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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificial_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Artificial islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificial_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beach_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beach_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Beach restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beach_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landfill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landfill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Landfill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landfill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environmental impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Environmental legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dangers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dangers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Dangers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dangers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_amounts_added" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_amounts_added"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Land amounts added</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Land_amounts_added-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Land amounts added subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Land_amounts_added-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_reclaimed_land_by_country_and_territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_reclaimed_land_by_country_and_territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>List of reclaimed land by country and territory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_reclaimed_land_by_country_and_territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Land reclamation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landwinning" title="Landwinning – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Landwinning" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="استصلاح الأراضي البحرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استصلاح الأراضي البحرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terres_guanyades_al_mar" title="Terres guanyades al mar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Terres guanyades al mar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landvinding" title="Landvinding – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Landvinding" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgewinnung" title="Landgewinnung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Landgewinnung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierras_ganadas_al_mar" title="Tierras ganadas al mar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tierras ganadas al mar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsasoari_irabazitako_lur" title="Itsasoari irabazitako lur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itsasoari irabazitako lur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آبادسازی سرزمین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آبادسازی سرزمین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre-plein_(g%C3%A9ographie)" title="Terre-plein (géographie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Terre-plein (géographie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%84%EC%B2%99" title="간척 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="간척" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Հողի մելիորացում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հողի մելիորացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="भूमि उद्धार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भूमि उद्धार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reklamasi_daratan" title="Reklamasi daratan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reklamasi daratan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_sottratta_al_mare" title="Terra sottratta al mare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terra sottratta al mare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%97%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%A2" title="אחזור קרקע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אחזור קרקע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggeratio_maritima" title="Aggeratio maritima – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aggeratio maritima" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebus_guna_tanah" title="Tebus guna tanah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tebus guna tanah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landaanwinning" title="Landaanwinning – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Landaanwinning" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%8B%E7%AB%8B%E5%9C%B0" title="埋立地 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="埋立地" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refulacja" title="Refulacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Refulacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aterramento_mar%C3%ADtimo" title="Aterramento marítimo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aterramento marítimo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Намывные территории – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Намывные территории" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Land reclamation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelioracija" title="Amelioracija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Amelioracija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uudisraivaus" title="Uudisraivaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uudisraivaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%C3%A5tervinning" title="Landåtervinning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Landåtervinning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toprak_%C4%B1slah%C4%B1" title="Toprak ıslahı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toprak ıslahı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Намивні території – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Намивні території" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khai_hoang" title="Khai hoang – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khai hoang" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lakes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about land reclaimed from water bodies. For land reclaimed from deserts, see <a href="/wiki/Desert_greening" title="Desert greening">Desert greening</a>. For improvements to disturbed land, see <a href="/wiki/Land_rehabilitation" title="Land rehabilitation">Land rehabilitation</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Land fill" redirects here. For the disposal of waste material, see <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Reclaimed" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Reclaim_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Reclaim (disambiguation)">Reclaim</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perth1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Perth1964.jpg/220px-Perth1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Perth1964.jpg/330px-Perth1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Perth1964.jpg/440px-Perth1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1526" data-file-height="1026" /></a><figcaption>Reclaiming in <a href="/wiki/Swan_River_(Western_Australia)" title="Swan River (Western Australia)">Mounts Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a>, Australia 1964</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_747-467,_Cathay_Pacific_Airways_JP10362.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Boeing_747-467%2C_Cathay_Pacific_Airways_JP10362.jpg/220px-Boeing_747-467%2C_Cathay_Pacific_Airways_JP10362.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Boeing_747-467%2C_Cathay_Pacific_Airways_JP10362.jpg/330px-Boeing_747-467%2C_Cathay_Pacific_Airways_JP10362.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Boeing_747-467%2C_Cathay_Pacific_Airways_JP10362.jpg/440px-Boeing_747-467%2C_Cathay_Pacific_Airways_JP10362.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kai_Tak_Airport" title="Kai Tak Airport">former airport</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> (pictured) and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">the current airport of Hong Kong</a> were built on reclaimed land.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xinghai_Square_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Xinghai_Square_.jpg/220px-Xinghai_Square_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Xinghai_Square_.jpg/330px-Xinghai_Square_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Xinghai_Square_.jpg/440px-Xinghai_Square_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5904" data-file-height="3850" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_city_squares_by_size" title="List of city squares by size">largest city square in the world</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Xinghai_Square" title="Xinghai Square">Xinghai Square</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dalian" title="Dalian">Dalian</a>, China, was created entirely through land reclamation.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Land reclamation</b>, often known as <b>reclamation</b>, and also known as <b>land fill</b> (not to be confused with a waste <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfill</a>), is the process of creating new <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_ecoregion" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial ecoregion">land</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of seas">seas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">riverbeds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a> beds. The land reclaimed is known as <b>reclamation ground</b>, <b>reclaimed land</b>, or <b>land fill</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_reclamation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty</a> (c. 2000–1800 BC) undertook a far-sighted land reclamation scheme to increase agricultural output. They constructed <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a> to connect the <a href="/wiki/Faiyum_Oasis" title="Faiyum Oasis">Faiyum</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Bahr_Yussef" title="Bahr Yussef">Bahr Yussef</a> waterway, diverting water that would have flowed into <a href="/wiki/Lake_Moeris" title="Lake Moeris">Lake Moeris</a> and causing gradual evaporation around the lake's edges, creating new farmland from the reclaimed land. A similar land reclamation system using dams and drainage canals was used in the Greek <a href="/wiki/Lake_Copais" title="Lake Copais">Copaic Basin</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Helladic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Helladic period">Middle Helladic Period</a> (c. 1900–1600 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest large-scale projects was the <a href="/wiki/Beemster" title="Beemster">Beemster Polder</a> in the Netherlands, realized in 1612 adding 70 square kilometres (27 sq mi) of land. In Hong Kong the <a href="/wiki/Praya_Reclamation_Scheme" title="Praya Reclamation Scheme">Praya Reclamation Scheme</a> added 20 to 24 hectares (50 to 60 acres) of land in 1890 during the second phase of construction. It was one of the most ambitious projects ever taken during the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Hong Kong">Colonial Hong Kong</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-Bard_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bard-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 20% of land in the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Bay" title="Tokyo Bay">Tokyo Bay</a> area has been reclaimed,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most notably <a href="/wiki/Odaiba" title="Odaiba">Odaiba</a> artificial island. The city of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> was largely built on reclaimed land, as was <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, New Zealand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_reclamation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Land reclamation can be achieved by a number of different methods. The simplest method involves filling the area with large amounts of heavy rock and/or <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>, then filling with clay and dirt until the desired height is reached. The process is called "infilling"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the material used to fill the space is generally called "infill".