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class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_India_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 British India era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_India_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Post-independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions,_districts_and_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions,_districts_and_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Divisions, districts and cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions,_districts_and_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance_and_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance_and_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Governance and administration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance_and_administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance and administration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance_and_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crime_and_accidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime_and_accidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Crime and accidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime_and_accidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Language and literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Music and dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fairs_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fairs_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Fairs and festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fairs_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Uttar Pradesh</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 124 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-124" aria-hidden="true" > 124 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A1%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AD_%E1%8D%95%E1%88%A8%E1%8B%B4%E1%88%BD" title="ኡተር ፕረዴሽ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኡተር ፕረዴሽ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="उत्तर प्रदेश – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="उत्तर प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="أتر برديش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أتر برديش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উত্তৰ প্ৰদেশ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="उत्तर प्रदेश – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="उत्तर प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar-Prade%C5%9F" title="Uttar-Pradeş – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Uttar-Pradeş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4" title="اوتار پرادش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوتار پرادش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="উত্তরপ্রদেশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উত্তরপ্রদেশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%88" title="Утар-Прадэш – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Утар-Прадэш" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%88" title="Утар-Прадэш – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Утар-Прадэш" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="उत्तर प्रदेश – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="उत्तर प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Утар Прадеш – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Утар Прадеш" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarprad%C3%A9%C5%A1" title="Uttarpradéš – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uttarpradéš" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA_%DE%95%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%8B%DE%AD%DE%9D%DE%B0" title="އުއްތަރު ޕްރަދޭޝް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އުއްތަރު ޕްރަދޭޝް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="उत्तर प्रदेश – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="उत्तर प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81_%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%82" title="Ούταρ Πραντές – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ούταρ Πραντές" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utar-Prade%C5%9Do" title="Utar-Pradeŝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Utar-Pradeŝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4" title="اوتار پرادش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوتار پرادش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B6" title="ઉત્તર પ્રદેશ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઉત્તર પ્રદેશ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="उत्तर प्रदेश – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="उत्तर प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%ED%83%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%EB%8D%B0%EC%8B%9C%EC%A3%BC" title="우타르프라데시주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우타르프라데시주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B7" title="Ուտար Պրադեշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուտար Պրադեշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="उत्तर प्रदेश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्तर प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="উত্তর প্রদেশ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="উত্তর প্রদেশ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Уттар-Прадеш – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Уттар-Прадеш" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A9" title="אוטר פרדש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוטר פרדש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B6" title="ಉತ್ತರ ಪ್ರದೇಶ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉತ್ತರ ಪ್ರದೇಶ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="უტარ-პრადეში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უტარ-პრადეში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%84%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%8E%D9%9B%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="وۄتُر پرَٛدیش – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="وۄتُر پرَٛدیش" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttara_Prade%C5%9Ba" title="Uttara Pradeśa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Uttara Pradeśa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utarprad%C4%93%C5%A1a" title="Utarpradēša – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Utarpradēša" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utar_Prade%C5%A1as" title="Utar Pradešas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Utar Pradešas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Prades" title="Uttar Prades – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Uttar Prades" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="उत्तर प्रदेश – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="उत्तर प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Утар Прадеш – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Утар Прадеш" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BC%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D" title="ഉത്തർ‌പ്രദേശ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉത്തർ‌പ്രദേശ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="उत्तर प्रदेश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उत्तर प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="უტარ-პრადეში – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უტარ-პრადეში" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4" title="اوتار پرادش – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اوتار پرادش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%94_%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%81" title="ꯎꯠꯇꯔ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯗꯦꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯎꯠꯇꯔ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯗꯦꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Уттар Прадеш – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уттар Прадеш" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A5%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%95%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ဥတ္တရပဒေသပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဥတ္တရပဒေသပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="उत्तर प्रदेश – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उत्तर प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="उत्तरप्रदेश – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="उत्तरप्रदेश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%83%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E5%B7%9E" title="ウッタル・プラデーシュ州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウッタル・プラデーシュ州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Уттар-Прадеш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Уттар-Прадеш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B6" title="ଉତ୍ତର ପ୍ରଦେଶ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉତ୍ତର ପ୍ରଦେଶ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar-Pradesh" title="Uttar-Pradesh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uttar-Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਉੱਤਰ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉੱਤਰ ਪ੍ਰਦੇਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8F%D8%AA%D9%91%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="اُتّر پردیش – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اُتّر پردیش" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="اتر پرديش – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اتر پرديش" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utar_Pradexe" title="Utar Pradexe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Utar Pradexe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Уттар-Прадеш – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уттар-Прадеш" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Уттар Прадыш – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Уттар Прадыш" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="उत्तरप्रदेशराज्यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="उत्तरप्रदेशराज्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="اتر پردیش – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="اتر پردیش" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A" title="උත්තර් ප්‍රදේශ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උත්තර් ප්‍රදේශ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="اتر پرديش – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اتر پرديش" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarprad%C3%A9%C5%A1" title="Uttarpradéš – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Uttarpradéš" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Утар Прадеш – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Утар Прадеш" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utar_Prade%C5%A1" title="Utar Pradeš – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Utar Pradeš" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உத்தரப் பிரதேசம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உத்தரப் பிரதேசம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Уттар-Прадеш – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Уттар-Прадеш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D" title="ఉత్తర ప్రదేశ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉత్తర ప్రదేశ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8" title="รัฐอุตตรประเทศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐอุตตรประเทศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Уттар Прадеш – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Уттар Прадеш" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B6" title="ಉತ್ತರ ಪ್ರದೇಶ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಉತ್ತರ ಪ್ರದೇಶ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Prade%C5%9F" title="Uttar Pradeş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uttar Pradeş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Уттар-Прадеш – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Уттар-Прадеш" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="اتر پردیش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اتر پردیش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E9%82%A6" title="北方邦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="北方邦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A9" title="אוטאר פראדעש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אוטאר פראדעש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Uttar Pradesh" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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.ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Uttar Pradesh</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style=";height:189px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal_(Edited).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg/288px-Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="288" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg/432px-Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg/576px-Taj_Mahal_%28Edited%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2525" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style=";height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:India-5163_-_Flickr_-_archer10_(Dennis).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/India-5163_-_Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29.jpg/134px-India-5163_-_Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/India-5163_-_Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29.jpg/201px-India-5163_-_Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/India-5163_-_Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29.jpg/268px-India-5163_-_Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div style=";height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dept_of_Electrical_Engineering_IIT-BHU.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dept_of_Electrical_Engineering_IIT-BHU.jpg/150px-Dept_of_Electrical_Engineering_IIT-BHU.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dept_of_Electrical_Engineering_IIT-BHU.jpg/225px-Dept_of_Electrical_Engineering_IIT-BHU.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Dept_of_Electrical_Engineering_IIT-BHU.jpg/300px-Dept_of_Electrical_Engineering_IIT-BHU.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5694" data-file-height="3801" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/IIT_(BHU)_Varanasi" title="IIT (BHU) Varanasi">IIT Varanasi</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div style=";height:111px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dudhwa_National_Park,_Lucknow_division,_Uttar_Pradesh,_India_(30783128830).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Dudhwa_National_Park%2C_Lucknow_division%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_%2830783128830%29.jpg/172px-Dudhwa_National_Park%2C_Lucknow_division%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_%2830783128830%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Dudhwa_National_Park%2C_Lucknow_division%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_%2830783128830%29.jpg/258px-Dudhwa_National_Park%2C_Lucknow_division%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_%2830783128830%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Dudhwa_National_Park%2C_Lucknow_division%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_%2830783128830%29.jpg/344px-Dudhwa_National_Park%2C_Lucknow_division%2C_Uttar_Pradesh%2C_India_%2830783128830%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="640" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Dudhwa_National_Park" title="Dudhwa National Park">Dudhwa National Park</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div style=";height:111px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img09.jpg/112px-Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img09.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img09.jpg/168px-Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img09.jpg/224px-Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3431" data-file-height="3431" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style=";height:162px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Agra_03-2016_14_Agra_Fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Agra_03-2016_14_Agra_Fort.jpg/288px-Agra_03-2016_14_Agra_Fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Agra_03-2016_14_Agra_Fort.jpg/432px-Agra_03-2016_14_Agra_Fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Agra_03-2016_14_Agra_Fort.jpg/576px-Agra_03-2016_14_Agra_Fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5328" data-file-height="2997" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Uttar_Pradesh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Uttar Pradesh"><img alt="Official emblem of Uttar Pradesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_of_Uttar_Pradesh.svg/125px-Seal_of_Uttar_Pradesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_of_Uttar_Pradesh.svg/188px-Seal_of_Uttar_Pradesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_of_Uttar_Pradesh.svg/250px-Seal_of_Uttar_Pradesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="478" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Emblem of Uttar Pradesh">Emblem of Uttar Pradesh</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Etymology: Northern Province</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_mottos" title="List of Indian state mottos">Motto</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><a href="/wiki/Satyameva_Jayate" title="Satyameva Jayate">Satyameva Jayate</a> (Truth alone triumphs)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:IN-UP.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Uttar Pradesh in India"><img alt="The map of India showing Uttar Pradesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/IN-UP.svg/300px-IN-UP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/IN-UP.svg/450px-IN-UP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/IN-UP.svg/600px-IN-UP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="583" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Uttar Pradesh in India</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Uttar_Pradesh&params=26.85_N_80.91_E_region:IN-UP_type:adm1st">26°51′N 80°55′E / 26.85°N 80.91°E / 26.85; 80.91</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="height:0px"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before was</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_(1937%E2%80%931950)" title="United Provinces (1937–1950)">United Provinces (1937–1950)</a></td></tr><tr class="[[United Provinces (1937–1950)]] mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_foundation_days" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state foundation days">Formation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24 January 1950<a href="#cite_note-UPDay-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">and largest city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_India" title="List of metropolitan areas in India">Largest metro</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of districts of Uttar Pradesh">75 (18 divisions)</a><a href="#cite_note-districts-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-list_of_district-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Government of Uttar Pradesh">Government of Uttar Pradesh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of governors of Uttar Pradesh">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anandiben_Patel" title="Anandiben Patel">Anandiben Patel</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Governor_of_UP-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh">Chief minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Adityanath" title="Yogi Adityanath">Yogi Adityanath</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_deputy_chief_ministers_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of deputy chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh">Deputy chief minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Keshav_Prasad_Maurya" title="Keshav Prasad Maurya">Keshav Prasad Maurya</a> (<a href="/wiki/BJP" class="mw-redirect" title="BJP">BJP</a>) <a href="/wiki/Brajesh_Pathak" title="Brajesh Pathak">Brajesh Pathak</a> (<a href="/wiki/BJP" class="mw-redirect" title="BJP">BJP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/State_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="State Legislature">State Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bicameral</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/State_legislative_councils_of_India" title="State legislative councils of India">Council</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Council" title="Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council">Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Council" title="Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council">100 seats</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly">Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly">403 seats</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National Parliament</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_Rajya_Sabha#Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of current members of the Rajya Sabha">31 seats</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_18th_Lok_Sabha#Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha">80 seats</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Court</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Allahabad_High_Court" title="Allahabad High Court">Allahabad High Court</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">243,286 km2 (93,933 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_area" title="List of states and union territories of India by area">4th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Length</th><td class="infobox-data">650 km (400 mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Width</th><td class="infobox-data">240 km (150 mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">300 m (1,000 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">957 m (3,140 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (Easter side)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">60 m (200 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2021)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 241,066,874</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">1st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,001/km2 (2,590/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">22.27%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rural<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">77.73%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Language<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a><a href="#cite_note-2011lang-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Additional official</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Official_scripts_of_the_Indian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Official scripts of the Indian Republic">Official script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari script">Devanagari script</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-UP_budjet-9">[9]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022–2023)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>24.39 lakh crore (US$280 billion)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">2nd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>105,000 (US$1,200) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita">28th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:30" title="UTC+05:30">UTC+05:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IN" title="ISO 3166-2:IN">IN-UP</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Regional_Transport_Office_districts_in_India" title="List of Regional Transport Office districts in India">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">UP</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2018)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.600 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>Medium<a href="#cite_note-snhdi-gdl-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index">35th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2011)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 67.68%<a href="#cite_note-pc-census2011-11">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_literacy_rate" title="List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate">29th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">Sex ratio</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">1015 <a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">♀</a>/1000 <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">♂</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_sex_ratio" title="List of states and union territories of India by sex ratio">19th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://up.gov.in">up.gov.in</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Symbols of Uttar Pradesh</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Uttar_Pradesh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_of_Uttar_Pradesh.svg/80px-Seal_of_Uttar_Pradesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_of_Uttar_Pradesh.svg/120px-Seal_of_Uttar_Pradesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Seal_of_Uttar_Pradesh.svg/160px-Seal_of_Uttar_Pradesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="478" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Emblem of Uttar Pradesh">Emblem of Uttar Pradesh</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="height:0px"></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_foundation_days" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state foundation days">Foundation day</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Day" title="Uttar Pradesh Day">Uttar Pradesh Day</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sarus_crane" title="Sarus crane">Sarus crane</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Butea_monosperma" title="Butea monosperma">Palash</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Mammal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Barasingha" title="Barasingha">Barasingha</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saraca_asoca" title="Saraca asoca">Ashoka</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State highway mark</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:SH_IN-UP.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/SH_IN-UP.png/90px-SH_IN-UP.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/SH_IN-UP.png/135px-SH_IN-UP.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/SH_IN-UP.png/180px-SH_IN-UP.png 2x" data-file-width="1538" data-file-height="2048" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State highway of Uttar Pradesh <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_highways_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of state highways in Uttar Pradesh">UP SH1 – UP SH99</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">List of Indian state symbols</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Uttar Pradesh (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌʊtər prəˈdɛʃ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">UUT-ər prə-DESH</a>;<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Hindi: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ]</a>; abbr. UP) is a <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">state</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">northern India</a>. With over 241 million inhabitants, it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">most populated state</a> in India as well as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_first-level_administrative_divisions_by_population" title="List of first-level administrative divisions by population">most populous country subdivision</a> in the world – more populous than <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">all but four other countries</a> outside of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>)<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> – and accounting for 16.5 percent of the population of India or around 3 percent of the total world population. The state is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> to the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> to the south. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_India_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of states of India by area">fourth-largest Indian state by area</a> covering 243,286 km2 (93,933 sq mi), accounting for 7.3 percent of the total area of India. <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> serves as the <a href="/wiki/State_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="State capital">state capital</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a> being the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_High_Court" title="Allahabad High Court">judicial capital</a>. It is divided into 18 <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh">divisions</a> and 75 <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of districts of Uttar Pradesh">districts</a>. Uttar Pradesh was established in 1950 after India had become a republic. It is a successor to the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_(1937%E2%80%931950)" title="United Provinces (1937–1950)">United Provinces</a>, established in 1935 by renaming the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a>, in turn established in 1902 from the <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Commissioners_of_Oudh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Commissioners of Oudh">Oudh Province</a>. Though long known for sugar production, the state's economy is now dominated by the services industry. The service sector comprises travel and <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hotel_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel industry">hotel industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a> and financial consultancies. The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">economy of Uttar Pradesh</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">third-largest state economy</a> in India, with <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>18.63 <a href="/wiki/Lakh" title="Lakh">lakh</a> <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> (US$220 billion) in <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> and a per capita GSDP of ₹68,810 (US$800).<a href="#cite_note-UP_budjet-9">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_High_Court" title="Allahabad High Court">High Court</a> of the state is located in <a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a>. The state contributes 80 seats to the lower house <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> and 31 seats and the upper house <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a>. On 9 November 2000, a new state, Uttaranchal (now <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>), was created from Uttar Pradesh's western Himalayan hill region. The two major rivers of the state, the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> and its tributary <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a>, meet at the <a href="/wiki/Triveni_Sangam" title="Triveni Sangam">Triveni Sangam</a> in Prayagraj, a Hindu pilgrimage site. Other notable rivers are <a href="/wiki/Gomti_River" title="Gomti River">Gomti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarayu_River_(Ayodhya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarayu River (Ayodhya)">Saryu</a>. The forest cover in the state is 6.1 percent of the state's geographical area. The cultivable area is 82 percent of the total geographical area, and the net area sown is 68.5 percent of the cultivable area.<a href="#cite_note-Cultivation-15">[15]</a> Inhabitants of the state are called <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_people" title="Awadhi people">Awadhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Brajwasi</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bundelkhand" title="Bundelkhand">Bundeli</a>, depending upon their region of origin. <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is practised by more than three-fourths of the population, followed by <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state, along with <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>. Uttar Pradesh was home to most of the mainstream political entities that existed in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">medieval India</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harsha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Harsha Empire">Harsha Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> as well as many other empires. At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> in the early 20th century, there were three major <a href="/wiki/Princely_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely states">princely states</a> in Uttar Pradesh – Ramgadi, <a href="/wiki/Rampur_State" title="Rampur State">Rampur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benares_State" title="Benares State">Benares</a> and served as a focal point for the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857 rebellion</a> against British rule. The state houses several holy Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres. Along with several historical, natural and religious tourist destinations, including <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aligarh" title="Aligarh">Aligarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bareilly" title="Bareilly">Bareilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur" title="Gorakhpur">Gorakhpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a>, Uttar Pradesh is also home to three <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" title="List of World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage sites</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="History of Uttar Pradesh">History of Uttar Pradesh</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_human" title="Early modern human">Modern human</a> hunter-gatherers have been in Uttar Pradesh<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> since between around<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> 85,000 and 72,000 years ago. There have also been prehistorical finds in the state from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> dated to 21,000–31,000 years old<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Microlithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Microlithic">Microlithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> settlement, near <a href="/wiki/Pratapgarh,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh">Pratapgarh</a>, from around 10550–9550 BCE. Villages with domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats and evidence of agriculture began as early as 6000 BCE, and gradually developed between c. 4000 and 1500 BCE beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Harappa" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Harappa">Harappa culture</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> and extending into the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_and_classical_period">Ancient and classical period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:236px;max-width:236px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhamek_Stupta_and_the_Ancient_Buddhist_Site_at_Sarnath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dhamek_Stupta_and_the_Ancient_Buddhist_Site_at_Sarnath.jpg/234px-Dhamek_Stupta_and_the_Ancient_Buddhist_Site_at_Sarnath.