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href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaminpassiar" title="Kaminpassiar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kaminpassiar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamingespr%C3%A4ch" title="Kamingespräch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kamingespräch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeries_au_coin_du_feu" title="Causeries au coin du feu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Causeries au coin du feu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of radio broadcasts by United States president Franklin D. Roosevelt</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Australian TV program called Fireside Chat, see <a href="/wiki/Planet_America" title="Planet America">Planet America</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Fireside chat</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR-March-12-1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/FDR-March-12-1933.jpg/240px-FDR-March-12-1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/FDR-March-12-1933.jpg/360px-FDR-March-12-1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/FDR-March-12-1933.jpg/480px-FDR-March-12-1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1624" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> delivered his first fireside chat, on the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a>, eight days after taking office (March 12, 1933).</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">March 12, 1933 – June 12, 1944<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1933-03-12</span> – <span class="dtend">1944-06-12</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">11–44 minutes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">30 Presidential radio addresses</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Participants</th><td class="infobox-data attendee" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>fireside chats</b> were a series of evening <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> addresses given by <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, the 32nd <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>, between 1933 and 1944. Roosevelt spoke with familiarity to millions of Americans about recovery from the Great Depression, the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a> in response to the banking crisis, the <a href="/wiki/Recession_of_1937%E2%80%9338" class="mw-redirect" title="Recession of 1937–38">1936 recession</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> initiatives, and the <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">course of World War II</a>. On radio, he quelled rumors, countered conservative-dominated newspapers, and explained his policies directly to the American people. His tone and demeanor communicated self-assurance during times of despair and uncertainty. Roosevelt was regarded as an effective communicator on radio, and the fireside chats kept him in high public regard throughout his presidency. Their introduction was later described as a "revolutionary experiment with a nascent media platform."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The series of chats were among the first 50 recordings made part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Recording_Registry" title="National Recording Registry">National Recording Registry</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, which noted it as "an influential series of radio broadcasts in which Roosevelt utilized the media to present his programs and ideas directly to the public and thereby redefined the relationship between President Roosevelt and the American people in 1933." </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireside_chats&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NBC_microphone,_National_Museum_of_American_History.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/NBC_microphone%2C_National_Museum_of_American_History.jpg/260px-NBC_microphone%2C_National_Museum_of_American_History.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/NBC_microphone%2C_National_Museum_of_American_History.jpg/390px-NBC_microphone%2C_National_Museum_of_American_History.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/NBC_microphone%2C_National_Museum_of_American_History.jpg/520px-NBC_microphone%2C_National_Museum_of_American_History.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>NBC microphone used for Roosevelt's fireside chat radio broadcasts</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It cannot misrepresent or misquote. It is far-reaching and simultaneous in releasing messages given for transmission to the nation or for international consumption.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Early" title="Stephen Early">Stephen Early</a>, Roosevelt's press secretary, on the value of radio<sup id="cite_ref-Reedy_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reedy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 154">: 154 </span></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Roosevelt believed that his administration's success depended upon a favorable dialogue with the electorate, possible only through methods of mass communication, and that it would allow him to take the initiative. The use of radio for direct appeals was perhaps the most important of Roosevelt's innovations in political communication.<sup id="cite_ref-Reedy_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reedy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 153">: 153 </span></sup> Roosevelt's opponents had control of most newspapers in the 1930s and press reports were under their control and involved their editorial commentary. Historian Betty Houchin Winfield says, "He and his advisers worried that newspapers' biases would affect the news columns and rightly so."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Douglas B. Craig says that Roosevelt "offered voters a chance to receive information unadulterated by newspaper proprietors' bias" through the new medium of radio.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Roosevelt first used what would become known as fireside chats in 1929 as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burns_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burns-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt was a Democrat facing a conservative Republican legislature, so during each legislative session he would occasionally address the residents of New York directly.<sup id="cite_ref-Storm_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Storm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His third gubernatorial address—April 3, 1929, on <a href="/wiki/WGY_(AM)" title="WGY (AM)">WGY</a> radio—is cited by Roosevelt biographer <a href="/wiki/Frank_Freidel" title="Frank Freidel">Frank Freidel</a> as being the first fireside chat.<sup id="cite_ref-Storm_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Storm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style></p><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Fireside_Chat_1_On_the_Banking_Crisis_(March_12,_1933)_Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt.ogg" title="File:Fireside Chat 1 On the Banking Crisis (March 12, 1933) Franklin Delano Roosevelt.ogg">Fireside Chat 1 On the Banking Crisis</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="789" data-mwtitle="Fireside_Chat_1_On_the_Banking_Crisis_(March_12,_1933)_Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Fireside_Chat_1_On_the_Banking_Crisis_%28March_12%2C_1933%29_Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Fireside_Chat_1_On_the_Banking_Crisis_%28March_12%2C_1933%29_Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt.ogg/Fireside_Chat_1_On_the_Banking_Crisis_%28March_12%2C_1933%29_Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AFireside_Chat_1_On_the_Banking_Crisis_%28March_12%2C_1933%29_Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Roosevelt's first fireside chat on the Banking Crisis (March 12, 1933)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>As president, Roosevelt began making the informal addresses on March 12, 1933, eight days after his inauguration. He had spent his first week coping with a month-long epidemic of <a href="/wiki/Bank_run" title="Bank run">bank closings</a> that was hurting families nationwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Radio_Digest_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radio_Digest-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 78">: 78 </span></sup> He closed the entire American banking system on March 6. On March 9, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a>, which Roosevelt used to effectively create <a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Deposit_insurance" title="Deposit insurance">deposit insurance</a> when the banks reopened.