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Draining of submerged <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> is often used to reclaim land for <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> use. <a href="/wiki/Deep_cement_mixing" title="Deep cement mixing">Deep cement mixing</a> is used typically in situations in which the material displaced by either <a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">dredging</a> or draining may be contaminated and hence needs to be contained. Land dredging is also another method of land reclamation. It is the removal of sediments and debris from the bottom of a body of water. It is commonly used for maintaining reclaimed land masses as sedimentation, a natural process, fills channels and harbors.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_instances">Notable instances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_reclamation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notable instances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Coast_Park_Panorama,_Mar_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/East_Coast_Park_Panorama%2C_Mar_06.jpg/220px-East_Coast_Park_Panorama%2C_Mar_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/East_Coast_Park_Panorama%2C_Mar_06.jpg/330px-East_Coast_Park_Panorama%2C_Mar_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/East_Coast_Park_Panorama%2C_Mar_06.jpg/440px-East_Coast_Park_Panorama%2C_Mar_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3351" data-file-height="1477" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Park" title="East Coast Park">East Coast Park</a> in Singapore was built on reclaimed land with a human-made <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beach</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_Flevopolder,_Netherlands_(5.48E_52.43N).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Satellite_image_of_Flevopolder%2C_Netherlands_%285.48E_52.43N%29.png/220px-Satellite_image_of_Flevopolder%2C_Netherlands_%285.48E_52.43N%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Satellite_image_of_Flevopolder%2C_Netherlands_%285.48E_52.43N%29.png/330px-Satellite_image_of_Flevopolder%2C_Netherlands_%285.48E_52.43N%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Satellite_image_of_Flevopolder%2C_Netherlands_%285.48E_52.43N%29.png/440px-Satellite_image_of_Flevopolder%2C_Netherlands_%285.48E_52.43N%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Flevopolder" title="Flevopolder">Flevopolder</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, reclaimed from the <a href="/wiki/IJsselmeer" title="IJsselmeer">IJsselmeer</a>, is the largest reclaimed <a href="/wiki/Artificial_island" title="Artificial island">artificial island</a> in the world.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Nokia_Beirut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/View_from_Nokia_Beirut.jpg/220px-View_from_Nokia_Beirut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/View_from_Nokia_Beirut.jpg/330px-View_from_Nokia_Beirut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/View_from_Nokia_Beirut.jpg/440px-View_from_Nokia_Beirut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>Land Reclamation in the <a href="/wiki/Beirut_Central_District" title="Beirut Central District">Beirut Central District</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fontvieille_harbour.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Fontvieille_harbour.JPG/220px-Fontvieille_harbour.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Fontvieille_harbour.JPG/330px-Fontvieille_harbour.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Fontvieille_harbour.JPG/440px-Fontvieille_harbour.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The whole district of <a href="/wiki/Fontvieille,_Monaco" title="Fontvieille, Monaco">Fontvieille, Monaco</a> was reclaimed from the sea</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_reclamation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_Mosque" title="Hassan II Mosque">Hassan II Mosque</a> is built on reclaimed land.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Eko_Atlantic" title="Eko Atlantic">Eko Atlantic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gracefield_Island" title="Gracefield Island">Gracefield Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lekki" title="Lekki">Lekki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Foreshore,_Cape_Town" title="Foreshore, Cape Town">Foreshore</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Town" title="Stone Town">Stone Town</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_reclamation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Parts of the coastlines of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>. It is estimated that nearly 65% of <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">tidal flats</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a> have been reclaimed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> </p> <ul><li>The north of <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </p> <ul><li>Inland lowlands in the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> valley, China, including the areas of important cities like <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_Bay" title="Haikou Bay">Haikou Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainan Province">Hainan Province</a>, China, where the west side of <a href="/wiki/Haidian_Island" title="Haidian Island">Haidian Island</a> is being extended, and off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Haikou" title="Haikou">Haikou</a>, where new land for a marina is being created.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cotai" title="Cotai">Cotai</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, where many <a href="/wiki/Casinos_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Casinos in Macau">casinos</a> are located.</li> <li>The southern Chinese city of <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </p> <ul><li>Much of the coastline of <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, India. It took over 150 years to join the original <a href="/wiki/Seven_Islands_of_Bombay" title="Seven Islands of Bombay">Seven Islands of Bombay</a>. These seven islands were lush, green, thickly wooded, and dotted with 22 hills, with the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> washing through them at high tide. The original <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Bombay" title="Isle of Bombay">Isle of Bombay</a> was only 24 km (14.9 mi) long and 4 km (2.5 mi) wide from Dongri to <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Hill" title="Malabar Hill">Malabar Hill</a> (at its broadest point) and the other six were <a href="/wiki/Colaba" title="Colaba">Colaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Woman%27s_Island" title="Old Woman's Island">Old Woman's Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahim" title="Mahim">Mahim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parel" title="Parel">Parel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worli" title="Worli">Worli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mazgaon" title="Mazgaon">Mazgaon</a>. (See also <a href="/wiki/Hornby_Vellard" title="Hornby Vellard">Hornby Vellard</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Mumbai_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mumbai-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </p> <ul><li>The shore of <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Bay" title="Jakarta Bay">Jakarta Bay</a>. Land is usually reclaimed to create new housing areas and real estate properties, for the rapidly expanding city of <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>. So far, the largest reclamation project in the city is the creation of Golf Island, north of <a href="/wiki/Pantai_Indah_Kapuk" title="Pantai Indah Kapuk">Pantai Indah Kapuk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Sea_Wall_Jakarta" title="Giant Sea Wall Jakarta">Giant Sea Wall Jakarta</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABbu_Centrair_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Chūbu Centrair International Airport">Nagoya Centrair Airport</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansai_International_Airport" title="Kansai International Airport">Kansai International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beirut_Central_District" title="Beirut Central District">Beirut Central District</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hulhumal%C3%A9" title="Hulhumalé">Hulhumalé</a> Island, it is one of the six divisions of <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9" title="Malé">Malé</a> City.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_City_(Johor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest City (Johor)">Forest City</a>, an integrated residential and tourism district in <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a>, Malaysia, was controversial due to its reclamation of wetlands of international importance under the <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a> in a designated Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) Rank 1 area.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </p> <ul><li>Much of the coastline of <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </p> <ul><li>The North Reclamation Area in <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a>.</li> <li>The whole 3 km<sup>2</sup> (1.2 sq mi) business district of <a href="/wiki/South_Road_Properties" title="South Road Properties">Cebu South Road Properties</a> in Cebu City.</li> <li>The shore of <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a>, especially along <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>, has attracted major developments such as the <a href="/wiki/SM_Mall_of_Asia" title="SM Mall of Asia">Mall of Asia</a> Complex, <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_City" title="Entertainment City">Entertainment City</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Center_of_the_Philippines_Complex" title="Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex">Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newly-reclaimed_foreshore_areas_in_Coron,_Palawan,_Philippines_as_seen_from_Mt._Tapyas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Newly-reclaimed_foreshore_areas_in_Coron%2C_Palawan%2C_Philippines_as_seen_from_Mt._Tapyas.jpg/220px-Newly-reclaimed_foreshore_areas_in_Coron%2C_Palawan%2C_Philippines_as_seen_from_Mt._Tapyas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Newly-reclaimed_foreshore_areas_in_Coron%2C_Palawan%2C_Philippines_as_seen_from_Mt._Tapyas.jpg/330px-Newly-reclaimed_foreshore_areas_in_Coron%2C_Palawan%2C_Philippines_as_seen_from_Mt._Tapyas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Newly-reclaimed_foreshore_areas_in_Coron%2C_Palawan%2C_Philippines_as_seen_from_Mt._Tapyas.jpg/440px-Newly-reclaimed_foreshore_areas_in_Coron%2C_Palawan%2C_Philippines_as_seen_from_Mt._Tapyas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="4624" /></a><figcaption>Reclaimed coastal area in <a href="/wiki/Coron,_Palawan" title="Coron, Palawan">Coron, Palawan</a>, Philippines. The bare, brown-colored reclaimed land stands out from the original vegetated coastside, as seen from atop Mt. Tapyas.</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> </p> <ul><li>A part of the <a href="/wiki/Hamad_International_Airport" title="Hamad International Airport">Hamad International Airport</a>, around 36 square kilometres (14 sq mi).