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dhamek_Stupta_and_the_Ancient_Buddhist_Site_at_Sarnath.jpg/351px-Dhamek_Stupta_and_the_Ancient_Buddhist_Site_at_Sarnath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Dhamek_Stupta_and_the_Ancient_Buddhist_Site_at_Sarnath.jpg/468px-Dhamek_Stupta_and_the_Ancient_Buddhist_Site_at_Sarnath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Dhamekh_Stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamekh Stupa">Dhamekh Stupa</a> in Sarnath is where <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> first taught the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>, and where the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Buddhism)">Sangha</a> came into existence through the <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightenment</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kondanna_Buddha" title="Kondanna Buddha">Kondanna</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> Out of the sixteen <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">mahajanapadas</a> (lit. 'great realms') or <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchic</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republics</a> that existed in ancient India, seven fell entirely within the present-day boundaries of the state.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kosala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosala">Kosala</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapada" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahajanapada">Mahajanapada</a> era, was also located within the regional boundaries of modern-day Uttar Pradesh.<a href="#cite_note-Sen1999-25">[25]</a> According to Hinduism, the divine King <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> epic reigned in <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>, the capital of Kosala.<a href="#cite_note-Buck2000-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, another divine king of Hindu legend, who plays a key role in the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> epic and is revered as the eighth reincarnation (<a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a>) of the Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, is said to have been born in the city of <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sen1999-25">[25]</a> The aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_War" title="Kurukshetra War">Kurukshetra War</a> is believed to have taken place in the area between the <a href="/wiki/Doab#Upper_Doab" title="Doab">Upper Doab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, (in what was <a href="/wiki/Kuru_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuru Kingdom">Kuru</a> Mahajanapada), during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Pandava" title="Pandava">Pandava</a> King <a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a>. The kingdom of the Kurus corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Black_and_Red_Ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Black and Red Ware">Black and Red Ware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Painted_Gray_Ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Painted Gray Ware">Painted Gray Ware</a> culture and the beginning of the Iron Age in northwest India, around 1000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Sen1999-25">[25]</a> Control over Gangetic plains region was of vital importance to the power and stability of all of India's major empires, including the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a> (320–200 BCE), <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> (100–250 CE), <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a> (350–600), and <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a> (650–1036) empires.<a href="#cite_note-White2010-27">[27]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>' invasions that broke the Gupta empire, the <a href="/wiki/Doab#The_Doab" title="Doab">Ganges-Yamuna Doab</a> saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Corporation2007-28">[28]</a> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Harshavardhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Harshavardhana">Harshavardhana</a> (590–647), the Kannauj empire reached its zenith.<a href="#cite_note-Corporation2007-28">[28]</a> It spanned from <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> in the north and <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> in the west to <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> in the east and <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> in the south.<a href="#cite_note-Sen1999-25">[25]</a> It included parts of central India, north of the <a href="/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada River</a> and it encompassed the entire <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chopra2003-29">[29]</a> Many communities in various parts of India claim descent from the migrants of Kannauj.<a href="#cite_note-Bowman2000-30">[30]</a> Soon after Harshavardhana's death, his empire disintegrated into many kingdoms, which were invaded and ruled by the Gurjara-Pratihara empire, which challenged Bengal's <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> for control of the region.<a href="#cite_note-Chopra2003-29">[29]</a> Kannauj was several times invaded by the South Indian <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a>, from the 8th century to the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> After the fall of the Pala empire, the <a href="/wiki/Chero_dynasty" title="Chero dynasty">Chero dynasty</a> ruled from the 12th century to the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Delhi_Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</h4></div> Uttar Pradesh was partially or entirely ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> for 320 years (1206–1526). Five dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially: the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk dynasty</a> (1206–90), the <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a> (1290–1320), the <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a> (1320–1414), the <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid dynasty</a> (1414–51), and the <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi dynasty</a> (1451–1526).<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Unesco1998-35">[35]</a> The first Sultan of Delhi, <a href="/wiki/Qutb_ud-Din_Aibak" title="Qutb ud-Din Aibak">Qutb ud-Din Aibak</a>, conquered some parts of Uttar Pradesh, including <a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aligarh" title="Aligarh">Aligarh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Etawah" title="Etawah">Etawah</a>. His successor, <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Iltutmish</a>, expanded the Sultanate's rule over Uttar Pradesh by defeating the King of <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a>. During the reign of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Balban" title="Balban">Balban</a>, the Mamluk dynasty faced numerous rebellions in the state, but he was able to suppress them and establish his authority. <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khilji" class="mw-redirect" title="Alauddin Khilji">Alauddin Khilji</a>, extended his conquests to various regions in the state, including <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a>. Apart from the rulers, the Delhi Sultanate era also saw the growth of <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> in Uttar Pradesh. Sufi saints, such as <a href="/wiki/Nizamuddin_Auliya" title="Nizamuddin Auliya">Nizamuddin Auliya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qutbuddin_Bakhtiar_Kaki" title="Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki">Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki</a>, lived during this period and their teachings had a significant impact on the people of the region. Sultanat era in the state also witnessed the construction of mosques and tombs, including the <a href="/wiki/Atala_Masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Atala Masjid">Atala Masjid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jaunpur,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh">Jaunpur</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Masjid">Jama Masjid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq%27s_Tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq's Tomb">Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq's Tomb</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tughlaqabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tughlaqabad">Tughlaqabad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Atala-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tughluq_Tomb-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_and_early_modern_period">Medieval and early modern period</h3></div> In the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a> descendant of <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Descent_from_Genghis_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Descent from Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> from <a href="/wiki/Fergana_Valley" title="Fergana Valley">Fergana Valley</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>), swept across the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a> and founded the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, covering <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, along with modern-day <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, Pakistan and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The Mughals were descended from Persianised Central Asian <a href="/wiki/Turkic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic people">Turks</a> (with significant <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> admixture). In the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> era, Uttar Pradesh became the heartland of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-Bowman2000-30">[30]</a> Mughal emperors Babur and Humayun ruled from Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-Schimmel2004-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-HindustanHiro2006-40">[40]</a> In 1540 an Afghan, <a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a>, took over the reins of Uttar Pradesh after defeating the Mughal King Humanyun.<a href="#cite_note-Ramirez-Faria2007-41">[41]</a> Sher Shah and his son Islam Shah ruled Uttar Pradesh from their capital at <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hindustan-42">[42]</a> After the death of <a href="/wiki/Islam_Shah_Suri" title="Islam Shah Suri">Islam Shah Suri</a>, his prime minister <a href="/wiki/Hemu" title="Hemu">Hemu</a> became the de facto ruler of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and the western parts of Bengal. He was bestowed the title of <a href="/wiki/Hemu" title="Hemu">Hemchandra Vikramaditya</a> (title of <a href="/wiki/Vikram%C4%81ditya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikramāditya">Vikramāditya</a> adopted from <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a>) at his formal coronation took place at <a href="/wiki/Purana_Qila" title="Purana Qila">Purana Qila</a> in Delhi on 7 October 1556. A month later, Hemu died in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Second Battle of Panipat">Second Battle of Panipat</a>, and Uttar Pradesh came under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>'s rule.<a href="#cite_note-Agrawal1983-43">[43]</a> Akbar ruled from <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In the 18th century, after the fall of Mughal authority, the power vacuum was filled by the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a>, in the mid-18th century, the Maratha army invaded the Uttar Pradesh region, which resulted in <a href="/wiki/Rohilla" title="Rohilla">Rohillas</a> losing control of <a href="/wiki/Rohilkhand" title="Rohilkhand">Rohilkhand</a> to the Maratha forces led by <a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Rao" title="Raghunath Rao">Raghunath Rao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malhar_Rao_Holkar" title="Malhar Rao Holkar">Malha Rao Holkar</a>. The conflict between Rohillas and Marathas came to an end on 18 December 1788 with the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Kadir" title="Ghulam Kadir">Ghulam Qadir</a>, the grandson of Najeeb-ud-Daula, who was defeated by the Maratha general <a href="/wiki/Mahadji_Scindia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahadji Scindia">Mahadaji Scindia</a>. In 1803–04, following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> defeated the Maratha Empire, much of the region came under British suzerainty.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_India_era">British India era</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Timeline of reorganisation and name changes of UP<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1807</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ceded_and_Conquered_Provinces" title="Ceded and Conquered Provinces">Ceded and Conquered Provinces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">14 November 1834</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Agra" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Agra">Presidency of Agra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1 January 1836</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">3 April 1858</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oudh" class="mw-redirect" title="Oudh">Oudh</a> taken under British control, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> taken away from <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">NWP</a> and merged into <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (British India)">Punjab</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1 April 1871</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mewar" title="Mewar">Merwara</a> & <a href="/wiki/Kekri,_Rajasthan" title="Kekri, Rajasthan">Kekri</a> made separate commissioner-ship</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">15 February 1877</th><td class="infobox-data">Oudh added to <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">22 March 1902</th><td class="infobox-data">Renamed <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">3 January 1921</th><td class="infobox-data">Renamed <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="United Provinces of British India">United Provinces of British India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1 April 1937</th><td class="infobox-data">Renamed <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_(1937%E2%80%931950)" title="United Provinces (1937–1950)">United Provinces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1 April 1946</th><td class="infobox-data">Self rule granted</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">15 August 1947</th><td class="infobox-data">Part of independent India</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">24 January 1950</th><td class="infobox-data">Renamed Uttar Pradesh</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">9 November 2000</th><td class="infobox-data">Uttaranchal state, now known as <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, created from part of Uttar Pradesh</td></tr></tbody></table> Starting from <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> in the second half of the 18th century, a series of battles for north Indian lands finally gave the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> accession over the state's territories.<a href="#cite_note-Kudaisya2006-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a> kingdoms were also included in this northern territory, which was named the "<a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a>" (of Agra). Although UP later became the fifth-largest state of India, NWPA was one of the smallest states of the British Indian empire.<a href="#cite_note-Sivaramakrishnan1999-48">[48]</a> Its capital shifted twice between Agra and Allahabad.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Due to dissatisfaction with British rule, a serious rebellion erupted in various parts of North India, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiment</a>'s sepoy stationed at <a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a> <a href="/wiki/Cantonment" title="Cantonment">cantonment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a>, is widely considered as its starting point.<a href="#cite_note-Mukherjee2005-50">[50]</a> After the revolt failed, the British divided the most rebellious regions by reorganising their administrative boundaries, splitting the Delhi region from 'NWFP of Agra' and merging it with <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a>–<a href="/wiki/Marwar" title="Marwar">Marwar</a> region was merged with <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oudh_State" title="Oudh State">Oudh</a> was incorporated into the state. The new state was called the North Western Provinces of Agra and Oudh, which in 1902 was renamed as the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-(India)Drake-Brockman1934-51">[51]</a> It was commonly referred to as the United Provinces or its acronym UP.<a href="#cite_note-Chakrabarti1997-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohn1996-53">[53]</a> In 1920, the capital of the province was shifted from Allahabad to <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-Weber1999-54">[54]</a> The high court continued to be at Allahabad, but a bench was established at Lucknow.<a href="#cite_note-Lucknow_Bench-55">[55]</a> Allahabad continues to be an important administrative base of today's Uttar Pradesh and has several administrative headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-Nair2004-56">[56]</a> Uttar Pradesh continued to be central to Indian politics and was especially important in modern Indian history as a hotbed of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>. The state hosted modern educational institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Muslim_University" title="Aligarh Muslim University">Aligarh Muslim University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darul_Uloom_Deoband" title="Darul Uloom Deoband">Darul Uloom Deoband</a>. Nationally known figures such as <a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a> were among the leaders of the movement in Uttar Pradesh, and <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a> were important national leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>. The <a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a> was formed at the Lucknow session of the Congress on 11 April 1936, with the famous nationalist <a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a> elected as its first president,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> to address the longstanding grievances of the peasantry and mobilise them against the <a href="/wiki/Zamindari" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamindari">zamindari</a> landlords attacks on their occupancy rights, thus sparking the Farmers movements in India.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a> of 1942, <a href="/wiki/Ballia" title="Ballia">Ballia</a> district overthrew the colonial authority and installed an independent administration under <a href="/wiki/Chittu_Pandey" title="Chittu Pandey">Chittu Pandey</a>. Ballia became known as "Baghi Ballia" (Rebel Ballia) for this significant role in India's independence movement.<a href="#cite_note-Chatterji2006-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-independence">Post-independence</h4></div> After India's independence, the United Provinces were renamed "Uttar Pradesh" (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'northern province'), preserving UP as the abbreviation of the state's name,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> with the change coming into effect on 24 January 1950.<a href="#cite_note-UPDay-1">[1]</a> The new state was formed after the merger of several princely states and territories, including the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a>, and the Delhi territory. The state has provided nine of India's prime ministers which is more than any other state and is the source of the largest number of seats in the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>. Despite its political influence since ancient times, its poor record in economic development and administration, poor governance, organised crime and corruption have kept it among India's backward states. The state has been affected by repeated episodes of <a href="/wiki/Caste-related_violence_in_India" title="Caste-related violence in India">caste-related</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">communal violence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In December 1992 the disputed <a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_the_Babri_Masjid" title="Demolition of the Babri Masjid">Babri Mosque</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a> was demolished by Hindu activists, leading to widespread violence across India.<a href="#cite_note-communal_violence-63">[63]</a> In 2000, northern districts of the state were separated to form the state of <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-separation-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Geography of Uttar Pradesh">Geography of Uttar Pradesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-Gangetic_Plain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Indo-Gangetic Plain, also known as the Northern Plain or North Indian River Plain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Indo-Gangetic_Plain.jpg/220px-Indo-Gangetic_Plain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Indo-Gangetic_Plain.jpg/330px-Indo-Gangetic_Plain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Indo-Gangetic_Plain.jpg/440px-Indo-Gangetic_Plain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A part of the Gangetic Plain</figcaption></figure> Uttar Pradesh, with a total area of 240,928 square kilometres (93,023 sq mi), is India's fourth-largest state in terms of land area and is roughly of same size as United Kingdom. It is situated on the northern spout of India and shares an international boundary with Nepal. The Himalayas border the state on the north,<a href="#cite_note-land-65">[65]</a> but the plains that cover most of the state are distinctly different from those high mountains.<a href="#cite_note-Geography-66">[66]</a> The larger <a href="/wiki/Gangetic_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangetic Plain">Gangetic Plain</a> region is in the north; it includes the <a href="/wiki/Doab#The_Doab" title="Doab">Ganges-Yamuna Doab</a>, the Ghaghra plains, the Ganges plains and the <a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Terai-67">[67]</a> The smaller <a href="/wiki/Vindhya_Range" title="Vindhya Range">Vindhya Range</a> and plateau region are in the south.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-68">[68]</a> It is characterised by hard rock strata and a varied topography of hills, plains, valleys and plateaus. The <a href="/wiki/Bhabar" title="Bhabar">Bhabhar</a> tract gives place to the terai area which is covered with tall <a href="/wiki/Saccharum_ravennae" class="mw-redirect" title="Saccharum ravennae">elephant grass</a> and thick forests interspersed with <a href="/wiki/Marshes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshes">marshes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Swamps">swamps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Terai_Area-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhabhar-70">[70]</a> The sluggish rivers of the bhabhar deepen in this area, their course running through a tangled mass of thick undergrowth. The terai runs parallel to the bhabhar in a thin strip. The entire alluvial plain is divided into three sub-regions.<a href="#cite_note-Great_Plains-71">[71]</a> The first in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Uttar Pradesh">eastern</a> tract consisting of 14 districts which are subject to periodical <a href="/wiki/Floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Floods">floods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Droughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Droughts">droughts</a> and have been classified as scarcity areas. These districts have the highest density of population which gives the lowest per capita land. The other two regions, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Uttar Pradesh">central</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Western Uttar Pradesh">western</a>, are comparatively better with a well-developed irrigation system.<a href="#cite_note-Western_-_Eastern_Irrigation-72">[72]</a> They suffer from waterlogging and large-scale user tracts.<a href="#cite_note-Meena-73">[73]</a> In addition, the area is fairly arid. The state has more than 32 large and small rivers; of them, the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saraswati_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraswati river">Saraswati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarayu">Sarayu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Betwa">Betwa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ghaghara" title="Ghaghara">Ghaghara</a> are larger and of religious importance in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rivers-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tillage" title="Tillage">Cultivation</a> is intensive in the state.<a href="#cite_note-glossary-75">[75]</a> Uttar Pradesh falls under three agro-climatic zones viz. Middle Gangetic Plains region (Zone–IV), Upper Gangetic Plains region (Zone–V) and Central Plateau and Hills region (Zone–VIII).<a href="#cite_note-Agro-Climatic-76">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valley</a> areas have fertile and rich soil. There is intensive cultivation on terraced hill slopes, but irrigation facilities are deficient.<a href="#cite_note-Irrigation-77">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Siwalik_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Siwalik Range">Siwalik Range</a> which forms the southern foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, slopes down into a boulder bed called 'bhabhar'.<a href="#cite_note-Preface-78">[78]</a> The transitional belt running along the entire length of the state is called the terai and bhabhar area. It has rich forests, cutting across it are innumerable streams which swell into raging <a href="/wiki/Torrent_(stream)" class="mw-redirect" title="Torrent (stream)">torrents</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Singh1998-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Climate of Uttar Pradesh">Climate of Uttar Pradesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunset_in_Indirapuram_Uttar_Pradesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Early monsoon days in Lucknow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sunset_in_Indirapuram_Uttar_Pradesh.jpg/220px-Sunset_in_Indirapuram_Uttar_Pradesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sunset_in_Indirapuram_Uttar_Pradesh.jpg/330px-Sunset_in_Indirapuram_Uttar_Pradesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sunset_in_Indirapuram_Uttar_Pradesh.jpg/440px-Sunset_in_Indirapuram_Uttar_Pradesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4097" data-file-height="1714" /></a><figcaption>Monsoon clouds over <a href="/wiki/Indirapuram" title="Indirapuram">Indirapuram</a></figcaption></figure> Uttar Pradesh has a humid subtropical climate and experiences four seasons.<a href="#cite_note-Board2008-80">[80]</a> The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March and May and the monsoon season between June and September.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-81">[81]</a> Summers are extreme with temperatures fluctuating anywhere between 0–50 °C (32–122 °F) in parts of the state coupled with dry hot winds called the <a href="/wiki/Loo_(wind)" title="Loo (wind)">Loo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rana2007-82">[82]</a> The Gangetic plain varies from semiarid to sub-humid.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-81">[81]</a> The mean annual rainfall ranges from 650 mm (26 inches) in the southwest corner of the state to 1,000 mm (39 inches) in the eastern and south eastern parts of the state.<a href="#cite_note-rainfall-83">[83]</a> Primarily a summer phenomenon, the Bay of Bengal branch of the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsoon of India">Indian monsoon</a> is the major bearer of rain in most parts of state. After summer it is the southwest monsoon which brings most of the rain here, while in winters rain due to the <a href="/wiki/Western_disturbances" class="mw-redirect" title="Western disturbances">western disturbances</a> and north-east monsoon also contribute small quantities towards the overall precipitation of the state.<a href="#cite_note-Board2008-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-WesDist-84">[84]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Uttar Pradesh </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9 (85.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9 (89.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.4 (95.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.7 (99.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9 (98.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7 (89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4 (81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4 (84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4 (88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1 (86.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9 (84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.6 (88.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 (53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9 (67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4 (72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9 (73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2 (72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6 (70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8 (69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5 (65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4 (57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 (52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.8 (64.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FAFFFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 (0.1) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 (0.1) </td> <td style="background: #EEFFEE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 (0.4) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40 (1.6) </td> <td style="background: #2AFF2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">138 (5.4) </td> <td style="background: #0CFF0C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">163 (6.4) </td> <td style="background: #3EFF3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">129 (5.1) </td> <td style="background: #10FF10; color:#000000;" class="notheme">155 (6.1) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68 (2.7) </td> <td style="background: #D3FFD3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28 (1.1) </td> <td style="background: #F9FFF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 (0.2) </td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">741 (29.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.0 </td> <td style="background: #3737FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16.2 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">67.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">291.4 </td> <td style="background: #F0F011; color:#000000;" class="notheme">282.8 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">300.7 </td> <td style="background: #F1F112; color:#000000;" class="notheme">303.0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F214; color:#000000;" class="notheme">316.2 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186.0 </td> <td style="background: #B6B65D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">120.9 </td> <td style="background: #B2B277; color:#000000;" class="notheme">111.6 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">177.0 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">248.44 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">270.0 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">288.3 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,896.34 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> The rain in Uttar Pradesh can vary from an annual average of 170 cm (67 inches) in hilly areas to 84 cm (33 inches) in <a href="/wiki/Western_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Western Uttar Pradesh">Western Uttar Pradesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Board2008-80">[80]</a> Given the concentration of most of this rainfall in the four months of the monsoon, excess rain can lead to floods and shortage to droughts. As such, these two phenomena, floods and droughts, commonly recur in the state. The climate of the Vindhya Range and <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> is subtropical with a mean annual rainfall between 1,000 and 1,200 mm (39 and 47 inches), most of which comes during the monsoon.