<sup id="cite_ref-Silber_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silber-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 10 p.m. ET that Sunday night, on the eve of the end of the bank holiday, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Roosevelt%27s_Fireside_Chat,_12_March_1933" class="extiw" title="s:Roosevelt's Fireside Chat, 12 March 1933">Roosevelt spoke</a> to a radio audience of more than 60 million people, to tell them in clear language "what has been done in the last few days, why it was done, and what the next steps are going to be".<sup id="cite_ref-Radio_Digest_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radio_Digest-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 78–79">: 78–79 </span></sup> </p><p>The result, according to economic historian <a href="/wiki/William_L._Silber" title="William L. Silber">William L. Silber</a>, was a "remarkable turnaround in the public's confidence...The contemporary press confirms that the public recognized the implicit guarantee and, as a result, believed that the reopened banks would be safe, as the President explained in his first Fireside Chat." Within two weeks people returned more than half of the cash they had been hoarding, and the first stock-trading day after the bank holiday marked the largest-ever one-day percentage price increase.<sup id="cite_ref-Silber_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silber-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "fireside chat" was inspired by a statement by Roosevelt's press secretary, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Early" title="Stephen Early">Stephen Early</a>, who said that the president liked to think of the audience as a few people seated around his fireside. One of the things is that listeners could see Roosevelt in his study, in front of the fireplace, and imagine they were sitting beside him.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 57–58">: 57–58 </span></sup> The term was coined by <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> broadcast executive <a href="/wiki/Harry_C._Butcher" title="Harry C. Butcher">Harry C. Butcher</a> of the network's Washington, D.C., office,<sup id="cite_ref-Dunning_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunning-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a press release before the address of May 7, 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-Buhite_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buhite-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase has often been credited to CBS journalist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Trout" title="Robert Trout">Robert Trout</a>, but he said he was simply the first to use the phrase on the air.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title was picked up by the press and public and later used by Roosevelt himself,<sup id="cite_ref-Buhite_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buhite-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> becoming part of American folklore.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunning_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunning-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presentation">Presentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireside_chats&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Presentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Second_Bill_of_Rights_Speech.ogv/260px-seek%3D10-Second_Bill_of_Rights_Speech.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="200" data-durationhint="95" data-mwtitle="Second_Bill_of_Rights_Speech.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Second_Bill_of_Rights_Speech.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Second_Bill_of_Rights_Speech.ogv/Second_Bill_of_Rights_Speech.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="470" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Second_Bill_of_Rights_Speech.ogv/Second_Bill_of_Rights_Speech.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="470" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/Second_Bill_of_Rights_Speech.ogv/Second_Bill_of_Rights_Speech.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="312" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Second_Bill_of_Rights_Speech.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="469" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASecond_Bill_of_Rights_Speech.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASecond_Bill_of_Rights_Speech.ogv&lang=sk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sk" label="slovenčina ‪(sk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Bill_of_Rights_Speech.ogv" title="File:Second Bill of Rights Speech.ogv">Filmed excerpt</a> of the fireside chat on the State of the Union (January 11, 1944),<sup id="cite_ref-FC_28_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC_28-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which Roosevelt discusses a <a href="/wiki/Second_Bill_of_Rights" title="Second Bill of Rights">Second Bill of Rights</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is whispered by some that only by abandoning our freedom, our ideals, our way of life, can we build our defenses adequately, can we match the strength of the aggressors. ... I do not share these fears.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Roosevelt%27s_Fireside_Chat,_26_May_1940" class="extiw" title="s:Roosevelt's Fireside Chat, 26 May 1940">Roosevelt's fireside chat of May 26, 1940</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Roosevelt customarily made his address from the <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Reception_Room_(White_House)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic Reception Room (White House)">Diplomatic Reception Room</a> of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. He would arrive 15 minutes before air time to welcome members of the press, including radio and newsreel correspondents. <a href="/wiki/NBC_Red_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="NBC Red Network">NBC</a> White House announcer Carleton E. Smith gave him a simple introduction: "Ladies and gentlemen, the President of the United States." Roosevelt most often began his talks with the words, "My friends" or "My fellow Americans", and he read his speech from a loose-leaf binder.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunning_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunning-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presidential advisor and speechwriter <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rosenman" title="Samuel Rosenman">Samuel Rosenman</a> recalled his use of common analogies and his care in avoiding dramatic oratory: "He looked for words that he would use in an informal conversation with one or two of his friends."<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58">: 58 </span></sup> Eighty percent of the words used were in the thousand <a href="/wiki/Most_commonly_used_words_in_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Most commonly used words in the English language">most commonly used words in the English language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mankowski_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mankowski-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The radio historian <a href="/wiki/John_Dunning_(radio_historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dunning (radio historian)">John Dunning</a> wrote that "It was the first time in history that a large segment of the population could listen directly to a chief executive, and the chats are often credited with helping keep Roosevelt's popularity high."<sup id="cite_ref-Dunning_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunning-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each radio address went through about a dozen drafts. Careful attention was also given to Roosevelt's delivery. When he realized that a slight whistle was audible on the air due to a separation between his two front lower teeth, Roosevelt had a removable bridge made.