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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Truth_and_truthmakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Truth and truthmakers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Truth_and_truthmakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Mind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epistemology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epistemology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Epistemology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epistemology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Belief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Selected articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Miscellaneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Honours and recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA" title="ديفيد أرمسترونغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديفيد أرمسترونغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="David Malet Armstrong" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="David Malet Armstrong" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="David Malet Armstrong" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دیوید مالت آرمسترانگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوید مالت آرمسترانگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_M._Armstrong" title="David M. Armstrong – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="David M. Armstrong" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%EB%B9%84%EB%93%9C_%EB%A7%90%EB%A0%9B_%EC%95%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%B1" title="데이비드 말렛 암스트롱 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데이비드 말렛 암스트롱" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="David Malet Armstrong" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="David Malet Armstrong" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Armstrong_(filosoof)" title="David Armstrong (filosoof) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="David Armstrong (filosoof)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="David Malet Armstrong" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Армстронг, Дэвид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Армстронг, Дэвид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="David Malet Armstrong" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="David Malet Armstrong" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8C%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دەیڤید ئارمسترانگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەیڤید ئارمسترانگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Дејвид Малет Армстронг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дејвид Малет Армстронг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="David Malet Armstrong" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" title="David Malet Armstrong – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="David Malet Armstrong" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Australian philosopher (1926–2014)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">David Malet Armstrong</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:DavidMArmstrong.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/DavidMArmstrong.jpg/220px-DavidMArmstrong.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/DavidMArmstrong.jpg/330px-DavidMArmstrong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/DavidMArmstrong.jpg/440px-DavidMArmstrong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2069" data-file-height="3360" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Armstrong receiving his doctorate of letters (h.c.) at Nottingham University, UK on 13 December 2007</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1926-07-08</span>)</span>8 July 1926<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 May 2014<span style="display:none">(2014-05-13)</span> (aged 87)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Australian_realism" title="Australian realism">Australian realism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Immanent_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Immanent realism">Immanent realism</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Factualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Factualism">Factualism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Four-dimensionalism" title="Four-dimensionalism">four-dimensionalism</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Garrett2011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrett2011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson_(philosopher)" title="John Anderson (philosopher)">John Anderson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Instantiation_principle" title="Instantiation principle">Instantiation principle</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Quidditism" title="Quidditism">Quidditism</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Maximalist version of <a href="/wiki/Truthmaker_theory" title="Truthmaker theory">truthmaker theory</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>David Malet Armstrong</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer of the Order of Australia">AO</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Australian_Academy_of_the_Humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities">FAHA</a></span></span> (8 July 1926 – 13 May 2014),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often <b>D. M. Armstrong</b>, was an <a href="/wiki/Australian_philosophy" title="Australian philosophy">Australian philosopher</a>. He is well known for his work on <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a>, and for his defence of a <a href="/wiki/Factualist" class="mw-redirect" title="Factualist">factualist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">functionalist</a> theory of the <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">externalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Modal_logic" title="Modal logic">necessitarian</a> conception of the <a href="/wiki/Physical_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical law">laws of nature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BioDict20CPhil_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BioDict20CPhil-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Keith_Campbell_(philosopher)" title="Keith Campbell (philosopher)">Keith Campbell</a> said that Armstrong's contributions to metaphysics and epistemology "helped to shape philosophy's agenda and terms of debate", and that Armstrong's work "always concerned to elaborate and defend a philosophy which is ontically economical, synoptic, and compatibly continuous with established results in the natural sciences".<sup id="cite_ref-BlackwellCompanion_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlackwellCompanion-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Malet_Armstrong&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After studying at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a>, Armstrong undertook a B.Phil. at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and a Ph.D. at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a>. He taught at <a href="/wiki/Birkbeck_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkbeck College">Birkbeck College</a> in 1954–55, then at the University of Melbourne from 1956 to 1963. In 1964, he became <a href="/wiki/Challis_Professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Challis Professor">Challis Professor</a> of Philosophy at the University of Sydney, where he stayed until his retirement in 1991. During his career, he was a visiting lecturer at a number of institutions, including <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_and_Marshall_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin and Marshall College">Franklin and Marshall College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vita_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vita-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1974, when the University of Sydney's Philosophy department split into two departments<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—the Department for General Philosophy and the Department for Traditional and Modern Philosophy—Armstrong joined the latter along with <a href="/wiki/David_Stove" title="David Stove">David Stove</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keith_Campbell_(philosopher)" title="Keith Campbell (philosopher)">Keith Campbell</a>, while the former department pursued more radical politics and taught courses on <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two departments were reunified in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armstrong married Jennifer Mary de Bohun Clark in 1982 and had step children. He previously married Madeleine Annette Haydon in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-ditext_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ditext-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a>, in which his father had been a commodore.<sup id="cite_ref-Vita_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vita-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lifeandwork_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifeandwork-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1950, Armstrong formed an Anti-<a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Australia" title="Conscription in Australia">Conscription</a> Committee with David Stove and Eric Dowling (R. E. Dowling), all three former students of <a href="/wiki/John_Anderson_(philosopher)" title="John Anderson (philosopher)">John Anderson</a>, the Australian philosopher, and all later to be academic philosophers, who then began to support conscription and also believed that anti-conscription opinions ought to be suppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To mark the 50th anniversary in 2014 of Armstrong's appointment to the Challis Chair of Philosophy at Sydney University, <a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(magazine)" title="Quadrant (magazine)"><i>Quadrant</i> magazine</a> published a tribute to him (originally written in 1991) by David Stove<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an overview of Armstrong's work by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_David_Irvine" title="Andrew David Irvine">Andrew Irvine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Malet_Armstrong&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Armstrong's philosophy is broadly naturalistic. In <i>Sketch for a Systematic Metaphysics</i>, Armstrong states that his philosophical system rests upon "the assumption that all that exists is the space time world, the physical world as we say". He justifies this by saying that the physical world "seems obviously to exist" while other things "seem much more hypothetical". From this fundamental assumption flows a rejection of <a href="/wiki/Abstract_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract objects">abstract objects</a> including <a href="/wiki/Platonic_forms" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic forms">Platonic forms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armstrong's development as a philosopher was influenced heavily by <a href="/wiki/John_Anderson_(philosopher)" title="John Anderson (philosopher)">John Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/J._J._C._Smart" title="J. J. C. Smart">J. J. C. Smart</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as by <a href="/wiki/Ullin_Place" title="Ullin Place">Ullin Place</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feigl" title="Herbert Feigl">Herbert Feigl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a> and <a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armstrong collaborated with C. B. Martin on a collection of critical essays on <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armstrong's philosophy, while systematic, does not spend any time on social or ethical matters, and also does not attempt to build a <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">philosophy of language</a>. He once described his slogan as 'Put semantics last'<sup id="cite_ref-ditext_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ditext-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in <i>Universals & Scientific Realism</i>, he rebuts an argument in favour of Plato's theory of forms that rely on semantics by describing "a long but, I think, on the whole discreditable tradition which tries to settle ontological questions on the basis of semantic considerations".