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-81">[81]</a> Typical summer months are from March to June, with maximum temperatures ranging from 30–38 °C (86–100 °F). There is a low relative humidity of around 20% and dust-laden winds blow throughout the season. In summer, hot winds called <a href="/wiki/Loo_(wind)" title="Loo (wind)">loo</a> blow all across Uttar Pradesh.<a href="#cite_note-Board2008-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pilibhit_Tiger_Reserve" title="Pilibhit Tiger Reserve">Pilibhit Tiger Reserve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudhwa_National_Park" title="Dudhwa National Park">Dudhwa National Park</a></div> <table class="toccolours" style="margin:1em; float:right; width:25%"> <caption>State symbols of Uttar Pradesh<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-dance-87">[87]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>State animal </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swamp_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Swamp deer">Swamp deer</a> (Rucervus duvaucelii)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:The_barasingha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_barasingha.jpg/50px-The_barasingha.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_barasingha.jpg/75px-The_barasingha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_barasingha.jpg/100px-The_barasingha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>State bird </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarus_crane" title="Sarus crane">Sarus crane</a> (Antigone antigone)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Grus_antigone_Luc_viatour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Grus_antigone_Luc_viatour.jpg/50px-Grus_antigone_Luc_viatour.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Grus_antigone_Luc_viatour.jpg/75px-Grus_antigone_Luc_viatour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Grus_antigone_Luc_viatour.jpg/100px-Grus_antigone_Luc_viatour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="2287" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>State tree </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saraca_asoca" title="Saraca asoca">Ashoka</a> (Saraca asoca)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ashoka_(Polyalthia_longifolia)_flowers_W_IMG_7050.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ashoka_%28Polyalthia_longifolia%29_flowers_W_IMG_7050.jpg/50px-Ashoka_%28Polyalthia_longifolia%29_flowers_W_IMG_7050.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ashoka_%28Polyalthia_longifolia%29_flowers_W_IMG_7050.jpg/75px-Ashoka_%28Polyalthia_longifolia%29_flowers_W_IMG_7050.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ashoka_%28Polyalthia_longifolia%29_flowers_W_IMG_7050.jpg/100px-Ashoka_%28Polyalthia_longifolia%29_flowers_W_IMG_7050.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>State flower </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Butea_monosperma" title="Butea monosperma">Palash</a> (Butea monosperma)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:STS_001_Butea_monosperma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/STS_001_Butea_monosperma.jpg/50px-STS_001_Butea_monosperma.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/STS_001_Butea_monosperma.jpg/75px-STS_001_Butea_monosperma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/STS_001_Butea_monosperma.jpg/100px-STS_001_Butea_monosperma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="552" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>State dance </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kathak_3511900193_986f6440f6_b_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kathak_3511900193_986f6440f6_b_retouched.jpg/50px-Kathak_3511900193_986f6440f6_b_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kathak_3511900193_986f6440f6_b_retouched.jpg/75px-Kathak_3511900193_986f6440f6_b_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kathak_3511900193_986f6440f6_b_retouched.jpg/100px-Kathak_3511900193_986f6440f6_b_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2342" data-file-height="2530" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>State sport </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Field_hockey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Field_hockey.jpg/50px-Field_hockey.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Field_hockey.jpg/75px-Field_hockey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Field_hockey.jpg/100px-Field_hockey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="367" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Uttar Pradesh has an abundance of natural resources.<a href="#cite_note-Flora-88">[88]</a> In 2011, the recorded forest area in the state was 16,583 km2 (6,403 sq mi) which is about 6.9% of the state's geographical area.<a href="#cite_note-fsiwbforest-89">[89]</a> In spite of rapid deforestation and poaching of wildlife, a diverse flora and fauna continue to exist in the state. Uttar Pradesh is a <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> for 4.2% of all species of <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a> recorded in India, 6.4% of <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a>, 6.0% of <a href="/wiki/Lichens" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichens">Lichens</a>, 2.9% of <a href="/wiki/Bryophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryophytes">Bryophytes</a>, 3.3% of <a href="/wiki/Pteridophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridophytes">Pteridophytes</a>, 8.7% of <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnosperms">Gymnosperms</a>, 8.1% of <a href="/wiki/Angiosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperms">Angiosperms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Plant_Diversity-90">[90]</a> Several species of trees, large and small <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptiles">reptiles</a>, and insects are found in the belt of <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> upper mountainous forests. Medicinal plants are found in the wild<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> and are also grown in <a href="/wiki/Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations">plantations</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Terai%E2%80%93Duar_savanna_and_grasslands" title="Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands">Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands</a> support cattle. Moist <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> trees grow in the upper Gangetic plain, especially along its riverbanks. This plain supports a wide variety of plants and animals. The Ganges and its tributaries are the <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> of large and small reptiles, <a href="/wiki/Amphibians" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibians">amphibians</a>, fresh-water fish, and crabs. <a href="/wiki/Scrubland" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrubland">Scrubland</a> trees such as the <a href="/wiki/Babool" class="mw-redirect" title="Babool">Babool</a> (Vachellia nilotica) and animals such as the <a href="/wiki/Chinkara" title="Chinkara">Chinkara</a> (Gazella bennettii) are found in the arid Vindhyas.<a href="#cite_note-animals-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Predominant-93">[93]</a> Tropical dry deciduous forests are found in all parts of the plains. Since much sunlight reaches the ground, shrubs and grasses are also abundant.<a href="#cite_note-Vegetation_and_Flora-94">[94]</a> Large tracts of these forests have been cleared for cultivation. Tropical thorny forests, consisting of widely scattered thorny trees, mainly <a href="/wiki/Acacia_nilotica" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia nilotica">babool</a> are mostly found in the southwestern parts of the state.<a href="#cite_note-Thorny_Forest-95">[95]</a> Uttar Pradesh is known for its extensive <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">avifauna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Avifauna-96">[96]</a> The most common birds which are found in the state are <a href="/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae">doves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peafowl" title="Peafowl">peafowl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junglefowl" title="Junglefowl">junglefowl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_partridge" title="Black partridge">black partridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_sparrow" title="House sparrow">house sparrows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Songbirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Songbirds">songbirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_jay" title="Blue jay">blue jays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parakeet" title="Parakeet">parakeets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quail" title="Quail">quails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulbul" title="Bulbul">bulbuls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knob-billed_duck" title="Knob-billed duck">comb ducks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingfisher" title="Kingfisher">kingfishers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodpecker" title="Woodpecker">woodpeckers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snipe" title="Snipe">snipes</a>, and parrots. Bird sanctuaries in the state include <a href="/wiki/Bakhira_Sanctuary" title="Bakhira Sanctuary">Bakhira Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Chambal_Sanctuary" title="National Chambal Sanctuary">National Chambal Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandra_Prabha_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary">Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hastinapur_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary">Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaimoor_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary">Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Okhla_Sanctuary" title="Okhla Sanctuary">Okhla Sanctuary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bakhira-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chambal_Gharial-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chandra_Prabha-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hastinapur_Wild_Life-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kaimoor_Wild_Life-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Other animals in the state include reptiles such as <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobra" title="Cobra">cobras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bungarus" title="Bungarus">kraits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gharial" title="Gharial">gharials</a>. Among the wide variety of fishes, the most common ones are <a href="/wiki/Mahseer" title="Mahseer">mahaseer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a>. Some animal species have gone extinct in recent years, while others, like the lion from the Gangetic Plain, the <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceros</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> region, <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_river_dolphin" title="South Asian river dolphin">Ganges river dolphin</a> primarily found in the Ganges have become <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a>.<a href="#cite_note-S.k.agarwal-103">[103]</a> Many species are vulnerable to poaching despite regulation by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Government of Uttar Pradesh">government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fauna-104">[104]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Anandabodhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anandabodhi tree (Ficus religiosa) in Jetavana Monastery, Sravasti"><img alt="Anandabodhi tree (Ficus religiosa) in Jetavana Monastery, Sravasti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anandabodhi.jpg/200px-Anandabodhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anandabodhi.jpg/300px-Anandabodhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anandabodhi.jpg/400px-Anandabodhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anandabodhi tree (<a href="/wiki/Ficus_religiosa" title="Ficus religiosa">Ficus religiosa</a>) in Jetavana Monastery, <a href="/wiki/Sravasti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sravasti">Sravasti</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tropaeolum_majus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A hybrid nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) showing nectar spur, found mainly in Hardoi district"><img alt="A hybrid nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) showing nectar spur, found mainly in Hardoi district" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tropaeolum_majus.jpg/200px-Tropaeolum_majus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tropaeolum_majus.jpg/300px-Tropaeolum_majus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Tropaeolum_majus.jpg/400px-Tropaeolum_majus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A hybrid nasturtium (<a href="/wiki/Tropaeolum_majus" title="Tropaeolum majus">Tropaeolum majus</a>) showing nectar spur, found mainly in <a href="/wiki/Hardoi_district" title="Hardoi district">Hardoi district</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganges_River_Dolphin_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An endangered Ganges river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) lives in the Ganges river"><img alt="An endangered Ganges river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) lives in the Ganges river" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ganges_River_Dolphin_cropped.jpg/200px-Ganges_River_Dolphin_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ganges_River_Dolphin_cropped.jpg/300px-Ganges_River_Dolphin_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Ganges_River_Dolphin_cropped.jpg/400px-Ganges_River_Dolphin_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="394" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An endangered <a href="/wiki/Ganges_river_dolphin" title="Ganges river dolphin">Ganges river dolphin</a> (Platanista gangetica) lives in the Ganges river</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganges_calling.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the Terai region"><img alt="View of the Terai region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ganges_calling.jpg/200px-Ganges_calling.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ganges_calling.jpg/300px-Ganges_calling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ganges_calling.jpg/400px-Ganges_calling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="712" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the <a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> region</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gavialis_gangeticus,_ZOO_Praha_045.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The threatened Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) is a large fish-eating crocodilian found in the Ganges River"><img alt="The threatened Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) is a large fish-eating crocodilian found in the Ganges River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gavialis_gangeticus%2C_ZOO_Praha_045.jpg/200px-Gavialis_gangeticus%2C_ZOO_Praha_045.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gavialis_gangeticus%2C_ZOO_Praha_045.jpg/300px-Gavialis_gangeticus%2C_ZOO_Praha_045.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gavialis_gangeticus%2C_ZOO_Praha_045.jpg/400px-Gavialis_gangeticus%2C_ZOO_Praha_045.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3750" data-file-height="2500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The threatened <a href="/wiki/Gharial" title="Gharial">Gharial</a> (Gavialis gangeticus) is a large fish-eating <a href="/wiki/Crocodilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodilian">crocodilian</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges River">Ganges River</a></div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions,_districts_and_cities">Divisions, districts and cities</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh">Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of districts of Uttar Pradesh">List of districts of Uttar Pradesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_local_bodies_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of urban local bodies in Uttar Pradesh">List of urban local bodies in Uttar Pradesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Western_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Western Uttar Pradesh">Western Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Uttar Pradesh">Eastern Uttar Pradesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Uttar Pradesh">Central Uttar Pradesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uttar_Pradesh_administrative_divisions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt=""Administrative Divisions"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Uttar_Pradesh_administrative_divisions.svg/200px-Uttar_Pradesh_administrative_divisions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Uttar_Pradesh_administrative_divisions.svg/300px-Uttar_Pradesh_administrative_divisions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Uttar_Pradesh_administrative_divisions.svg/400px-Uttar_Pradesh_administrative_divisions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisions of Uttar Pradesh">Divisions of Uttar Pradesh</a></figcaption></figure> Uttar Pradesh is divided into 75 districts under these 18 divisions:<a href="#cite_note-divisions-105">[105]</a> <table style="margin-left:30px"> <tbody><tr> <td> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break" style="width: 57%;"> <div><ol start="1"><li><a href="/wiki/Saharanpur_division" title="Saharanpur division">Saharanpur</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moradabad_division" title="Moradabad division">Moradabad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bareilly_division" title="Bareilly division">Bareilly</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Meerut_division" title="Meerut division">Meerut</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aligarh_division" title="Aligarh division">Aligarh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_division" title="Agra division">Agra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Devipatan_division" title="Devipatan division">Devipatan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Basti_division" title="Basti division">Basti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur_division" title="Gorakhpur division">Gorakhpur</a></li></ol></div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div><ol start="10"><li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_division" title="Kanpur division">Kanpur</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_division" title="Lucknow division">Lucknow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_division" title="Ayodhya division">Ayodhya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Azamgarh_division" title="Azamgarh division">Azamgarh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jhansi_division" title="Jhansi division">Jhansi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chitrakoot_division" title="Chitrakoot division">Chitrakoot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prayagraj_division" title="Prayagraj division">Prayagraj</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Varanasi_division" title="Varanasi division">Varanasi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mirzapur_division" title="Mirzapur division">Mirzapur</a></li></ol></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> The following is a list of top districts from state of Uttar Pradesh by population, ranked in respect of all India.<a href="#cite_note-districts1-106">[106]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc; text-align:center"> <th>Rank (in India)</th> <th>District</th> <th>Population</th> <th>Growth Rate (%)</th> <th>Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males)</th> <th>Literacy Rate (%) </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prayagraj_district" title="Prayagraj district">Prayagraj</a></td> <td>5,954,391</td> <td>20.63</td> <td>901</td> <td>72.32 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moradabad_district" title="Moradabad district">Moradabad</a></td> <td>4,772,006</td> <td>25.22</td> <td>906</td> <td>56.77 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"> <td>27</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghaziabad_district" title="Ghaziabad district">Ghaziabad</a></td> <td>4,681,645</td> <td>42.27</td> <td>881</td> <td>78.07 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"> <td>30</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azamgarh_district" title="Azamgarh district">Azamgarh</a></td> <td>4,613,913</td> <td>17.11</td> <td>1019</td> <td>70.93 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"> <td>31</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_district" title="Lucknow district">Lucknow</a></td> <td>4,589,838</td> <td>25.82</td> <td>917</td> <td>77.29 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"> <td>32</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Nagar_district" title="Kanpur Nagar district">Kanpur Nagar</a></td> <td>4,581,268</td> <td>9.92</td> <td>862</td> <td>79.65 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"> <td>41</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agra_district" title="Agra district">Agra</a></td> <td>4,418,797</td> <td>22.05</td> <td>868</td> <td>71.58 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center"> <td>50</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bareilly_district" title="Bareilly district">Bareilly</a></td> <td>4,448,359</td> <td>22.93%</td> <td>887</td> <td>58.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> Each district is governed by a District Magistrate, who is an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service" title="Indian Administrative Service">Indian Administrative Service</a> (IAS) officer appointed <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Government of Uttar Pradesh">Government of Uttar Pradesh</a> and reports to <a href="/wiki/Divisional_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisional Commissioner">Divisional Commissioner</a> of the division in which his district falls.<a href="#cite_note-panchayat-107">[107]</a> The Divisional Commissioner is an IAS officer of high seniority. Each district is divided into subdivisions, governed by a <a href="/wiki/Sub-Divisional_Magistrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Divisional Magistrate">Sub-Divisional Magistrate</a>, and again into <a href="/wiki/Block_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Block (country subdivision)">Blocks</a>. Blocks consists of <a href="/wiki/Panchayats" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchayats">panchayats</a> (village councils) and town <a href="/wiki/Municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities">municipalities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-blocks-108">[108]</a> These blocks consists of urban units viz. <a href="/wiki/Census_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Census towns">census towns</a> and rural units called <a href="/wiki/Gram_panchayat" title="Gram panchayat">gram panchayat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-panchayat-107">[107]</a> Uttar Pradesh has more <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_populous_cities_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most populous cities in India">metropolitan cities</a> than any other state in India.<a href="#cite_note-metropolitan_cities-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Metro_cities-110">[110]</a> The absolute urban population of the state is 44.4 million, which constitutes 11.8% of the total urban population of India, the second-highest of any state.<a href="#cite_note-Population_info-111">[111]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 census</a>, there are 15 urban agglomerations with a population greater than 500,000.<a href="#cite_note-Datasheet-112">[112]</a> Uttar Pradesh has a complex system of municipalities. <a href="/wiki/Nagar_Nigam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagar Nigam">Nagar Nigam</a> (Municipal Corporation) are urban local bodies in large cities such as Lucknow, Kanpur, Varanasi and cities having population more than 4 million.<a href="#cite_note-UP_Municipal-113">[113]</a> These governed by a mayor and councilors elected from wards. <a href="/wiki/Nagar_Palika_Parishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagar Palika Parishad">Nagar Palika Parishad</a> or Municipal Council, serves medium-sized towns like <a href="/wiki/Bela_Pratapgarh" title="Bela Pratapgarh">Bela Pratapgarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalaun" title="Jalaun">Jalaun</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bisalpur,_Pilibhit" title="Bisalpur, Pilibhit">Bisalpur</a> and are governed by a chairperson and councilors.<a href="#cite_note-Palika-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nagar_Panchayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagar Panchayat">Nagar Panchayat</a> which operate in smaller towns and semi-urban areas like <a href="/wiki/Badlapur,_Jaunpur" title="Badlapur, Jaunpur">Badlapur, Jaunpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bikapur" title="Bikapur">Bikapur</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Chilkana_Sultanpur" title="Chilkana Sultanpur">Chilkana Sultanpur</a>, are governed by a chairman and councilors.<a href="#cite_note-Palika-114">[114]</a> There are 14 <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Corporations in India">Municipal Corporations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-GENERAL_AMENDMENT-116">[116]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Noida" title="Noida">Noida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Noida" title="Greater Noida">Greater Noida</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gautam_Buddha_Nagar_district" title="Gautam Buddha Nagar district">Gautam Budha Nagar district</a> are specially administered by statutory authorities under the Uttar Pradesh Industrial Development Act, 1976.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In 2011, state's cabinet ministers headed by the then Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/Mayawati" title="Mayawati">Mayawati</a> announced the separation of Uttar Pradesh into four different states of Purvanchal, Bundelkhand, Avadh Pradesh and Paschim Pradesh with twenty-eight, seven, twenty-three and seventeen districts, respectively, later the proposal was turned down when the <a href="/wiki/Akhilesh_Yadav" title="Akhilesh Yadav">Akhilesh Yadav</a>–lead <a href="/wiki/Samajwadi_Party" title="Samajwadi Party">Samajwadi Party</a> came to power in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election">2012 election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Demographics of Uttar Pradesh">Demographics of Uttar Pradesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of people from Uttar Pradesh">List of people from Uttar Pradesh</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 5487.4940979036px; border-left-color:chartreuse"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:chartreuse"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:chartreuse"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 5304.5364363156px; border-left-color:gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3880.969140305px; border-left-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3119.616944035px; border-left-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2305.1480644087px; border-left-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1573.6756085647px; border-left-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 30.62651322128px; border-left-color:darkorange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:darkorange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:darkorange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Uttar Pradesh (2011)<a href="#cite_note-religion_census-120">[120]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (79.73%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Islam in Uttar Pradesh">Islam</a> (19.26%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (0.32%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Christianity in Uttar Pradesh">Christianity</a> (0.18%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.10%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> (0.11%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other (0.01%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Not stated (0.29%)</div> </div> </div></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#F781BF; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1334.943237006px; border-left-color:#A65628"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#A65628"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#A65628"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1231.0562950477px; border-left-color:pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:pink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 997.64217879536px; border-left-color:maroon"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:maroon"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:maroon"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 448.69837715515px; border-left-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 159.56209491665px; border-left-color:gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 33.607092695522px; border-left-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Languages of Uttar Pradesh from 2011 census<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> (80.16%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a> (10.93%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (5.42%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a> (1.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> (0.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> (0.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Others (1.19%)</div> </div> </div></div> Uttar Pradesh has a very large population and a high population growth rate. From 1991 to 2001 its population increased by over 26 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-population-122">[122]</a> It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">most populous state in India</a>, with 199,581,477 people on 1 March 2011.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-123">[123]</a> The state contributes to 16.2 per cent of India's population. As of 2021, the estimated population of the state is around 240 million people.<a href="#cite_note-Estimated_2021-124">[124]</a> The population density is 828 people per square kilometre, making it one of the most densely populated <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">states</a> in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Statistics-125">[125]</a> It has the largest <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled caste">scheduled caste</a> population whereas <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in India">scheduled tribes</a> are less than 1 per cent of the total population.<a href="#cite_note-Tribe-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Indigenous-127">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Human_sex_ratio" title="Human sex ratio">sex ratio</a> in 2011, at 912 women to 1000 men, was lower than the national figure of 943.<a href="#cite_note-pc-census2011-11">[11]</a> The low sex ratio in Uttar Pradesh, is a result of various factors, such as <a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">sex-selective abortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Female_infanticide" title="Female infanticide">female infanticide</a>, and discrimination against girls and women.<a href="#cite_note-UP_Foeticide-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Uttar_Pradesh21-129">[129]</a> The state's 2001–2011 decennial growth rate (including Uttrakhand) was 20.1 per cent, higher than the national rate of 17.64 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-Decennial-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-decennialgrowth-131">[131]</a> It has a large number of people living below the <a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">poverty line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-poverty-132">[132]</a> As per a <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> document released in 2016, the pace of poverty reduction in the state has been slower than the rest of the country.<a href="#cite_note-World_Bank-133">[133]</a> Estimates released by the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> for the year 2011–12 revealed that the state had 59 million (59819,000) people below the poverty line, the most for any state in India.<a href="#cite_note-poverty-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-commission-134">[134]</a> The central and eastern districts in particular have very high levels of poverty. The state is also experiencing widening consumption inequality. As per the report of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Statistics_and_Programme_Implementation" title="Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation">Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation</a> released in 2020, the state per capita income is below ₹80,000 (US$920) per annum.<a href="#cite_note-Annum-135">[135]</a> As per <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 census</a>, Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state in India, is home to the highest numbers of both Hindus and Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The literacy rate of the state at the 2011 census was 67.7 per cent, which was below the national average of 74 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-Literacy_rate-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-literacy_rates-138">[138]</a> The literacy rate for men is 79 per cent and for women 59 per cent. In 2001 the literacy rate in the state stood at 56 per cent overall, 67 per cent for men and 43 per cent for women.