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 58">: 58 </span></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt is regarded as one of the most effective communicators in radio history.<sup id="cite_ref-Dunning_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dunning-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the fireside chats are often thought of as having been a weekly event, Roosevelt in fact delivered just 31 addresses<sup id="cite_ref-Mankowski_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mankowski-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during his 4,422-day presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-Skeens_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skeens-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He resisted those who encouraged him to speak on radio more frequently, as shown in his response to <a href="/wiki/Russell_Cornell_Leffingwell" title="Russell Cornell Leffingwell">Russell Leffingwell</a> after the address of February 23, 1942: </p> <blockquote><p>The one thing I dread is that my talks should be so frequent as to lose their effectiveness. ... Every time I talk over the air it means four or five days of long, overtime work in the preparation of what I say. Actually, I cannot afford to take this time away from more vital things. I think we must avoid too much personal leadership—my good friend <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> has suffered a little from this.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 319–320">: 319–320 </span></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery">Gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireside_chats&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR-June-28-1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fireside chat on the merits of the recovery program (June 28, 1934)"><img alt="Fireside chat on the merits of the recovery program (June 28, 1934)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/FDR-June-28-1934.jpg/338px-FDR-June-28-1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/FDR-June-28-1934.jpg/507px-FDR-June-28-1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/FDR-June-28-1934.jpg/677px-FDR-June-28-1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4340" data-file-height="3080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fireside chat on the merits of the recovery program <span class="nowrap">(June 28, 1934)</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 207.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR-September-30-1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fireside chat on government and capitalism (September 30, 1934)"><img alt="Fireside chat on government and capitalism (September 30, 1934)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/FDR-September-30-1934.jpg/308px-FDR-September-30-1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/FDR-September-30-1934.jpg/462px-FDR-September-30-1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/FDR-September-30-1934.jpg/616px-FDR-September-30-1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2680" data-file-height="2088" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fireside chat on government and capitalism <span class="nowrap">(September 30, 1934)</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR-April-28-1935-side.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fireside chat on the WPA and the Social Security Act (April 28, 1935)"><img alt="Fireside chat on the WPA and the Social Security Act (April 28, 1935)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/FDR-April-28-1935-side.jpg/295px-FDR-April-28-1935-side.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/FDR-April-28-1935-side.jpg/442px-FDR-April-28-1935-side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/FDR-April-28-1935-side.jpg/589px-FDR-April-28-1935-side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3386" data-file-height="2760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fireside chat on the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">WPA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Act" title="Social Security Act">Social Security Act</a> <span class="nowrap">(April 28, 1935)</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR-September-6-1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fireside chat on drought conditions and labor (September 6, 1936)"><img alt="Fireside chat on drought conditions and labor (September 6, 1936)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/FDR-September-6-1936.jpg/282px-FDR-September-6-1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/FDR-September-6-1936.jpg/424px-FDR-September-6-1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/FDR-September-6-1936.jpg/565px-FDR-September-6-1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fireside chat on drought conditions and labor <span class="nowrap">(September 6, 1936)</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio-Press-Fireside-Chat-1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Radio press at fireside chat (September 3, 1939)"><img alt="Radio press at fireside chat (September 3, 1939)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Radio-Press-Fireside-Chat-1939.jpg/205px-Radio-Press-Fireside-Chat-1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Radio-Press-Fireside-Chat-1939.jpg/308px-Radio-Press-Fireside-Chat-1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Radio-Press-Fireside-Chat-1939.jpg/411px-Radio-Press-Fireside-Chat-1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3770" data-file-height="4405" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Radio press at fireside chat <span class="nowrap">(September 3, 1939)</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 197.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newsreel-Press-Fireside-Chat-1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Newsreel cameras at fireside chat (September 3, 1939)"><img alt="Newsreel cameras at fireside chat (September 3, 1939)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Newsreel-Press-Fireside-Chat-1939.jpg/293px-Newsreel-Press-Fireside-Chat-1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Newsreel-Press-Fireside-Chat-1939.jpg/440px-Newsreel-Press-Fireside-Chat-1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Newsreel-Press-Fireside-Chat-1939.jpg/586px-Newsreel-Press-Fireside-Chat-1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4626" data-file-height="3790" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Newsreel cameras at fireside chat <span class="nowrap">(September 3, 1939)</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR-September-11-1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fireside chat on maintaining freedom of the seas (September 11, 1941). The black armband signifies his mourning the death of his mother, Sara Delano Roosevelt."><img alt="Fireside chat on maintaining freedom of the seas (September 11, 1941). The black armband signifies his mourning the death of his mother, Sara Delano Roosevelt." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/FDR-September-11-1941.jpg/315px-FDR-September-11-1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/FDR-September-11-1941.jpg/473px-FDR-September-11-1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/FDR-September-11-1941.jpg/630px-FDR-September-11-1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2862" data-file-height="2180" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fireside chat on maintaining freedom of the seas <span class="nowrap">(September 11, 1941).</span> The black armband signifies his mourning the death of his mother, <a href="/wiki/Sara_Roosevelt" title="Sara Roosevelt">Sara Delano Roosevelt</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 237.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 235.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR-Map-1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fireside chat on the progress of the war (February 23, 1942)"><img alt="Fireside chat on the progress of the war (February 23, 1942)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/FDR-Map-1942.jpg/353px-FDR-Map-1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/FDR-Map-1942.jpg/529px-FDR-Map-1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/FDR-Map-1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="436" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fireside chat on the progress of the war <span class="nowrap">(February 23, 1942)</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 254.