomb tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepanec" title="Tepanec">Tepanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuchitl%C3%A1n_culture" title="Teuchitlán culture">Teuchitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlatilco_culture" title="Tlatilco culture">Tlatilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcaltec" title="Tlaxcaltec">Tlaxcaltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Veracruz_culture" title="Classic Veracruz culture">Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraguas_culture" title="Veraguas culture">Veraguas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xochipala" title="Xochipala">Xochipala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_America" title="History of South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="Andean civilizations">Andean civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="List of Indigenous peoples of South America">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Cabraline_history_of_Brazil" title="Pre-Cabraline history of Brazil">Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Bolivia" title="Pre-Columbian Bolivia">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehispanic_history_of_Chile" title="Prehispanic history of Chile">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Chile" title="List of archaeological sites in Chile">Archaeological sites in Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_cultures_of_Colombia" title="Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Colombia" title="List of archaeological sites in Colombia">Archaeological sites in Colombia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Ecuador" title="Pre-Columbian Ecuador">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru">Cultural periods of Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Peru" title="List of archaeological sites in Peru">Archaeological sites in Peru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_period_in_Venezuela" title="Pre-Columbian period in Venezuela">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Abra" title="El Abra">El Abra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amotape_complex" title="Amotape complex">Amotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atacama_people" title="Atacama people">Atacameño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymara_kingdoms" title="Aymara kingdoms">Aymara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calima_culture" title="Calima culture">Calima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari" title="Cañari">Cañaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capul%C3%AD_culture" title="Capulí culture">Capulí</a>/<a href="/wiki/Capul%C3%AD_culture#Nariño" title="Capulí culture">Nariño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization" title="Caral–Supe civilization">Caral–Supe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casma%E2%80%93Sechin_culture" title="Casma–Sechin culture">Casma–Sechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chachapoya_culture" title="Chachapoya culture">Chachapoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancay_culture" title="Chancay culture">Chancay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chango_people" title="Chango people">Chango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture" title="Chavín culture">Chavín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimor" title="Chimor">Chimú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinchorro_culture" title="Chinchorro culture">Chinchorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiripa_culture" title="Chiripa culture">Chiripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorrera_culture" title="Chorrera culture">Chorrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupisnique" title="Cupisnique">Cupisnique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaguita" title="Diaguita">Diaguita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Chaco_people" title="Gran Chaco people">Gran Chaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huetar_people" title="Huetar people">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalina_people" title="Kalina people">Kalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhikugu" title="Kuhikugu">Kuhikugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumaco-La_Tolita_culture" title="Tumaco-La Tolita culture">La Tolita (Tumaco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_culture_(archaeology)" title="Las Vegas culture (archaeology)">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauricocha_culture" title="Lauricocha culture">Lauricocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanos_de_Moxos_(archaeology)" title="Llanos de Moxos (archaeology)">Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_culture" title="Lima culture">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokono" title="Lokono">Lokono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupaca" title="Lupaca">Lupaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzia_Woman" title="Luzia Woman">Luzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mante%C3%B1o-Huancavilca_culture" title="Manteño-Huancavilca culture">Manteño-Huancavilca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_history" title="Mapuche history">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marajoara_culture" title="Marajoara culture">Marajoara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moche_culture" title="Moche culture">Moche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollo_culture" title="Mollo culture">Mollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Verde" title="Monte Verde">Monte Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazca_culture" title="Nazca culture">Nazca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagua_people" title="Omagua people">Omagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paij%C3%A1n_culture" title="Paiján culture">Paiján</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa_people" title="Piaroa people">Piaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukara_culture" title="Pukara culture">Pucará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pucar%C3%A1_de_Tilcara" title="Pucará de Tilcara">Pucará de Tilcara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebrada_de_Humahuaca" title="Quebrada de Humahuaca">Quebrada de Humahuaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbaya" title="Quimbaya">Quimbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladoid" title="Saladoid">Saladoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Agust%C3%ADn_culture" title="San Agustín culture">San Agustín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuar" title="Shuar">Shuar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sican_culture" title="Sican culture">Sican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tairona" title="Tairona">Tairona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tierradentro" title="Tierradentro">Tierradentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoto%E2%80%93Cuica_people" title="Timoto–Cuica people">Timoto–Cuica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyop%C3%A1n" title="Toyopán">Toyopán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuncahu%C3%A1n" title="Tuncahuán">Tuncahuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdivia_culture" title="Valdivia culture">Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankarani_culture" title="Wankarani culture">Wankarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_culture" title="Wari culture">Wari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen%C3%BA" title="Zenú">Zenú</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;padding:0; background:transparent;"><div><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;;background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca</a></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Capital</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Mayan_cities" title="Mayan