<a href="#cite_note-Literacy-139">[139]</a> A report based on a <a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(India)" title="Central Statistics Office (India)">National Statistical Office</a> (NSO) survey<a href="#cite_note-remark1-140">[a]</a> revealed that Uttar Pradesh's literacy rate is 73 per cent, less than the national average of 77.7 per cent. According to the report, in the rural region, the literacy rate among men is 80.5 per cent and women is 60.4 per cent, while in urban areas, the literacy rate among men is 86.8 per cent and women is 74.9 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-NSO-141">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> is the primary official language and is spoken by the majority of the population.<a href="#cite_note-2011lang-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a> is the second most spoken language of the state,<a href="#cite_note-Experts-142">[141]</a> it is spoken by almost 11 per cent of the population. Most people speak regional languages classified as dialects of Hindi in the census. These include <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a> in central Uttar Pradesh, Bhojpuri spoken in <a href="/wiki/Purvanchal" title="Purvanchal">Purvanchal</a> in eastern Uttar Pradesh, and <a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a> spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj</a> region in Western Uttar Pradesh. These languages have also been recognised by the state government for official use in their respective regions. <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> is given the status of a second official language, spoken by 5.4 per cent of the population.<a href="#cite_note-2011lang-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-census2011-langreport-143">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is used as a means of communication for education, commerce, and governance. It is commonly spoken and employed as a language of instruction in educational institutions, as well as for conducting business transactions and managing administrative affairs. Other notable languages spoken in the state include <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> (0.3 per cent) and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> (0.1 per cent).<a href="#cite_note-census2011-langreport-143">[142]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance_and_administration">Governance and administration</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Government of Uttar Pradesh">Government of Uttar Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vidhan_Bhavan,_Lucknow" title="Vidhan Bhavan, Lucknow">Vidhan Bhavan, Lucknow</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vidhan_Sabha_(at_day).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Vidhan_Sabha_%28at_day%29.jpg/220px-Vidhan_Sabha_%28at_day%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Vidhan_Sabha_%28at_day%29.jpg/330px-Vidhan_Sabha_%28at_day%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Vidhan_Sabha_%28at_day%29.jpg/440px-Vidhan_Sabha_%28at_day%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="175" /></a><figcaption>Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha), the lower house of the bicameral legislature</figcaption></figure> The state is governed by a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>. Uttar Pradesh is one of the seven states in India, where the state legislature is bicameral, comprising two houses: the <a href="/wiki/Vidhan_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidhan Sabha">Vidhan Sabha</a> (Legislative Assembly) and the <a href="/wiki/Vidhan_Parishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidhan Parishad">Vidhan Parishad</a> (Legislative Council).<a href="#cite_note-vidhan_parishad-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vidhan_Sabha-145">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> consists of 404 members who are elected for five-year terms. The <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Council" title="Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a> is a permanent body of 100 members with one-third (33 members) retiring every two years. The state sends the largest number of legislators to the national Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-elections-146">[145]</a> The state contributes 80 seats to <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>, the lower house of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Parliament">Indian Parliament</a>, and 31 seats to <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a>, the upper house.<a href="#cite_note-Grover1989-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Government of Uttar Pradesh">Government of Uttar Pradesh</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratically</a> elected body in India with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of governors of Uttar Pradesh">governor</a> as its constitutional head and is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president of India</a> for a five-year term.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh">chief minister</a> by the governor, and the council of ministers is appointed by the governor on the advice of the chief minister. The governor remains a ceremonial head of the state, while the chief minister and his council are responsible for day-to-day government functions. The Council of Ministers consists of Cabinet Ministers and Ministers of State (MoS). The Secretariat headed by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Secretary (India)">Chief Secretary</a> assists the council of ministers. The Chief Secretary is also the administrative head of the government. Each government department is headed by a minister, who is assisted by an <a href="/wiki/Additional_Chief_Secretary_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional Chief Secretary (India)">Additional Chief Secretary</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Principal_Secretary_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principal Secretary (India)">Principal Secretary</a>, who is usually an officer of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service" title="Indian Administrative Service">Indian Administrative Service</a> (IAS), the Additional Chief Secretary/Principal Secretary serves as the administrative head of the department they are assigned to. Each department also has officers of the rank of Secretary, Special Secretary, Joint Secretary etc. assisting the Minister and the <a href="/wiki/Additional_Chief_Secretary_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional Chief Secretary (India)">Additional Chief Secretary</a>/<a href="/wiki/Principal_Secretary_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principal Secretary (India)">Principal Secretary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-:64-151">[150]</a> For administration, the state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts. <a href="/wiki/Divisional_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisional Commissioner">Divisional Commissioner</a>, an IAS officer is the head of administration on the divisional level.<a href="#cite_note-:2-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-:42-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-:52-153">[152]</a> The administration in each district is headed by a <a href="/wiki/District_collector" class="mw-redirect" title="District collector">District Magistrate</a>, who is also an IAS officer, and is assisted by several officers belonging to state services.<a href="#cite_note-:2-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-:022-154">[153]</a> District Magistrate being the head of the district administration, is responsible for maintaining law and order and providing public services in the district. At the block level, the Block Development Officer (BDO) is responsible for the overall development of the <a href="/wiki/Block_(district_subdivision)" title="Block (district subdivision)">block</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Police" title="Uttar Pradesh Police">Uttar Pradesh Police</a> is headed by an IPS officer of the rank of <a href="/wiki/Director_general_of_police" title="Director general of police">Director general of police</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Superintendent of Police">Superintendent of Police</a>, an IPS officer assisted by the officers of the Uttar Pradesh Police Service, is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues in each district. The Divisional Forest Officer, an officer belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Forest_Service" title="Indian Forest Service">Indian Forest Service</a> manages the forests, environment, and wildlife of the district, assisted by the officers of <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Forest_Service_(Uttar_Pradesh)" title="Provincial Forest Service (Uttar Pradesh)">Provincial Forest Service</a> and Uttar Pradesh Forest Subordinate Service.<a href="#cite_note-Provincial_Forest-155">[154]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allahabad_high_court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Allahabad_high_court.jpg/220px-Allahabad_high_court.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Allahabad_high_court.jpg/330px-Allahabad_high_court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Allahabad_high_court.jpg/440px-Allahabad_high_court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Allahabad High Court</figcaption></figure> The judiciary in the state consists of the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_High_Court" title="Allahabad High Court">Allahabad High Court</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> Bench of <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_High_Court" title="Allahabad High Court">Allahabad High Court</a>, district courts and session courts in each district or Sessions Division, and lower courts at the <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">tehsil</a> level.<a href="#cite_note-:2-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-courts-156">[155]</a> The president of India appoints the chief justice of the High Court of the Uttar Pradesh judiciary on the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> as well as the governor of Uttar Pradesh.<a href="#cite_note-:2-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Appointment-157">[156]</a> Subordinate Judicial Service, categorised into two divisions viz. Uttar Pradesh civil judicial services and Uttar Pradesh higher judicial service are another vital part of the judiciary of Uttar Pradesh.<a href="#cite_note-:2-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-presiding-158">[157]</a> While the Uttar Pradesh civil judicial services comprise the Civil Judges (Junior Division)/Judicial Magistrates and civil judges (Senior Division)/Chief Judicial Magistrate, the Uttar Pradesh higher judicial service comprises civil and sessions judges.<a href="#cite_note-:2-150">[149]</a> The Subordinate judicial service (viz. The district court of <a href="/wiki/Etawah" title="Etawah">Etawah</a> and the district court of Kanpur Dehat) of the judiciary at Uttar Pradesh is controlled by the District Judge.<a href="#cite_note-:2-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-presiding-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Civil_Judiciary-159">[158]</a> Politics in Uttar Pradesh has been dominated by four political parties – the <a href="/wiki/Samajwadi_Party" title="Samajwadi Party">Samajwadi Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bahujan_Samaj_Party" title="Bahujan Samaj Party">Bahujan Samaj Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>. The political landscape of the state is often characterized by intense competition and <a href="/wiki/Political_polarization" title="Political polarization">polarization</a>, leading to <a href="/wiki/Caste-related_violence_in_India" title="Caste-related violence in India">caste-based tensions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">communal conflicts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-State_Tensions-160">[159]</a> Critics often suggest that despite Uttar Pradesh's significant political legacy of producing eight <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Ministers</a>, the state continues to struggle with issues that hinder its overall advancement.<a href="#cite_note-politically_crucial_state-161">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime_and_accidents">Crime and accidents</h3></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Human_Rights_Commission_of_India" title="National Human Rights Commission of India">National Human Rights Commission of India</a> (NHRC), Uttar Pradesh tops the list of states of <a href="/wiki/Encounter_killings_by_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Encounter killings by police">encounter killings</a> and custodial deaths.<a href="#cite_note-Express-162">[161]</a> In 2014, the state recorded 365 judicial deaths out of a total 1,530 deaths recorded in the country.<a href="#cite_note-deaths-163">[162]</a> NHRC further said, of the over 30,000 murders registered in the country in 2016, Uttar Pradesh had 4,889 cases.<a href="#cite_note-NHRC-164">[163]</a> A data from <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Home_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of Home Affairs (India)">Minister of Home Affairs</a> (MHA) avers, <a href="/wiki/Bareilly" title="Bareilly">Bareilly</a> recorded the highest number of custodial death at 25, followed by <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> (21), <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a> (19) and <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> (9). <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Records_Bureau" title="National Crime Records Bureau">National Crime Records Bureau</a> (NCRB) data from 2011 says, the state has the highest number of crimes among any state in India, but due to its <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">high population</a>, the actual per capita crime rate is low.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> The state also continues to top the list of states with maximum <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">communal violence</a> incidents. An analysis of Ministers of State of Home Affairs states (2014), 23 per cent of all incidents of communal violence in India took place in the state.<a href="#cite_note-rise_violence-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-violence_raise-167">[166]</a> According to a research assembled by <a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_India" title="State Bank of India">State Bank of India</a>, Uttar Pradesh failed to improve its <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> (HDI) ranking over a period of 27 years (1990–2017).<a href="#cite_note-SBI-168">[167]</a> Based on sub-national human development index data for <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index">Indian states</a> from 1990 to 2017, the report also stated that the value of human development index has steadily increased over time from 0.39 in 1990 to 0.59 in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Index-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-HDI-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-growth-171">[170]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Police" title="Uttar Pradesh Police">Uttar Pradesh Police</a>, governed by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Home_and_Confidential" title="Department of Home and Confidential">Department of Home and Confidential</a>, is the largest <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a> force in the world.<a href="#cite_note-armed_force-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Highlight-174">[173]</a> Uttar Pradesh also reported the highest number of deaths – 41,746 – due to road accidents till December 2022, according to "Road Accidents in India" report of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Road_Transport_and_Highways" title="Ministry of Road Transport and Highways">Union Ministry of Road Transport and Highways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Road_Deaths-175">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Highest-176">[175]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation">UP Transport Department</a> report also indicates that the primary cause of road accident fatalities was over-speeding, which accounted for 40 per cent of deaths. Drunken driving contributed to 10 per cent of fatalities, while 12 per cent of deaths were due to driving on the wrong side. Additionally, 10 per cent of accident deaths were caused by the use of mobile phones, and 5 per cent resulted from running red lights. The remaining 23 per cent of deaths were attributed to factors such as losing control of the vehicle, drowsiness, poor road visibility, and engineering defects.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> Between 2006 and 2010, the state has been hit with three terrorist attacks, including explosions in a landmark holy place, a court and a temple. The <a href="/wiki/2006_Varanasi_bombings" title="2006 Varanasi bombings">2006 Varanasi bombings</a> were a series of bombings that occurred across the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> holy city of <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> on 7 March 2006. At least 28 people were killed and as many as 101 others were injured.<a href="#cite_note-bomb09-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> In the afternoon of 23 November 2007, within a span of 25 minutes, six consecutive <a href="/wiki/2007_Uttar_Pradesh_bombings" title="2007 Uttar Pradesh bombings">serial blasts</a> occurred in the Lucknow, Varanasi, and Faizabad courts, in which 28 people were killed.<a href="#cite_note-blast_responsible-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-2007_bombing-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-bombings-182">[181]</a> Another blast occurred on 7 December 2010, the <a href="/wiki/2010_Varanasi_bombing" title="2010 Varanasi bombing">blast</a> occurred at Sheetla Ghat in Varanasi in which more than 38 people were killed.<a href="#cite_note-people_killed-183">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-terror_attack-184">[183]</a> In February 2016, a series of bomb blasts occurred at the Jhakarkati Bus Station in <a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a>, killing 2 people and injuring more than 30.<a href="#cite_note-Kanpur16-185">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Economy of Uttar Pradesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_agglomerations_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of urban agglomerations in Uttar Pradesh">List of urban agglomerations in Uttar Pradesh</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:260px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f4f5f6; border:#c6c7c8 solid; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#c2d6e5; text-align:center">Net State Domestic Product at Factor Cost at Current Prices (2011–12 Base) figures in <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crores</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupees</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Net State Domestic Product<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>2011–12</td> <td>532,218 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015–16</td> <td>1,137,808 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016–17</td> <td>1,288,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017–18 </td> <td>1,446,000<a href="#cite_note-:0-187">[186]</a> (est.) </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_Indian_Sunflower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Common sunflower farming in Lambhua, Sultanpur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Common_Indian_Sunflower.jpg/220px-Common_Indian_Sunflower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Common_Indian_Sunflower.jpg/330px-Common_Indian_Sunflower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Common_Indian_Sunflower.jpg/440px-Common_Indian_Sunflower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1878" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption>Sown saplings of <a href="/wiki/Common_sunflower" title="Common sunflower">common sunflowers</a>; located in the rich fertile <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a>, agriculture is the largest employment generator in the state.</figcaption></figure> In terms of <a href="/wiki/Net_domestic_product" title="Net domestic product">net state domestic product</a> (NSDP), Uttar Pradesh is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">fourth-largest</a> economy in India, with an estimated gross state domestic product of ₹14.89 lakh crore (US$170 billion),<a href="#cite_note-:0-187">[186]</a> contributing 8.4% of India's gross domestic product.<a href="#cite_note-RBI2023-188">[187]</a> According to the report generated by India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF), in 2014–15, Uttar Pradesh has accounted for 19% share in the country's total food grain output.<a href="#cite_note-IBEF2015-189">[188]</a> About 70% of India's sugar comes from Uttar Pradesh. Sugarcane is the most important cash crop as the state is country's largest producer of sugar.<a href="#cite_note-IBEF2015-189">[188]</a> As per the report generated by Indian Sugar Mills Association (ISMA), total sugarcane production in India was estimated to be 28.3 million tonnes in the fiscal ending September 2015 which includes 10.47 million tonnes from Maharashtra and 7.35 million tonnes from Uttar Pradesh.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> With 359 manufacturing clusters, cement is the top sector of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Micro,_Small_and_Medium_Enterprises" title="Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises">SMEs</a> in Uttar Pradesh.<a href="#cite_note-ET-20130620-SMEs-191">[190]</a> The Uttar Pradesh Financial Corporation (UPFC) was established in 1954 under the SFCs Act of 1951 mainly to develop small- and medium-scale industries in the state.<a href="#cite_note-UPFC-192">[191]</a> The UPFC also provides working capital to existing units with a soundtrack record and to new units under a single window scheme.<a href="#cite_note-statements-193">[192]</a> In July 2012, due to financial constraints and directions from the state government, lending activities were suspended except for State Government Schemes.<a href="#cite_note-budget-194">[193]</a> The state has reported total private investment worth over Rs. 25,081 crores during the years of 2012 and 2016.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> According to a 2015 report by the World Bank on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_states_ranking_by_ease_of_doing_business" title="Indian states ranking by ease of doing business">Ease of Doing Business in India</a>, Uttar Pradesh was ranked among the top 10 states and was the first among the northern states.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> According to the Uttar Pradesh Budget Documents (2019–20), Uttar Pradesh's debt burden is 29.8 per cent of the <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GSDP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Debt_HT-197">[196]</a> The state's total financial debt stood at ₹2.09 lakh crore (US$24 billion) in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-debt_burden-198">[197]</a> Uttar Pradesh has not been able to witness double-digit economic growth despite consistent attempts over the years.<a href="#cite_note-Debt_HT-197">[196]</a> The GSDP is estimated to have grown 7 per cent in 2017–18 and 6.5 per cent in 2018–19 which is about 10 per cent of India's GDP. According to a survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Monitoring_Indian_Economy" title="Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy">Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy</a> (CMIE), Uttar Pradesh's <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment rate">unemployment rate</a> increased 11.4 percentage points, rising to 21.5 per cent in April 2020.<a href="#cite_note-Unemployment-199">[198]</a> Uttar Pradesh has the largest number of <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">net migrants</a> migrating out of the state.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> The 2011 census data on migration shows that nearly 14.4 million (14.7%) people had migrated out of Uttar Pradesh.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> Marriage was cited as the predominant reason for migration among females. Among males, the most important reason for migration was work and employment.<a href="#cite_note-Reasons-202">[201]</a> Uttar Pradesh continues to have regional disparities, particularly with the western districts of the state showing higher development indicators such as per capita district development product (PCDDP) and gross district development product (GDDP) compared to other regions.<a href="#cite_note-TOI_Regions-203">[202]</a> Due to inadequate infrastructure and a dense population, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Uttar Pradesh">Eastern Uttar Pradesh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purvanchal" title="Purvanchal">Purvanchal</a>) faces notable socio-economic disparities.<a href="#cite_note-NG_Journal-204">[203]</a> For 2021–22 the GDDP for Purvanchal it is ₹5.37 lakh crore, while for <a href="/wiki/Western_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Western Uttar Pradesh">Western Uttar Pradesh</a> it is ₹9.44 lakh crore. For the <a href="/wiki/Bundelkhand" title="Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Uttar Pradesh">Central Uttar Pradesh</a> regions, the GDDP remained ₹99,029.34 crore and ₹3.36 lakh crore, respectively. As of 2021–22, the per capita annual income in eastern districts is about one-fourth of the national average at ₹12,741 while the state's average stood at ₹17,349.<a href="#cite_note-HT_Data-205">[204]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IT_Park,_Noida,_Uttar_Pradesh_(2011-06-18).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/IT_Park%2C_Noida%2C_Uttar_Pradesh_%282011-06-18%29.jpg/220px-IT_Park%2C_Noida%2C_Uttar_Pradesh_%282011-06-18%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/IT_Park%2C_Noida%2C_Uttar_Pradesh_%282011-06-18%29.jpg/330px-IT_Park%2C_Noida%2C_Uttar_Pradesh_%282011-06-18%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/IT_Park%2C_Noida%2C_Uttar_Pradesh_%282011-06-18%29.jpg/440px-IT_Park%2C_Noida%2C_Uttar_Pradesh_%282011-06-18%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Business_park" title="Business park">IT Parks</a> in Noida, which are known for their infrastructure and services, as well as high-end housing complexes.<a href="#cite_note-IT_parks-206">[205]</a></figcaption></figure> In 2009–10, the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">tertiary sector of the economy</a> (service industries) was the largest contributor to the gross domestic product of the state, contributing 44.8 per cent of the state domestic product compared to 44 per cent from the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, and tourism) and 11.2 per cent from the secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing).<a href="#cite_note-Investment-207">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Service_sector-208">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Noida" title="Noida">Noida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> rank as the top 3 districts with the highest per capita income, whereas <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a> rank 7th and 9th in per capita income.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> During the 11th five-year plan (2007–2012), the average <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross state domestic product</a> (GSDP) growth rate was 7.3 per cent, lower than 15.5 per cent, the average for all states of the country.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-State_Finances-211">[210]</a> The state's per capita GSDP was ₹29,417 (US$340), lower than the national per capita GSDP of ₹60,972 (US$700).<a href="#cite_note-Ministry_of_statistics_and_Program_Implementation_Govt._Of_India-212">[211]</a> Labor efficiency is higher at an index of 26 than the national average of 25. Textiles and sugar refining, both long-standing industries in Uttar Pradesh, employ a significant proportion of the state's total factory labour. The economy also benefits from the state's tourism industry.<a href="#cite_note-Small_Scale_Industries-213">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_highways_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of state highways in Uttar Pradesh">List of state highways in Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of airports in Uttar Pradesh">List of airports in Uttar Pradesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation">Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delhi_Noida_Direct_flyway_(Uttar_Pradesh_-_2011-06-18).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Delhi_Noida_Direct_flyway_%28Uttar_Pradesh_-_2011-06-18%29.jpg/220px-Delhi_Noida_Direct_flyway_%28Uttar_Pradesh_-_2011-06-18%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Delhi_Noida_Direct_flyway_%28Uttar_Pradesh_-_2011-06-18%29.jpg/330px-Delhi_Noida_Direct_flyway_%28Uttar_Pradesh_-_2011-06-18%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Delhi_Noida_Direct_flyway_%28Uttar_Pradesh_-_2011-06-18%29.jpg/440px-Delhi_Noida_Direct_flyway_%28Uttar_Pradesh_-_2011-06-18%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A section of Delhi–Noida Direct Flyway</figcaption></figure> The state has the largest railway network in the country but in relative terms has only sixth-highest railway density despite its plain topography and largest population. As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uttar_Pradesh&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were 9,077 km (5,640 mi) of rail in the state.<a href="#cite_note-route_length-214">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-Network-215">[214]</a> The railway network in the state is controlled by two divisions of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a> viz. North Central Railway and North Eastern Railway. Allahabad is the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/North_Central_Railway_zone" title="North Central Railway zone">North Central Railway</a><a href="#cite_note-North_Central_Railway-216">[215]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur" title="Gorakhpur">Gorakhpur</a> is the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_zone" title="North Eastern Railway zone">North Eastern Railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-North-Eastern_Railways-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-security_system-218">[217]</a> Lucknow and Moradabad serve as divisional Headquarters of the Northern Railway Division. <a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Swarna_Shatabdi_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express">Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express</a>, the second fastest <a href="/wiki/Shatabdi_Express" title="Shatabdi Express">Shatabdi Express</a> train, connects the Indian capital of <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi_railway_station" title="New Delhi railway station">New Delhi</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Charbagh_railway_station" title="Lucknow Charbagh railway station">Lucknow</a> while <a href="/wiki/Kanpur%E2%80%93New_Delhi_Shatabdi_Express" title="Kanpur–New Delhi Shatabdi Express">Kanpur Shatabdi Express</a>, connects New Delhi to <a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Central_railway_station" title="Kanpur Central railway station">Kanpur Central</a>. This was the first train in India to get the new German <a href="/wiki/LHB_coaches" class="mw-redirect" title="LHB coaches">LHB coaches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-train-219">[218]</a> The railway stations of <a href="/wiki/Prayagraj_Junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayagraj Junction">Prayagraj Junction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agra_Cantonment" class="mw-redirect" title="Agra Cantonment">Agra Cantonment</a>, Lucknow Charbagh, <a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur_Junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakhpur Junction">Gorakhpur Junction</a>, Kanpur Central, <a href="/wiki/Mathura_Junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura Junction">Mathura Junction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varanasi_Junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Varanasi Junction">Varanasi Junction</a> are included in the Indian Railways list of 50 world-class railway stations.<a href="#cite_note-Railway_Budget-220">[219]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Metro" title="Lucknow Metro">Lucknow Metro</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Metro" title="Kanpur Metro">Kanpur Metro</a> (Orange line), are rapid transit systems that serve Lucknow and Kanpur, respectively. The state has a large, multimodal transportation system with the largest road network in the country.<a href="#cite_note-ROAD_NETWORK-221">[220]</a> It has 42 national highways, with a total length of 4,942 km (3,071 miles) comprising 8.9 per cent of the total national highways length in India.<a href="#cite_note-NH_Share-222">[221]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_State_Road_Transport_Corporation" title="Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation">Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation</a> (UPSRTC) was established in 1972 to provide transportation in the state with connecting services to adjoining states.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> The UPSRTC's current fleet consists of 11,238 buses operating on 2,762 routes across a total distance of 768,065 km (477,253 mi) throughout the state, generating an average daily income of ₹16 crore (US$1.8 million).<a href="#cite_note-Fleet_Profite-224">[223]</a> Despite its extensive operation, many of UPSRTC buses are now outdated and unreliable, raising concerns about their condition and the impact on passenger safety.