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Malet_Armstrong&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Metaphysics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Universals">Universals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Malet_Armstrong&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Universals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In metaphysics, Armstrong defends the view that universals exist (although Platonic uninstantiated universals do not exist). Those universals match up with the fundamental particles that science tells us about.<sup id="cite_ref-Universals_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Universals-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armstrong describes his philosophy as a form of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">scientific realism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armstrong's universals are "sparse": not every predicate will have an accompanying property, but only those which are deemed basic by scientific investigation. The ultimate ontology of universals would only be realised with the completion of physical science. <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a> would thus be a universal (subject to mass not being discarded by future physicists). Armstrong realises that we will need to refer to and use properties that are not considered universals in his sparse ontology—for instance, being able to refer to something <i>being a game</i> (to use the example from <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Investigations" title="Philosophical Investigations">Philosophical Investigations</a></i>). Armstrong then suggests that a <a href="/wiki/Supervenience" title="Supervenience">supervenience</a> relation exists between these second order properties and the ontologically authentic universals given to us by physics.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armstrong's theory of universals treats relations as having no particular ontological difficulty, they can be treated in the same way non-relational properties are. How Armstrong's theory of universals deals with relations with varying adicities has been raised as an issue by Fraser MacBride.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacBride argues that there can be relations where the number of terms in the relation varies across instances. Armstrong's response is to affirm a theory he describes as the Principle of Instantial Invariance, wherein the adicity of properties are essential and invariant. According to Armstrong, complex relations which seem to challenge the principle are not ontologically real but are second-order properties that can be reduced to more basic properties that subscribe to the Principle of Instantial Invariance.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armstrong rejects <a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">nominalist</a> accounts of properties that attempt to align properties simply with classes. Coextension is a problem they face: if properties are simply classes, in a world where all blue things are also wet, and all wet things are also blue, class nominalists are unable to draw a distinction between the property of being blue and being wet. He provides an analogy to the argument in <i><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro" title="Euthyphro">Euthyphro</a></i>: to say that electrons are electrons because they are part of the class of electrons puts the cart before the horse. They are part of the class of electrons <i>because</i> they <i>are</i> electrons.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Armstrong's view, nominalisms can also be criticised for producing a blob theory of reality. Objects have structure: they have parts, those parts are made of molecules, which are in turn made up of atoms standing in relation to one another, which are in turn made up of subatomic particles and so on. Blobbiness also threatens Platonic universals: a particular instantiating a universal in a world of Platonic universals becomes a matter of the blob-particular having a relation to a universal <i>elsewhere</i> (in the Platonic heaven, say), rather than having an internal relation in the way that a chemical element does to a constituent atom.<sup id="cite_ref-Universals_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Universals-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armstrong further rejects nominalisms that deny that properties and relations exist in reality because he suggests that these sorts of nominalisms, specifically referring to what he calls class nominalism, and resemblance nominalism, postulate primitives of either class membership or resemblance.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This primitive results in a vicious regress for both kinds of nominalisms,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armstrong suggests, thus motivating his states-of-affairs based system that unites properties by postulating a primitive tie of instantiation <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on a fact-ontology, called states of affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of the origin of Armstrong's view of universals, Armstrong says his view of universals is "relatively unexplored territory" but points to <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a>'s 1970 paper 'On Properties'<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a possible forerunner. He also says that "Plato in his later works, Aristotle and the Scholastic Realists were ahead of contemporary philosophy in this matter, although handicapped by the relative backwardness of the science and the scientific methodology of their day".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="States_of_affairs">States of affairs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Malet_Armstrong&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: States of affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Central to Armstrong's philosophy is the idea of <a href="/wiki/States_of_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="States of affairs">states of affairs</a> ("facts" in Russell's terminology): in <i>Sketch for a Systematic Metaphysics</i>, Armstrong claims that states of affairs are "<i>the</i> fundamental structures in reality".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A state of affairs roughly put is an instantiation of a particular and a universal: a state of affairs might be that a particular atom exists, instantiating a universal (say, that it is of a particular element, if chemical elements are ultimately accepted as part of Armstrong's universals). The particulars in Armstrong's ontology must have at least one universal—just as he rejects uninstantiated universals, he also rejects "unpropertied particulars".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armstrong argues that states of affairs are distinct things in ontology because they are more than the sum of their parts. If some particular <i>a</i> has a non-symmetric relation <i>R</i> to another particular <i>b</i>, then <i>R (a, b)</i> differs from <i>R (b, a)</i>. It may be the case that <i>R (a, b)</i> obtains in the world but <i>R (b, a)</i> does not. Without states of affairs instantiating the particulars and universals (including relations), we cannot account for the truth of the one case and the falsity of the other.<sup id="cite_ref-Universals_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Universals-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laws_of_nature">Laws of nature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Malet_Armstrong&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Laws of nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Armstrong's theory of universals gives him the basis for an understanding of laws of nature as being relations between universals, a non-<a href="/wiki/Humeanism#Causality_and_necessity" title="Humeanism">Humean</a> account of laws of nature proposed independently by Armstrong,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tooley" title="Michael Tooley">Michael Tooley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Dretske" title="Fred Dretske">Fred Dretske</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This account posits that the relations between universals are truthmakers for the statements about physical laws, and it is realist as it accepts that laws of nature are a feature of the world rather than just a way we talk about the world. Armstrong identifies the laws as holding between universals rather than particulars as an account of laws involving just particulars rather than universals would not adequately explain how laws of nature operate in the case of <a href="/wiki/Counterfactuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterfactuals">counterfactuals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To illustrate the theory, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mumford" title="Stephen Mumford">Stephen Mumford</a> gives the example of <i>all ravens are black</i>. Under the theory of Armstrong, Tooley and Dretske, there is a relation of necessity between the universals ravenhood and blackness, rather than there being a relationship with every single raven. This allows the explanation of laws of nature that have not been instantiated. Mumford cites the frequently-used example of the <a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moa</a> bird: "It is supposed that every bird of this now-extinct species died at a young age, though not because of anything in its genetic makeup. Rather, it died mainly because of some virus that just happened to sweep through the population. One bird could have escaped the virus only to be eaten by a predator on the day before its fiftieth birthday."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the theory of Armstrong, Tooley and Dretske, such a coincidence would not be a law of nature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dispositions">Dispositions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Malet_Armstrong&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dispositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Armstrong rejects <a href="/wiki/Disposition#In_analytic_philosophy" title="Disposition">dispositionalism</a>, the idea that dispositional properties (or powers as they are sometimes referred to) are ontologically significant and have an important role in explaining <a href="/wiki/Physical_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical law">laws of nature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armstrong believes that the challenge that dispositionalism presents for his account of laws of nature is not in the case of <i>manifested</i> dispositions (say, a glass dropping on the ground and breaking) but <i>unmanifested</i> dispositions (the fact that counter factually if one were to drop the glass on the ground, it <i>would</i> break). Armstrong simply states that the disposition is simply in the nature of the instantiated properties of the thing which is supposed to have the disposition.