</li> <li>The entire island of <a href="/wiki/The_Pearl_Island" title="The Pearl Island">The Pearl Island</a> situated in <a href="/wiki/West_Bay_(Doha)" title="West Bay (Doha)">West Bay (Doha)</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, where land is in short supply, is also famous for its efforts on land reclamation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The size of <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> has increased by 25% from 581.5 square kilometres in 1960 to 725.7 in 2019. This is part of the nation's plans to create more homes and common spaces in the land scarce <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a>. Upcoming projects, such as the Long Island project, involving the reclamation of three tracts of land (expected to span around 800 ha), which is set at a higher level to protect against rising sea levels. It will also enclose a body of water, acting as a reservoir, strengthening the nation's water resilience. Detailed technical studies are currently underway lasting 5 years. This project would take a few decades to plan and implement.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incheon_International_Airport" title="Incheon International Airport">Incheon International Airport</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombo_International_Financial_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombo International Financial City">Colombo International Financial City</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> </p> <ul><li>Some of the coastline of <a href="/wiki/Saadiyat_Island" title="Saadiyat Island">Saadiyat Island</a> which is used for commercial purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Palm_Islands" title="Palm Islands">Palm Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_World_(archipelago)" title="The World (archipelago)">The World</a> and hotel <a href="/wiki/Burj_al-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Burj al-Arab">Burj al-Arab</a> off Dubai.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Yas_Island" title="Yas Island">Yas Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_reclamation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> </p> <ul><li>The southwestern residential area in <a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </p> <ul><li>The port of <a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge" title="Zeebrugge">Zeebrugge</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </p> <ul><li>Certain areas of <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Denmark#Land_reclamation" title="Geography of Denmark">Denmark</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paljassaare" title="Paljassaare">Paljassaare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> is a peninsula consisting of two former islands connected to the mainland during the 20th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tallinn" title="Port of Tallinn">Port of Tallinn</a> is largely built on land reclaimed over centuries.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> (of which the major part of the city center is built on reclaimed land).</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nice_C%C3%B4te_d%27Azur_Airport" title="Nice Côte d'Azur Airport">Airport</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </p> <ul><li>A big part of <a href="/wiki/Kavala" title="Kavala">Kavala</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Copais" title="Lake Copais">Lake Copais</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> </p> <ul><li>Parts of <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/North_Wall,_Dublin" title="North Wall, Dublin">North Wall</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Wall" title="East Wall">East Wall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_Dock" title="Grand Canal Dock">Grand Canal Dock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bull_Island" title="Bull Island">Bull Island</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Genoa_Cristoforo_Colombo_Airport" title="Genoa Cristoforo Colombo Airport">airport</a> peninsula, the industrial area of <a href="/wiki/Cornigliano" title="Cornigliano">Cornigliano</a>, the PSA container terminal and other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Genoa" title="Port of Genoa">port</a> in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>.</li> <li>Rione Orsini, part of <a href="/wiki/Borgo_Santa_Lucia" title="Borgo Santa Lucia">Borgo Santa Lucia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fucine_Lake" title="Fucine Lake">Fucine Lake</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> </p> <ul><li>Almost half of the <a href="/wiki/Microstate" title="Microstate">microstate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> <ul><li>Most of <a href="/wiki/Fontvieille,_Monaco" title="Fontvieille, Monaco">Fontvieille</a>, Monaco</li> <li>Parts surrounding <a href="/wiki/Port_Hercules" title="Port Hercules">Port Hercules</a> in <a href="/wiki/La_Condamine" title="La Condamine">La Condamine</a>, Monaco</li></ul></li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_the_Netherlands" title="Land reclamation in the Netherlands">Large parts of the Netherlands</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </p> <ul><li>Parts of <a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a> including the Dreggekaien cruise terminal and other ship services.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </p> <ul><li>Parts of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Facade" title="Marine Facade">Marine Facade</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </p> <ul><li>Barceloneta area, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </p> <ul><li>Airports of <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Giresun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rize</a>.</li> <li>Coastal parks and streets of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenikap%C4%B1" title="Yenikapı">Yenikapı</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Head" title="Pier Head">Pier Head</a> in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samphire_Hoe" title="Samphire Hoe">Samphire Hoe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> was created using 4.9 million cubic metres of chalk marl from the nearby Channel Tunnel excavations from 1988 to 1994.</li> <li>Almost all of the <a href="/wiki/Embanking_of_the_tidal_Thames" title="Embanking of the tidal Thames">Thames estuary including large parts of London</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fens" title="The Fens">The Fens</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> <ul><li>Waterfront Centre, <a href="/wiki/St._Helier" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Helier">St. Helier</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li>Most of <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Harbour" title="Belfast Harbour">Belfast Harbour</a> and areas of <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> <ul><li>The entire waterfront area of <a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> </p> <ul><li>Majority of left-bank and some right-bank residential areas of <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> were built on a reclaimed fens and floodplains of the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> river.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_reclamation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Bahamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a> </p> <ul><li>The Potter's Cay in <a href="/wiki/Nassau,_The_Bahamas" title="Nassau, The Bahamas">Nassau, The Bahamas</a> was connected to the island of <a href="/wiki/New_Providence" title="New Providence">New Providence</a>.</li> <li>The shore of <a href="/wiki/Nassau,_The_Bahamas" title="Nassau, The Bahamas">Nassau, The Bahamas</a> especially along East Bay street.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bermuda.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bermuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> </p> <ul><li>Much of <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>'s <a href="/wiki/St_David%27s_Island,_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="St David's Island, Bermuda">St David's Island</a> are reclaimed; the island, the site of Bermuda's international airport, was formerly several smaller islands.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Island" title="Notre Dame Island">Notre Dame Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a>, 15 million tons of rock excavated from the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Metro" title="Montreal Metro">Montreal Metro</a> underground rail in 1965 to form an artificial island.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Street_Spit" title="Leslie Street Spit">Leslie Street Spit</a>, the downtown <a href="/wiki/Toronto_waterfront" title="Toronto waterfront">waterfront</a> south of Front Street, and sections of the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Islands" title="Toronto Islands">Toronto Islands</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>.</li> <li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Nuns%27_Island" title="Nuns' Island">Nuns' Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>.</li> <li>Infilling <a href="/wiki/False_Creek" title="False Creek">False Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burrard_Inlet" title="Burrard Inlet">Burrard Inlet</a> and various creekways of <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsawwassen_ferry_terminal" title="Tsawwassen ferry terminal">Tsawwassen ferry terminal causeway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delta,_British_Columbia" title="Delta, British Columbia">Delta</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_Beach" title="Wreck Beach">Wreck Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_Endowment_Lands" title="University Endowment Lands">University Endowment Lands</a></li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> (which is situated at the former site of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Texcoco" title="Lake Texcoco">Lake Texcoco</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">chinampas</a> are a famous example.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> shoreline.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University_Lakefill" title="Northwestern University Lakefill">Northwestern University Lakefill</a>, part of the campus of <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston, Illinois</a>.</li> <li>Several neighborhoods in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston, Massachusetts</a> are the result of landfill.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_Park_City" title="Battery Park City">Battery Park City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>.</li> <li>Several islands in <a href="/wiki/Biscayne_Bay" title="Biscayne Bay">Biscayne Bay</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Miami_metropolitan_area" title="Miami metropolitan area">Miami metropolitan area</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Islands,_Florida" title="Venetian Islands, Florida">Venetian Islands</a>, are the result of landfill.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge_Park" title="Brooklyn Bridge Park">Brooklyn Bridge Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_State_Park" title="Liberty State Park">Liberty State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City</a>.</li> <li>Parts of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> (which is partially built on land that was once <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamp</a>).</li> <li>Much of the urbanized area adjacent to <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a>, including most of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>'s waterfront and <a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_San_Francisco" title="Financial District, San Francisco">Financial District</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_International_Airport" title="San Francisco International Airport">San Francisco International Airport</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Oakland" title="Port of Oakland">Port of Oakland</a>, and large portions of the city of <a href="/wiki/Alameda,_California" title="Alameda, California">Alameda</a> has been reclaimed from the bay. The entirety of <a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island,_San_Francisco" title="Treasure Island, San Francisco">Treasure Island</a> was also reclaimed to cover over the shallow waters north of <a href="/wiki/Yerba_Buena_Island" title="Yerba Buena Island">Yerba Buena Island</a> that presented a navigational hazard.