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 252.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR-December-24-1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fireside chat on the Tehran Conference and Cairo Conference (December 24, 1943)[16]"><img alt="Fireside chat on the Tehran Conference and Cairo Conference (December 24, 1943)[16]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/FDR-December-24-1943.jpg/379px-FDR-December-24-1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="253" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/FDR-December-24-1943.jpg/568px-FDR-December-24-1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/FDR-December-24-1943.jpg/758px-FDR-December-24-1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2928" data-file-height="1856" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fireside chat on the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference" title="Cairo Conference">Cairo Conference</a> <span class="nowrap">(December 24, 1943)</span><sup id="cite_ref-FC_27_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC_27-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 236px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 234px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR-January-11-1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fireside chat on the State of the Union (January 11, 1944)[13]"><img alt="Fireside chat on the State of the Union (January 11, 1944)[13]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/FDR-January-11-1944.jpg/351px-FDR-January-11-1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/FDR-January-11-1944.jpg/526px-FDR-January-11-1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/FDR-January-11-1944.jpg/701px-FDR-January-11-1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2920" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fireside chat on the State of the Union <span class="nowrap">(January 11, 1944)</span><sup id="cite_ref-FC_28_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC_28-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronological_list_of_addresses">Chronological list of addresses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireside_chats&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chronological list of addresses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ww1646-25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ww1646-25.jpg/220px-Ww1646-25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ww1646-25.jpg/330px-Ww1646-25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ww1646-25.jpg/440px-Ww1646-25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="3696" /></a><figcaption>Poster quoting Roosevelt's fireside chat of December 9, 1941</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal-Mines-Administration-FDR-Fireside-Chat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coal-Mines-Administration-FDR-Fireside-Chat.jpg/220px-Coal-Mines-Administration-FDR-Fireside-Chat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coal-Mines-Administration-FDR-Fireside-Chat.jpg/330px-Coal-Mines-Administration-FDR-Fireside-Chat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coal-Mines-Administration-FDR-Fireside-Chat.jpg/440px-Coal-Mines-Administration-FDR-Fireside-Chat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1458" /></a><figcaption>Poster quoting Roosevelt's fireside chat about the coal crisis. On May 2, 1943, Roosevelt issued an executive order that placed coal mines under the control of the U.S. government.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> </th> <th align="center">Date </th> <th align="center">Topic </th> <th align="center">Length<sup id="cite_ref-FDR_Library_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDR_Library-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th align="center"><abbr title="Reference">Ref.</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>Sunday, March 12, 1933 </td> <td>On the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Banking Crisis</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13:42 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Sunday, May 7, 1933 </td> <td>Outlining the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> Program </td> <td style="text-align:right;">22:42 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>Monday, July 24, 1933 </td> <td>On the <a href="/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration" title="National Recovery Administration">National Recovery Administration</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Not recorded </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>Sunday, October 22, 1933 </td> <td>On Economic Progress </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Not recorded </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>Thursday, June 28, 1934 </td> <td>Achievements of the <a href="/wiki/73rd_United_States_Congress" title="73rd United States Congress">73rd U.S. Congress</a> and Critics of the New Deal </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">Not recorded </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>Sunday, September 30, 1934 </td> <td>On Government and Capitalism </td> <td style="text-align:right;">27:20 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FC_6_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC_6-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>Sunday, April 28, 1935 </td> <td>On the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Relief Program</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Act" title="Social Security Act">Social Security Act</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">28:08 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>Sunday, September 6, 1936 </td> <td>On Drought Conditions, Farmers and Laborers </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26:49 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>Tuesday, March 9, 1937 </td> <td>On the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Reorganization_Bill_of_1937" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937">Reorganization of the Judiciary</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">35:28 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>Tuesday, October 12, 1937 </td> <td>On New Legislation to be Recommended to Congress </td> <td style="text-align:right;">27:42 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>Sunday, November 14, 1937 </td> <td>On the Unemployment Census </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14:16 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>Thursday, April 14, 1938 </td> <td>On the <a href="/wiki/Recession_of_1937%E2%80%9338" class="mw-redirect" title="Recession of 1937–38">Recession</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">40:42 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>Friday, June 24, 1938 </td> <td>On Party Primaries </td> <td style="text-align:right;">29:02 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>Sunday, September 3, 1939 </td> <td>On the European War </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11:25 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td>Sunday, May 26, 1940 </td> <td>On National Defense </td> <td style="text-align:right;">31:32 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td>Sunday, December 29, 1940 </td> <td>On the "<a href="/wiki/Arsenal_of_Democracy" title="Arsenal of Democracy">Arsenal of Democracy</a>" </td> <td style="text-align:right;">36:53 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td>Tuesday, May 27, 1941 </td> <td>Announcing Unlimited National Emergency </td> <td style="text-align:right;">44:27 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td>Thursday, September 11, 1941 </td> <td>On Maintaining Freedom of the Seas and the <a href="/wiki/USS_Greer_(DD-145)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Greer (DD-145)"><i>Greer</i> Incident</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">28:33 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td>Tuesday, December 9, 1941 </td> <td>On the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor#Aftermath" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Declaration of War with Japan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26:19 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>Monday, February 23, 1942 </td> <td>On the Progress of the War </td> <td style="text-align:right;">36:34 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td>Tuesday, April 28, 1942 </td> <td>On Our National Economic Policy and Sacrifice </td> <td style="text-align:right;">32:42 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td>Monday, September 7, 1942 </td> <td>On Inflation and Progress of the War </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26:56 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td>Monday, October 12, 1942 </td> <td>Report on the Home Front </td> <td style="text-align:right;">29:25 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td>Sunday, May 2, 1943 </td> <td>On the Coal Crisis </td> <td style="text-align:right;">21:06 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td>Wednesday, July 28, 1943 </td> <td>On the <a href="/wiki/25_Luglio" class="mw-redirect" title="25 Luglio">Fall of Mussolini</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">29:11 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 </td> <td>Wednesday, September 8, 1943 </td> <td>On the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice with Italy</a> and the Third <a href="/wiki/Series_E_bond#War_Bonds" title="Series E bond">War Loan Drive</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12:38 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td>Friday, December 24, 1943 </td> <td>On the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference" title="Cairo Conference">Cairo Conferences</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">28:29 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FC_27_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC_27-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 </td> <td>Tuesday, January 11, 1944 </td> <td>On the State of the Union </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30:20 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FC_28_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC_28-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 </td> <td>Monday, June 5, 1944 </td> <td>On the Fall of Rome </td> <td style="text-align:right;">14:36 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td>Monday, June 12, 1944 </td> <td>Opening the Fifth War Loan Drive </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13:02 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireside_chats&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Never_Before_Have_We_Had_So_Little_Time_In_Which_To_Do_So_Much%22_-_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_-_NARA_-_534354.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%22Never_Before_Have_We_Had_So_Little_Time_In_Which_To_Do_So_Much%22_-_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_-_NARA_-_534354.jpg/220px-%22Never_Before_Have_We_Had_So_Little_Time_In_Which_To_Do_So_Much%22_-_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_-_NARA_-_534354.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%22Never_Before_Have_We_Had_So_Little_Time_In_Which_To_Do_So_Much%22_-_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_-_NARA_-_534354.jpg/330px-%22Never_Before_Have_We_Had_So_Little_Time_In_Which_To_Do_So_Much%22_-_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_-_NARA_-_534354.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%22Never_Before_Have_We_Had_So_Little_Time_In_Which_To_Do_So_Much%22_-_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_-_NARA_-_534354.jpg/440px-%22Never_Before_Have_We_Had_So_Little_Time_In_Which_To_Do_So_Much%22_-_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_-_NARA_-_534354.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/War_Production_Board" title="War Production Board">War Production Board</a> poster quoting FDR's fireside chat of February 23, 1942</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR-Memorial-Fireside-Chat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/FDR-Memorial-Fireside-Chat.jpg/220px-FDR-Memorial-Fireside-Chat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/FDR-Memorial-Fireside-Chat.jpg/330px-FDR-Memorial-Fireside-Chat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/FDR-Memorial-Fireside-Chat.jpg/440px-FDR-Memorial-Fireside-Chat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="5191" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>The Fireside Chat</i>, bronze sculpture by <a href="/wiki/George_Segal_(artist)" title="George Segal (artist)">George Segal</a> in the Second-Term Room of the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Memorial" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial">Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial</a>, Washington, D.C.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J._F._Bando_letter_to_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_in_reaction_to_first_Fireside_Chat._-_NARA_-_198124.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Letter to the White House following the first fireside chat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/J._F._Bando_letter_to_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_in_reaction_to_first_Fireside_Chat._-_NARA_-_198124.jpg/220px-J._F._Bando_letter_to_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_in_reaction_to_first_Fireside_Chat._-_NARA_-_198124.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/J._F._Bando_letter_to_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_in_reaction_to_first_Fireside_Chat._-_NARA_-_198124.jpg/330px-J._F._Bando_letter_to_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_in_reaction_to_first_Fireside_Chat._-_NARA_-_198124.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/J._F._Bando_letter_to_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_in_reaction_to_first_Fireside_Chat._-_NARA_-_198124.jpg/440px-J._F._Bando_letter_to_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_in_reaction_to_first_Fireside_Chat._-_NARA_-_198124.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2322" data-file-height="3300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Letter to the White House from J. F. Bando following the first fireside chat</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Roosevelt's radio audiences averaged 18 percent during peacetime, and 58 percent during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fireside chats attracted more listeners than the most popular radio shows, which were heard by 30 to 35 percent of the radio audience. Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/Arsenal_of_Democracy" title="Arsenal of Democracy">fireside chat of December 29, 1940</a> was heard by 59 percent of radio listeners. His address of May 27, 1941, was heard by 70 percent of the radio audience.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 240">: 240 </span></sup> </p><p>An estimated 62,100,000 people heard Roosevelt's fireside chat on December 9, 1941—two days after the attack on Pearl Harbor—attaining a <a href="/wiki/C._E._Hooper" title="C. E. Hooper">Hooper rating</a> of 79, the record high for a Presidential address.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_May_1946_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_May_1946-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 61,365,000 adults tuned on February 23, 1942, for Roosevelt's next fireside chat, in which he outlined the principal purposes of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_May_1946_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_May_1946-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In advance of the address Roosevelt asked citizens to have a world map in front of them as they listened to him speak. "I'm going to speak about strange places that many of them never heard of—places that are now the battleground for civilization," he told his speechwriters. "I want to explain to the people something about geography—what our problem is and what the overall strategy of the war has to be. ... If they understand the problem and what we are driving at, I am sure that they can take any kind of bad news right on the chin." Sales of new maps and atlases were unprecedented, while many people retrieved old commercial maps from storage and pinned them up on their walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 319">: 319 </span></sup> <i>The New York Times</i> called the speech "one of the greatest of Roosevelt's career".