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Truth_and_truthmakers">Truth and truthmakers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Malet_Armstrong&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Truth and truthmakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Regarding truth, Armstrong holds to what he describes as a "maximalist version" of <a href="/wiki/Truthmaker_theory" title="Truthmaker theory">truthmaker theory</a>: he believes that every truth has a truthmaker, although there doesn't necessarily exist a one-to-one mapping between truth and truthmaker.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possibility of one to many relations between truths and truthmakers is a feature that Armstrong believes allows truthmaker theory to answer some of the criticisms levelled at older correspondence theories of truth (of which he believes truthmaker theory to be an improved version).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negative truths have truthmakers in Armstrong's account: he gives the example of a wall that is painted green. The wall being painted green is a truth for the proposition that it is <i>not</i> painted white <i>and</i> the proposition that it is <i>not</i> painted red and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The difficulty in providing an adequate account of truthmakers for events in the past is one reason Armstrong gives for rejecting <a href="/wiki/Presentism_(philosophy_of_time)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentism (philosophy of time)">presentism</a>—the view that only the present exists (another reason being the incompatibility of such a view with <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a>). Presentists, Armstrong argues, must either deny that truthmakers are needed for statements about the past, or account for them "by postulating rather strange truthmakers".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mind">Mind</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Malet_Armstrong&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mind"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Armstrong holds to a physicalist, functionalist theory of the mind. He initially was attracted to <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_Mind" title="The Concept of Mind">The Concept of Mind</a></i> and the rejection of Cartesian dualism. Armstrong did not accept behaviourism and instead defended a theory he referred to as the "central-state theory" which identifies mental states with the state of the central nervous system. In <i>A Materialist Theory of the Mind</i>, he accepted that mental states such as consciousness exist, but stated that they can be explained as physical phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armstrong attributes his adoption of the central-state theory to the work of <a href="/wiki/J._J._C._Smart" title="J. J. C. Smart">J. J. C. Smart</a>—specifically the paper 'Sensations and Brain Processes'—and traces the lineage from there to <a href="/wiki/Ullin_Place" title="Ullin Place">Ullin Place</a>'s 1956 paper 'Is Consciousness a Brain Process?'<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stephen Mumford said that Armstrong's <i>A Materialist Theory of the Mind</i> "represents an authoritative statement of Australian materialism and was, and still is, a seminal piece of philosophy".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epistemology">Epistemology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Malet_Armstrong&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Epistemology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Armstrong's view of knowledge is that the conditions of knowledge are satisfied when you have a <a href="/wiki/Justified_true_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Justified true belief">justified true belief</a> that you arrived at through a reliable process: that is, the belief was caused by some factor in the external world (hence the label of externalism). Armstrong uses the analogy of a <a href="/wiki/Thermometer" title="Thermometer">thermometer</a>: as a thermometer changes to reflect the temperature of the environment it is in, so must one's beliefs if they are reliably formed. The connection between knowledge and the external world, for Armstrong, is a <a href="/wiki/Nomological" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomological">nomological</a> relationship (that is, a law of nature relationship).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, Armstrong's view is broadly similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" title="Alvin Goldman">Alvin Goldman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intuitions that lead to this kind of externalism led <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a> towards an account of knowledge that added the requirement for 'properly-functioning' cognitive systems operating according to a design plan.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belief">Belief</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Malet_Armstrong&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Belief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the question of the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">beliefs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>, Armstrong defends a "weak acceptance" of the belief condition, namely that if a person can be said to know some thing <i>p</i>, he or she believes <i>p</i>. In a paper for the <a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_Society" title="Aristotelian Society">Aristotelian Society</a>, Armstrong rejects a series of linguistic arguments for a rejection of the belief condition which argue that one can have knowledge without having belief because a common usage of the word 'belief' is to imply lack of knowledge—Armstrong gives the example of if you asked a man on a railway station whether the train has just left and he said "I believe it has", you would take from this that he does not <i>know</i> that it has.<sup id="cite_ref-PAS_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAS-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armstrong also argues that contradictory beliefs show that there <i>is</i> a connection between beliefs and knowledge. He gives the example of a woman who has learned her husband is dead but cannot bring herself to <i>believe</i> her husband is dead. She both believes and disbelieves her husband is dead: it just happens that one of her two beliefs is justified, true and satisfies some knowledge conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-PAS_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAS-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mumford_2007_155_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mumford_2007_155-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armstrong presents a response to <a href="/wiki/Colin_Radford" title="Colin Radford">Colin Radford</a>'s modified version of the "unconfident examinee" example. A student is asked when Queen Elizabeth I died, and he hesitatingly answers "1603" and exhibits no confidence in his answer. He has forgotten that at some point previously, he studied English history. Radford presents this as an example of knowledge without belief. But Armstrong differs on this: the unconfident examinee has a belief that Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603, he knows that she died in 1603, but he does not <i>know that he knows</i>. Armstrong rejects the <a href="/wiki/KK_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="KK Principle">KK Principle</a>—that to know some thing <i>p</i>, one must know that one knows <i>p</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-PAS_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAS-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mumford_2007_155_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mumford_2007_155-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armstrong's rejection of the KK Principle is consistent with his wider externalist project.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Malet_Armstrong&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Malet_Armstrong&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1960" class="citation book cs1">—— (1960). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/berkeleystheoryo0000arms"><i>Berkeley's Theory of Vision</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne University Press">Melbourne University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2981233W">2981233W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berkeley%27s+Theory+of+Vision&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL2981233W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fberkeleystheoryo0000arms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1961" class="citation book cs1">—— (1961). <i>Perception and the Physical World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge_%26_Kegan_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Routledge & Kegan Paul">Routledge & Kegan Paul</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-3603-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-3603-2"><bdi>978-0-7100-3603-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perception+and+the+Physical+World&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-3603-2&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1962" class="citation book cs1">—— (1962). <i>Bodily Sensations</i>. Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5873805M">5873805M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bodily+Sensations&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5873805M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1968" class="citation book cs1">—— (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/materialisttheor00arms"><i>A Materialist Theory of the Mind</i></a></span>. Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10031-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10031-1"><bdi>978-0-415-10031-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Materialist+Theory+of+the+Mind&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10031-1&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaterialisttheor00arms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1973" class="citation book cs1">—— (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/belieftruthknowl0000arms"><i>Belief, Truth and Knowledge</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08706-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08706-3"><bdi>978-0-521-08706-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belief%2C+Truth+and+Knowledge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08706-3&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbelieftruthknowl0000arms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1978" class="citation book cs1">—— (1978). <i>Universals and Scientific Realism</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21741-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21741-5"><bdi>978-0-521-21741-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universals+and+Scientific+Realism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21741-5&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1981" class="citation book cs1">—— (1981). <i>The Nature of Mind and Other Essays</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1353-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1353-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-1353-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Mind+and+Other+Essays&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-1353-7&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1983" class="citation book cs1">—— (1983). <i>What is a Law of Nature?