</li> <li>Large hills in <a href="/wiki/Regrading_in_Seattle" title="Regrading in Seattle">Seattle</a> were removed and used to create <a href="/wiki/Harbor_Island,_Seattle" title="Harbor Island, Seattle">Harbor Island</a> and reclaim land along <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Bay" title="Elliott Bay">Elliott Bay</a>. In particular, the neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/SoDo,_Seattle" title="SoDo, Seattle">SoDo, Seattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interbay,_Seattle" title="Interbay, Seattle">Interbay</a> are largely built on filled wetlands.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_reclamation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </p> <ul><li>Most of <a href="/wiki/Barangaroo,_New_South_Wales" title="Barangaroo, New South Wales">Barangaroo</a>, a current commercial and residential suburb in the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_central_business_district" title="Sydney central business district">central business district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, New South Wales.</li> <li>Parts of <a href="/wiki/Darling_Harbour" title="Darling Harbour">Darling Harbour</a>, a locality west of the Sydney central business district.</li> <li>A large portion of the southern suburb of <a href="/wiki/Sylvania_Waters" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylvania Waters">Sylvania Waters</a> in Sydney</li> <li>The southernmost portions of runways at <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Airport" title="Sydney Airport">Sydney Airport</a>.</li> <li>Large portions of <a href="/wiki/Port_Botany" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Botany">Port Botany</a> in metropolitan Sydney.</li> <li>Large amounts of the <a href="/wiki/Docklands,_Victoria" title="Docklands, Victoria">Melbourne Docklands</a>.</li> <li>Portions of the <a href="/wiki/Swan_River_(Western_Australia)" title="Swan River (Western Australia)">Swan River</a> foreshore adjoining the <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth, Australia">Perth</a> central business district in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, including the entirety of <a href="/wiki/Mounts_Bay_Road" title="Mounts Bay Road">Mounts Bay</a> (pictured above).</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> </p> <ul><li>My Suva park, a recreation park for the Greater <a href="/wiki/Suva" title="Suva">Suva</a> area.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </p> <ul><li>Considerable areas of <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a>, New Zealand, including the "<a href="/wiki/Southern_Endowment" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Endowment">Southern Endowment</a>", stretching from the central city to the southeastern suburbs along the shore of <a href="/wiki/Otago_Harbour" title="Otago Harbour">Otago Harbour</a>.</li> <li>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/1931_Hawke%27s_Bay_earthquake" title="1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake">Napier earthquake of 1931</a>, significant reclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Ahuriri_Lagoon" title="Ahuriri Lagoon">then-lagoon</a> was undertaken in areas of Napier South and Ahuriri. There were also minor reclamation works undertaken after 1931 on the new low-lying lands brought up by the earthquake.</li> <li>Areas around <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>'s harbours have also been reclaimed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_reclamation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> </p> <ul><li>The entire riverfront of <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, including the port and <a href="/wiki/Aeroparque_Jorge_Newbery" title="Aeroparque Jorge Newbery">an airport</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </p> <ul><li>Large parts of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, most notably several blocks in the new docks area, the entire <a href="/wiki/Flamengo_Park" title="Flamengo Park">Flamengo Park</a> and the neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Urca" title="Urca">Urca</a>.</li> <li>Parts of <a href="/wiki/Florian%C3%B3polis" title="Florianópolis">Florianópolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Parts of the <a href="/wiki/Centro_Hist%C3%B3rico,_Porto_Alegre" title="Centro Histórico, Porto Alegre">Historic District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a>, including the docks of <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Porto_Alegre" title="Port of Porto Alegre">Port of Porto Alegre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Beira-Rio_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Beira-Rio Stadium">Beira-Rio Stadium</a>, were built on reclaimed lands of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Gua%C3%ADba" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Guaíba">Lake Guaíba</a> between the end of the 19th century and the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-poa_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poa-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> </p> <ul><li>Parts of <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_del_Islote" title="Santa Cruz del Islote">Santa Cruz del Islote</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> of Colombia, one of the most densely populated islands in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was built in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_island" title="Artificial island">an artificial way</a> gaining land from the sea.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> </p> <ul><li>Parts of <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a> urban and street development are based on reclaimed land, using material extracted from <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a> excavations.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cinta_Costera" title="Cinta Costera">Cinta Costera</a>, in Panama City.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> </p> <ul><li>Parts of <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a>, Rambla Sur and several projects still going on in Montevideo's Bay.</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> </p> <ul><li>Parts of the <a href="/wiki/Vargas_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vargas (state)">Vargas State</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the north of Venezuela, parts of <a href="/wiki/Los_Monjes_Archipelago" title="Los Monjes Archipelago">Los Monjes Archipelago</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Isla_Para%C3%ADso" title="Isla Paraíso">Isla Paraíso</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (paradise island) in the <a href="/wiki/Anzo%C3%A1tegui" title="Anzoátegui">Anzoátegui State</a> and the La Salina island in the <a href="/wiki/Zulia" title="Zulia">Zulia State</a>, were built with land reclaimed from the sea.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_reclamation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bingzhou_Peninsula_area_-_land_reclamation_-_DSCF9204.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bingzhou_Peninsula_area_-_land_reclamation_-_DSCF9204.JPG/220px-Bingzhou_Peninsula_area_-_land_reclamation_-_DSCF9204.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bingzhou_Peninsula_area_-_land_reclamation_-_DSCF9204.JPG/330px-Bingzhou_Peninsula_area_-_land_reclamation_-_DSCF9204.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bingzhou_Peninsula_area_-_land_reclamation_-_DSCF9204.JPG/440px-Bingzhou_Peninsula_area_-_land_reclamation_-_DSCF9204.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Land reclamation in progress in Bingzhou (丙州) Peninsula (formerly, island) of the Dongzui Bay (东咀港). <a href="/wiki/Tong%27an_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tong'an District">Tong'an District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a>, China</figcaption></figure> <p>Agriculture was a driver of land reclamation before <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South China</a>, farmers reclaimed <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy fields</a> by enclosing an area with a stone wall on the <a href="/wiki/Sea_shore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea shore">sea shore</a> near a <a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">river mouth</a> or <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">river delta</a>. The species of rice that are grown on these grounds are more <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> tolerant. Another use of such enclosed land is the creation of <a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">fish ponds</a>. It is commonly seen on the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. These reclaimed areas also attract species of <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migrating birds</a>. </p><p>A related practice is the <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">draining</a> of swampy or seasonally submerged <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> to convert them to <a href="/wiki/Farmland_(farming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmland (farming)">farmland</a>. While this does not create new land exactly, it allows commercially productive use of land that would otherwise be restricted to <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> <a href="/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat (ecology)">habitat.</a> It is also an important method of <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_control" title="Mosquito control">mosquito control</a>. </p><p>Even in the post-industrial age, there have been land reclamation projects intended for increasing available agricultural land. For example, the village of <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cgata,_Akita" title="Ōgata, Akita">Ogata</a> in <a href="/wiki/Akita,_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Akita, Japan">Akita, Japan</a>, was established on land reclaimed from <a href="/wiki/Hachir%C5%8Dgata" title="Hachirōgata">Lake Hachirōgata</a> (Japan's second largest lake at the time) starting in 1957. By 1977, the amount of land reclaimed totalled 172.03 square kilometres (66.42 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artificial_islands">Artificial islands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_reclamation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Artificial islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Artificial_island" title="Artificial island">Artificial islands</a> are an example of land reclamation. Creating an artificial island is an expensive and risky undertaking. It is often considered in places with high population density and a scarcity of flat land. <a href="/wiki/Kansai_International_Airport" title="Kansai International Airport">Kansai International Airport</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong International Airport</a> are examples where this process was deemed necessary. The <a href="/wiki/Palm_Islands" title="Palm Islands">Palm Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_World_(archipelago)" title="The World (archipelago)">The World</a> and hotel <a href="/wiki/Burj_al-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Burj al-Arab">Burj al-Arab</a> off <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> are other examples of artificial islands (although there is yet no real "scarcity of land" in Dubai), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Flevopolder" title="Flevopolder">Flevopolder</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> which is the largest artificial island in the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beach_restoration">Beach restoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_reclamation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Beach restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beach_nourishment" title="Beach nourishment">Beach nourishment</a></div> <p>Beach rebuilding is the process of repairing <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beaches</a> using materials such as <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">mud</a> from inland. This can be used to build up beaches suffering from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_starvation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beach starvation (page does not exist)">beach starvation</a> or erosion from <a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">longshore drift</a>. It stops the movement of the original beach material through longshore drift and retains a natural look to the beach. Although it is not a long-lasting solution, it is cheap compared to other types of <a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">coastal defences</a>. An example of this is the city of Mumbai.