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href="#Espionage_allegations_and_first_jail_sentence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Espionage allegations and first jail sentence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Espionage_allegations_and_first_jail_sentence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Slovak_Republic_and_Tuka's_rise_to_political_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Slovak_Republic_and_Tuka's_rise_to_political_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Slovak Republic and Tuka's rise to political power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Slovak_Republic_and_Tuka's_rise_to_political_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuka_and_the_persecution_of_Slovak_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuka_and_the_persecution_of_Slovak_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tuka and the persecution of Slovak Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuka_and_the_persecution_of_Slovak_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_from_power_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_from_power_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fall from power and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_from_power_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swiss_bank_account" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swiss_bank_account"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Swiss bank account</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swiss_bank_account-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%85_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Войцех Тука – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Войцех Тука" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojtech_Tuka" title="Vojtech Tuka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vojtech Tuka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojtech_Tuka" title="Vojtech Tuka – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vojtech Tuka" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojtech_Tuka" title="Vojtech Tuka – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vojtech Tuka" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojtech_Tuka" title="Vojtech Tuka – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vojtech Tuka" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%AE_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ویتخ توکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویتخ توکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojtech_Tuka" title="Vojtech Tuka – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vojtech Tuka" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojtech_Tuka" title="Vojtech Tuka – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vojtech Tuka" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%94" title="וויטייך טוקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וויטייך טוקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojtech_Tuka" title="Vojtech Tuka – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vojtech Tuka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojtech_Tuka" title="Vojtech Tuka – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vojtech Tuka" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%86%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%82%AB" title="ヴォイテフ・トゥカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴォイテフ・トゥカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojtech_Tuka" title="Vojtech Tuka – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vojtech Tuka" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojtech_Tuka" title="Vojtech Tuka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Vojtech Tuka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojtech_Tuka" title="Vojtech Tuka – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vojtech Tuka" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0,_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85" title="Тука, Войтех – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тука, Войтех" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojtech_Tuka" title="Vojtech Tuka – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vojtech Tuka" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojtech_Tuka" title="Vojtech Tuka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vojtech Tuka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Војтех Тука – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Војтех Тука" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojtech_Tuka" title="Vojtech Tuka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vojtech Tuka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojtech_Tuka" title="Vojtech Tuka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vojtech Tuka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojtech_Tuka" title="Vojtech Tuka – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vojtech Tuka" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Войтех Тука – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Войтех Тука" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9A_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%90" title="ווויטעך טוקא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווויטעך טוקא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E4%BC%8A%E6%8D%B7%E8%B5%AB%C2%B7%E5%9B%BE%E5%8D%A1" title="沃伊捷赫·图卡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沃伊捷赫·图卡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q367181#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Vojtech Tuka</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vojtech_Tuka_Nov%C3%BD_svet_cover.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vojtech_Tuka_Nov%C3%BD_svet_cover.png/220px-Vojtech_Tuka_Nov%C3%BD_svet_cover.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vojtech_Tuka_Nov%C3%BD_svet_cover.png/330px-Vojtech_Tuka_Nov%C3%BD_svet_cover.