</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25343-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-25343-7"><bdi>978-0-521-25343-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+a+Law+of+Nature%3F&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-25343-7&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1989" class="citation book cs1">—— (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/combinatorialthe1989arms"><i>A Combinatorial Theory of Possibility</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37427-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37427-9"><bdi>978-0-521-37427-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Combinatorial+Theory+of+Possibility&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37427-9&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcombinatorialthe1989arms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1989" class="citation book cs1">—— (1989). <i>Universals: An Opinionated Introduction</i>. <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-0772-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-0772-5"><bdi>978-0-8133-0772-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universals%3A+An+Opinionated+Introduction&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-0772-5&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1997" class="citation book cs1">—— (1997). <i>A World of States of Affairs</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58064-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58064-9"><bdi>978-0-521-58064-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+of+States+of+Affairs&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58064-9&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1999" class="citation book cs1">—— (1999). <i>The Mind-Body Problem: An Opinionated Introduction</i>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-9056-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-9056-7"><bdi>978-0-8133-9056-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mind-Body+Problem%3A+An+Opinionated+Introduction&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-9056-7&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2004" class="citation book cs1">—— (2004). <i>Truth and Truthmakers</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83832-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83832-0"><bdi>978-0-521-83832-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+and+Truthmakers&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83832-0&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2010" class="citation book cs1">—— (2010). <i>Sketch for a Systematic Metaphysics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959061-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959061-2"><bdi>978-0-19-959061-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketch+for+a+Systematic+Metaphysics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-959061-2&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_articles">Selected articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Malet_Armstrong&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Selected articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1963" class="citation journal cs1">Armstrong, D. M. (1963). "Is Introspective Knowledge Incorrigible?". <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical Review">Philosophical Review</a></i>. <b>72</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">417–</span>432. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2183028">10.2307/2183028</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2183028">2183028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Review&rft.atitle=Is+Introspective+Knowledge+Incorrigible%3F&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E417-%3C%2Fspan%3E432&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2183028&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2183028%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1971" class="citation journal cs1">—— (1971). "Meaning and Communication". <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical Review">Philosophical Review</a></i>. <b>80</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">427–</span>447. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2183752">10.2307/2183752</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2183752">2183752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Review&rft.atitle=Meaning+and+Communication&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E427-%3C%2Fspan%3E447&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2183752&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2183752%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1984" class="citation journal cs1">—— (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922215749/http://www.humanities.org.au/Portals/0/documents/Publications/Proceedings/Proc1983.pdf">"Alan Ker Stout, 1900–1983"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the Australian Academy of the Humanities</i>. <b>12</b>: <span class="nowrap">106–</span>109. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanities.org.au/Portals/0/documents/Publications/Proceedings/Proc1983.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Australian+Academy+of+the+Humanities&rft.atitle=Alan+Ker+Stout%2C+1900%E2%80%931983&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanities.org.au%2FPortals%2F0%2Fdocuments%2FPublications%2FProceedings%2FProc1983.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForrestArmstrong1984" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Forrest_(philosopher)" title="Peter Forrest (philosopher)">Forrest, P.</a>; —— (1984). "An Argument against David Lewis' Theory of Possible Worlds". <i><a href="/wiki/Australasian_Journal_of_Philosophy" title="Australasian Journal of Philosophy">Australasian Journal of Philosophy</a></i>. <b>62</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">164–</span>168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00048408412341351">10.1080/00048408412341351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Journal+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=An+Argument+against+David+Lewis%27+Theory+of+Possible+Worlds&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00048408412341351&rft.aulast=Forrest&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1991" class="citation journal cs1">—— (1991). "Classes are States of Affairs". <i><a href="/wiki/Mind_(journal)" title="Mind (journal)">Mind</a></i>. <b>100</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">189–</span>200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmind%2FC.398.189">10.1093/mind/C.398.189</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2254866">2254866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mind&rft.atitle=Classes+are+States+of+Affairs&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E200&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmind%2FC.398.189&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2254866%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2000" class="citation book cs1">—— (2000). "Black Swans: The formative influences in Australian philosophy". In Brogaard, B.; Smith, B. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/armstrong/swans.html"><i>Proceedings of the 23rd International Wittgenstein Symposium</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Black+Swans%3A+The+formative+influences+in+Australian+philosophy&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+23rd+International+Wittgenstein+Symposium&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ditext.com%2Farmstrong%2Fswans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Malet_Armstrong&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2001" class="citation book cs1">—— (2001). "Interview". In Jobling, Lee; Runcie, Catherine (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/armstrong/kramer.html"><i>Matters of the Mind: Poems, Essays and Interviews in Honour of Leonie Kramer</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">322–</span>332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86487-362-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86487-362-7"><bdi>978-1-86487-362-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Interview&rft.btitle=Matters+of+the+Mind%3A+Poems%2C+Essays+and+Interviews+in+Honour+of+Leonie+Kramer&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E322-%3C%2Fspan%3E332&rft.pub=University+of+Sydney&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-86487-362-7&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ditext.com%2Farmstrong%2Fkramer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurinBrinck2005" class="citation journal cs1">Maurin, Anna-Sofia; Brinck, Ingar (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/887484">"Revisionary Metaphysics: An interview with D. M. Armstrong"</a>. <i>Theoria</i>. <b>71</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1755-2567.2005.tb01001.x">10.1111/j.1755-2567.2005.tb01001.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theoria&rft.atitle=Revisionary+Metaphysics%3A+An+interview+with+D.+M.+Armstrong&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1755-2567.2005.tb01001.x&rft.aulast=Maurin&rft.aufirst=Anna-Sofia&rft.au=Brinck%2C+Ingar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F887484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_recognition">Honours and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Malet_Armstrong&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Honours and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Armstrong was a Foundation Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was appointed an <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Australia" title="Order of Australia">Officer of the Order of Australia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1993_Australia_Day_Honours" title="1993 Australia Day Honours">1993 Australia Day Honours</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Malet_Armstrong&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Mind" title="The Nature of Mind">The Nature of Mind</a>"</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q1173590" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/Q1173590"><b>David Malet Armstrong <small>(Q1173590)</small></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Malet_Armstrong&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Armstrong, <i>Universals: An Opinionated Introduction</i> (1989), p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garrett2011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garrett2011_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Garrett2011" class="citation book cs1">Brian Garrett (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qTmJrtBX-ZkC&pg=PA54"><i>What Is This Thing Called Metaphysics?