<sup id="cite_ref-Mumbai_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mumbai-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landfill">Landfill</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_reclamation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Landfill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Overcrowding" title="Overcrowding">human overcrowding of developed areas</a> intensified during the 20th century, it has become important to develop land re-use strategies for completed landfills. Some of the most common usages are for parks, <a href="/wiki/Golf_course" title="Golf course">golf courses</a> and other sports fields. Increasingly, however, office buildings and industrial uses are made on a completed landfill. In these latter uses, <a href="/wiki/Methane_capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane capture">methane capture</a> is customarily carried out to minimize explosive hazard within the building. </p><p>An example of a <a href="/wiki/Class_A_office_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Class A office space">Class A office building</a> constructed over a landfill is the <a href="/wiki/Dakin_Building" title="Dakin Building">Dakin Building</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Point,_Brisbane,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Point, Brisbane, California">Sierra Point</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brisbane,_California" title="Brisbane, California">Brisbane, California</a>. The underlying fill was deposited from 1965 to 1985, mostly consisting of <a href="/wiki/Construction_debris" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction debris">construction debris</a> from <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Municipal_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal waste">municipal wastes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aerial_photograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial photograph">Aerial photographs</a> prior to 1965 show this area to be <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tideland" class="extiw" title="wikt:tideland">tidelands</a> of the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a>. A clay cap was constructed over the debris prior to building approval.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A notable example is <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Olympic_Park" title="Sydney Olympic Park">Sydney Olympic Park</a>, the primary venue for the <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">2000 Summer Olympic Games</a>, which was built atop an industrial wasteland that included landfills. </p><p>Another strategy for landfill is the incineration of landfill trash at high temperature via the <a href="/wiki/Plasma_arc_waste_disposal" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma arc waste disposal">plasma-arc gasification process</a>, which is currently used at two facilities in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and was proposed to be used at a facility in <a href="/wiki/St._Lucie_County" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lucie County">St. Lucie County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The planned facility in Florida was later canceled.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_reclamation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bay_area_fill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bay_area_fill.jpg/220px-Bay_area_fill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bay_area_fill.jpg/330px-Bay_area_fill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bay_area_fill.jpg/440px-Bay_area_fill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Parts (highlighted in brown) of the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a> were reclaimed from wetlands for urban use.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Converted_wetland" title="Converted wetland">Draining wetlands</a> for ploughing, for example, is a form of <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>. In some parts of the world, new reclamation projects are restricted or no longer allowed, due to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental protection</a> laws. Reclamation projects have strong negative impacts on coastal populations, although some species can take advantage of the newly created area.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2022 global analysis estimated that 39% of losses (approximately 5,300 km<sup>2</sup> or 2,000 sq mi) and 14% of gains (approximately 1,300 km<sup>2</sup> or 500 sq mi) of tidal wetlands (<a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">tidal flats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">tidal marshes</a>) between 1999 and 2019 were due to direct human activities, including conversion to aquaculture, agriculture, plantations, coastal developments and other physical structures.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_et_al._2022_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray_et_al._2022-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_legislation">Environmental legislation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_reclamation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Environmental legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Reclamation_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hong_Kong_Reclamation_Map.png/220px-Hong_Kong_Reclamation_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hong_Kong_Reclamation_Map.png/330px-Hong_Kong_Reclamation_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hong_Kong_Reclamation_Map.png/440px-Hong_Kong_Reclamation_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A map of reclaimed land (grey area) in Hong Kong. Many of the urban areas of Hong Kong are on reclaimed land.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">State of California</a> created a state commission, the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Conservation_and_Development_Commission" title="San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission">San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission</a>, in 1965 to protect San Francisco Bay and regulate development near its shores. The commission was created in response to growing concern over the shrinking size of the bay. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Hong Kong legislators</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Protection_of_the_Harbour_Ordinance" title="Protection of the Harbour Ordinance">Protection of the Harbour Ordinance</a>, proposed by the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Protection_of_the_Harbour" title="Society for Protection of the Harbour">Society for Protection of the Harbour</a>, in 1997 in an effort to safeguard the increasingly threatened <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Harbour" title="Victoria Harbour">Victoria Harbour</a> against encroaching land development.<sup id="cite_ref-bill_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bill-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several large reclamation schemes at Green Island, West Kowloon, and <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Bay" title="Kowloon Bay">Kowloon Bay</a> were subsequently shelved, and others reduced in size. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dangers">Dangers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_reclamation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dangers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reclaimed land is highly susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">soil liquefaction</a> during earthquakes,<sup id="cite_ref-abag_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abag-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can amplify the amount of damage that occurs to buildings and infrastructure. <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">Subsidence</a> is another issue, both from <a href="/wiki/Soil_compaction" title="Soil compaction">soil compaction</a> on filled land, and also when wetlands are enclosed by <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levees</a> and drained to create <a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">polders</a>. Drained <a href="/wiki/Marshes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshes">marshes</a> will eventually sink below the surrounding water level, increasing the danger from <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flooding</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Land_amounts_added">Land amounts added</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_reclamation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Land amounts added"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_2">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_reclamation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country or territory </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> </td> <td>76.3% of original size of 410 km<sup>2</sup> (160 sq mi) (1931–2007). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> </td> <td>About 110 km<sup>2</sup> (42 sq mi) in total and has 12,000 square kilometres (4,600 sq mi) potential (8% of total area) up to 12 metres (39 ft) depth in the territorial sea area.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Land reclamation in Hong Kong">Land reclamation in Hong Kong</a></div> <p>67 km<sup>2</sup> (26 sq mi) of land was reclaimed up to 2013. <a href="/wiki/Praya_Reclamation_Scheme" title="Praya Reclamation Scheme">Praya Reclamation Scheme</a> began in the late 1860s and consisted of two stages totaling 20 to 24 hectares (50 to 60 acres).<sup id="cite_ref-Bard_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bard-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Disneyland" title="Hong Kong Disneyland">Hong Kong Disneyland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong International Airport</a>, and its predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Kai_Tak_Airport" title="Kai Tak Airport">Kai Tak Airport</a>, were all built on reclaimed land. In addition, much reclamation has taken place in prime locations on the waterfront on both sides of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Harbour" title="Victoria Harbour">Victoria Harbour</a>. This has raised <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">environmental issues</a> of the protection of the harbour which was once the source of prosperity of Hong Kong, traffic congestion in the <a href="/wiki/Central,_Hong_Kong" title="Central, Hong Kong">Central District</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-court_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-court-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the collusion of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Hong Kong Government</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Hong_Kong" title="Housing in Hong Kong">real estate</a> developers in the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, as the city expanded, <a href="/wiki/New_towns_of_Hong_Kong" title="New towns of Hong Kong">new towns</a> in different decades were mostly built on reclaimed land, such as <a href="/wiki/Kwun_Tong" title="Kwun Tong">Kwun Tong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sha_Tin" title="Sha Tin">Sha Tin</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ma_On_Shan_(town)" title="Ma On Shan (town)">Ma On Shan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_Po" title="Tai Po">Tai Po</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tseung_Kwan_O" title="Tseung Kwan O">Tseung Kwan O</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuen_Mun" title="Tuen Mun">Tuen Mun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Kowloon" title="West Kowloon">West Kowloon</a>. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> – An archipelago of originally <a href="/wiki/Seven_Islands_of_Bombay" title="Seven Islands of Bombay">seven separate islands</a> were joined by land reclamation over a span of five centuries. This was done to develop Mumbai as a harbour city. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giant_Sea_Wall_Jakarta" title="Giant Sea Wall Jakarta">Giant Sea Wall Jakarta</a> is part of a massive coastal development project at <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Bay" title="Jakarta Bay">Jakarta Bay</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Bay" title="Tokyo Bay">Tokyo Bay</a> – 249 km<sup>2</sup> (96 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the entirety of <a href="/wiki/Odaiba" title="Odaiba">Odaiba</a> artificial island.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a> – 23 km<sup>2</sup> (8.9 sq mi) (1995).</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/45px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macao</a> </td> <td>170% of the original size or 17 km<sup>2</sup> (6.6 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> </td> <td>In the 1980s, North Korea commenced a "find new land" program to reclaim 300,000 hectares of land (3,000 km<sup>2</sup> or 1,160 mi<sup>2</sup>) in order to expand the country's supply of <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a>. The project was unsuccessful and only reclaimed 20,000 hectares (200 km<sup>2</sup> or 70 mi<sup>2</sup>) by the time it was cancelled after the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Kim_Il-sung" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and state funeral of Kim Il-sung">death of Kim Il-sung</a> in 1994. It also contributed to the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Korea" title="Economy of North Korea">North Korean economy</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean famine">famine</a> in the 1990s. Land reclamation efforts resumed in the 2010s under <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-un" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-un">Kim Jong-un</a> with more success. North Korea constructed artificial islands in the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a> bases, possibly inspired by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_artificial_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese artificial islands in the South China Sea">Chinese artificial islands in the South China Sea</a> and possibly as bases for <a href="/wiki/Long-range_ballistic_missiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-range ballistic missiles">long-range ballistic missiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Metro_Manila" title="Land reclamation in Metro Manila">Land reclamation in Metro Manila</a></div> <dl><dd>Additional 626 hectares along the eastern coast of Manila Bay created in the 1990s<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the 88-hectare <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Center_of_the_Philippines_Complex" title="Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex">Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex</a>. The shore road of <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roxas_Boulevard" title="Roxas Boulevard">Roxas Boulevard</a>) is actually reclaimed land, as well as its extension road to Cavite (<a href="/wiki/Manila%E2%80%93Cavite_Expressway" title="Manila–Cavite Expressway">Manila-Cavite Expressway / Aguinaldo Boulevard</a>).</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Road_Properties" title="South Road Properties">Cebu South Road Properties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a>, Philippines - Artificial island which is 300 hectares was built along the sea between Mainland Cebu and Kawit Island. This was done to address the increasing need of urban and residential development in <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a> due to its very progressive economy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Manila_International_Airport" title="New Manila International Airport">New Manila International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulakan">Bulakan</a>, Philippines</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Singapore" title="Land reclamation in Singapore">Land reclamation in Singapore</a></div> <p>20 percent of the original size or 135 km<sup>2</sup> (52 sq mi). As of 2003<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_reclamation&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, plans for 99 km<sup>2</sup> (38 sq mi) more are to go ahead,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though disputes persist with Malaysia over Singapore's extensive land reclamation works.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parts of <a href="/wiki/Changi_Airport" title="Changi Airport">Changi Airport</a> are also on reclaimed land. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </td> <td>As of 2006, 38 percent or 1,550 km<sup>2</sup> (600 sq mi) of coastal wetlands reclaimed, including 400 km<sup>2</sup> (150 sq mi) at <a href="/wiki/Saemangeum_Seawall" title="Saemangeum Seawall">Saemangeum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Songdo_International_Business_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Songdo International Business District">Songdo International Business district</a>, the largest private development in history, is a large-scale reclamation project built entirely on tidal mudflats. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Land reclamation in the United Arab Emirates">Land reclamation in the United Arab Emirates</a></div> <p>Dubai has a total of four reclaimed islands (the <a href="/wiki/Palm_Jumeirah" title="Palm Jumeirah">Palm Jumeirah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Ali" title="Jebel Ali">Jebal Ali</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Burj_al_Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Burj al Arab">Burj al Arab</a> Island, and <a href="/wiki/The_World_(archipelago)" title="The World (archipelago)">The World Islands</a>), with a fifth under construction (the <a href="/wiki/Palm_Deira" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm Deira">Palm Deira</a>). There are several human-made islands in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Yas_Island" title="Yas Island">Yas Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Lulu_Island" title="Al Lulu Island">Al Lulu Island</a>. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_2">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_reclamation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Monaco" title="Land reclamation in Monaco">Land reclamation in Monaco</a></div> <p>0.41 km<sup>2</sup> (0.16 sq mi) out of 2.05 km<sup>2</sup> (0.79 sq mi), or one fifth of Monaco comes from land taken from the sea, mainly in the neighborhoods of Fontvieille, <a href="/wiki/La_Condamine" title="La Condamine">La Condamine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Larvotto" title="Larvotto">Larvotto/Bas Moulins</a>. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_the_Netherlands" title="Land reclamation in the Netherlands">Land reclamation in the Netherlands</a></div> <p>About 1/6 (almost 17%) of the entire country, or about 7,000 km<sup>2</sup> (2,700 sq mi) in total, has been reclaimed from the sea, lakes, marshes and swamps. The province of <a href="/wiki/Flevoland" title="Flevoland">Flevoland</a> has almost completely been reclaimed from the <a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee" title="Zuiderzee">Zuiderzee</a>. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_reclamation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td> <td>Significant areas of land totaling several hundred hectares have been reclaimed along the harbourfronts of <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>. In Dunedin – which in its early days was nicknamed "Mudedin" – around 2.5 km<sup>2</sup> (0.97 sq mi), including much of the inner city and suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Dunedin_North" title="Dunedin North">Dunedin North</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dunedin" title="South Dunedin">South Dunedin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andersons_Bay" title="Andersons Bay">Andersons Bay</a> is reclaimed from the <a href="/wiki/Otago_Harbour" title="Otago Harbour">Otago Harbour</a>, and a similar area in the suburbs of <a href="/wiki/St_Clair,_New_Zealand" title="St Clair, New Zealand">St Clair</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_New_Zealand" title="St Kilda, New Zealand">St Kilda</a> is reclaimed swampland. The international airports serving <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Airport" title="Auckland Airport">Auckland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wellington_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Wellington International Airport">Wellington</a> have had significant reclamation for runway use.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eko_Atlantic" title="Eko Atlantic">Eko Atlantic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a> – 25 square kilometers </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_reclaimed_land_by_country_and_territory">List of reclaimed land by country and territory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_reclamation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: List of reclaimed land by country and territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country or territory </th> <th>Reclaimed land (km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>13,500+ km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_China" title="Land reclamation in China">Land reclamation in China</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td>7,000 km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flevoland" title="Flevoland">Flevoland</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Beemster" class="mw-redirect" title="De Beemster">de Beemster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afsluitdijk" title="Afsluitdijk">Afsluitdijk</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_the_Netherlands" title="Land reclamation in the Netherlands">Land reclamation in the Netherlands</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </td> <td>1,550 km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>1,000+ km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Category:Artificial_islands_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Artificial islands of the United States">Artificial islands of the United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td>500+ km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> </td> <td>470 km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Land reclamation in the United Arab Emirates">Land reclamation in the United Arab Emirates</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> </td> <td>410 km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> </td> <td>135 km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Singapore" title="Land reclamation in Singapore">Land reclamation in Singapore</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> </td> <td>110 km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> </td> <td>67 km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Land reclamation in Hong Kong">Land reclamation in Hong Kong</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> </td> <td>35 km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/45px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macao</a> </td> <td>17 km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </td> <td>9.26 km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Road_Properties" title="South Road Properties">Cebu South Road Properties Central Business District</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Metro_Manila" title="Land reclamation in Metro Manila">Land reclamation in Metro Manila</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td> <td>3.3 km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reclamation_of_Wellington_Harbour" title="Reclamation of Wellington Harbour">Reclamation