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Vojtech_Tuka_Nov%C3%BD_svet_cover.png/440px-Vojtech_Tuka_Nov%C3%BD_svet_cover.png 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="1542" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Vojtech Tuka in October 1939</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovakia" title="Prime Minister of Slovakia">Prime Minister of Slovakia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />26 October 1939 – 5 September 1944</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Jozef Tiso</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Jozef Tiso</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tefan_Tiso" title="Štefan Tiso">Štefan Tiso</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Slovakia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Slovakia)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />26 October 1939 – 2 September 1944</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_%C4%8Eur%C4%8Dansk%C3%BD" title="Ferdinand Ďurčanský">Ferdinand Ďurčanský</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Deputy, Czechoslovak Parliament</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1925<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1925</span>)</span>–1929<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1929</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1880-07-04</span>)</span>4 July 1880<br /><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tiavnick%C3%A9_Bane" title="Štiavnické Bane">Hegybánya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hont_County" title="Hont County">Hont County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(now <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tiavnick%C3%A9_Bane" title="Štiavnické Bane">Štiavnické Bane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 August 1946<span style="display:none">(1946-08-20)</span> (aged 66)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(now <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_hanging" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution by hanging">Execution by hanging</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">Slovak</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Politician, lawyer, professor, editor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Law</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vojtech Lázar "Béla" Tuka</b> (4 July 1880 – 20 August 1946) was a Slovak politician who served as prime minister and minister of Foreign Affairs of the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Republic (1939–45)">First Slovak Republic</a> between 1939 and 1945. Tuka was one of the main forces behind the deportation of Slovak <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi</a> concentration camps in <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">German occupied Poland</a>. He was the leader of the radical wing of the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vojtech_Tuka&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tuka, sometimes referred to by the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Magyar</a> name Béla, was born in <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tiavnick%C3%A9_Bane" title="Štiavnické Bane">Hegybánya</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Hont_County" title="Hont County">Hont County</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> (today: <i>Štiavnické Bane, Slovakia</i>). He studied law at universities in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. He became the youngest professor in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, teaching law in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a> and—from 1914 to 1919—at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabethan University (page does not exist)">Elizabethan University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>. After the dissolution of that university in 1919, he worked as an editor in Bratislava. </p><p>After the founding of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> in late 1918, he joined the autonomist <a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a>. Growing separatist sentiment would later enable Tuka's rise to power. In 1919, he was elected to the Presidium of the Countrywide Christian Socialist Party as nominee of the Slovak section.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1923, he founded the organization <a href="/wiki/Rodobrana" title="Rodobrana">Rodobrana</a> ("Home Guard"), an armed militia. Tuka was also a deputy to the Czechoslovak parliament. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Espionage_allegations_and_first_jail_sentence">Espionage allegations and first jail sentence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vojtech_Tuka&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Espionage allegations and first jail sentence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 January 1928 Tuka published an article titled "Vacuum Juris", alleging that there had been a suppressed annex to the 30 October 1918 "<a href="/wiki/Martin_Declaration" title="Martin Declaration">Martin Declaration</a>" (the Slovak version of the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_declaration_of_independence" title="Czechoslovak declaration of independence">Czechoslovak declaration of independence</a> of 18 October 1918) by which Slovak representatives officially joined the newly founded state of Czechoslovakia. This annex, according to Tuka, stated that the declaration was, by agreement, to be valid for only ten years; after 30 October 1928, he claimed, Prague's writ would no longer run in Slovakia. The Prague government charged Tuka with espionage and high treason. Tuka was found guilty and sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment; he served about ten years of that sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Slovak_Republic_and_Tuka's_rise_to_political_power"><span id="The_Slovak_Republic_and_Tuka.27s_rise_to_political_power"></span>The Slovak Republic and Tuka's rise to political power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vojtech_Tuka&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Slovak Republic and Tuka's rise to political power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manfred_von_Killinger_meets_Tiso_and_Tuka.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Manfred_von_Killinger_meets_Tiso_and_Tuka.png/220px-Manfred_von_Killinger_meets_Tiso_and_Tuka.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Manfred_von_Killinger_meets_Tiso_and_Tuka.png/330px-Manfred_von_Killinger_meets_Tiso_and_Tuka.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Manfred_von_Killinger_meets_Tiso_and_Tuka.png/440px-Manfred_von_Killinger_meets_Tiso_and_Tuka.png 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manfred_von_Killinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Manfred von Killinger">Manfred von Killinger</a> meets Tiso and Tuka in Bratislava, August 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>On 9 March 1939 Czech troops moved into Slovakia in reaction to radical calls for independence from Slovak agitators (including Tuka, who had recently been released from prison). On 13 March <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> took advantage of this "Homolov Putsch", prompting <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Jozef Tiso</a>—the Slovak ex–prime minister and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> priest deposed by the Czech troops—to declare <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939-1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Republic (1939-1945)">Slovak independence</a> on 14 March by an act of the Slovak Assembly. The Czech part of Czechoslovakia was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a> as a protectorate. Tiso became Prime Minister of the new Slovak state on 14 March 1939; he was chosen as president on 26 October 1939 and immediately appointed Tuka as Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Salzburg_Conference" title="Salzburg Conference">Salzburg Conference</a>, concluded between Slovakia and the Reich in <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> on 28 July 1940, resulted in closer collaboration with Germany, and in Tuka and other political leaders increasing their powers at the expense of Tiso's original concept of a Catholic corporate state. Tuka attended the conference, as did Hitler, Tiso, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a>, Alexander Mach (head of the Hlinka Guards), and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Karmasin" title="Franz Karmasin">Franz Karmasin</a>, head of the local German minority. The agreement called for dual command by the Slovak People's Party and the Hlinka Guard (HSĽS), and also an acceleration in Slovakia's anti-Jewish policies. The Reich appointed <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Stormtrooper</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Manfred_von_Killinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Manfred von Killinger">Manfred von Killinger</a> as the German representative in Slovakia. Tiso accepted these changes in a subsequent conversation with Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the conference, two state agencies were created to deal with "Jewish affairs".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-slovak_history_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slovak_history-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tuka_and_the_persecution_of_Slovak_Jews">Tuka and the persecution of Slovak Jews</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vojtech_Tuka&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tuka and the persecution of Slovak Jews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 3 September 1940 Tuka led the Slovak Assembly to enact Constitutional Law 210, a law authorizing the government to do everything necessary to exclude Jews from the economic and social life of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-holocaust_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holocaust-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous laws had already stripped them of political participation.<sup id="cite_ref-slovak_history_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slovak_history-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 November that year Tuka and von Ribbentrop signed a protocol entering Slovakia into alliance with Germany, Japan, and Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-slovak_history_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slovak_history-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1940 <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Wisliceny" title="Dieter Wisliceny">Dieter Wisliceny</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hauptsturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Hauptsturmführer">Hauptsturmführer</a></i>, was sent to Bratislava to act as an "adviser on Jewish affairs" to Tuka's government.<sup id="cite_ref-HHistory_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HHistory-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Wisliceny, Tuka composed the Ordinance <i>Judenkodex</i> (<i>Codex Judaicus</i>, or Jewish Code) of the 9th of September 1941, which comprised 270 articles comprehensively denying rights to Slovak Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-holocaust_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holocaust-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HHistory_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HHistory-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Code was longer than the Slovak Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-HHistory_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HHistory-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It required that Jews wear the yellow star, annulled all debts owed to Jews, confiscated Jewish property, and expelled Jews from Bratislava, the Slovak capital. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hitler_Meissner_Tuka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hitler_Meissner_Tuka.jpg/180px-Hitler_Meissner_Tuka.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hitler_Meissner_Tuka.jpg/270px-Hitler_Meissner_Tuka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hitler_Meissner_Tuka.jpg/360px-Hitler_Meissner_Tuka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2466" data-file-height="3499" /></a><figcaption>Hitler and Tuka in 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>Slovakia was the first state outside of direct German control to agree to the deportation of its Jewish citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942, Tuka strongly advocated the deportation of Slovakia's Jewish population to the eastern <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi concentration camp">Nazi concentration camps</a>. Together with Internal Affairs Minister <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mach" title="Alexander Mach">Alexander Mach</a>, Tuka, who was vice-chairman of the Slovak People's Party, encouraged ever-closer cooperation of the Party with Germany, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Hlinka_Guard" title="Hlinka Guard">Hlinka Guard</a>, successor to the <a href="/wiki/Rodobrana" title="Rodobrana">Rodobrana</a> revived by Tuka. Twenty thousand Jews were to be deported under the German resettlement scheme, for which the Slovak government was to pay five hundred <a href="/wiki/German_reichsmark" class="mw-redirect" title="German reichsmark">Reichsmark</a> per deportee.<sup id="cite_ref-EEurope_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EEurope-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tiso was perfectly aware of the deportations orchestrated by Tuka. In 1942 Tiso gave a speech in <a href="/wiki/Hol%C3%AD%C4%8D" title="Holíč">Holíč</a> in which he justified ongoing deportations of Slovak Jews. Hitler commented after this speech "It is interesting how this little Catholic priest Tiso is sending us the Jews!".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The deportation of Slovak Jews was halted in October 1942, at the order of the Slovak Council of Ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-Aronson_2001_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aronson_2001-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of reasons for the sudden decision have been posited, including pressure from Slovak clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-EEurope_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EEurope-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report by the Bratislava <i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i>, the intelligence agency of the SS, stated that the reason for the sudden halt was a meeting called by Tuka on 11 August 1942. At that meeting, Tuka and the secretary-general of the Industrial Union told the ministers that Slovakia's economy could not withstand continued deportation of the Jews, causing the council to order the halt.