<a href="#cite_note-Fleets-225">[224]</a> All cities are connected to <a href="/wiki/State_highways_in_India" title="State highways in India">state highways</a>, and all district headquarters are being connected with four lane roads which carry traffic between major centres within the state. One of them is <a href="/wiki/Agra%E2%80%93Lucknow_Expressway" title="Agra–Lucknow Expressway">Agra–Lucknow Expressway</a>, which is a 302 km (188 miles) <a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">controlled-access highway</a> constructed by <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Expressways_Industrial_Development_Authority" title="Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority">UPEIDA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> Uttar Pradesh has the highest road density in India – 1,027 km (638 miles) per 1,000 km2 (390 square miles) – and the largest surfaced urban-road network in the country – 50,721 km (31,517 miles).<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> By passenger traffic in India, <a href="/wiki/Chaudhary_Charan_Singh_International_Airport" title="Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport">Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport</a> in Lucknow and <a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri_Airport" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport">Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport</a> in Varanasi, are the major international airports and the main gateway to the state.<a href="#cite_note-Airports-228">[227]</a> Another international airport has been built at <a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a>. However, since its inauguration, <a href="/wiki/Kushinagar_International_Airport" title="Kushinagar International Airport">Kushinagar International Airport</a> has not yet seen any outbound flights to international destinations.<a href="#cite_note-Kushinagar_IA-229">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> Uttar Pradesh has six domestic airports located at <a href="/wiki/Agra_Airport" title="Agra Airport">Agra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad Airport">Allahabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bareilly_Airport" title="Bareilly Airport">Bareilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindon_Airport" title="Hindon Airport">Ghaziabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur_Airport" title="Gorakhpur Airport">Gorakhpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Airport" title="Kanpur Airport">Kanpur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DFCCIL-231">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> Under the collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Airports_Authority_of_India" title="Airports Authority of India">civilian aviation authority</a>, these domestic airports are primarily used by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a> for operational flexibility, especially during emergencies or natural disasters. The <a href="/wiki/Noida_International_Airport" title="Noida International Airport">Noida International Airport</a> is proposed to be built near <a href="/wiki/Jewar" title="Jewar">Jewar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gautam_Buddha_Nagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautam Buddha Nagar">Gautam Buddha Nagar</a>, district.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> The Noida International Airport <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Grand_Prix" title="Indian Grand Prix">Indian Grand Prix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Cricket_Association" title="Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association">Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Force_india_Buddh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Force_india_Buddh.jpg/220px-Force_india_Buddh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Force_india_Buddh.jpg/330px-Force_india_Buddh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Force_india_Buddh.jpg/440px-Force_india_Buddh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Force_India" title="Force India">Force India</a> racing at <a href="/wiki/Buddh_International_Circuit" title="Buddh International Circuit">Buddh International Circuit</a></figcaption></figure> Traditional sports, now played mostly as a pastime, include <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">swimming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">kabaddi</a>, and track-sports or <a href="/wiki/List_of_water_sports" title="List of water sports">water-sports</a> played according to local traditional rules and without modern equipment. Some sports are designed to display martial skills such as using a sword or 'Pata' (stick).<a href="#cite_note-Rao2005-236">[235]</a> Due to a lack of organised patronage and requisite facilities, these sports survive mostly as individuals' hobbies or local competitive events. Among modern sports, <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> is popular and Uttar Pradesh has produced top-level players in India, such as Nitin Kumar. and Lalit Kumar Upadhyay.<a href="#cite_note-player-237">[236]</a> Recently, <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> has become more popular than <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cricket_Legacy-238">[237]</a> Uttar Pradesh won its first <a href="/wiki/Ranji_Trophy" title="Ranji Trophy">Ranji Trophy</a> tournament in February 2006, beating <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> in the final.<a href="#cite_note-Ranji_Trophy-239">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Vijay_Singh_Pathik_Sports_Complex" title="Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex">Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex</a> is a newly built international cricket stadium with a capacity of around 20,000 spectators.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> Wrestling has deep roots in Uttar Pradesh, with many <a href="/wiki/Akhara" title="Akhara">akharas</a> (traditional wrestling schools) spread across the state.<a href="#cite_note-Kushti-241">[240]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_football_team" title="Uttar Pradesh football team">Uttar Pradesh football team</a> (UPFS) serves as the governing body for football in Uttar Pradesh. It holds authority over the Uttar Pradesh football team and is officially affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Football_Federation" title="All India Football Federation">All India Football Federation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Football_Sangh-242">[241]</a> The UPFS participates in sending state teams to compete in all National Football Championships organised by the All India Football Federation.<a href="#cite_note-Official_AIFF-243">[242]</a> Additionally, the UPFS oversees two Mandal Football Associations: the Aligarh Football Association and the Kanpur Football Association.<a href="#cite_note-UPFS-244">[243]</a> The Uttar Pradesh Badminton Association is a sports body affiliated to <a href="/wiki/Badminton_Association_of_India" title="Badminton Association of India">Badminton Association of India</a> responsible for overseeing players representing Uttar Pradesh at the national level.<a href="#cite_note-TOI_2023-245">[244]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Buddh_International_Circuit" title="Buddh International Circuit">Buddh International Circuit</a> hosted India's inaugural <a href="/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_Grands_Prix" title="List of Formula One Grands Prix">F1 Grand Prix</a> race on 30 October 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Indian_Grand_Prix-246">[245]</a> Races were only held three times before being cancelled due to falling attendance and lack of government support. The government of Uttar Pradesh considered <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> to be entertainment and not a sport, and thus imposed taxes on the event and participants.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-247">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Education in Uttar Pradesh">Education in Uttar Pradesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of institutions of higher education in Uttar Pradesh">List of institutions of higher education in Uttar Pradesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chattar_Manzil_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chattar_Manzil_2005.jpg/220px-Chattar_Manzil_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chattar_Manzil_2005.jpg/330px-Chattar_Manzil_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chattar_Manzil_2005.jpg/440px-Chattar_Manzil_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Central_Drug_Research_Institute" title="Central Drug Research Institute">Central Drug Research Institute</a>, an autonomous multidisciplinary research institute</figcaption></figure> Uttar Pradesh has a prolonged tradition of education, although historically it was primarily confined to the elite class and religious schools.<a href="#cite_note-schools-248">[247]</a> Sanskrit-based learning formed the major part of education from the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta period">Gupta periods</a>. As cultures travelled through the region they brought their bodies of knowledge with them, adding <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> scholarship to the community. These formed the core of Hindu-Buddhist-Muslim education until the rise of British colonialism. The present schools-to-university system of education owes its inception and development in the state (as in the rest of the country) to foreign <a href="/wiki/Christian_missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian missionaries">Christian missionaries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British colonial administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Education_System-249">[248]</a> Schools in the state are either managed by the government or by private trusts. <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> is used as a medium of instruction in most of the schools except those affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Central Board of Secondary Education">CBSE</a> or the council for <a href="/wiki/Indian_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" title="Indian Certificate of Secondary Education">ICSE</a> boards.<a href="#cite_note-Facts-250">[249]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/10%2B2%2B3_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="10+2+3 plan">10+2+3 plan</a>, after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for two years in a <a href="/wiki/Junior_college" title="Junior college">junior college</a>, also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_High_School_and_Intermediate_Education_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education</a> (commonly referred to as U.P. Board) or a central board. Students choose from one of three streams, namely <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">liberal arts</a>, commerce, or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enrol in general or professional degree programs. In a study done by <a href="/wiki/Child_Rights_and_You" title="Child Rights and You">Child Rights and You</a> (CRY) and the Centre for Budgets, Governance, and Accountability (CBGA), Uttar Pradesh spent ₹9,167 per <a href="/wiki/Student" title="Student">pupil</a>, which is below the national average of ₹12,768.<a href="#cite_note-pupil_ratio-251">[250]</a> The pupil/teacher ratio is 39:1,<a href="#cite_note-252">[b]</a> lower than the national average of 23:1.<a href="#cite_note-NBER_Report-253">[251]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a>, the state reported the second-highest teacher <a href="/wiki/Absenteeism" title="Absenteeism">absenteeism</a> (31 percent) in rural public schools among 19 surveyed states.<a href="#cite_note-NBER_Data-254">[252]</a> According to an answer given by the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education_(India)" title="Minister of Education (India)">Union Education Minister</a> in 2020 in the Lok Sabha, about 17.1 percent of all elementary teacher posts in government schools in Uttar Pradesh are vacant. In terms of absolute numbers, the figure stands at 210,000.<a href="#cite_note-Vacant_posts-255">[253]</a> In February 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttar Pradesh government">Uttar Pradesh government</a> informed <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly">legislative assembly</a> that, 85,152 posts of headmasters and assistant teachers are vacant in the state.<a href="#cite_note-Deccan_Herald-256">[254]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Martiniere,_lucknow_39.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/La_Martiniere%2C_lucknow_39.jpg/220px-La_Martiniere%2C_lucknow_39.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/La_Martiniere%2C_lucknow_39.jpg/330px-La_Martiniere%2C_lucknow_39.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/La_Martiniere%2C_lucknow_39.jpg/440px-La_Martiniere%2C_lucknow_39.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3402" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>La Martiniere, Lucknow</figcaption></figure> Uttar Pradesh has more than 45 universities,<a href="#cite_note-universities-257">[255]</a> including six <a href="/wiki/Central_University,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Central University, India">central universities</a>, twenty eight <a href="/wiki/State_university_(India)" title="State university (India)">state universities</a>, eight <a href="/wiki/Deemed_university" title="Deemed university">deemed universities</a>, two <a href="/wiki/IITs" class="mw-redirect" title="IITs">IITs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_(BHU)_Varanasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi">Varanasi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Kanpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur">Kanpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/AIIMS_Gorakhpur" class="mw-redirect" title="AIIMS Gorakhpur">AIIMS Gorakhpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/AIIMS_Rae_Bareli" class="mw-redirect" title="AIIMS Rae Bareli">AIIMS Rae Bareli</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Management" title="Indian Institutes of Management">IIM</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Lucknow" title="Indian Institute of Management Lucknow">Lucknow</a><a href="#cite_note-Universities-258">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-IIM-259">[257]</a> Founded in 1845, <a href="/wiki/La_Martiniere_Lucknow" class="mw-redirect" title="La Martiniere Lucknow">La Martinière Girls' College</a> in Lucknow, stands as one of the oldest schools in India.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> Located in Amethi, <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_Institute_of_Petroleum_Technology" title="Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology">Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology</a> (RGIPT), provides education and training in <a href="/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics" title="Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics">STEM</a> fields, particularly emphasizing the petroleum industry. With deemed university status, the RGIPT awards degrees in its own right. <a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_Medical_University" title="King George's Medical University">King George's Medical University</a> (KGMU), located in Lucknow, is an institution for medical education, research, and healthcare services. <a href="/wiki/Integral_University_(Lucknow)" class="mw-redirect" title="Integral University (Lucknow)">The Integral University</a>, a state level institution, was established by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Government of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh Government</a> to provide education in different technical, <a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied science</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">disciplines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-institution-261">[259]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Higher_Tibetan_Studies" title="Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies">Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies</a> was founded as an autonomous organisation by the national <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(India)" title="Ministry of Culture (India)">ministry of culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jagadguru_Rambhadracharya_Handicapped_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University">Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University</a> is the only university established exclusively for the disabled in the world.<a href="#cite_note-jansatta-262">[260]</a> As of 2023, the state has 573 public libraries.<a href="#cite_note-Libraries-263">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-Library_network-264">[262]</a> Established in 1875, <a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad_Library" title="Maulana Azad Library">Maulana Azad Library</a> is one of the oldest and is the largest university library in Asia. <a href="/wiki/Rampur_Raza_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Rampur Raza Library">Rampur Raza Library</a> is a repository of Indo-Islamic cultural heritage established in the last decades of the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-Library_network-264">[262]</a> It was established in 1774 by nawab <a href="/wiki/Faizullah_Khan" title="Faizullah Khan">Faizullah Khan</a> and now an autonomous body under the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture" title="Ministry of Culture">Ministry of Culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-public_libraries-265">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thornhill_Mayne_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Thornhill Mayne Memorial">Thornhill Mayne Memorial</a> also known as Allahabad Public Library, has an approximate collection of 125,000 books, 40 types of magazines, and 28 different newspapers in Hindi, English, Urdu and Bangla and it also contains 21 <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> manuscripts.<a href="#cite_note-Thornhill-266">[264]</a> A large number of Indian scholars are educated at different universities in Uttar Pradesh. Notable scholars who were born, worked or studied in the geographic area of the state include <a href="/wiki/Harivansh_Rai_Bachchan" title="Harivansh Rai Bachchan">Harivansh Rai Bachchan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harish_Chandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Harish Chandra">Harish Chandra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-scholars-267">[265]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Tourism in Uttar Pradesh">Tourism in Uttar Pradesh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Architecture of Uttar Pradesh">Architecture of Uttar Pradesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumbh_Mela_2013_Sangam,_Allahabd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kumbh_Mela_2013_Sangam%2C_Allahabd.jpg/220px-Kumbh_Mela_2013_Sangam%2C_Allahabd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kumbh_Mela_2013_Sangam%2C_Allahabd.jpg/330px-Kumbh_Mela_2013_Sangam%2C_Allahabd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kumbh_Mela_2013_Sangam%2C_Allahabd.jpg/440px-Kumbh_Mela_2013_Sangam%2C_Allahabd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1709" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> at <a href="/wiki/Triveni_Sangam" title="Triveni Sangam">Sangam, Allahabad, 2013</a></figcaption></figure> Uttar Pradesh ranks first in domestic tourist arrivals among all states of India.<a href="#cite_note-Board2010-268">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tourism-269">[267]</a> Some 44,000 foreign tourists arrived in the state in 2021, and almost 110 million domestic tourists.<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> The Taj Mahal attracts some 7 million people a year, earning almost <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>78 <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> (US$9.0 million) in ticket sales in 2018–19.<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> The state is home to three <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites">World Heritage Sites</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a>,<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_tourism" title="Religious tourism">Religious tourism</a> plays a significant role in the state's economy. <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> is a major religious hub and one of the seven sacred cities (<a href="/wiki/Sapta_Puri" title="Sapta Puri">Sapta Puri</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a> is considered to be a holy place for <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hawley-278">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-Madan-279">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shravasti" title="Shravasti">Sravasti</a> generally considered as revered sites in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, believed to be where the Buddha taught many of his <a href="/wiki/Suttas" class="mw-redirect" title="Suttas">Suttas</a> (sermons).<a href="#cite_note-PIB_2019-280">[278]</a> Owing to the belief as to the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a> (Awadh) has been regarded as one of the seven most important pilgrimage sites.<a href="#cite_note-Paramasivan-281">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-AboutDistrict-282">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a> Millions gather at <a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a> to take part in the <a href="/wiki/Magh_Mela" title="Magh Mela">Magh Mela</a> festival on the banks of the Ganges.<a href="#cite_note-MacLean2008-284">[282]</a> This festival is organised on a larger scale every 12th year and is called the <a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a>, where over 10 million Hindu pilgrims congregate in one of the largest gatherings of people in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Magh_Mela-285">[283]</a> Buddhist attractions in Uttar Pradesh include <a href="/wiki/Stupas" class="mw-redirect" title="Stupas">stupas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a>. The historically important towns of <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a> where <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> gave his first sermon after his enlightenment and died at <a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a>; both of which are important pilgrimage sites for <a href="/wiki/Buddhists" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhists">Buddhists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SARNATH-286">[284]</a> Also at Sarnath are the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Ashoka" title="Pillars of Ashoka">Pillars of Ashoka</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka" title="Lion Capital of Ashoka">Lion Capital of Ashoka</a>, both important archaeological artefacts with national significance. At a distance of 80 km (50 miles) from Varanasi, <a href="/wiki/Ghazipur_district" title="Ghazipur district">Ghazipur</a> is famous not only for its <a href="/wiki/Ghat" title="Ghat">Ghats</a> on the Ganges but also for the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Cornwallis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Cornwallis">Lord Cornwallis</a>, the 18th-century Governor of <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> ruled <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>. The tomb is maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Joon-287">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jhansi_Fort" title="Jhansi Fort">Jhansi Fort</a>, located in the city of <a href="/wiki/Jhansi" title="Jhansi">Jhansi</a>, is closely associated with the "First War of Indian Independence", also known as the "Great Rebellion" or the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jhansi_Fort-288">[286]</a> The fort is constructed in accordance with medieval Indian military architecture, featuring thick walls, bastions, and various structures within its complex. The architecture reflects a blend of Hindu and Islamic styles.<a href="#cite_note-UP_Monuments-289">[287]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:215px;max-width:215px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:159px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:District_Hospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/District_Hospital.jpg/213px-District_Hospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/District_Hospital.jpg/320px-District_Hospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/District_Hospital.jpg/426px-District_Hospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">District Hospital, <a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Dehat_district" title="Kanpur Dehat district">Kanpur Dehat</a></div></div></div></div></div> Uttar Pradesh has a mix of <a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_health_care" title="Publicly funded health care">public</a> as well as private healthcare infrastructure. Public healthcare in Uttar Pradesh is provided through a grid of primary health centers, <a href="/wiki/Community_health_centers" class="mw-redirect" title="Community health centers">community health centers</a>, <a href="/wiki/District_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="District hospital">district hospitals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medical_colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical colleges">medical colleges</a>. Although an extensive network of public and private sector healthcare providers has been built, the available <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">health infrastructure</a> is inadequate to meet the demand for health services in the state.<a href="#cite_note-290">[288]</a> In 15 years to 2012–13, the population increased by more than 25 per cent. The public health centres, which are the frontline of the government's health care system, decreased by 8 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-health-291">[289]</a> Smaller sub-centres, the first point of public contact, increased by no more than 2 per cent over the 25 years to 2015, a period when the population grew by more than 51 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-health-291">[289]</a> The state is also facing challenges such as a shortage of healthcare professionals, increasing cost of healthcare, a lack of essential medicines and equipment, the mushrooming of private healthcare and a lack of planning.<a href="#cite_note-WHO-292">[290]</a> The number of doctors registered with State Medical Councils or the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Council_of_India" title="Medical Council of India">Medical Council of India</a> in Uttar Pradesh was 77,549.<a href="#cite_note-Doctors-293">[291]</a> As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uttar_Pradesh&action=edit">[update]</a>, the number of government hospital in rural and urban areas of Uttar Pradesh stood at 4,442 with 39,104 beds and 193 with 37,156 beds respectively. The average population served per government hospital stands at 47,782 individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Hospitals-294">[292]</a> As of December 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uttar_Pradesh&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Out-of-pocket_expense" title="Out-of-pocket expense">Out-of-pocket expenditures</a> in Uttar Pradesh is ₹60,883 crore (US$7.0 billion), highest in India.<a href="#cite_note-OOP-295">[293]</a> A newborn in Uttar Pradesh is expected to live four years fewer than in the neighbouring state of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, five years fewer than in <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> and seven years fewer than in <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>. The state contributed to the largest share of almost all <a href="/wiki/Contagious_disease" title="Contagious disease">communicable</a> and noncommunicable disease deaths, including 48 per cent of all <a href="/wiki/Typhoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoid">typhoid</a> deaths (2014); 17 per cent of cancer deaths and 18 per cent of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> deaths (2015).<a href="#cite_note-health-291">[289]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal mortality">maternal mortality</a> ratio is higher than the national average at 285 maternal deaths for every 100,000 live births (2021), with 64.2 per cent of pregnant women unable to access minimum <a href="/wiki/Ante-natal_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-natal care">ante-natal care</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Maternal-296">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-NITI-297">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mortality-298">[296]</a> Around 42 per cent of pregnant women, more than 1.5 million, <a href="/wiki/Home_birth" title="Home birth">deliver babies at home</a>. About two-thirds (61 per cent) of childbirths at home in the state are unsafe.<a href="#cite_note-Health_and_Family-299">[297]</a> It has the highest <a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">child mortality</a> indicators,<a href="#cite_note-Child_mortality-300">[298]</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal mortality rate">neonatal mortality rate</a> to the under-five mortality rate of 64 children who die per 1,000 live births before five years of age, 35 die within a month of birth, and 50 do not complete a year of life.<a href="#cite_note-Rural-301">[299]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Culture of Uttar Pradesh">Culture of Uttar Pradesh</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_and_literature">Language and literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Languages of Uttar Pradesh">Languages of Uttar Pradesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurukshetra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/220px-Kurukshetra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/330px-Kurukshetra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kurukshetra.jpg/440px-Kurukshetra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kurukshetra" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kurukshetra">battle of Kurukshetra</a>, folio from the Mahabharata</figcaption></figure> Several texts and hymns of the Vedic literature were composed in Uttar Pradesh. Renowned Indian writers who have resided in Uttar Pradesh were <a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a>, who wrote much of his Ram Charit Manas in Varanasi. The festival of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Purnima" title="Guru Purnima">Guru Purnima</a> is dedicated to Sage <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a>, and also known as Vyasa Purnima as it is the day which is believed to be his birthday and also the day he divided the Vedas.<a href="#cite_note-ci-302">[300]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> became the language of state administration with the Uttar Pradesh Official Language Act of 1951.<a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a> A 1989 amendment to the act added <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, as an additional language of the state.<a href="#cite_note-304">[302]</a> Linguistically, the state spreads across the Central, East-Central, and Eastern zones of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo Aryan languages</a>. The major Hindi languages of the state are <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bundeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundeli">Bundeli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannauji" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannauji">Kannauji</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-305">[303]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern Indo Aryan language</a>, is also spoken in the state.<a href="#cite_note-306">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Music of Uttar Pradesh">Music of Uttar Pradesh</a></div> With each district of Uttar Pradesh having its unique music and tradition, traditional folk music in Uttar Pradesh has been categorised in three different ways including music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers and music performed by custom. During the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">medieval</a> period, two distinct types of music began to emerge in Uttar Pradesh. One was the courtly music, which received support from cities like Agra, <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a>, Lucknow, Jaunpur, Varanasi, and <a href="/wiki/Banda,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Banda, Uttar Pradesh">Banda</a>. The other was the religious music stemming from the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti Cult</a>, which thrived in places like Mathura, Vrindavan, and Ayodhya.<a href="#cite_note-Hindustani_Music-307">[305]</a> The popular folk music of Uttar Pradesh includes sohar, which is sung to celebrate the birth of a child. Evolved into the form of semi-classical singing, <a href="/wiki/Kajari" title="Kajari">Kajari</a> sung during the rainy season, and its singing style is closely associated the Benares gharana.<a href="#cite_note-Kajari_Origin-308">[306]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thumri" title="Thumri">Thumri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a> which is a form of <a href="/wiki/Sufi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi poetry">Sufi poetry</a> is popular in the Awadh region, <a href="/wiki/Rasiya" title="Rasiya">Rasiya</a> (especially popular in <a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj</a>), which celebrate the divine love of <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>. <a href="/wiki/Khayal" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayal">Khayal</a> is a form of semi-classical singing which comes from the courts of Awadh. Other forms of music are <a href="/wiki/Biraha" title="Biraha">Biraha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaiti" title="Chaiti">Chaiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chowtal" title="Chowtal">Chowtal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alha-Khand" title="Alha-Khand">Alha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sawani" title="Sawani">Sawani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hindustani_Music-307">[305]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a>, a classical dance form, owes its origin to the state of Uttar Pradesh.