of Wellington Harbour</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td>2.33 km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colombo_International_Financial_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombo International Financial City">Colombo International Financial City</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (May 2020)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </td> <td>1.94 km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Foreshore,_Cape_Town" title="Foreshore, Cape Town">Cape Town Foreshore</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> </td> <td>0.62 km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velana_International_Airport" title="Velana International Airport">Velana International Airport</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> </td> <td>0.41 km<sup>2</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Monaco" title="Land reclamation in Monaco">Land reclamation in Monaco</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_reclamation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_island" title="Artificial island">Artificial island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_wall_of_sand" class="mw-redirect" title="Great wall of sand">Great wall of sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_regression" title="Marine regression">Marine regression</a> – the formation of new land by reductions in sea level</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_system_(agriculture)" title="Drainage system (agriculture)">Drainage system (agriculture)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a> for land reclamation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_improvement" class="mw-redirect" title="Land improvement">Land improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_recycling" title="Land recycling">Land recycling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Protection_of_the_Harbour" title="Society for Protection of the Harbour">Hong Kong Society for Protection of the Harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_reclamation" title="Mine reclamation">Mine reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polder" title="Polder">Polder</a> – low-lying land reclaimed from a lake or sea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclamation_of_Wellington_Harbour" title="Reclamation of Wellington Harbour">Reclamation of Wellington Harbour</a>, New Zealand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="River reclamation">River reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_reclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Water reclamation">Water reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbowing" title="Rainbowing">Rainbowing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_reclamation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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Hong Kong. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=27127&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=19990418&sear_year=1999">the original</a> on May 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140624015227/http://www.iucn.org/asiancoastalwetlands/"><i>IUCN situation analysis on East and Southeast Asian intertidal habitats, with particular reference to the Yellow Sea (including the Bohai Sea)</i></a>, Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 47, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN, p. 70, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782831712550" title="Special:BookSources/9782831712550"><bdi>9782831712550</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucn.org/asiancoastalwetlands/">the original</a> on 2014-06-24</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IUCN+situation+analysis+on+East+and+Southeast+Asian+intertidal+habitats%2C+with+particular+reference+to+the+Yellow+Sea+%28including+the+Bohai+Sea%29&rft.place=Gland%2C+Switzerland+and+Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.series=Occasional+Paper+of+the+IUCN+Species+Survival+Commission+No.+47&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=IUCN&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9782831712550&rft.aulast=MacKinnon&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Verkuil%2C+Y.I.&rft.au=Murray%2C+N.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucn.org%2Fasiancoastalwetlands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+reclamation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayClemensPhinnPossingham2014" class="citation cs2">Murray, N.J.; Clemens, R.S.; Phinn, S.R.; Possingham, H.P.; Fuller, R.A. (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/60169/1/130260.pdf">"Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</i>, <b>12</b> (5): 267–272, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014FrEE...12..267M">2014FrEE...12..267M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F130260">10.1890/130260</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Ecology+and+the+Environment&rft.atitle=Tracking+the+rapid+loss+of+tidal+wetlands+in+the+Yellow+Sea&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=267-272&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F130260&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014FrEE...12..267M&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=N.J.&rft.au=Clemens%2C+R.S.&rft.au=Phinn%2C+S.R.&rft.au=Possingham%2C+H.P.&rft.au=Fuller%2C+R.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchonline.jcu.edu.au%2F60169%2F1%2F130260.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+reclamation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/bahrain/bahrain-parliament-wants-solution-to-land-reclamation-issue-1.567052">http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/bahrain/bahrain-parliament-wants-solution-to-land-reclamation-issue-1.567052</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External 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/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Core_drill" title="Core drill">Core drill</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cone_penetration_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cone_penetration_test.svg/20px-Cone_penetration_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cone_penetration_test.svg/30px-Cone_penetration_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cone_penetration_test.svg/40px-Cone_penetration_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Cone_penetration_test" title="Cone penetration test">Cone penetration test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geo-electrical_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Geo-electrical_sounding.svg/20px-Geo-electrical_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Geo-electrical_sounding.svg/30px-Geo-electrical_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Geo-electrical_sounding.svg/40px-Geo-electrical_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geo-electrical_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geo-electrical sounding (page does not exist)">Geo-electrical sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:In_situ_permeameter_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/In_situ_permeameter_test.svg/20px-In_situ_permeameter_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/In_situ_permeameter_test.svg/30px-In_situ_permeameter_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/In_situ_permeameter_test.svg/40px-In_situ_permeameter_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(Earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (Earth sciences)">Permeability test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Load_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Load_test.svg/20px-Load_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Load_test.svg/30px-Load_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Load_test.svg/40px-Load_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Load_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Load test">Load test</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Static_load_testing" title="Static load testing">Static</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_load_testing" title="Dynamic load testing">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statnamic_load_test" title="Statnamic load test">Statnamic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pore_pressure_measurement.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pore_pressure_measurement.svg/20px-Pore_pressure_measurement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pore_pressure_measurement.svg/30px-Pore_pressure_measurement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pore_pressure_measurement.svg/40px-Pore_pressure_measurement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> Pore pressure measurement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piezometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezometer">Piezometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well#Classification" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ram_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ram_sounding.svg/20px-Ram_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ram_sounding.svg/30px-Ram_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ram_sounding.svg/40px-Ram_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ram sounding (page does not exist)">Ram sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_control_drilling.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rock_control_drilling.svg/20px-Rock_control_drilling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rock_control_drilling.svg/30px-Rock_control_drilling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rock_control_drilling.svg/40px-Rock_control_drilling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_control_drilling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rock control drilling (page does not exist)">Rock control drilling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg/20px-Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg/30px-Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg/40px-Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rotary-pressure_sounding" title="Rotary-pressure sounding">Rotary-pressure sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotary_weight_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rotary_weight_sounding.svg/20px-Rotary_weight_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rotary_weight_sounding.svg/30px-Rotary_weight_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rotary_weight_sounding.svg/40px-Rotary_weight_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_weight_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotary weight sounding (page does not exist)">Rotary weight sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sample_series.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sample_series.svg/20px-Sample_series.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sample_series.svg/30px-Sample_series.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sample_series.svg/40px-Sample_series.