</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">54–</span>55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-79269-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-79269-4"><bdi>978-1-136-79269-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Is+This+Thing+Called+Metaphysics%3F&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-79269-4&rft.au=Brian+Garrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqTmJrtBX-ZkC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/haecceitism">Haecceitism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10956875/Professor-David-Armstrong-obituary.html">"Professor David Armstrong - obituary"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 9 July 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Professor+David+Armstrong+-+obituary&rft.date=2014-07-09&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F10956875%2FProfessor-David-Armstrong-obituary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BioDict20CPhil-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BioDict20CPhil_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownCollinsonWilkinson1996" class="citation book cs1">Brown, S.; Collinson, D.; Wilkinson, R., eds. (1996). <i>Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Philosophers</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">31–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06043-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06043-1"><bdi>978-0-415-06043-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+Twentieth-Century+Philosophers&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-06043-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlackwellCompanion-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BlackwellCompanion_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaegwon_KimErnest_SosaGary_S._Rosenkrantz2009" class="citation book cs1">Jaegwon Kim; Ernest Sosa; Gary S. Rosenkrantz, eds. (2009). <i>A Companion to Metaphysics</i> (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">126–</span>127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Metaphysics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vita-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vita_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vita_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2002" class="citation web cs1">Armstrong, D. M. (19 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/armstrong/armstrong.html">"Curriculum Vitae"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Curriculum+Vitae&rft.date=2002-03-19&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ditext.com%2Farmstrong%2Farmstrong.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodfrey-Smith" class="citation web cs1">Godfrey-Smith, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aeon.co/essays/why-does-australia-have-an-outsized-influence-on-philosophy">"Why does Australia have an outsized influence on philosophy?"</a>. <i>Aeon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aeon&rft.atitle=Why+does+Australia+have+an+outsized+influence+on+philosophy%3F&rft.aulast=Godfrey-Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faeon.co%2Fessays%2Fwhy-does-australia-have-an-outsized-influence-on-philosophy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrittenden2010" class="citation book cs1">Crittenden, P. (2010). "Sydney, University of, Department of General Philosophy". In Oppy, G.; Trakakis, N. N. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.publishing.monash.edu/apps/bookworm/view/A+Companion+to+Philosophy+in+Australia+and+New+Zealand/56/xhtml/chapter18.html#chapter18sec14"><i>A Companion to Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Monash_University_Publishing" title="Monash University Publishing">Monash University Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9806512-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9806512-1-8"><bdi>978-0-9806512-1-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sydney%2C+University+of%2C+Department+of+General+Philosophy&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Philosophy+in+Australia+and+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Monash+University+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9806512-1-8&rft.aulast=Crittenden&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.publishing.monash.edu%2Fapps%2Fbookworm%2Fview%2FA%2BCompanion%2Bto%2BPhilosophy%2Bin%2BAustralia%2Band%2BNew%2BZealand%2F56%2Fxhtml%2Fchapter18.html%23chapter18sec14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvison2010" class="citation book cs1">Ivison, D. (2010). "Sydney, University of, Department of Philosophy (Reunification – 2009)". In Oppy, G.; Trakakis, N. N. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.publishing.monash.edu/apps/bookworm/view/A+Companion+to+Philosophy+in+Australia+and+New+Zealand/56/xhtml/chapter18.html#chapter18sec16"><i>A Companion to Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Monash_University_Publishing" title="Monash University Publishing">Monash University Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9806512-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9806512-1-8"><bdi>978-0-9806512-1-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sydney%2C+University+of%2C+Department+of+Philosophy+%28Reunification+%E2%80%93+2009%29&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Philosophy+in+Australia+and+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Monash+University+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9806512-1-8&rft.aulast=Ivison&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.publishing.monash.edu%2Fapps%2Fbookworm%2Fview%2FA%2BCompanion%2Bto%2BPhilosophy%2Bin%2BAustralia%2Band%2BNew%2BZealand%2F56%2Fxhtml%2Fchapter18.html%23chapter18sec16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ditext-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ditext_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ditext_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrucky2002" class="citation web cs1">Chrucky, A. (April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/armstrong/inter2.html">"An Interview with Professor David Armstrong"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quadrant.org.au/magazine/2014/03/david-armstrong-readers-guide/">"David Armstrong: A Reader's Guide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(magazine)" title="Quadrant (magazine)">Quadrant</a></i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">40–</span>41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quadrant&rft.atitle=David+Armstrong%3A+A+Reader%27s+Guide&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=2014-03-01&rft.aulast=Irvine&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquadrant.org.au%2Fmagazine%2F2014%2F03%2Fdavid-armstrong-readers-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2010" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, D. M. (2010). <i>Sketch for a Systematic Metaphysics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965591-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965591-5"><bdi>978-0-19-965591-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketch+for+a+Systematic+Metaphysics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965591-5&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2001" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, D. M. (2001). "Interview". In Jobling, Lee; Runcie, Catherine (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/armstrong/kramer.html"><i>Matters of the Mind: Poems, Essays and Interviews in Honour of Leonie Kramer</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">322–</span>332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86487-362-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86487-362-7"><bdi>978-1-86487-362-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Interview&rft.btitle=Matters+of+the+Mind%3A+Poems%2C+Essays+and+Interviews+in+Honour+of+Leonie+Kramer&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E322-%3C%2Fspan%3E332&rft.pub=University+of+Sydney&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-86487-362-7&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ditext.com%2Farmstrong%2Fkramer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForrest2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Forrest_(philosopher)" title="Peter Forrest (philosopher)">Forrest, P.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308020513/http://books.publishing.monash.edu/apps/bookworm/view/A+Companion+to+Philosophy+in+Australia+and+New+Zealand/56/xhtml/chapter01.html#chapter01sec09">"Armstrong, D.M."</a>. In Oppy, G.; Trakakis, N. N. (eds.). <i>Companion to Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand</i>. <a href="/wiki/Monash_University_Publishing" title="Monash University Publishing">Monash University Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9806512-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9806512-0-1"><bdi>978-0-9806512-0-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.publishing.monash.edu/apps/bookworm/view/A+Companion+to+Philosophy+in+Australia+and+New+Zealand/56/xhtml/chapter01.html#chapter01sec09">the original</a> on 8 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armstrong%2C+D.M.&rft.btitle=Companion+to+Philosophy+in+Australia+and+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Monash+University+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9806512-0-1&rft.aulast=Forrest&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.publishing.monash.edu%2Fapps%2Fbookworm%2Fview%2FA%2BCompanion%2Bto%2BPhilosophy%2Bin%2BAustralia%2Band%2BNew%2BZealand%2F56%2Fxhtml%2Fchapter01.html%23chapter01sec09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrongMartin1969" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, D. M.; Martin, C. B. (1969). <i>Locke and Berkeley: A Collection of Critical Essays</i>. <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor Books">Anchor Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-268-00562-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-268-00562-7"><bdi>978-0-268-00562-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Locke+and+Berkeley%3A+A+Collection+of+Critical+Essays&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-268-00562-7&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft.au=Martin%2C+C.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1980" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, D. M. (1980). <i>Nominalism & Realism</i>. Universals & Scientific Realism. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28033-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28033-4"><bdi>978-0-521-28033-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nominalism+%26+Realism&rft.series=Universals+%26+Scientific+Realism&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-521-28033-4&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Universals-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Universals_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Universals_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Universals_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1989" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, D. 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(1989). <i>Universals</i>. <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-0763-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-0763-3"><bdi>978-0-8133-0763-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2211958M">2211958M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universals&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2211958M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-0763-3&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1980" class="citation cs2">Armstrong, D. 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(1980), <i>A Theory of Universals</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28032-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28032-7"><bdi>978-0-521-28032-7</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7735301M">7735301M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Theory+of+Universals&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7735301M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-521-28032-7&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2010" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, D. 