<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 320">: 320 </span></sup> </p><p>Novelist <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a> recalled hearing a fireside chat while walking in Chicago one summer evening. "The blight hadn't yet carried off the elms, and under them, drivers had pulled over, parking bumper to bumper, and turned on their radios to hear Roosevelt. They had rolled down the windows and opened the car doors. Everywhere the same voice, its odd Eastern accent, which in anyone else would have irritated Midwesterners. You could follow without missing a single word as you strolled by. You felt joined to these unknown drivers, men and women smoking their cigarettes in silence, not so much considering the President's words as affirming the rightness of his tone and taking assurance from it."<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 450–451">: 450–451 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This level of intimacy with politics made people feel as if they too were part of the administration's decision-making process and many soon felt that they knew Roosevelt personally. Most importantly, they grew to trust him. The conventional press grew to love Roosevelt because they too had gained unprecedented access to the goings-on of government.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While many people revered Roosevelt for giving the speeches, there are some who have seen them as more detrimental than beneficial. A major criticism <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="Who says this? (February 2023)">weasel words</span></a></i>]</sup> given about the fireside chats was this: "It can be argued that it is impracticable, that it rests on false assumptions about the nature of the American people, public opinion and Congress, and that the benefits of such a course are likely to be out‐weighed by the evils." Fireside chats are a way to address the public directly, but besides that there is no way to control what the public does with that information, or how they use it. Another major critique among the usage of fireside chats is that by using them, one is more likely going to appeal to one side of an issue, essentially alienating anyone who is not in agreement. "The President may appeal successfully to a minority, even a majority, for its support, but if he does so by simultaneously creating a bitter, recalcitrant opposition that denies his authority and would resort even to violence to resist his policies, can one say that this is a successful President?"<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireside_chats&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Every U.S. president since Roosevelt has delivered periodic <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_address" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential address">addresses</a> to the American people, first on radio, and later adding television and the Internet. The practice of <a href="/wiki/Weekly_Radio_Address_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Weekly Radio Address of the President of the United States">regularly scheduled addresses</a> began in 1982 when President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> started delivering a radio broadcast every Saturday.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, presidents use newer and more advanced forms of communication using specific social media outlets to project to bigger groups of people. Recent presidents also use news broadcast stations to their benefit to communicate more efficiently with bigger audiences. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> used the social media network <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> for the first time in 2009 to address the public, much like Roosevelt did while giving his famous fireside chats.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accolades">Accolades</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireside_chats&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Accolades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The series of Roosevelt's 30 fireside chats were included with the first 50 recordings made part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Recording_Registry" title="National Recording Registry">National Recording Registry</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. It is noted as "an influential series of radio broadcasts in which Roosevelt utilized the media to present his programs and ideas directly to the public and thereby redefined the relationship between the President and the American people."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireside_chats&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/1600_Daily" title="1600 Daily">1600 Daily</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireside_chats&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCraig2000" class="citation book cs1">Craig, Douglas B. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=haWh203m7aIC"><i>Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States, 1920–1940</i></a>. Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8312-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8312-5"><bdi>978-0-8018-8312-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fireside+Politics%3A+Radio+and+Political+Culture+in+the+United+States%2C+1920%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8312-5&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Douglas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhaWh203m7aIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Foster, Tiara Kay (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=crs_thesis"><i>Constructing a World War II America: The Rhetorical Craftsmanship of Franklin D. Roosevelt"</i></a> (PhD). <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Constructing+a+World+War+II+America%3A+The+Rhetorical+Craftsmanship+of+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt%22&rft.inst=Syracuse+University&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Tiara+Kay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsurface.syr.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1000%26context%3Dcrs_thesis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hayes, Joy Elizabeth (2000). "Did Herbert Hoover Broadcast the First Fireside Chat? Rethinking the Origins of Roosevelt's Radio Genius". <i>Journal of Radio Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 76–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15506843jrs0701_8">10.1207/s15506843jrs0701_8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1095-5046">1095-5046</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144367194">144367194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Radio+Studies&rft.atitle=Did+Herbert+Hoover+Broadcast+the+First+Fireside+Chat%3F+Rethinking+the+Origins+of+Roosevelt%27s+Radio+Genius&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=76-92&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144367194%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1095-5046&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2Fs15506843jrs0701_8&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Joy+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiewe2007" class="citation book cs1">Kiewe, Amos (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8817010M/Fdr%27s_First_Fireside_Chat"><i>FDR's First Fireside Chat: Public Confidence and the Banking Crisis</i></a>. College Station: <a href="/wiki/Texas_A_%26_M_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas A & M University Press">Texas A & M University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-597-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-597-4"><bdi>978-1-58544-597-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/76961225">76961225</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL8817010M">8817010M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FDR%27s+First+Fireside+Chat%3A+Public+Confidence+and+the+Banking+Crisis&rft.place=College+Station&rft.pub=Texas+A+%26+M+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F76961225&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL8817010M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-58544-597-4&rft.aulast=Kiewe&rft.aufirst=Amos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL8817010M%2FFdr%2527s_First_Fireside_Chat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenthall2007" class="citation book cs1">Lenthall, Bruce (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL10192331M/Radio%27s_America"><i>Radio's America: The Great Depression and the Rise of Modern Mass