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Soil_test#Soil_testing" title="Soil test">Sample series</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Screw_plate_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Screw_plate_test.svg/20px-Screw_plate_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Screw_plate_test.svg/30px-Screw_plate_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Screw_plate_test.svg/40px-Screw_plate_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw_plate_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Screw plate test (page does not exist)">Screw plate test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deformation_monitoring" title="Deformation monitoring">Deformation monitoring</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inclinometer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inclinometer.svg/20px-Inclinometer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inclinometer.svg/30px-Inclinometer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inclinometer.svg/40px-Inclinometer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">Inclinometer</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Settlement_recordings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Settlement_recordings.svg/20px-Settlement_recordings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Settlement_recordings.svg/30px-Settlement_recordings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Settlement_recordings.svg/40px-Settlement_recordings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Soil_consolidation" title="Soil consolidation">Settlement recordings</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shear_vane_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shear_vane_test.svg/20px-Shear_vane_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shear_vane_test.svg/30px-Shear_vane_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shear_vane_test.svg/40px-Shear_vane_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Shear_vane_test" title="Shear vane test">Shear vane test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Simple_sounding.svg/20px-Simple_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Simple_sounding.svg/30px-Simple_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Simple_sounding.svg/40px-Simple_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simple sounding (page does not exist)">Simple sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_penetration_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Standard_penetration_test.svg/20px-Standard_penetration_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Standard_penetration_test.svg/30px-Standard_penetration_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Standard_penetration_test.svg/40px-Standard_penetration_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Standard_penetration_test" title="Standard penetration test">Standard penetration test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Total_sounding.svg/20px-Total_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Total_sounding.svg/30px-Total_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Total_sounding.svg/40px-Total_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Total_sounding" title="Total sounding">Total sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trial_pit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trial_pit.svg/20px-Trial_pit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trial_pit.svg/30px-Trial_pit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trial_pit.svg/40px-Trial_pit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Trial_pit" title="Trial pit">Trial pit</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Visible_rock.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Visible_rock.svg/20px-Visible_rock.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Visible_rock.svg/30px-Visible_rock.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Visible_rock.svg/40px-Visible_rock.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">Visible bedrock</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_densometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear densometer">Nuclear densometer test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">Exploration geophysics</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crosshole_sonic_logging" title="Crosshole sonic logging">Crosshole sonic logging</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pile_integrity_test" title="Pile integrity test">Pile integrity test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wave_equation_analysis" title="Wave equation analysis">Wave equation analysis</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Soil_test" title="Soil test">Laboratory <br />testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_classification" title="Soil classification">Soil classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atterberg_limits" title="Atterberg limits">Atterberg limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_bearing_ratio" title="California bearing ratio">California bearing ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_shear_test" title="Direct shear test">Direct shear test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrometer" title="Hydrometer">Hydrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctor_compaction_test" title="Proctor compaction test">Proctor compaction test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-value_(soils)" title="R-value (soils)">R-value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieve_analysis" title="Sieve analysis">Sieve analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triaxial_shear_test" title="Triaxial shear test">Triaxial shear test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedometer_test" title="Oedometer test">Oedometer test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_conductivity#Experimental_approach" title="Hydraulic conductivity">Hydraulic conductivity tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_content#Measurement" title="Water content">Water content tests</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">Silt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">Loam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">Loess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_conductivity" title="Hydraulic conductivity">Hydraulic conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_content" title="Water content">Water content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_ratio" title="Void ratio">Void ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_density" title="Bulk density">Bulk density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thixotropy" title="Thixotropy">Thixotropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynolds%27_dilatancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reynolds' dilatancy">Reynolds' dilatancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_repose" title="Angle of repose">Angle of repose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction#Angle_of_friction" title="Friction">Friction angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohesion_(geology)" title="Cohesion (geology)">Cohesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">Porosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (earth sciences)">Permeability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_storage" title="Specific storage">Specific storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shear_strength_(soil)" title="Shear strength (soil)">Shear strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">Sensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures <br />(<a href="/wiki/Soil-structure_interaction" title="Soil-structure interaction">Interaction</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Natural features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">Terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">Topsoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">Water table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">Bedrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgrade" title="Subgrade">Subgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">Subsoil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)" title="Earthworks (engineering)">Earthworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Shoring structures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retaining_wall" title="Retaining wall">Retaining walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_freezing" title="Ground freezing">Ground freezing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanically_stabilized_earth" title="Mechanically stabilized earth">Mechanically stabilized earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_grouting" title="Pressure grouting">Pressure grouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slurry_wall" title="Slurry wall">Slurry wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_nailing" title="Soil nailing">Soil nailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieback_(geotechnical)" title="Tieback (geotechnical)">Tieback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">Land development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging" title="Digging">Excavation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embankment_(earthworks)" title="Embankment (earthworks)">Embankment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_(earthworks)" title="Cut (earthworks)">Cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel#Cut-and-cover" title="Tunnel">Cut-and-cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_and_fill" title="Cut and fill">Cut and fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_dirt" title="Fill dirt">Fill dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grading_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grading (engineering)">Grading</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Land reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_bed" title="Track bed">Track bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_structure" title="Earth structure">Earth structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanded_clay_aggregate" title="Expanded clay aggregate">Expanded clay aggregate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geotextile" title="Geotextile">Geotextile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomembrane" title="Geomembrane">Geomembrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetic_clay_liner" title="Geosynthetic clay liner">Geosynthetic clay liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_confinement" title="Cellular confinement">Cellular confinement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">Infiltration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_foundation" title="Shallow foundation">Shallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_foundation" title="Deep foundation">Deep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soil_mechanics" title="Soil mechanics">Mechanics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effective_stress" title="Effective stress">Effective stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pore_water_pressure" title="Pore water pressure">Pore water pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_earth_pressure" title="Lateral earth pressure">Lateral earth pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overburden_pressure" title="Overburden pressure">Overburden pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preconsolidation_pressure" title="Preconsolidation pressure">Preconsolidation pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Phenomena/<br />problems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">Permafrost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_heaving" title="Frost heaving">Frost heaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_(soil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidation (soil)">Consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_compaction" title="Soil compaction">Compaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Response_spectrum" title="Response spectrum">Response spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_hazard" title="Seismic hazard">Seismic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_wave" title="S wave">Shear wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">Landslide</a> analysis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slope_stability_analysis" title="Slope stability analysis">Stability analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landslide_mitigation" title="Landslide mitigation">Mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landslide_classification" title="Landslide classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliding_criterion_(geotechnical_engineering)" title="Sliding criterion (geotechnical 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title="UTEXAS">UTEXAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaxis" title="Plaxis">Plaxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geoprofessions" title="Geoprofessions">Related fields</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">Petrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_science" title="Soil science">Soil science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">Hydrogeology</a></li> <li><a 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