<sup id="cite_ref-Aronson_2001_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aronson_2001-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 25 March and 20 October 1942, Slovakia sent about 57,700 Jews to Nazi concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-EEurope_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EEurope-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in September 1944, the deportation of Slovak Jews was resumed; by the end of the war in April 1945, about 13,500 additional Jews were deported.<sup id="cite_ref-EEurope_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EEurope-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fall_from_power_and_death">Fall from power and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vojtech_Tuka&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fall from power and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1943, Tuka's health had deteriorated to a point where his political activities were significantly diminished and at the beginning of 1944, he was planning his resignation. After large negotiations about his successor, he resigned on 5 September 1944, a few days after the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovak National Uprising</a>. As he was prime minister at the time, the resignation involved the whole government. Tuka was replaced by <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tefan_Tiso" title="Štefan Tiso">Štefan Tiso</a> (a distant relative of president Jozef Tiso). From then on, Tuka no longer took part in Slovak political life. </p><p>At the end of the war, having already suffered a stroke which confined him to a wheelchair, he emigrated together with his wife, nursing attendants, and personal doctor to Austria, where he was arrested by Allied troops following the capitulation of Germany and handed over to the officials of the renewed Czechoslovakia. Following a brief trial, Vojtech Tuka was executed by hanging on 20 August 1946. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Swiss_bank_account">Swiss bank account</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vojtech_Tuka&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Swiss bank account"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 21 July 1997, after two years of lobbying, Slovak Jewish leaders persuaded the Czech cabinet to return property belonging to Slovak victims of the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-spectator_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spectator-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That month, the Swiss Bankers Association published a list of World War II–era Swiss bank account holders with dormant accounts; the list included the name of Vojtech Tuka, according to <a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal" title="Simon Wiesenthal">Simon Wiesenthal</a>, who urged that Tuka's account be turned over to the Swiss fund for victims of the Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>František Alexander, executive chairman of Slovakia's Central Association of Jewish Religious Communities, told <i>The Slovak Spectator</i> that the funds from the account should be allocated by an international council of justice. Jozef Weiss, head of the Association's office, said that the Association did not believe it had the legal or moral right to take money from Tuka's private account to repay a wrong done by the Slovak government. Instead, Weiss suggested, the money should be used to pay for the upkeep of the graves of Slovak soldiers who <a href="/wiki/Died_in_vain" class="mw-redirect" title="Died in vain">died in vain</a> fighting alongside the Nazis against the Soviet forces on the Eastern Front.<sup id="cite_ref-spectator_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spectator-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kamenec" title="Ivan Kamenec">Ivan Kamenec</a>, a Slovak historian of the war, said that Tuka's multiple posts "were all very well paid"; the offices of Foreign Minister and central committee member of HSĽS both paid over 10,000 Slovak crowns a month, he said. Although Kamenec refused to speculate on the size of Tuka's dormant account, he noted that Tuka's living requirements were modest.<sup id="cite_ref-spectator_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spectator-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vojtech_Tuka&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartl (2002) p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward (2013) pp. 102-105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans (2009) p. 395.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward (2013) pp. 211-213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBirnbaum2006" class="citation web cs1">Birnbaum, Eli (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishhistory.org.il/history.php?startyear=1940&endyear=1949">"Jewish History 1940–1949"</a>. <i>The History of the Jewish People</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+of+the+Jewish+People&rft.atitle=Jewish+History+1940%E2%80%931949&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Birnbaum&rft.aufirst=Eli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishhistory.org.il%2Fhistory.php%3Fstartyear%3D1940%26endyear%3D1949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVojtech+Tuka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slovak_history-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slovak_history_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slovak_history_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slovak_history_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartl (2002) p. 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holocaust-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holocaust_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holocaust_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yahil (1991) pp. 179–181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HHistory-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HHistory_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HHistory_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HHistory_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dwork (2003) pp, 168–169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitler's Hangman. The Life of Heydrich. Robert Gerwarth, page 261)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EEurope-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EEurope_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EEurope_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EEurope_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EEurope_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frucht (2005) p. 298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward (2013) p. 8 and pp. 