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M. (1989). <i>Universals: An Opinionated Introduction</i>. Boulder: Westview Press. pp. 37, 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universals%3A+An+Opinionated+Introduction&rft.pages=37%2C+41&rft.pub=Boulder%3A+Westview+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1980" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, D. M. (1980). <i>Nominalism & Realism</i>. Universals & Scientific Realism. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28033-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28033-4"><bdi>978-0-521-28033-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nominalism+%26+Realism&rft.series=Universals+%26+Scientific+Realism&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-521-28033-4&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1989" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, D. M. (1989). <i>Universals: An Opinionated Introduction</i>. Boulder: Westview Press. p. 110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universals%3A+An+Opinionated+Introduction&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Boulder%3A+Westview+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1997" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, D. M. (1997). <i>A World of States of Affairs</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+of+States+of+Affairs&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Cambridge%3A+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutnam1970" class="citation book cs1">Putnam, H. (1970). "On Properties". In Rescher, N. (ed.). <i>Essays in Honour of Carl G. Hempel</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer (publisher)">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-1466-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-017-1466-2"><bdi>978-94-017-1466-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Properties&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Honour+of+Carl+G.+Hempel&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-94-017-1466-2&rft.aulast=Putnam&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span> <dl><dd>Reprinted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutnam1975" class="citation book cs1">Putnam, H. (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mathematicsmatte0001putn"><i>Mathematics, Matter and Method</i></a></span>. Philosophical Papers. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20665-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20665-5"><bdi>978-0-521-20665-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematics%2C+Matter+and+Method&rft.series=Philosophical+Papers&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20665-5&rft.aulast=Putnam&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmathematicsmatte0001putn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1980" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, D. M. (1980). <i>Nominalism & Realism</i>. Universals & Scientific Realism. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28033-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28033-4"><bdi>978-0-521-28033-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nominalism+%26+Realism&rft.series=Universals+%26+Scientific+Realism&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-521-28033-4&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2010" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, D. 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(2010). <i>Sketch for a Systematic Metaphysics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">48–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965591-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965591-5"><bdi>978-0-19-965591-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketch+for+a+Systematic+Metaphysics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965591-5&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMumford2007">Mumford 2007</a>, p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2010" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, D. M. (2010). <i>Sketch for a Systematic Metaphysics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">61–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965591-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965591-5"><bdi>978-0-19-965591-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketch+for+a+Systematic+Metaphysics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965591-5&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2004" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, D. M. (2004). <i>Truths and Truthmakers</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54723-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54723-9"><bdi>978-0-521-54723-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truths+and+Truthmakers&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54723-9&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2010" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, D. M. (2010). <i>Sketch for a Systematic Metaphysics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965591-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965591-5"><bdi>978-0-19-965591-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketch+for+a+Systematic+Metaphysics&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965591-5&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMumford2007">Mumford 2007</a>, pp. 133–140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2010" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, D. M. (2010). <i>Sketch for a Systematic Metaphysics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965591-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965591-5"><bdi>978-0-19-965591-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketch+for+a+Systematic+Metaphysics&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965591-5&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMumford2007">Mumford 2007</a>, p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehrer2000" class="citation cs2">Lehrer, K. (2000), <i>Theory of knowledge</i>, <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>, p. 178, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-9053-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-9053-6"><bdi>978-0-8133-9053-6</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6787085M">6787085M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+of+knowledge&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6787085M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-9053-6&rft.aulast=Lehrer&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock1999" class="citation cs2">Pollock, J. L. (1999), <i>Contemporary theories of knowledge</i>, <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>, p. 13, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8936-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8936-1"><bdi>978-0-8476-8936-1</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL31726M">31726M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+theories+of+knowledge&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL31726M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-8936-1&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlantinga1993" class="citation cs2">Plantinga, A. (1993), <i>Warrant and proper function</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507863-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507863-3"><bdi>978-0-19-507863-3</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1700198M">1700198M</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warrant+and+proper+function&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL1700198M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507863-3&rft.aulast=Plantinga&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PAS-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PAS_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PAS_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PAS_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1969" class="citation journal cs1">Armstrong, D. M. (1969). "Does Knowledge Entail Belief?". <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Aristotelian_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society">Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society</a></i>. <b>70</b>: <span class="nowrap">21–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faristotelian%2F70.1.21">10.1093/aristotelian/70.1.21</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4544782">4544782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Aristotelian+Society&rft.atitle=Does+Knowledge+Entail+Belief%3F&rft.volume=70&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faristotelian%2F70.1.21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4544782%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mumford_2007_155-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mumford_2007_155_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mumford_2007_155_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMumford2007">Mumford 2007</a>, p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemp2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hemp, D. (15 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/kk-princ/">"The KK (Knowing that One Knows) Principle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+KK+%28Knowing+that+One+Knows%29+Principle&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2006-10-15&rft.aulast=Hemp&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fkk-princ%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanities.org.au/about/our-history/">"Our history"</a>. <i>Australian Academy of the Humanities</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Academy+of+the+Humanities&rft.atitle=Our+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanities.org.au%2Fabout%2Four-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/881319">"Emeritus Professor David Malet ARMSTRONG"</a>. <i>Australian Honours Search Facility</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Honours+Search+Facility&rft.atitle=Emeritus+Professor+David+Malet+ARMSTRONG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhonours.pmc.gov.au%2Fhonours%2Fawards%2F881319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Armstrong, David Malet". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf"><i>Members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1780–2012</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>. p. 17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armstrong%2C+David+Malet&rft.btitle=Members+of+the+American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences%2C+1780%E2%80%932012&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Malet_Armstrong&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsteyBraddon-Mitchell2021" class="citation book cs1">Anstey, P.; Braddon-Mitchell, D., eds. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/armstrongs-materialist-theory-of-mind-9780192843722"><i>Armstrong's Materialist Theory of Mind</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192843722" title="Special:BookSources/9780192843722"><bdi>9780192843722</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armstrong%27s+Materialist+Theory+of+Mind&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780192843722&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Farmstrongs-materialist-theory-of-mind-9780192843722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaconCampbellReinhardt1993" class="citation book cs1">Bacon, J.; Campbell, K.; Reinhardt, L., eds. (1993). <i>Ontology, Causality, and Mind: Essays in Honour of D.M. Armstrong</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41562-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41562-0"><bdi>978-0-521-41562-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ontology%2C+Causality%2C+and+Mind%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+D.M.