cities">Multiple</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Tunja" title="Tunja">Hunza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacat%C3%A1" title="Bacatá">Bacatá</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Language</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan Languages</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Chibcha_language" title="Chibcha language">Muysc Cubun</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Writing</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Script</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Script</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">Numerals</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Numerals</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">Quipu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Religion</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Religion</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Aztec_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Aztec culture">Human Sacrifice</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Religion</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Maya culture">Human Sacrifice</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">Religion</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">Religion</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Mythology</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Mythology</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Mythology</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Mythology</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Calendar</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Calendar</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Calendar</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Maya_astronomy" title="Maya astronomy">Astronomy</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Calendar</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Muisca_astronomy" title="Muisca astronomy">Astronomy</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_the_Incas" title="Mathematics of the Incas">Mathematics</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Society</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_society" title="Aztec society">Society</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_society" title="Maya society">Society</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Maya_civilization" title="Trade in Maya civilization">Trade</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy" title="Muisca economy">Economy</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_society" title="Inca society">Society</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_warfare" title="Aztec warfare">Warfare</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_warfare" title="Maya warfare">Warfare</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_warfare" title="Muisca warfare">Warfare</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_army" title="Inca army">Army</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Women</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Aztec_civilization" title="Women in Aztec civilization">Women</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Maya_society" title="Women in Maya society">Women</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Muisca_society" title="Women in Muisca society">Women</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire#Gender_roles" title="Inca Empire">Gender Roles</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_architecture" title="Aztec architecture">Architecture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Architecture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_architecture" title="Muisca architecture">Architecture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">Architecture</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Inca_road_system" title="Inca road system">Road System</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Art</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztecs#Art_and_cultural_production" title="Aztecs">Art</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">Art</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_art" title="Muisca art">Art</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire#Arts_and_technology" title="Inca Empire">Art</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Music</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztecs#Music_and_song" title="Aztecs">Music</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_music" title="Maya music">Music</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_music" title="Muisca music">Music</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Andean_music" title="Andean music">Andean Music</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Chinampas</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Agriculture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_agriculture" title="Muisca agriculture">Agriculture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_agriculture" title="Inca agriculture">Agriculture</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Cuisine</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Cuisine</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Cuisine</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Cuisine</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> History</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Aztecs" title="History of the Aztecs">History</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="History of the Maya civilization">History</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Muisca" title="Template:History of the Muisca">History</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">Inca history</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Mayans</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca">Muisca</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Incas</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Notable Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_I" title="Moctezuma I">Moctezuma I</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Cuitl%C3%A1huac" title="Cuitláhuac">Cuitláhuac</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc" title="Cuauhtémoc">Cuauhtémoc</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Janaab%CA%BC_Pakal" title="Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal">Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Uaxaclajuun_Ub%CA%BCaah_K%CA%BCawiil" title="Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil">Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Jasaw_Chan_K%CA%BCawiil_I" title="Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I">Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Nemequene" title="Nemequene">Nemequene</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Quemuenchatocha" title="Quemuenchatocha">Quemuenchatocha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tisquesusa" title="Tisquesusa">Tisquesusa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tundama" title="Tundama">Tundama</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zoratama" title="Zoratama">Zoratama</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac" title="Manco Cápac">Manco Cápac</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Pachacuti" title="Pachacuti">Pachacuti</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Manco_Inca_Yupanqui" title="Manco Inca Yupanqui">Manco Inca Yupanqui</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru" title="Túpac Amaru">Túpac Amaru</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Conquest</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish Conquest</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Spanish Conquest</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Spanish Conquest of Yucatán</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Montejo" title="Francisco de Montejo">Francisco de Montejo</a>) <br /><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Spanish Conquest of Guatemala</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish Conquest</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia" title="List of conquistadors in Colombia">List of Conquistadors</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish Conquest</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><div id="See_also"><b>See also</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_the_Americas" title="Category:Archaeological sites in the Americas">Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mesoamerica" title="Portal:Mesoamerica">Portal:Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramics_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous cuisine of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_writing_systems" title="Mesoamerican writing systems">Mesoamerican writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting_in_the_Americas_before_European_colonization" title="Painting in the Americas before European colonization">Painting in the Americas before European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">Pre-Columbian art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/32px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/48px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/64px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Civilizations" title="Portal:Civilizations">Civilizations portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_world_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:khaki; padding-top:0.1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_peoples_by_continent" title="Template:Indigenous peoples by continent"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_by_continent" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples by continent"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_by_continent" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples by continent"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_world_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a> by <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:17%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Location of Africa"><img alt="Location of Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Indigenous peoples of Africa">Africa</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:17%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Eurasia" title="Location of Eurasia"><img alt="Location of Eurasia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples#Eurasia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous peoples">Eurasia</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:17%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" title="Location of North America"><img alt="Location of North America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#North_America" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">North America</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:17%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Location of Oceania"><img alt="Location of Oceania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Indigenous peoples of Oceania">Oceania</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:17%;"><div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Location of South America"><img alt="Location of South America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">South America</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:khaki;"><div><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples by geographic regions</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126236#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4165054-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="America--Discovery and exploration--Spanish"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85004256">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007294075605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&oldid=1259680092">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&oldid=1259680092</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conquistadors" title="Category:Conquistadors">Conquistadors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianization" title="Category:Christianization">Christianization</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Category:History of indigenous peoples of the Americas">History of indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portuguese_Empire" title="Category:Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese colonization of the Americas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portuguese_exploration_in_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Category:Portuguese exploration in the Age of Discovery">Portuguese exploration in the Age of Discovery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_Empire" title="Category:Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_exploration_in_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Category:Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery">Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2023">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2020">Use dmy dates from January 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Spanish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Spanish IPA">Pages with Spanish IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Portuguese_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Portuguese IPA">Pages with Portuguese IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_May_2017" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_August_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2021">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_July_2012" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2012">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_October_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2023">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_March_2013" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2013">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_June_2012" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2012">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2012" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2012">Articles needing additional references from July 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 13:55<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-779k7","wgBackendResponseTime":191,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.586","walltime":"1.894","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13682,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":602082,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":132317,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":32,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":363506,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1374.057 1 -total"," 35.96% 494.079 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.77% 189.209 44 Template:Cite_book"," 12.66% 173.985 1 Template:Navboxes"," 12.21% 167.711 28 Template:Cite_web"," 8.86% 121.710 1 Template:Spanish_Empire"," 8.71% 119.613 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 7.33% 100.656 14 Template:Fix"," 7.33% 100.656 12 Template:Citation_needed"," 6.96% 95.613 2 Template:IPA"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.824","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26371808,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-6trlv","timestamp":"20241201032011","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Conquistador","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conquistador","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q126236","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q126236","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-15T06:53:37Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T13:55:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ee\/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg","headline":"soldiers, explorers, and adventurers at the service of the Spanish Empire and Portuguese Empire"}</script> </body> </html>