234-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aronson_2001-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aronson_2001_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aronson_2001_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aronson (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yahil (1991), p. 401</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spectator-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spectator_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spectator_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spectator_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorský1997" class="citation news cs1">Borský, Daniel (14 August 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spectator.sme.sk/articles/view/7943">"Jewish leaders decide not to pursue Tuka's Swiss stash"</a>. <i>The Slovak Spectator</i>. Bratislava, Slovakia: The Rock<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slovak+Spectator&rft.atitle=Jewish+leaders+decide+not+to+pursue+Tuka%27s+Swiss+stash&rft.date=1997-08-14&rft.aulast=Borsk%C3%BD&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspectator.sme.sk%2Farticles%2Fview%2F7943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVojtech+Tuka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZQxbAAAAIBAJ&pg=3358%2C2397511">"Jews angry Swiss bank list includes possible Nazis"</a>. <i>Bangor Daily News</i>. Vol. 109, no. 34. Bangor, Maine: Bangor Publishing. Associated Press. 25 July 1997. p. A6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bangor+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Jews+angry+Swiss+bank+list+includes+possible+Nazis&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=A6&rft.date=1997-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DZQxbAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3358%252C2397511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVojtech+Tuka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAronson2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Aronson, Shlomo (2001). "Europa Plan". In Laqueur, Walter; Baumel, Judith Tydor (eds.). <i>The Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08432-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08432-0"><bdi>978-0-300-08432-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Europa+Plan&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08432-0&rft.aulast=Aronson&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVojtech+Tuka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartl2002" class="citation book cs1">Bartl, Július (2002). <i>Slovak History: chronology & lexicon</i>. David Paul Daniel, trans. Wauconda, Ill.: Bolchazy-Carducci. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-444-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-444-4"><bdi>978-0-86516-444-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slovak+History%3A+chronology+%26+lexicon&rft.place=Wauconda%2C+Ill.&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-86516-444-4&rft.aulast=Bartl&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BAlius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVojtech+Tuka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDworkPeltVan_Pelt2003" class="citation book cs1">Dwork, Debórah; Pelt, Robert Jan; Van Pelt, Robert Jan (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holocausthistory00dwor"><i>Holocaust: a history</i></a></span>. W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32524-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32524-9"><bdi>978-0-393-32524-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holocaust%3A+a+history&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32524-9&rft.aulast=Dwork&rft.aufirst=Deb%C3%B3rah&rft.au=Pelt%2C+Robert+Jan&rft.au=Van+Pelt%2C+Robert+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholocausthistory00dwor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVojtech+Tuka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Evans, Richard J. (2009). <i>The Third Reich at War.</i> New York: Penguin Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrucht2005" class="citation book cs1">Frucht, Richard C., ed. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easterneuropeint0000unse"><i>Eastern Europe: an introduction to the people, lands, and culture</i></a></span>. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-800-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-800-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-800-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe%3A+an+introduction+to+the+people%2C+lands%2C+and+culture&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-800-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feasterneuropeint0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVojtech+Tuka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ward, James Mace (2013). <i>Priest, Politician, Collaborator: Jozef Tiso and the Making of Fascist Slovakia.</i> Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4988-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4988-8">978-0-8014-4988-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYahil1991" class="citation book cs1">Yahil, Leni (1991). <i>The Holocaust: the fate of European Jewry, 1932–1945</i>. Ina Friedman and Haya Galai, trans. Oxford University Press US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504523-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504523-9"><bdi>978-0-19-504523-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+the+fate+of+European+Jewry%2C+1932%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504523-9&rft.aulast=Yahil&rft.aufirst=Leni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVojtech+Tuka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalna.kniznica.info/s/fimKa1Vsdt"><i>V. Tuka Trial</i></a> (in Slovak). B.m.: b. v., (1929). 1847 p. - available at <a href="/wiki/University_Library_in_Bratislava_Digital_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="University Library in Bratislava Digital Library">ULB Digital Library</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vojtech_Tuka&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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Slovakia">The Holocaust in Slovakia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Part of</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camps and prisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>In Slovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sere%C4%8F_concentration_camp" title="Sereď concentration camp">Sereď</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nov%C3%A1ky_labor_camp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nováky labor camp (page does not exist)">Nováky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patr%C3%B3nka_transit_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrónka transit camp">Patrónka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poprad_transit_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Poprad transit camp">Poprad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyhne_labor_camp" title="Vyhne