<a href="#cite_note-walker100-309">[307]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a> is one of the oldest dramatic folk dances; it depicts the life of the Hindu deity <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> and is performed during festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schechner_Hess_1977-310">[308]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nautanki" title="Nautanki">Nautanki</a> is a traditional form of folk theatre that originated in Uttar Pradesh. It typically portrays a variety of themes ranging from historical and mythological tales to social and political commentary.<a href="#cite_note-Nautanki-311">[309]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Gharana" title="Gharana">gharana</a> dance form, both the <a href="/wiki/Lucknow_gharana" title="Lucknow gharana">Lucknow</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Benares_gharana" title="Benares gharana">Benares</a> gharanas are situated in the state.<a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charkula" title="Charkula">Charkula</a> is popular dance of the Braj region.<a href="#cite_note-313">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fairs_and_festivals">Fairs and festivals</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg/220px-Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg/330px-Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg/440px-Vegetarian_Curry.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Uttar Pradeshi thali with <a href="/wiki/Naan" title="Naan">naan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dal" title="Dal">sultani dal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raita" title="Raita">raita</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shahi_paneer" title="Shahi paneer">shahi paneer</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Chhath" title="Chhath">Chhath Puja</a> is the biggest festival of <a href="/wiki/Purvanchal" title="Purvanchal">eastern Uttar Pradesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[312]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a>, organised in the month of <a href="/wiki/Maagha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maagha">Maagha</a> (February—March), is a major festival held every twelve years in rotation at Prayagraj on the river Ganges.<a href="#cite_note-maclean2003-315">[313]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lathmar_Holi" title="Lathmar Holi">Lathmar Holi</a> is a local celebration of the Hindu festival of <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a>. It takes place well before the actual Holi in the town of <a href="/wiki/Barsana" title="Barsana">Barsana</a> near Mathura.<a href="#cite_note-316">[314]</a> <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahotsav" title="Taj Mahotsav">Taj Mahotsav</a>, held annually at Agra, is a colourful display of the culture of the Braj area.<a href="#cite_note-Braj_Holi-317">[315]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dev_Deepawali_(Varanasi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dev Deepawali (Varanasi)">Ganga Mahotsav</a>, a festival of <a href="/wiki/Kartik_Purnima" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartik Purnima">Kartik Purnima</a>, is celebrated fifteen days after Diwali.<a href="#cite_note-traditions-318">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh">Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughlai cuisine</a> is a style of cooking developed in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> by the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/imperial" class="extiw" title="wikt:imperial">imperial</a> kitchens of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>. It represents the cooking styles used in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>, especially Uttar Pradesh, and has been strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central Asian cuisine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_cuisine" title="Awadhi cuisine">Awadhi cuisine</a> from the city of <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> consists of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. It has been greatly influenced by Mughlai cuisine.<a href="#cite_note-319">[317]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_cuisine" title="Bhojpuri cuisine">Bhojpuri cuisine</a> is a style of food preparation common in the districts located near the Bihar border. Bhojpuri foods are mostly mild and tend to be less hot in terms of spices used. The cuisine consists of both vegetable and meat dishes.<a href="#cite_note-Bhojpuri_Cuisine-320">[318]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of people from Uttar Pradesh">List of people from Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_India" title="Outline of India">Outline of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UP_Gaurav_Samman" title="UP Gaurav Samman">UP Gaurav Samman</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-remark1-140"><a href="#cite_ref-remark1_140-0">^</a> National Sample Survey from July 2017 to June 2018 provides state-wise details of literacy rates among persons aged seven and above. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> One teacher for every 39 students </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UPDay-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UPDay_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UPDay_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/may/02/uttar-pradesh-introduces-new-transfer-policy-1600219.html">"United Province, UP was notified in Union gazette on January 24, 1950"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a>. 2 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170508200722/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/may/02/uttar-pradesh-introduces-new-transfer-policy-1600219.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2017. 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Retrieved 23 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+Advances+in+Indo-Pacific+Prehistory%3A+proceedings+of+the+international+symposium+held+at+Poona&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9004075127&rft.au=Virendra+N.+Misra%2C+Peter+Bellwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgMoJj-0Z94UC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridget_Allchin,_Frank_Raymond_Allchin1982" class="citation book cs1">Bridget Allchin, Frank Raymond Allchin (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&pg=PA58">The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/052128550X" title="Special:BookSources/052128550X"><bdi>052128550X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170325035117/https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&pg=PA58">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Civilization+in+India+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=052128550X&rft.au=Bridget+Allchin%2C+Frank+Raymond+Allchin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr4s-YsP6vcIC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasmukhlal_Dhirajlal_SankaliaShantaram_Bhalchandra_DeoMadhukar_Keshav_Dhavalikar1985" class="citation book cs1">Hasmukhlal Dhirajlal Sankalia; Shantaram Bhalchandra Deo; Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=35DP1Z-2dnYC&pg=PA96">Studies in Indian Archaeology: Professor H.D. Sankalia Felicitation Volume</a>. Popular Prakashan. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0861320882" title="Special:BookSources/978-0861320882"><bdi>978-0861320882</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324205017/https://books.google.com/books?id=35DP1Z-2dnYC&pg=PA96">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Indian+Archaeology%3A+Professor+H.D.+Sankalia+Felicitation+Volume&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0861320882&rft.au=Hasmukhlal+Dhirajlal+Sankalia&rft.au=Shantaram+Bhalchandra+Deo&rft.au=Madhukar+Keshav+Dhavalikar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D35DP1Z-2dnYC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Confidence limits for the age are 85 (±11) and 72 (±8) thousand years ago. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiblingSinhaRoyTandon2008" class="citation journal cs1">Gibling, Sinha; Sinha, Roy; Roy, Tandon; Tandon, Jain; Jain, M (2008). "Quaternary fluvial and eolian deposits on the Belan river, India: paleoclimatic setting of Paleolithic to Neolithic archeological sites over the past 85,000 years". Quaternary Science Reviews. 27 (3–4): 391. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008QSRv...27..391G">2008QSRv...27..391G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2007.11.001">10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.11.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-3791">0277-3791</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129392697">129392697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Quaternary+fluvial+and+eolian+deposits+on+the+Belan+river%2C+India%3A+paleoclimatic+setting+of+Paleolithic+to+Neolithic+archeological+sites+over+the+past+85%2C000+years&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=391&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quascirev.2007.11.001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129392697%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0277-3791&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008QSRv...27..391G&rft.aulast=Gibling&rft.aufirst=Sinha&rft.au=Sinha%2C+Roy&rft.au=Roy%2C+Tandon&rft.au=Tandon%2C+Jain&rft.au=Jain%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_A._R._Kennedy2000" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth A. R. Kennedy (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W6zQHNavWlsC&pg=PA263">God-apes and Fossil Men</a>. University of Michigan Press. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472110136" title="Special:BookSources/0472110136"><bdi>0472110136</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324214237/https://books.google.com/books?id=W6zQHNavWlsC&pg=PA263">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God-apes+and+Fossil+Men&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0472110136&rft.au=Kenneth+A.+R.+Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW6zQHNavWlsC%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridget_Allchin,_Frank_Raymond_Allchin1982" class="citation book cs1">Bridget Allchin, Frank Raymond Allchin (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&pg=PA119">The Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/052128550X" title="Special:BookSources/052128550X"><bdi>052128550X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180303134041/https://books.google.com/books?id=r4s-YsP6vcIC&pg=PA119">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Civilization+in+India+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=052128550X&rft.au=Bridget+Allchin%2C+Frank+Raymond+Allchin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr4s-YsP6vcIC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisra2001" class="citation journal cs1">Misra, V N (November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/article/jbsc/026/04/0491-0531">"Prehistoric human colonization of India"</a>. Journal of Biosciences. 26 (4 Supp). <a href="/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Indian Academy of Sciences">Indian Academy of Sciences</a>: 491–531. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02704749">10.1007/bf02704749</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11779962">11779962</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26248907">26248907</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171007171203/http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/article/jbsc/026/04/0491-0531">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biosciences&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+human+colonization+of+India&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4+Supp&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E491-%3C%2Fspan%3E531&rft.date=2001-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26248907%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11779962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf02704749&rft.aulast=Misra&rft.aufirst=V+N&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ias.ac.in%2Fdescribe%2Farticle%2Fjbsc%2F026%2F04%2F0491-0531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Uttar-Pradesh">"Uttar Pradesh – History"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200401072447/https://www.britannica.com/place/Uttar-Pradesh">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020. <q>A systematic history of India and the area of Uttar Pradesh dates to the end of the 7th century BCE, when 16 mahajanapadas (great states) in northern India were contending for supremacy. Of those, seven fell entirely within the present-day boundaries of Uttar Pradesh.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Uttar+Pradesh+%E2%80%93+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FUttar-Pradesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sen1999-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sen1999_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen1999_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen1999_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen1999_25-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSailendra_Nath_Sen1999" class="citation book cs1">Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA105">Ancient Indian History And Civilization</a>. New Age International. pp. 105–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8122411980" title="Special:BookSources/978-8122411980"><bdi>978-8122411980</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528155843/http://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA105">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+And+Civilization&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-8122411980&rft.au=Sailendra+Nath+Sen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buck2000-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Buck2000_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Buck2000" class="citation book cs1">William Buck (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vvuIp2kqIkMC">Ramayana</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120817203" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120817203"><bdi>978-8120817203</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604213755/http://books.google.com/books?id=vvuIp2kqIkMC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramayana&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8120817203&rft.au=William+Buck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvvuIp2kqIkMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-White2010-27"><a href="#cite_ref-White2010_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_White2010" class="citation book cs1">Richard White (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fHLfiOZVzmMC">The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107005624" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107005624"><bdi>978-1107005624</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528145049/http://books.google.com/books?id=fHLfiOZVzmMC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ground%3A+Indians%2C+Empires%2C+and+Republics+in+the+Great+Lakes+Region%2C+1650%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1107005624&rft.au=Richard+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfHLfiOZVzmMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corporation2007-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Corporation2007_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corporation2007_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_Cavendish_Corporation2007" class="citation book cs1">Marshall Cavendish Corporation (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V1pQkwIXTG0C&pg=PA331">World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia</a>. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 331–335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761476313" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761476313"><bdi>978-0761476313</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605122741/http://books.google.com/books?id=V1pQkwIXTG0C&pg=PA331">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+Eastern+and+Southern+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E331-%3C%2Fspan%3E335&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0761476313&rft.au=Marshall+Cavendish+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV1pQkwIXTG0C%26pg%3DPA331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chopra2003-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chopra2003_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chopra2003_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPran_Nath_Chopra2003" class="citation book cs1">Pran Nath Chopra (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gE7udqBkACwC&pg=PA196">A Comprehensive History of Ancient India</a>. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120725034" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120725034"><bdi>978-8120725034</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528140148/http://books.google.com/books?id=gE7udqBkACwC&pg=PA196">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+Ancient+India&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-8120725034&rft.au=Pran+Nath+Chopra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgE7udqBkACwC%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowman2000-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowman2000_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowman2000_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Stewart_Bowman2000" class="citation book cs1">John Stewart Bowman (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john">Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture</a>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john/page/273">273</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231110044" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231110044"><bdi>978-0231110044</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbia+Chronologies+of+Asian+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0231110044&rft.au=John+Stewart+Bowman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolumbiachronolo00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> The History of India by Kenneth Pletcher p. 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> The City in South Asia by James Heitzman p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2021" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pradyuman (19 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=399UDwAAQBAJ&q=chero+dynasty&pg=PT71">Bihar General Knowledge Digest</a>. Prabhat Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9352667697" title="Special:BookSources/978-9352667697"><bdi>978-9352667697</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bihar+General+Knowledge+Digest&rft.pub=Prabhat+Prakashan&rft.date=2021-01-19&rft.isbn=978-9352667697&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pradyuman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D399UDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dchero%2Bdynasty%26pg%3DPT71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrivastava1929" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ashirbadi_Lal_Srivastava" title="Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava">Srivastava, Ashirvadi Lal</a> (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/sultanateofdelhi001929mbp#page/n5/mode/2up">The Sultanate of Delhi 711–1526 A D</a>. Shiva Lal Agarwala & Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160408110410/https://archive.org/stream/sultanateofdelhi001929mbp#page/n5/mode/2up">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sultanate+of+Delhi+711%E2%80%931526+A+D&rft.pub=Shiva+Lal+Agarwala+%26+Company&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Srivastava&rft.aufirst=Ashirvadi+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fsultanateofdelhi001929mbp%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unesco1998-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Unesco1998_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslamBosworth1998" class="citation book cs1">Islam; Bosworth (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA269">History of Civilizations of Central Asia</a>. UNESCO. pp. 269–291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9231034671" title="Special:BookSources/978-9231034671"><bdi>978-9231034671</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328162944/https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA269#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E291&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-9231034671&rft.au=Islam&rft.au=Bosworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D18eABeokpjEC%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atala-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Atala_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jaunpur.nic.in/tourist-place/atala-masjid/">"Atala Masjid"</a>. District Jaunpur, Government of Uttar Pradesh. 20 June 2017. 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Retrieved 6 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telegraph+India&rft.atitle=The+tomb+of+Ghiyasuddin+Tughlaq&rft.date=2022-07-22&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Rangan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fmy-kolkata%2Fplaces%2Fexploring-the-tomb-of-ghiyasuddin-tughlaq-near-tughlaqabad-fort-in-south-delhi%2Fcid%2F1875958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927121217/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/mughals/">"The Islamic World to 1600: Rise of the Great Islamic Empires (The Mughal Empire)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/mughals/">the original</a> on 27 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+World+to+1600%3A+Rise+of+the+Great+Islamic+Empires+%28The+Mughal+Empire%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucalgary.ca%2Fapplied_history%2Ftutor%2Fislam%2Fempires%2Fmughals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schimmel2004-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Schimmel2004_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnemarie_Schimmel2004" class="citation book cs1">Annemarie Schimmel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne">The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture</a>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1861891853" title="Special:BookSources/978-1861891853"><bdi>978-1861891853</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Great+Mughals%3A+History%2C+Art+and+Culture&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1861891853&rft.au=Annemarie+Schimmel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofgreatmug00anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HindustanHiro2006-40"><a href="#cite_ref-HindustanHiro2006_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabur_(Emperor_of_Hindustan)Dilip_Hiro2006" class="citation book cs1">Babur (Emperor of Hindustan); Dilip Hiro (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VW2HJL689wgC">Babur Nama: Journal of Emperor Babur</a>. Penguin Books India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0144001491" title="Special:BookSources/978-0144001491"><bdi>978-0144001491</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528160214/http://books.google.com/books?id=VW2HJL689wgC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Babur+Nama%3A+Journal+of+Emperor+Babur&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0144001491&rft.au=Babur+%28Emperor+of+Hindustan%29&rft.au=Dilip+Hiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVW2HJL689wgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramirez-Faria2007-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramirez-Faria2007_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlos_Ramirez-Faria2007" class="citation book cs1">Carlos Ramirez-Faria (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&pg=PA171">Concise Encyclopedia of World History</a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8126907755" title="Special:BookSources/978-8126907755"><bdi>978-8126907755</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528155918/http://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&pg=PA171">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+World+History&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8126907755&rft.au=Carlos+Ramirez-Faria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgGKsS-9h4BYC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindustan-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Hindustan_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStronge2012" class="citation book cs1">Stronge, Susan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PVrSYgEACAAJ&q=hindustan+by+mughal">Mughal Hindustan is renowned for its opulence</a>. London: The Arts of the Sikh Kingdoms. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788174366962" title="Special:BookSources/9788174366962"><bdi>9788174366962</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216115741/https://books.google.com/books?id=PVrSYgEACAAJ&dq=hindustan+by+mughal">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mughal+Hindustan+is+renowned+for+its+opulence&rft.place=London&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=The+Arts+of+the+Sikh+Kingdoms&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9788174366962&rft.aulast=Stronge&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPVrSYgEACAAJ%26q%3Dhindustan%2Bby%2Bmughal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agrawal1983-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Agrawal1983_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshvini_Agrawal1983" class="citation book cs1">Ashvini Agrawal (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AZdCrUxFAHEC&pg=PA30">Studies in Mughal History</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 30–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120823266" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120823266"><bdi>978-8120823266</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528153902/http://books.google.com/books?id=AZdCrUxFAHEC&pg=PA30">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Mughal+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-8120823266&rft.au=Ashvini+Agrawal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAZdCrUxFAHEC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Fergus Nicoll, Shah Jahan: The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Emperor (2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayaram2003" class="citation book cs1">Mayaram, Shail (2003). Against history, against state: counterperspectives from the margins Cultures of history. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231127318" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231127318"><bdi>978-0231127318</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+history%2C+against+state%3A+counterperspectives+from+the+margins+Cultures+of+history&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0231127318&rft.aulast=Mayaram&rft.aufirst=Shail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-day-how-the-state-was-born-67-years-back/story-Y2JhCTBIo2UuQYvQSTBNgN.html">"Uttar Pradesh Day: How the state was born 67 years back"</a>. 3 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170503114407/http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/uttar-pradesh-day-how-the-state-was-born-67-years-back/story-Y2JhCTBIo2UuQYvQSTBNgN.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uttar+Pradesh+Day%3A+How+the+state+was+born+67+years+back&rft.date=2017-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Flucknow%2Futtar-pradesh-day-how-the-state-was-born-67-years-back%2Fstory-Y2JhCTBIo2UuQYvQSTBNgN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kudaisya2006-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Kudaisya2006_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGyanesh_Kudaisya1994" class="citation book cs1">Gyanesh Kudaisya (1994). Region, nation, "heartland": Uttar Pradesh in India's body-politic. 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Sivaramakrishnan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TM7oYBG4M04C&pg=PA240">Modern Forests: Statemaking and Environmental Change in Colonial Eastern India</a>. Stanford University Press. pp. 240–276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804745567" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804745567"><bdi>978-0804745567</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528135332/http://books.google.com/books?id=TM7oYBG4M04C&pg=PA240">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Forests%3A+Statemaking+and+Environmental+Change+in+Colonial+Eastern+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E240-%3C%2Fspan%3E276&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0804745567&rft.au=K.+Sivaramakrishnan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTM7oYBG4M04C%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshutosh_Joshi2008" class="citation book cs1">Ashutosh Joshi (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&q=Naini&pg=PA151">Town Planning Regeneration of Cities</a>. New India Publishing. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8189422820" title="Special:BookSources/978-8189422820"><bdi>978-8189422820</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180303134041/https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&pg=PA151&dq=Naini&hl=en&sa=X&ei=CN7OUsznI8yTrgeDwYDgCw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q=Allahabad%20capital&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Town+Planning+Regeneration+of+Cities&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=New+India+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8189422820&rft.au=Ashutosh+Joshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUFaGME0XDBkC%26q%3DNaini%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mukherjee2005-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Mukherjee2005_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudrangshu_Mukherjee2005" class="citation book cs1">Rudrangshu Mukherjee (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-SluAAAAMAAJ">Mangal Pandey: brave martyr or accidental hero?</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143032564" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143032564"><bdi>978-0143032564</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605164801/http://books.google.com/books?id=-SluAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mangal+Pandey%3A+brave+martyr+or+accidental+hero%3F&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0143032564&rft.au=Rudrangshu+Mukherjee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-SluAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-(India)Drake-Brockman1934-51"><a href="#cite_ref-(India)Drake-Brockman1934_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh_(India)D.L._Drake-Brockman1934" class="citation book cs1">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh (India); D.L. Drake-Brockman (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VUNuAAAAMAAJ">District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh: supp.D.Pilibhit District</a>. Supdt., Government Press, United Provinces. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528131217/http://books.google.com/books?id=VUNuAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=District+Gazetteers+of+the+United+Provinces+of+Agra+and+Oudh%3A+supp.D.Pilibhit+District&rft.pub=Supdt.%2C+Government+Press%2C+United+Provinces&rft.date=1934&rft.au=United+Provinces+of+Agra+and+Oudh+%28India%29&rft.au=D.L.+Drake-Brockman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVUNuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chakrabarti1997-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Chakrabarti1997_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDilip_K._Chakrabarti1997" class="citation book cs1">Dilip K. Chakrabarti (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ADZuAAAAMAAJ">Colonial Indology: sociopolitics of the ancient Indian past</a>. Michigan: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8121507509" title="Special:BookSources/978-8121507509"><bdi>978-8121507509</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528140749/http://books.google.com/books?id=ADZuAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Indology%3A+sociopolitics+of+the+ancient+Indian+past&rft.place=Michigan&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-8121507509&rft.au=Dilip+K.+Chakrabarti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DADZuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohn1996-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Cohn1996_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_S._Cohn1996" class="citation book cs1">Bernard S. Cohn (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uIalYaenrTkC">Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691000435" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691000435"><bdi>978-0691000435</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528150524/http://books.google.com/books?id=uIalYaenrTkC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonialism+and+Its+Forms+of+Knowledge%3A+The+British+in+India&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0691000435&rft.au=Bernard+S.+Cohn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuIalYaenrTkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkinson-Weber1999-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson-Weber1999_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClare_M._Wilkinson-Weber1999" class="citation book cs1">Clare M. Wilkinson-Weber (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ChwRC6hQttoC&pg=PA18">Embroidering Lives: Women's Work and Skill in the Lucknow Embroidery Industry</a>. SUNY Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791440872" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791440872"><bdi>978-0791440872</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328164501/https://books.google.com/books?id=ChwRC6hQttoC&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Embroidering+Lives%3A+Women%27s+Work+and+Skill+in+the+Lucknow+Embroidery+Industry&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0791440872&rft.au=Clare+M.