+Armstrong&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-41562-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdan1984" class="citation book cs1">Bogdan, R. J., ed. (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dmarmstrong1984unse"><i>D.M. Armstrong</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/D._Reidel" title="D. Reidel">D. Reidel</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-277-1657-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-277-1657-6"><bdi>978-90-277-1657-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D.M.+Armstrong&rft.pub=D.+Reidel&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-90-277-1657-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdmarmstrong1984unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin2003" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, J. (2003). <i>Corrupting the Youth: A History of Philosophy in Australia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Macleay_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Macleay Press">Macleay Press</a>. Chapters <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maths.unsw.edu.au/~jim/corruptingtheyouthch9.pdf">9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maths.unsw.edu.au/~jim/corruptingtheyouthch11.pdf">11</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maths.unsw.edu.au/~jim/corruptingtheyouthch12.pdf">12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-876492-08-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-876492-08-3"><bdi>978-1-876492-08-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corrupting+the+Youth%3A+A+History+of+Philosophy+in+Australia&rft.pages=Chapters+9%2C+11%2C+12&rft.pub=Macleay+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-876492-08-3&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvine2014" class="citation web cs1">Irvine, A. (1 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quadrant.org.au/magazine/2014/03/david-armstrong-australian-materialism/">"David Armstrong and Australian Materialism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(magazine)" title="Quadrant (magazine)">Quadrant</a></i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">36–</span>39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quadrant&rft.atitle=David+Armstrong+and+Australian+Materialism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2014-03-01&rft.aulast=Irvine&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquadrant.org.au%2Fmagazine%2F2014%2F03%2Fdavid-armstrong-australian-materialism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvine2014" class="citation web cs1">Irvine, A. (1 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quadrant.org.au/magazine/2014/03/david-armstrong-readers-guide/">"David Armstrong: A Reader's Guide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(magazine)" title="Quadrant (magazine)">Quadrant</a></i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">40–</span>41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quadrant&rft.atitle=David+Armstrong%3A+A+Reader%27s+Guide&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=2014-03-01&rft.aulast=Irvine&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquadrant.org.au%2Fmagazine%2F2014%2F03%2Fdavid-armstrong-readers-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMumford2007" class="citation book cs1">Mumford, S. (2007). <i>David Armstrong</i>. <a href="/wiki/Acumen_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Acumen Publishing">Acumen Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-100-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-100-9"><bdi>978-1-84465-100-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+Armstrong&rft.pub=Acumen+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84465-100-9&rft.aulast=Mumford&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStove2014" class="citation web cs1">Stove, D. (1 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quadrant.org.au/magazine/2014/03/tribute-david-armstrong/">"A Tribute to David Armstrong"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(magazine)" title="Quadrant (magazine)">Quadrant</a></i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">42–</span>43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quadrant&rft.atitle=A+Tribute+to+David+Armstrong&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=2014-03-01&rft.aulast=Stove&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquadrant.org.au%2Fmagazine%2F2014%2F03%2Ftribute-david-armstrong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Malet+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Malet_Armstrong&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.ms-ms9363">Guide to the Papers of David Armstrong</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/armstrong/armstrong.html">David Armstrong's Curriculum Vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Forrest_(philosopher)" title="Peter Forrest (philosopher)">P. Forrest</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064856/http://books.publishing.monash.edu/apps/bookworm/view/A+Companion+to+Philosophy+in+Australia+and+New+Zealand/56/xhtml/chapter01.html">'Armstrong, D.M.' in <i>A Companion to Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand</i></a> (archived)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KK2_EhCUijw">David Armstrong (1926-2014), Sydney philosopher</a> (video)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pufendorf.se/2004.html?id=405">Armstrong's Pufendorf Lectures 2004</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/philosopherszone/metaphysics-down-under/3229744">Armstrong speaks about his teacher John Anderson</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas of focus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Aretaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_turn" title="Linguistic turn">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performativity" title="Performativity">Performative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Logic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_logic" title="Classical logic">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviant_logic" title="Deviant logic">Deviant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-classical_logic" title="Non-classical logic">Non-classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraconsistent_logic" title="Paraconsistent logic">Paraconsistent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_logic" title="Philosophical logic">Philosophical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-order_logic" title="First-order logic">Predicate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_theory_of_reference" title="Causal theory of reference">Causal theory of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptivist_theory_of_names" title="Descriptivist theory of names">Descriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotivism" title="Emotivism">Emotivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_atomism" title="Logical atomism">Logical atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophilosophy" title="Neurophilosophy">Neurophilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopragmatism" title="Neopragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Structuralism (philosophy of science)">Scientific structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_data" title="Sense data">Sense data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_theology" title="Analytic theology">Analytic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_analysis" title="Paradox of analysis">paradox of analysis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_conditional" title="Counterfactual conditional">Counterfactual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_kind" title="Natural kind">Natural kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflective_equilibrium" title="Reflective equilibrium">Reflective equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervenience" title="Supervenience">Supervenience</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Modality" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">Modality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actualism" title="Actualism">Actualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_necessity" title="Metaphysical necessity">Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_possibility" title="Logical possibility">Possibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possible_world" title="Possible world">Possible world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_realism" title="Modal realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigid_designator" title="Rigid designator">Rigid designator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Donnellan" title="Keith Donnellan">Keith Donnellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gettier" title="Edmund Gettier">Edmund Gettier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaakko_Hintikka" title="Jaakko Hintikka">Jaakko Hintikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Peano" title="Giuseppe Peano">Giuseppe Peano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russ_Shafer-Landau" title="Russ Shafer-Landau">Russ Shafer-Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Sosa" title="Ernest Sosa">Ernest Sosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Stroud" title="Barry Stroud">Barry Stroud</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_realism" title="Australian realism">Australian realism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">David Malet Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J. L. Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._C._Smart" title="J. J. C. Smart">J. J. C. Smart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cambridge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arif_Ahmed_(philosopher)" title="Arif Ahmed (philosopher)">Arif Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Broad" title="C. D. Broad">Charlie Broad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_Lewy" title="Casimir Lewy">Casimir Lewy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Malcolm" title="Norman Malcolm">Norman Malcolm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Priest" title="Graham Priest">Graham Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_P._Ramsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank P. Ramsey">Frank P. Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Oxford</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">G. E. M. Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">J. L. Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Michael Dummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Philippa Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Paul Grice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">R. M. Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Derek Parfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Charles Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Bernard Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Williamson" title="Timothy Williamson">Timothy Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Nagel" title="Ernest Nagel">Ernest Nagel</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Circle" title="Berlin Circle">Berlin Circle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Hempel" title="Carl Gustav Hempel">Carl Gustav Hempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reichenbach" title="Hans Reichenbach">Hans Reichenbach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Rudolf Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hahn_(mathematician)" title="Hans Hahn (mathematician)">Hans Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Schlick" title="Moritz Schlick">Moritz Schlick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Waismann" title="Friedrich Waismann">Friedrich Waismann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Harvard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Chisholm" title="Roderick Chisholm">Roderick Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Donald Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Nelson Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Korsgaard" title="Christine Korsgaard">Christine Korsgaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notre Dame</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Audi" title="Robert Audi">Robert Audi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh School">Pittsburgh School</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brandom" title="Robert Brandom">Robert Brandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Churchland" title="Patricia Churchland">Patricia Churchland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Churchland" title="Paul Churchland">Paul Churchland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Gr%C3%BCnbaum" title="Adolf Grünbaum">Adolf Grünbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDowell" title="John McDowell">John McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Millikan" title="Ruth Millikan">Ruth Millikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Rescher" title="Nicholas Rescher">Nicholas Rescher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Sellars" title="Wilfrid Sellars">Wilfrid Sellars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_van_Fraassen" title="Bas van Fraassen">Bas van Fraassen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neopragmatism" title="Neopragmatism">Pragmatism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack">Susan Haack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Rescher" title="Nicholas Rescher">Nicholas Rescher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_White" title="Morton White">Morton White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Princeton</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Church" title="Alonzo Church">Alonzo Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Fodor" title="Jerry Fodor">Jerry Fodor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaegwon_Kim" title="Jaegwon Kim">Jaegwon Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Richard Rorty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Salmon" title="Nathan Salmon">Nathan Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Michael Walzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Conant" title="James F. Conant">James F. Conant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Crary" title="Alice Crary">Alice Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cora_Diamond" title="Cora Diamond">Cora Diamond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reformed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Paul Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_School" title="Stanford School">Stanford School</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Cartwright_(philosopher)" title="Nancy Cartwright (philosopher)">Nancy Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dupr%C3%A9" title="John Dupré">John Dupré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Galison" title="Peter Galison">Peter Galison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hacking" title="Ian Hacking">Ian Hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Suppes" title="Patrick Suppes">Patrick Suppes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lwow-Warsaw</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%81ukasiewicz" title="Jan Łukasiewicz">Jan Łukasiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tarski" title="Alfred Tarski">Alfred Tarski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Analytic_philosophy" title="Category:Analytic philosophy">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_analytic_philosophy_articles" title="Index of analytic philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metaphysics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metaphysics" title="Template:Metaphysics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metaphysics" title="Template talk:Metaphysics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metaphysics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metaphysics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metaphysics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_object_theory" title="Abstract object theory">Abstract object theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enactivism" title="Enactivism">Enactivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">Essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(philosophy)" title="Spiritualism (philosophy)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">Substance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Theory of forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truthmaker_theory" title="Truthmaker theory">Truthmaker theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_theory" title="Type theory">Type theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category_of_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Category of being">Category of being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causal_closure" title="Causal closure">Causal closure</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">Embodied cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity" title="Entity">Entity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">Essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_abstraction" title="Hypostatic abstraction">Hypostatic abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">Data</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">Intention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_modality" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic modality">Linguistic modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_matter" title="Philosophy of matter">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(existential)" title="Meaning (existential)">Meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion" title="Motion">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_necessity" title="Metaphysical necessity">Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (philosophy)">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern" title="Pattern">Pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_object" title="Physical object">Physical object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle" title="Principle">Principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_(philosophy)" title="Property (philosophy)">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relations (philosophy)">Relation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">Subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantial_form" title="Substantial form">Substantial form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type%E2%80%93token_distinction" title="Type–token distinction">Type–token distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unobservable" title="Unobservable">Unobservable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_metaphysics_articles" title="Index of metaphysics articles">more ...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">Metaphysicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bolzano" title="Bernard Bolzano">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lotze" title="Hermann Lotze">Lotze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Whitehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Carnap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Dummett</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Parfit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">more ...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophist_(dialogue)" title="Sophist (dialogue)">Sophist</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 200 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_rerum_natura" title="De rerum natura">De rerum natura</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 80 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 50)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enneads" title="Enneads">Enneads</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 270)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daneshnameh-ye_Alai" class="mw-redirect" title="Daneshnameh-ye Alai">Daneshnameh-ye Alai</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1000)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy">Meditations on First Philosophy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1641)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Spinoza book)">Ethics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1677)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_Concerning_the_Principles_of_Human_Knowledge" title="A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge">A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1710)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monadology" title="Monadology">Monadology</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1714)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1781)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prolegomena_to_Any_Future_Metaphysics" title="Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics">Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1783)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit" title="The Phenomenology of Spirit">The Phenomenology of Spirit</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1807)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1818)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Concluding_Unscientific_Postscript_to_Philosophical_Fragments" title="Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments">Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1846)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Time" title="Being and Time">Being and Time</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Nothingness" title="Being and Nothingness">Being and Nothingness</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1943)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Simulacra_and_Simulation" title="Simulacra and Simulation">Simulacra and Simulation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1981)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Feminist metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">Interpretations of quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mereology" title="Mereology">Mereology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_(prefix)" title="Meta (prefix)">Meta-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Philosophy of psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">Philosophy of self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">Teleology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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<div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-66fb676896-jqw6v","wgBackendResponseTime":189,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.415","walltime":"1.611","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6607,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":230590,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4980,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":266637,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1397.185 1 -total"," 33.04% 461.646 1 Template:Reflist"," 30.22% 422.281 50 Template:Cite_book"," 15.57% 217.596 1 Template:Infobox_philosopher"," 11.91% 166.384 6 Template:Navbox"," 9.68% 135.294 1 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