labor camp">Vyhne</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Elsewhere <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82%C5%BCec_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Bełżec extermination camp">Bełżec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lublin Reservation">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek" class="mw-redirect" title="Majdanek">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobibor">Sobibor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massacres and roundups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1938_deportation_of_Jews_from_Slovakia" title="1938 deportation of Jews from Slovakia">1938 deportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_transports_from_Slovakia" title="List of Holocaust transports from Slovakia">List of transports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_September_roundup_in_Bratislava" class="mw-redirect" title="28 September roundup in Bratislava">Bratislava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kremni%C4%8Dka_and_Nemeck%C3%A1_massacres" title="Kremnička and Nemecká massacres">Kremnička and Nemecká</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvolen" title="Zvolen">Zvolen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abwehrgruppe_218" title="Abwehrgruppe 218">Abwehrgruppe 218</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Economic_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Economic Office (page does not exist)">Central Economic Office</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department 14 (page does not exist)">Department 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppe_H" title="Einsatzgruppe H">Einsatzgruppe H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiwillige_Schutzstaffel" title="Freiwillige Schutzstaffel">Freiwillige Schutzstaffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlinka_Guard" title="Hlinka Guard">Hlinka Guard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hlinka_Guard_Emergency_Divisions" title="Hlinka Guard Emergency Divisions">Emergency Divisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Holocaust_perpetrators_in_Slovakia" title="Category:Holocaust perpetrators in Slovakia">Individuals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Alois Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izidor_Koso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izidor Koso (page does not exist)">Izidor Koso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomar_Kubala" title="Otomar Kubala">Otomar Kubala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mach" title="Alexander Mach">Alexander Mach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=August%C3%ADn_Mor%C3%A1vek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augustín Morávek (page does not exist)">Augustín Morávek</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%C3%ADn_Mor%C3%A1vek" class="extiw" title="cs:Augustín Morávek">cs</a>; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%C3%ADn_Mor%C3%A1vek" class="extiw" title="de:Augustín Morávek">de</a>; <a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/August%C3%ADn_Mor%C3%A1vek" class="extiw" title="sk:Augustín Morávek">sk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Jozef Tiso</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vojtech Tuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Va%C5%A1ek" title="Anton Vašek">Anton Vašek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Witiska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josef Witiska (page does not exist)">Josef Witiska</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Witiska" class="extiw" title="de:Josef Witiska">de</a>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Witiska" class="extiw" title="fr:Josef Witiska">fr</a>; <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Witiska" class="extiw" title="sv:Josef Witiska">sv</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Wisliceny" title="Dieter Wisliceny">Dieter Wisliceny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Center_(Slovakia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Center (Slovakia)">Jewish Center</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_(resistance_organization)" title="Working Group (resistance organization)">Working Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gisi_Fleischmann" title="Gisi Fleischmann">Gisi Fleischmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Neumann" title="Oskar Neumann">Oskar Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dov_Weissmandl" title="Michael Dov Weissmandl">Michael Dov Weissmandl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Center_(Slovakia)#Department_of_Special_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Center (Slovakia)">Department of Special Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Hochberg" title="Karol Hochberg">Karol Hochberg</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rescuers_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescuers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Burzio" title="Giuseppe Burzio">Giuseppe Burzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Peter_Gojdi%C4%8D" title="Pavel Peter Gojdič">Pavel Peter Gojdič</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Franti%C5%A1ek_Koch" title="Karel František Koch">Karel František Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%C4%BE%C5%A1avica" title="Oľšavica">Oľšavica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust in Slovakia">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SRP_(Slovak_organization)" title="SRP (Slovak organization)">SRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_anti-Jewish_violence_in_Slovakia" title="Postwar anti-Jewish violence in Slovakia">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topo%C4%BE%C4%8Dany_pogrom" title="Topoľčany pogrom">Topoľčany pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Congress_riots" title="Partisan Congress riots">Partisan Congress riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation%27s_Memory_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation's Memory Institute">Nation's Memory Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Slovakia" title="History of the Jews in Slovakia">History of the Jews in Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Czechs_in_the_Slovak_State" title="Persecution of Czechs in the Slovak State">Persecution of Czechs in the Slovak State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_exemption_(Slovak_State)" title="Presidential exemption (Slovak State)">Presidential exemptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovak National Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso%27s_speech_in_Hol%C3%AD%C4%8D" title="Jozef Tiso's speech in Holíč">Tiso's Holíč speech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000055425058">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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