+Wilkinson-Weber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DChwRC6hQttoC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lucknow_Bench-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Lucknow_Bench_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathur" class="citation web cs1">Mathur, Prakash Narain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/AHistoryLucknowBenchPNMathur.pdf">"A History of the Lucknow Bench Of The Allahabad High Court"</a> (PDF). Allahabad High Court. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224172749/http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/event/AHistoryLucknowBenchPNMathur.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Lucknow+Bench+Of+The+Allahabad+High+Court&rft.pub=Allahabad+High+Court&rft.aulast=Mathur&rft.aufirst=Prakash+Narain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allahabadhighcourt.in%2Fevent%2FAHistoryLucknowBenchPNMathur.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nair2004-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Nair2004_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Balasankaran_Nair2004" class="citation book cs1">K. Balasankaran Nair (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gujNYPcNETMC">Law of Contempt of Court in India</a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8126903597" title="Special:BookSources/978-8126903597"><bdi>978-8126903597</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528143730/http://books.google.com/books?id=gujNYPcNETMC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+of+Contempt+of+Court+in+India&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8126903597&rft.au=K.+Balasankaran+Nair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgujNYPcNETMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŚekhara2004" class="citation book cs1">Śekhara, Bandyopādhyāya (2004). From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. <a href="/wiki/Orient_Longman" class="mw-redirect" title="Orient Longman">Orient Longman</a>. p. 407. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8125025962" title="Special:BookSources/978-8125025962"><bdi>978-8125025962</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Plassey+to+Partition%3A+A+History+of+Modern+India&rft.pages=407&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8125025962&rft.aulast=%C5%9Aekhara&rft.aufirst=Bandyop%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandyopādhyāya2004" class="citation book cs1">Bandyopādhyāya, Śekhara (2004). From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. <a href="/wiki/Orient_Longman" class="mw-redirect" title="Orient Longman">Orient Longman</a>. p. 406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8125025962" title="Special:BookSources/978-8125025962"><bdi>978-8125025962</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Plassey+to+Partition%3A+A+History+of+Modern+India&rft.pages=406&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8125025962&rft.aulast=Bandyop%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya&rft.aufirst=%C5%9Aekhara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chatterji2006-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Chatterji2006_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBankim_Chandra_Chatterji2006" class="citation book cs1">Bankim Chandra Chatterji (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Gmjn63ogDUC">Anandamath</a>. Orient Paperbacks. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8122201307" title="Special:BookSources/978-8122201307"><bdi>978-8122201307</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528130144/http://books.google.com/books?id=7Gmjn63ogDUC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anandamath&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Orient+Paperbacks&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-8122201307&rft.au=Bankim+Chandra+Chatterji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Gmjn63ogDUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=28">"Uttar Pradesh – States and Union Territories"</a>. Know India: National Portal of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150715014814/http://www.archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=28">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Know+India%3A+National+Portal+of+India&rft.atitle=Uttar+Pradesh+%E2%80%93+States+and+Union+Territories&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.india.gov.in%2Fknowindia%2Fstate_uts.php%3Fid%3D28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whatisindia.com/issues/uttarpra/uttar_general.html">"Uttar Pradesh"</a>. What is India. 22 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012021112/http://www.whatisindia.com/issues/uttarpra/uttar_general.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uttar+Pradesh&rft.pub=What+is+India&rft.date=2007-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whatisindia.com%2Fissues%2Futtarpra%2Futtar_general.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/uttar-pradesh-tops-home-ministry-list-on-communal-violence-114080601639_1.html">"Communal violence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Standard" title="Business Standard">Business Standard</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ananda Publishers">Ananda Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kotak_Mahindra_Bank" title="Kotak Mahindra Bank">Kotak Mahindra Bank</a>. 6 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826115034/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/uttar-pradesh-tops-home-ministry-list-on-communal-violence-114080601639_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=Communal+violence&rft.date=2014-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fcurrent-affairs%2Futtar-pradesh-tops-home-ministry-list-on-communal-violence-114080601639_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-communal_violence-63"><a href="#cite_ref-communal_violence_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcommunal_violence" class="citation news cs1">communal violence, in uttar pradesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140112232933/http://www.tehelka.com/what-led-to-the-muzaffarnagar-communal-riots/">"Communal conflicts in state"</a>. Tehalka. 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Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516065713/https://www.farmech.dac.gov.in/FarmerGuide/UP/index1.html#:~:text=The%20total%20geographical%20area%20of,68.5%25%20of%20cultivable%20area).">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2021. 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Indus Publishing. pp. 102–264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8173870811" title="Special:BookSources/978-8173870811"><bdi>978-8173870811</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528155028/http://books.google.com/books?id=SX7ML4-0oGQC&pg=PA102">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013. 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Upkar Prakashan. pp. 26–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8174824080" title="Special:BookSources/978-8174824080"><bdi>978-8174824080</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605095943/http://books.google.com/books?id=_ce8FpJzR-4C&pg=PA26">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uttar+Pradesh+General+Knowledge&rft.pages=26-&rft.pub=Upkar+Prakashan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8174824080&rft.au=Upkar+Prakashan+%E2%80%93+Editorial+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ce8FpJzR-4C%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Climate_81-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115211430/http://upenvis.nic.in/Database/Climate_861.aspx">"Climate change impacts"</a>. Uttar Pradesh climate department. 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Retrieved 20 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Communal+Violence+Goes+Up+In+Country%2C+Uttar+Pradesh+Still+Tops+List&rft.date=2018-03-14&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Neeta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Fcommunal-violence-goes-up-in-country-uttar-pradesh-still-tops-list-1823917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SBI-168"><a href="#cite_ref-SBI_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sbi.co.in/documents/13958/14472/Ecowrap_20190308.pdf">"Human Development Index Across Indian States: Is the Glass Still Half Empty?"</a> (PDF). 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December 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709020534/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/india_uttar_pradesh_2007.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.atitle=Uttar+Pradesh+Human+Development+Report&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Findia_uttar_pradesh_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-growth-171"><a href="#cite_ref-growth_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-Human-Development-Report-raps-Gujarat-praises-UP-and-Bihar/articleshow/10446060.cms">"India Human Development Report report raps Gujarat, praises UP and Bihar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 22 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131226114722/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-22/india/30310270_1_poor-states-bjp-ruled-states-social-inclusion">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2013. 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Retrieved 7 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=At+23%2C219%2C+UP+reports+highest+number+of+road%2C+rail+accident&rft.date=2017-01-07&rft.aulast=Chauhan&rft.aufirst=Arvind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fagra%2Fat-23219-up-reports-highest-number-of-road-rail-accident-deaths%2Farticleshow%2F56394327.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/an-accident-reported-every-two-hours-in-up-fatal-accidents-in-the-state/story-qfPeclssrDuZGulc7ETNUJ.html">"An accident reported every two hours in UP: Fatal accidents in the state"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170505113620/http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/an-accident-reported-every-two-hours-in-up-fatal-accidents-in-the-state/story-qfPeclssrDuZGulc7ETNUJ.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+accident+reported+every+two+hours+in+UP%3A+Fatal+accidents+in+the+state&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Flucknow%2Fan-accident-reported-every-two-hours-in-up-fatal-accidents-in-the-state%2Fstory-qfPeclssrDuZGulc7ETNUJ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bomb09-178"><a href="#cite_ref-bomb09_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/delhi-blast-raid-at-huji-militant-s-house-in-up_730458.html">"A powerful bomb placed in"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zee_news" class="mw-redirect" title="Zee news">Zee news</a>. 20 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120129235043/http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/delhi-blast-raid-at-huji-militant-s-house-in-up_730458.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+powerful+bomb+placed+in&rft.date=2012-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzeenews.india.com%2Fnews%2Futtar-pradesh%2Fdelhi-blast-raid-at-huji-militant-s-house-in-up_730458.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/07up.htm">"Sankat Mochan Hanuman temple blast"</a>. '<a href="/wiki/Rediff.com" title="Rediff.com">Rediff.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809032928/http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/07up.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%27Rediff.com&rft.atitle=Sankat+Mochan+Hanuman+temple+blast&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fin.rediff.com%2Fnews%2F2006%2Fmar%2F07up.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blast_responsible-180"><a href="#cite_ref-blast_responsible_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/varanasi-blast-18-month-old-killed-25-injured-71186">"Varanasi blast"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a>. 7 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121212033140/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/varanasi-blast-18-month-old-killed-25-injured-71186">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Varanasi+blast&rft.date=2010-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Fvaranasi-blast-18-month-old-killed-25-injured-71186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2007_bombing-181"><a href="#cite_ref-2007_bombing_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwami2007" class="citation news cs1">Swami, Praveen (25 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120126061742/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/25/stories/2007112555861000.htm">"Uttar Pradesh bombings mark new phase"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 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Retrieved 22 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uttar+Pradesh&rft.pub=India+Brand+Equity+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibef.org%2Fstates%2Futtar-pradesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="grow" class="citation news cs1">Sharma, Aman (10 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tourists-up-at-taj-mahal-and-red-fort-but-qutub-minar-loses-its-no-2-spot/articleshow/70152555.cms">"Tourists up at Taj Mahal and Red Fort but Qutub Minar loses its No.2 Spot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_Group" title="The Times Group">The Times Group</a>. Bennett, Coleman & Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200318151817/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tourists-up-at-taj-mahal-and-red-fort-but-qutub-minar-loses-its-no-2-spot/articleshow/70152555.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Tourists+up+at+Taj+Mahal+and+Red+Fort+but+Qutub+Minar+loses+its+No.2+Spot&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Aman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Ftourists-up-at-taj-mahal-and-red-fort-but-qutub-minar-loses-its-no-2-spot%2Farticleshow%2F70152555.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252">"Taj Mahal"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827000214/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Taj+Mahal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/251">"Agra Fort"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100717221242/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/251/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2010. Retrieved 22 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Agra+Fort&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/255">"Fatehpur Sikri"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514052508/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/255">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Fatehpur+Sikri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoubergMoseley2018" class="citation book cs1">Fouberg, Erin H.; Moseley, William G. (2018). Understanding World Geography. New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119473169" title="Special:BookSources/9781119473169"><bdi>9781119473169</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1066742384">1066742384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+World+Geography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1066742384&rft.isbn=9781119473169&rft.aulast=Fouberg&rft.aufirst=Erin+H.&rft.au=Moseley%2C+William+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEck2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diana_Eck" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana Eck">Eck, Diana</a> (2013) [1981]. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521466257" title="Special:BookSources/9780521466257"><bdi>9780521466257</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+in+Banaras&rft.series=Lewis+Henry+Morgan+Lectures&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780521466257&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr10f4uwzcosC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawley-278"><a href="#cite_ref-Hawley_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawley2020" class="citation book cs1">Hawley, John Stratton (2020). Krishna's Playground: Vrindavan in the 21st Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190123987" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190123987"><bdi>978-0190123987</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krishna%27s+Playground%3A+Vrindavan+in+the+21st+Century&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0190123987&rft.aulast=Hawley&rft.aufirst=John+Stratton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madan-279"><a href="#cite_ref-Madan_279-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopal1990" class="citation book cs1">Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada">India through the ages</a>. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/176">176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+through+the+ages&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Publication+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=Madan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiathroughages00mada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PIB_2019-280"><a href="#cite_ref-PIB_2019_280-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPress_Information_Bureau2019" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1653937">"Ministry of Tourism presents its latest webinar on "In the Footsteps of the Buddha" under Dekho Apna Desh Webinar Series"</a>. Press Information Bureau. 7 February 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Information+Bureau&rft.atitle=Ministry+of+Tourism+presents+its+latest+webinar+on+%22In+the+Footsteps+of+the+Buddha%22+under+Dekho+Apna+Desh+Webinar+Series&rft.date=2019-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpib.gov.in%2FPressReleseDetailm.aspx%3FPRID%3D1653937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paramasivan-281"><a href="#cite_ref-Paramasivan_281-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParamasivan2009" class="citation book cs1">Paramasivan, Vasudha (2009). "Yah Ayodhya Vah Ayodhya: Earthly and Cosmic Journeys in the Anand-lahari". In Heidi R. M. Pauwels (ed.). Patronage and Popularisation, Pilgrimage and Procession. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 101–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05723-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05723-3"><bdi>978-3-447-05723-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yah+Ayodhya+Vah+Ayodhya%3A+Earthly+and+Cosmic+Journeys+in+the+Anand-lahari&rft.btitle=Patronage+and+Popularisation%2C+Pilgrimage+and+Procession&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05723-3&rft.aulast=Paramasivan&rft.aufirst=Vasudha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AboutDistrict-282"><a href="#cite_ref-AboutDistrict_282-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ayodhya.nic.in/">"District Ayodhya – Government of Uttar Pradesh: City Of Lord Rama: India"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108190706/https://ayodhya.nic.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=District+Ayodhya+%E2%80%93+Government+of+Uttar+Pradesh%3A+City+Of+Lord+Rama%3A+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fayodhya.nic.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ayodhya.nic.in/about-district/">"About District"</a>. District Ayodhya – Government of Uttar Pradesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109061219/https://ayodhya.nic.in/about-district/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2019. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195338942" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195338942"><bdi>978-0195338942</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527022328/http://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage+and+Power%3A+The+Kumbh+Mela+in+Allahabad%2C+1765%E2%80%931954&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0195338942&rft.aulast=MacLean&rft.aufirst=Kama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMALacgnsroMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magh_Mela-285"><a href="#cite_ref-Magh_Mela_285-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/7222387/pictures-Hindus-gather-for-the-Kumbh-Mela-in-India-and-Maha-Shivaratri-in-Nepal.html">"Hindus gather for the Kumbh Mela at the Ganges in India and Maha Shivaratri in Allahabad"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. 12 February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110127012405/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/7222387/pictures-Hindus-gather-for-the-Kumbh-Mela-in-India-and-Maha-Shivaratri-in-Nepal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2011. 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Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0070706453" title="Special:BookSources/978-0070706453"><bdi>978-0070706453</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528151112/http://books.google.com/books?id=E9YfW2709psC&pg=RA2-PA93">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513977-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513977-8"><bdi>978-0-19-513977-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230427232735/https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&dq=Bhojpuri+eastern+indo+aryan+language&pg=PA481">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2023. 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The Times of India. 16 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122175602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/how-is-awadhi-cuisine-different-from-mughlai-cuisine/photostory/88918225.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=How+is+Awadhi+Cuisine+different+from+Mughlai+Cuisine&rft.date=2022-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Flife-style%2Ffood-news%2Fhow-is-awadhi-cuisine-different-from-mughlai-cuisine%2Fphotostory%2F88918225.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhojpuri_Cuisine-320"><a href="#cite_ref-Bhojpuri_Cuisine_320-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hindi.news18.com/news/bhojpuri-news/footehari-litti-chokha-is-desi-food-of-purvanchal-is-very-tasty-3598250.html">"Bhojpuri: सवाद के सरताज ह फुटेहरी, रउआ सभे खइले जरूर होखब!"</a>. News18 हिंदी (in Hindi). 24 May 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News18+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80&rft.atitle=Bhojpuri%3A+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C+%E0%A4%B9+%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%2C+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%86+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AC%21&rft.date=2021-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhindi.news18.com%2Fnews%2Fbhojpuri-news%2Ffootehari-litti-chokha-is-desi-food-of-purvanchal-is-very-tasty-3598250.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUttar+Pradesh" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <dl><dt>Government</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.up.gov.in/">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uptourism.gov.in/en">Official tourism site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127065629/https://uptourism.gov.in/en">Archived</a> 27 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-district.info/">General information</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=Uttar%20Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/620898">Uttar Pradesh</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Uttar_Pradesh" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Uttar Pradesh">Wikimedia Atlas of Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Uttar_Pradesh32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Uttar Pradesh</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>   </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sudurpashchim_Province" title="Sudurpashchim Province">Sudurpashchim Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lumbini_Province" title="Lumbini Province">Lumbini Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gandaki_Province" title="Gandaki Province">Gandaki Province</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" />   <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />Uttar Pradesh<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Uttar_Pradesh100" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Uttar_Pradesh100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Uttar Pradesh</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x16px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_State_of_Uttar_Pradesh597" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uttar_Pradesh" title="Template:Uttar Pradesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uttar_Pradesh" title="Template talk:Uttar Pradesh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uttar_Pradesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uttar Pradesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x16px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_State_of_Uttar_Pradesh597" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/..Uttar_Pradesh_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/23px-..Uttar_Pradesh_Flag%28INDIA%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/..Uttar_Pradesh_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/35px-..Uttar_Pradesh_Flag%28INDIA%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/..Uttar_Pradesh_Flag%28INDIA%29.png/46px-..Uttar_Pradesh_Flag%28INDIA%29.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="454" /> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uttar Pradesh</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Uttar_Pradesh" title="Category:Uttar Pradesh">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="History of Uttar Pradesh">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Geography of Uttar Pradesh">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Government of Uttar Pradesh">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Culture of Uttar Pradesh">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Architecture of Uttar Pradesh">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Tourism in Uttar Pradesh">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Demographics of Uttar Pradesh">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Education in Uttar Pradesh">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Government of Uttar Pradesh">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Council" title="Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of governors of Uttar Pradesh">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allahabad_High_Court" title="Allahabad High Court">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Police" title="Uttar Pradesh Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Emblem of Uttar Pradesh">Emblem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a> (Central Uttar Pradesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purvanchal" title="Purvanchal">Purvanchal</a> (Eastern Uttar Pradesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Western Uttar Pradesh">Western Uttar Pradesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh">Divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_division" title="Agra division">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligarh_division" title="Aligarh division">Aligarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_division" title="Ayodhya division">Ayodhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azamgarh_division" title="Azamgarh division">Azamgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareilly_division" title="Bareilly division">Bareilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basti_division" title="Basti division">Basti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitrakoot_division" title="Chitrakoot division">Chitrakoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devipatan_division" title="Devipatan division">Devipatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur_division" title="Gorakhpur division">Gorakhpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhansi_division" title="Jhansi division">Jhansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_division" title="Kanpur division">Kanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_division" title="Lucknow division">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerut_division" title="Meerut division">Meerut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirzapur_division" title="Mirzapur division">Mirzapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moradabad_division" title="Moradabad division">Moradabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayagraj_division" title="Prayagraj division">Prayagraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharanpur_division" title="Saharanpur division">Saharanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varanasi_division" title="Varanasi division">Varanasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of districts of Uttar Pradesh">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_district" title="Agra district">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligarh_district" title="Aligarh district">Aligarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_district" title="Ayodhya district">Ayodhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambedkar_Nagar_district" title="Ambedkar Nagar district">Ambedkar Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethi_district" title="Amethi district">Amethi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amroha_district" title="Amroha district">Amroha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auraiya_district" title="Auraiya district">Auraiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azamgarh_district" title="Azamgarh district">Azamgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagpat_district" title="Bagpat district">Bagpat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraich_district" title="Bahraich district">Bahraich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballia_district" title="Ballia district">Ballia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balrampur_district,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh">Balrampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_district,_India" title="Banda district, India">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barabanki_district" title="Barabanki district">Barabanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareilly_district" title="Bareilly district">Bareilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basti_district" title="Basti district">Basti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadohi_district" title="Bhadohi district">Bhadohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijnor_district" title="Bijnor district">Bijnor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budaun_district" title="Budaun district">Budaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulandshahr_district" title="Bulandshahr district">Bulandshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandauli_district" title="Chandauli district">Chandauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitrakoot_district" title="Chitrakoot district">Chitrakoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoria_district" title="Deoria district">Devaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etah_district" title="Etah district">Etah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etawah_district" title="Etawah district">Etawah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrukhabad_district" title="Farrukhabad district">Farrukhabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_district" title="Fatehpur district">Fatehpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozabad_district" title="Firozabad district">Firozabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautam_Buddha_Nagar_district" title="Gautam Buddha Nagar district">Gautam Buddha Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaziabad_district" title="Ghaziabad district">Ghaziabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazipur_district" title="Ghazipur district">Ghazipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonda_district" title="Gonda district">Gonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur_district" title="Gorakhpur district">Gorakhpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamirpur_district,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh">Hamirpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardoi_district" title="Hardoi district">Hardoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hathras_district" title="Hathras district">Hathras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaun_district" title="Jalaun district">Jalaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunpur_district" title="Jaunpur district">Jaunpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhansi_district" title="Jhansi district">Jhansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauj_district" title="Kannauj district">Kannauj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Dehat_district" title="Kanpur Dehat district">Kanpur Dehat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_Nagar_district" title="Kanpur Nagar district">Kanpur Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasganj_district" title="Kasganj district">Kasganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushambi_district" title="Kaushambi district">Kaushambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar_district" title="Kushinagar district">Kushinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhimpur_Kheri_district" title="Lakhimpur Kheri district">Lakhimpur Kheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalitpur_district,_India" title="Lalitpur district, India">Lalitpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_district" title="Lucknow district">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharajganj_district" title="Maharajganj district">Maharajganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahoba_district" title="Mahoba district">Mahoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainpuri_district" title="Mainpuri district">Mainpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathura_district" title="Mathura district">Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_district" title="Mau district">Mau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerut_district" title="Meerut district">Meerut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirzapur_district" title="Mirzapur district">Mirzapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moradabad_district" title="Moradabad district">Moradabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarnagar_district" title="Muzaffarnagar district">Muzaffarnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilibhit_district" title="Pilibhit district">Pilibhit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratapgarh_district,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh">Pratapgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayagraj_district" title="Prayagraj district">Prayagraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raebareli_district" title="Raebareli district">Raebareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampur_district" title="Rampur district">Rampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharanpur_district" title="Saharanpur district">Saharanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambhal_district" title="Sambhal district">Sambhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Kabir_Nagar_district" title="Sant Kabir Nagar district">Sant Kabir Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahjahanpur_district" title="Shahjahanpur district">Shahjahanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamli_district" title="Shamli district">Shamli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravasti_district" title="Shravasti district">Shravasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharthnagar_district" title="Siddharthnagar district">Siddharthnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitapur_district" title="Sitapur district">Sitapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonbhadra_district" title="Sonbhadra district">Sonbhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanpur_district" title="Sultanpur district">Sultanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnao_district" title="Unnao district">Unnao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varanasi_district" title="Varanasi district">Varanasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Uttar_Pradesh_by_population" title="List of cities in Uttar Pradesh by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligarh" title="Aligarh">Aligarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareilly" title="Bareilly">Bareilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaziabad" title="Ghaziabad">Ghaziabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur" title="Gorakhpur">Gorakhpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhansi" title="Jhansi">Jhansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanpur" title="Kanpur">Kanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moradabad" title="Moradabad">Moradabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noida" title="Noida">Noida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharanpur" title="Saharanpur">Saharanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhkatiya_Kala_Khas" title="Adhkatiya Kala Khas">Adhkatiya Kala Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aharak" title="Aharak">Aharak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahiran,_Pindra" title="Ahiran, Pindra">Ahiran, Pindra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahirani,_Pindra" title="Ahirani, Pindra">Ahirani, Pindra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aily" title="Aily">Aily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aitha" title="Aitha">Aitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajaipur" title="Ajaipur">Ajaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhari" title="Akhari">Akhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akorha" title="Akorha">Akorha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaut" title="Amaut">Amaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amawar" title="Amawar">Amawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amilo,_Varanasi" title="Amilo, Varanasi">Amilo, Varanasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araji_Line" title="Araji Line">Araji Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babhanpura" title="Babhanpura">Babhanpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghirua" title="Baghirua">Baghirua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baliakheri" title="Baliakheri">Baliakheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhelupur,_Varanasi" title="Bhelupur, Varanasi">Bhelupura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadpur" title="Chadpur">Chadpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabethuwa" title="Dabethuwa">Dabethuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deorai" title="Deorai">Deorai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshipur" title="Eshipur">Eshipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harora_Aht." title="Harora Aht.">Harora Aht.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harora_Must." title="Harora Must.">Harora Must.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafarabad,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Jafarabad, Uttar Pradesh">Jafarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janakpatti" title="Janakpatti">Janakpatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayapur" title="Jayapur">Jayapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiraon" title="Kathiraon">Kathiraon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanzadipur" title="Khanzadipur">Khanzadipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuri,_Varanasi" title="Kuri, Varanasi">Kuri, Varanasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamhi" title="Lamhi">Lamhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdiganj" title="Mehdiganj">Mehdiganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoolpur" title="Phoolpur">Phoolpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunathpur,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Raghunathpur, Uttar Pradesh">Raghunathpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajesultanpur" title="Rajesultanpur">Rajesultanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifai" title="Saifai">Saifai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisaura" title="Tisaura">Tisaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyaspur" title="Vyaspur">Vyaspur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topics_in_Uttar_Pradesh147" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uttar_Pradesh_topics" title="Template:Uttar Pradesh topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uttar_Pradesh_topics" title="Template talk:Uttar Pradesh topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uttar_Pradesh_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uttar Pradesh topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Topics_in_Uttar_Pradesh147" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Uttar_Pradesh" title="Category:Uttar Pradesh">Topics</a> in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uttar Pradesh</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="History of Uttar Pradesh">History of Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Late Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Dynasty">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunga_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunga Empire">Sunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Awadh" title="Nawab of Awadh"> Nawabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Movement#Rise_of_organized_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Independence Movement"> Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Movement#Independence.2C_1947_to_1950" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Independence Movement"> Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Uttar_Pradesh.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Uttar Pradesh"><img alt="Seal of Uttar Pradesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Seal_of_Uttar_Pradesh.png/100px-Seal_of_Uttar_Pradesh.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Seal_of_Uttar_Pradesh.png/150px-Seal_of_Uttar_Pradesh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Seal_of_Uttar_Pradesh.png/200px-Seal_of_Uttar_Pradesh.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Uttar_Pradesh_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uttar Pradesh"><img alt="Uttar Pradesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Uttar_Pradesh_locator_map.svg/100px-Uttar_Pradesh_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Uttar_Pradesh_locator_map.svg/150px-Uttar_Pradesh_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Uttar_Pradesh_locator_map.svg/200px-Uttar_Pradesh_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="886" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taj Mahal, Agra"><img alt="Taj Mahal, Agra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg/100px-Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg/150px-Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg/200px-Taj_Mahal_in_March_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="1681" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:CharBagh_Lucknow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charbagh, Lucknow"><img alt="Charbagh, Lucknow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/CharBagh_Lucknow.jpg/100px-CharBagh_Lucknow.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/CharBagh_Lucknow.jpg/150px-CharBagh_Lucknow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/CharBagh_Lucknow.jpg/200px-CharBagh_Lucknow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5896" data-file-height="1356" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Geography of Uttar Pradesh">Geography of Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhira_Sanctuary" title="Bakhira Sanctuary">Bakhira Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Chambal_Sanctuary" title="National Chambal Sanctuary">Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Prabha_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandra Prabha Sanctuary">Chandra Prabha Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudhwa_National_Park" title="Dudhwa National Park">Dudhwa National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudhwa_Tiger_Reserve" title="Dudhwa Tiger Reserve">Dudhwa Tiger Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastinapur_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hastinapur Sanctuary">Hastinapur Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachhua_Sanctuary" title="Kachhua Sanctuary">Kachhua Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaimoor_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaimoor Sanctuary">Kaimoor Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarniaghat_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary">Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishanpur_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary">Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakh_Bahosi_Sanctuary" title="Lakh Bahosi Sanctuary">Lakh Bahosi Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Swami_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavir Swami Sanctuary">Mahavir Swami Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabganj_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary">Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhla_Sanctuary" title="Okhla Sanctuary">Okhla Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patna_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Patna Bird Sanctuary">Patna Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilibhit_Tiger_Reserve" title="Pilibhit Tiger Reserve">Pilibhit Tiger Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Saman Sanctuary">Saman Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaspur_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaspur Sanctuary">Samaspur Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Sandi Bird Sanctuary">Sandi Bird Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohagi_Barwa_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sohagi Barwa Wildlife Sanctuary">Sohagi Barwa Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhelva_Sanctuary" title="Suhelva Sanctuary">Suhelva Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetham_Lake" title="Keetham Lake">Sur Sarovar Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijai_Sagar_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijai Sagar Sanctuary">Vijai Sagar Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Climate of Uttar Pradesh">Climate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Government of Uttar Pradesh">Government of Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of governors of Uttar Pradesh">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Vidhan_Parishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Parishad">Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly">Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allahabad_High_Court" title="Allahabad High Court">Allahabad High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Police" title="Uttar Pradesh Police">Uttar Pradesh Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of districts of Uttar Pradesh"> Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Uttar_Pradesh_by_population" title="List of cities in Uttar Pradesh by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_India" title="List of political parties in India">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_local_bodies_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of urban local bodies in Uttar Pradesh">Urban Local Bodies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi languages">Western Hindi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannauji">Kannauji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi languages">Eastern Hindi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_literature" title="Hindi literature">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_literature" title="Bhojpuri literature">Bhojpuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Culture of Uttar Pradesh">Culture of Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga-Jamuni_tehzeeb" title="Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb">Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Music of Uttar Pradesh">Music of Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani classical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music and dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Music of Uttar Pradesh">Music of Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_classical_music" title="Hindustani classical music">Hindustani classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautanki" title="Nautanki">Nautanki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Economy of Uttar Pradesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_State_Board_of_High_School_and_Intermediate_Education" title="Uttar Pradesh State Board of High School and Intermediate Education">Uttar Pradesh State Board of High School and Intermediate Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_cricket_team" title="Uttar Pradesh cricket team">Uttar Pradesh cricket team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_agglomerations_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of urban agglomerations in Uttar Pradesh">List of urban agglomerations in Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Uttar_Pradesh_by_population" title="List of cities in Uttar Pradesh by population">List of cities in Uttar Pradesh by population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hydrography_of_Uttar_Pradesh91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hydrography_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Template:Hydrography of Uttar Pradesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hydrography_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Template talk:Hydrography of Uttar Pradesh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hydrography_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hydrography of Uttar Pradesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hydrography_of_Uttar_Pradesh91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uttar Pradesh</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaghara_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaghara River">Ghaghara or Karnali</a> (Sarayu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North flowing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betwa_River" title="Betwa River">Betwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambal_River" title="Chambal River">Chambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhasan_River" title="Dhasan River">Dhasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamni_River" title="Jamni River">Jamni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanhar_River" title="Kanhar River">Kanhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmanasa_River" title="Karmanasa River">Karmanasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_River" title="Ken River">Ken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rihand_River" title="Rihand River">Rihand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_River" title="Sindh River">Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Son River">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamsa_River" title="Tamsa River">Tamsa or Tons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South flowing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assi_River" title="Assi River">Assi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babai_River" title="Babai River">Babai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaula_River_(India)" title="Gaula River (India)">Gaula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomti_River" title="Gomti River">Gomti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindon_River" title="Hindon River">Hindon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_River_(Uttar_Pradesh)" title="Kali River (Uttar Pradesh)">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukarail_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kukarail River">Kukrail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramganga" title="Ramganga">Ramganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohni_River" title="Rohni River">Rohni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharda_River" title="Sharda River">Sharda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna_River" title="Varuna River">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Rapti_River" title="West Rapti River">West Rapti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barua_Sagar_Tal" title="Barua Sagar Tal">Barua Sagar Tal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belasagar_Lake" title="Belasagar Lake">Belasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaura_Jheel" title="Chittaura Jheel">Chittaura Jheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetham_Lake" title="Keetham Lake">Keetham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Jheel" title="Moti Jheel">Moti Jheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ka_Tal" title="Raja Ka Tal">Raja Ka Tal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulhar_Lake" title="Phulhar Lake">Phulhar Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Dams and barrages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Barrage" title="Ganges Barrage">Ganges Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matatila_Dam" title="Matatila Dam">Matatila Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parichha_Dam" title="Parichha Dam">Parichha Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajghat_Dam" title="Rajghat Dam">Rajghat Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rihand_Dam" title="Rihand Dam">Rihand Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sharda_Barrage" title="Lower Sharda Barrage">Lower Sharda Barrage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Canals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Canal" title="Ganges Canal">Ganges Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Canal" title="Agra Canal">Agra Canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Bridges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malviya_Bridge" title="Malviya Bridge">Malviya Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahi_Bridge" title="Shahi Bridge">Shahi Bridge, Jaunpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aciravati" class="mw-redirect" title="Aciravati">Aciravati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmanwati" class="mw-redirect" title="Charmanwati">Charmanwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarasvati_River" title="Sarasvati River">Sarasvati River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triveni_Sangam" title="Triveni Sangam">Triveni Sangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Doab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_in_Uttar_Pradesh112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Template:Protected areas in Uttar Pradesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_areas_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Template talk:Protected areas in Uttar Pradesh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_areas_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protected areas in Uttar Pradesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protected_areas_in_Uttar_Pradesh112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Protected areas in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uttar Pradesh</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dudhwa_National_Park" title="Dudhwa National Park">Dudhwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wildlife sanctuaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakhira_Sanctuary" title="Bakhira Sanctuary">Bakhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Prabha_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Chandra Prabha Wildlife Sanctuary">Chandra Prabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastinapur_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Hastinapur Wildlife Sanctuary">Hastinapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachhua_Sanctuary" title="Kachhua Sanctuary">Kachhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaimoor_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Kaimoor Wildlife Sanctuary">Kaimoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakh_Bahosi_Sanctuary" title="Lakh Bahosi Sanctuary">Lake Bahosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Swami_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Mahavir Swami Wildlife Sanctuary">Mahavir Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Chambal_Sanctuary" title="National Chambal Sanctuary">National Chambal (Gharial)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabganj_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary">Nawabghanj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhla_Sanctuary" title="Okhla Sanctuary">Okhla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati_Arga_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Parvati Arga Bird Sanctuary">Parvati Arga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patna_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Patna Bird Sanctuary">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranipur_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Ranipur Wildlife Sanctuary">Ranipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Saman Bird Sanctuary">Saman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaspur_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Samaspur Bird Sanctuary">Samaspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Sandi Bird Sanctuary">Sandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohagi_Barwa_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sohagi Barwa Wildlife Sanctuary">Sohagi Barwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhelva_Sanctuary" title="Suhelva Sanctuary">Shuhelva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Sarovar_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sur Sarovar Sanctuary">Sur Sarovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surha_Tal" title="Surha Tal">Suraha Tal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijai_Sagar_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Vijai Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary">Vijai Sagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tiger Reserves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dudhwa_Tiger_Reserve" title="Dudhwa Tiger Reserve">Dudhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilibhit_Tiger_Reserve" title="Pilibhit Tiger Reserve">Pilibhit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_India" title="Protected areas of India">Protected areas of India</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu_temples_in_Uttar_Pradesh549" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_temples_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Template:Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_temples_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Template talk:Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_temples_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu_temples_in_Uttar_Pradesh549" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a> in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uttar Pradesh</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saharanpur_division" title="Saharanpur division">Saharanpur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakumbhri_Devi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakumbhri Devi">Shakumbhri Devi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meerut_division" title="Meerut division">Meerut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belon_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Belon Temple">Belon Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikri_Mata_Temple" title="Sikri Mata Temple">Sikri Mata Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mathura_district" title="Mathura district">Mathura</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banke_Bihari_Temple" title="Banke Bihari Temple">Banke Bihari Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daan-Ghati" title="Daan-Ghati">Daan-Ghati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkadhish_Temple,_Mathura" title="Dwarkadhish Temple, Mathura">Dwarkadhish Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmasthan_Temple_Complex" title="Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex">Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISKCON_Temple,_Vrindavan" title="ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan">ISKCON Temple, Vrindavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankameshwar_Temple" title="Mankameshwar Temple">Mankameshwar Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Mandir,_Vrindavan" title="Prem Mandir, Vrindavan">Prem Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrindavan_Chandrodaya_Temple" title="Vrindavan Chandrodaya Temple">Vrindavan Chandrodaya Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Madan_Mohan_Temple,_Vrindavan" title="Radha Madan Mohan Temple, Vrindavan">Madan Mohan Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Raman_Temple,_Vrindavan" title="Radha Raman Temple, Vrindavan">Radha Raman Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur_division" title="Gorakhpur division">Gorakhpur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorakhnath_Math" title="Gorakhnath Math">Gorakhnath Math</a></li> <li>Krishna Mandir, Barohiya</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kanpur_division" title="Kanpur division">Kanpur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhitargaon" title="Bhitargaon">Bhitargaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JK_Temple" title="JK Temple">JK Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_division" title="Lucknow division">Lucknow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gola_Gokaran_Nath_Temple" title="Gola Gokaran Nath Temple">Gola Gokaran Nath Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_division" title="Ayodhya division">Ayodhya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Garhi_Temple" title="Hanuman Garhi Temple">Hanuman Garhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_Baba_Mandir" title="Lodi Baba Mandir">Lodi Baba Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandmahar_Dham" title="Nandmahar Dham">Nandmahar Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgan_Dham_Temple" title="Durgan Dham Temple">Durgan Dham Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mata_Mawai_Dham" title="Mata Mawai Dham">Mata Mawai Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulta_Gadha_Dham" title="Ulta Gadha Dham">Ulta Gadha Dham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jhansi_division" title="Jhansi division">Jhansi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarai-ka-Math" title="Jarai-ka-Math">Jarai-ka-Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelkantheshwar" title="Neelkantheshwar">Neelkantheshwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prayagraj_division" title="Prayagraj division">Prayagraj</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alopi_Devi_Mandir" title="Alopi Devi Mandir">Alopi Devi Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Someshwar_Mahadev_Temple" title="Someshwar Mahadev Temple">Someshwar Mahadev Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varanasi_division" title="Varanasi division">Varanasi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Devi_Mandir" title="Annapurna Devi Mandir">Annapurna Devi Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Keenaram_Sthal" title="Baba Keenaram Sthal">Baba Keenaram Sthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Mata_Mandir" title="Bharat Mata Mandir">Bharat Mata Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Mandir,_Ramnagar" title="Durga Mandir, Ramnagar">Durga Mandir (Ramnagar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Mandir,_Varanasi" title="Durga Mandir, Varanasi">Durga Mandir (Varanasi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaal_Bhairav_Mandir,_Varanasi" title="Kaal Bhairav Mandir, Varanasi">Kaal Bhairav Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashi_Vishwanath_Temple" title="Kashi Vishwanath Temple">Kashi Vishwanath Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalita_Gauri_Mandir" title="Lalita Gauri Mandir">Lalita Gauri Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrityunjay_Mahadev_Mandir" title="Mrityunjay Mahadev Mandir">Mrityunjay Mahadev Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Mandir" title="Nepali Mandir">Nepali Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankat_Mochan_Hanuman_Temple" title="Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple">Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankata_Devi_Mandir" title="Sankata Devi Mandir">Sankata Devi Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Tilbhandeshwar_Mahadev_Mandir" title="Shri Tilbhandeshwar Mahadev Mandir">Shri Tilbhandeshwar Mahadev Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Vishwanath_Mandir" title="Shri Vishwanath Mandir">Vishwanath Mandir (BHU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Manas_Mandir" title="Tulsi Manas Mandir">Tulsi Manas Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishalakshi_Temple" title="Vishalakshi Temple">Vishalakshi Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mirzapur_division" title="Mirzapur division">Mirzapur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vindhyachal" title="Vindhyachal">Vindhyachal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capitals in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_states_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Proposed states and union territories of India">Proposed states and union territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_Indian_regions" title="Category:Historical Indian regions">Historical Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidencies_of_British_India" title="Category:Presidencies of British India">British Provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Uttar Pradesh at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Uttar_Pradesh" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Uttar Pradesh">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Uttar_Pradesh" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Uttar Pradesh">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Uttar_Pradesh" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Uttar Pradesh">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" class="extiw" title="q:Uttar Pradesh">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Uttar_Pradesh" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Uttar Pradesh">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Uttar_Pradesh" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Uttar Pradesh">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Uttar_Pradesh" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Uttar Pradesh">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" class="extiw" title="voy:Uttar Pradesh">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498" class="extiw" title="d:Q1498">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1364" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1364" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/237706282">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4062226-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80125998">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119463735">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119463735">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0084211&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007559777705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/842ce4dd-4e61-420d-aabf-f3005487ce60">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1289683">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uttar_Pradesh&oldid=1276282500">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uttar_Pradesh&oldid=1276282500</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Uttar_Pradesh" title="Category:Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:North_India" 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