Culture</i></a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-47192-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-47192-1"><bdi>978-0-226-47192-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL10192331M">10192331M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radio%27s+America%3A+The+Great+Depression+and+the+Rise+of+Modern+Mass+Culture&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL10192331M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-226-47192-1&rft.aulast=Lenthall&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL10192331M%2FRadio%2527s_America&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevineLevine2010" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Lawrence W.; Levine, Cornelia R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24468546M/The_fireside_conversations"><i>The Fireside Conversations: America Responds to FDR During the Great Depression</i></a>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26554-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26554-7"><bdi>978-0-520-26554-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/462906486">462906486</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24468546M">24468546M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fireside+Conversations%3A+America+Responds+to+FDR+During+the+Great+Depression&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F462906486&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24468546M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-520-26554-7&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+W.&rft.au=Levine%2C+Cornelia+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24468546M%2FThe_fireside_conversations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lim, Elvin T (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research/2815">"The Lion and the Lamb: De-mythologizing Franklin Roosevelt's Fireside Chats"</a>. <i>Rhetoric & Public Affairs</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 437–464. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frap.2003.0066">10.1353/rap.2003.0066</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1094-8392">1094-8392</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145110116">145110116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rhetoric+%26+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Lion+and+the+Lamb%3A+De-mythologizing+Franklin+Roosevelt%27s+Fireside+Chats&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=437-464&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145110116%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1094-8392&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Frap.2003.0066&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Elvin+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fink.library.smu.edu.sg%2Fsoss_research%2F2815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1988" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Halford Ross (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2401558M/Franklin_D._Roosevelt%27s_rhetorical_presidency"><i>Franklin D. Roosevelt's Rhetorical Presidency</i></a>. New York: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-25567-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-25567-0"><bdi>978-0-313-25567-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2401558M">2401558M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franklin+D.+Roosevelt%27s+Rhetorical+Presidency&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2401558M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-313-25567-0&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Halford+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2401558M%2FFranklin_D._Roosevelt%2527s_rhetorical_presidency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyfe2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ryfe, David Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/016344301023006005">"From media audience to media public: a study of letters written in reaction to FDR's fireside chats"</a>. <i>Media, Culture & Society</i>. <b>23</b> (6): 767–781. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F016344301023006005">10.1177/016344301023006005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145653334">145653334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Media%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=From+media+audience+to+media+public%3A+a+study+of+letters+written+in+reaction+to+FDR%27s+fireside+chats&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=767-781&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F016344301023006005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145653334%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ryfe&rft.aufirst=David+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F016344301023006005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyfe1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ryfe, David Michael (1999). "Franklin Roosevelt and the fireside chats". <i>Journal of Communication</i>. <b>49</b> (4): 80–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1460-2466.1999.tb02818.x">10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02818.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9916">0021-9916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Communication&rft.atitle=Franklin+Roosevelt+and+the+fireside+chats&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=80-103&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1460-2466.1999.tb02818.x&rft.issn=0021-9916&rft.aulast=Ryfe&rft.aufirst=David+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinfield1990" class="citation book cs1">Winfield, Betty Houchin (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2199668M/FDR_and_the_news_media"><i>FDR and the News Media</i></a>. Urbana: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01672-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-01672-1"><bdi>978-0-252-01672-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2199668M">2199668M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FDR+and+the+News+Media&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2199668M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-252-01672-1&rft.aulast=Winfield&rft.aufirst=Betty+Houchin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2199668M%2FFDR_and_the_news_media&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireside_chats&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaFrance2017" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_LaFrance" title="Adrienne LaFrance">LaFrance, Adrienne</a> (July 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/07/the-president-of-the-united-states-is-testing-twitters-harassment-policy/532497/">"Donald Trump Is Testing Twitter's Harassment Policy"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126131936if_/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/07/the-president-of-the-united-states-is-testing-twitters-harassment-policy/532497/">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+Is+Testing+Twitter%27s+Harassment+Policy&rft.date=2017-07-02&rft.aulast=LaFrance&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2017%2F07%2Fthe-president-of-the-united-states-is-testing-twitters-harassment-policy%2F532497%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reedy-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reedy_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reedy_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReedy1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Reedy" title="George Reedy">Reedy, George E.</a> (Winter 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-politics/article/abs/first-great-communicator-betty-houchin-winfield-fdr-and-the-news-media-urbana-il-university-of-illinois-press-1990-pp-xiv-276-3495/B0996141C9C73A74ADC0A8D23A4620D0">"The First Great Communicator (book review, <i>FDR and the News Media</i> by Betty Houchin Winfield)"</a>. <i>The Review of Politics</i>. <b>54</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a>: 152–155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs003467050001723x">10.1017/s003467050001723x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144875615">144875615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=The+First+Great+Communicator+%28book+review%2C+FDR+and+the+News+Media+by+Betty+Houchin+Winfield%29&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=152-155&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs003467050001723x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144875615%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Reedy&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Freview-of-politics%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Ffirst-great-communicator-betty-houchin-winfield-fdr-and-the-news-media-urbana-il-university-of-illinois-press-1990-pp-xiv-276-3495%2FB0996141C9C73A74ADC0A8D23A4620D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinfield1994" class="citation book cs1">Winfield, Betty Houchin (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SuPXJAhSSq0C&pg=PA146"><i>FDR and the News Media</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10009-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10009-0"><bdi>978-0-231-10009-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FDR+and+the+News+Media&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-231-10009-0&rft.aulast=Winfield&rft.aufirst=Betty+Houchin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSuPXJAhSSq0C%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2005" class="citation book cs1">Craig, Douglas B. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=haWh203m7aIC&pg=PA156"><i>Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States, 1920–1940</i></a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8312-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8312-5"><bdi>978-0-8018-8312-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fireside+Politics%3A+Radio+and+Political+Culture+in+the+United+States%2C+1920%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8312-5&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Douglas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhaWh203m7aIC%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burns-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burns_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_MacGregor_Burns" title="James MacGregor Burns">Burns, James MacGregor</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tWVneQOr5PwC"><i>Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (1882–1940)</i></a>. New York: Smithmark. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8317-5611-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8317-5611-6"><bdi>978-0-8317-5611-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roosevelt%3A+The+Lion+and+the+Fox+%281882%E2%80%931940%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Smithmark&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8317-5611-6&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=James+MacGregor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtWVneQOr5PwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Storm-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Storm_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Storm_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorm2007" class="citation journal cs1">Storm, Geoffrey (Spring 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKo9AQAAIAAJ&q=Roosevelt+Fireside+Chat+as+governor+1929">"Roosevelt and WGY: The Origins of the Fireside Chats"</a>. <i>New York History: Quarterly Journal of the New York State Historical Association</i>. <b>88</b> (2). New York State Historical Association: 183–185 (177–197). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0146-437X">0146-437X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+History%3A+Quarterly+Journal+of+the+New+York+State+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=Roosevelt+and+WGY%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Fireside+Chats&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=183-185+%28177-197%29&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0146-437X&rft.aulast=Storm&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtKo9AQAAIAAJ%26q%3DRoosevelt%2BFireside%2BChat%2Bas%2Bgovernor%2B1929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radio_Digest-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Radio_Digest_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radio_Digest_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"FDR's First Fireside Chat". <i>Radio Digest</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 78–82. February 1939.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Digest&rft.atitle=FDR%27s+First+Fireside+Chat&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=78-82&rft.date=1939-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silber-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Silber_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silber_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilber2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Silber" title="William L. Silber">Silber, William L.</a> (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/epr/09v15n1/0907silb.html">"Why Did FDR's Bank Holiday Succeed?"</a>. <i>Economic Policy Review</i>. <b>15</b> (1). Federal Reserve Bank of New York<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Policy+Review&rft.atitle=Why+Did+FDR%27s+Bank+Holiday+Succeed%3F&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2009-07&rft.aulast=Silber&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorkfed.org%2Fresearch%2Fepr%2F09v15n1%2F0907silb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodwin-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doris_Kearns_Goodwin" title="Doris Kearns Goodwin">Goodwin, Doris Kearns</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noordinarytimef000good"><i>No Ordinary Time</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80448-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80448-4"><bdi>978-0-684-80448-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Ordinary+Time&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80448-4&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Doris+Kearns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnoordinarytimef000good&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dunning-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dunning_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunning_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunning_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunning_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dunning_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Dunning_(detective_fiction_author)" title="John Dunning (detective fiction author)">Dunning, John</a> (1998). "News Broadcasts". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2e0RDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA495"><i>On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio</i></a> (Revised ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 495. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507678-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507678-3"><bdi>978-0-19-507678-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2019</span>. <q>Fireside Chats, a term coined by Harry Butcher</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=News+Broadcasts&rft.btitle=On+the+Air%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+Old-Time+Radio&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=495&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507678-3&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2e0RDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buhite-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buhite_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buhite_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuhiteLevy1992" class="citation book cs1">Buhite, Russell D; <a href="/wiki/David_Levy_(historian)" title="David Levy (historian)">Levy, David W.</a> (1992). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fdrsfiresidechat0000roos"><i>Roosevelt's fireside chats</i></a> (1st ed.). Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2370-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2370-7"><bdi>978-0-8061-2370-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Roosevelt%27s+fireside+chats&rft.place=Norman%2C+Oklahoma&rft.pages=xv&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-2370-7&rft.aulast=Buhite&rft.aufirst=Russell+D&rft.au=Levy%2C+David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffdrsfiresidechat0000roos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved January 2, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger1982" class="citation web cs1">Unger, Arthur (January 29, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/1982/0129/012900.html">"Bob Trout's Roosevelt Days"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806115905/https://www.csmonitor.com/1982/0129/012900.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Bob+Trout%27s+Roosevelt+Days&rft.date=1982-01-29&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F1982%2F0129%2F012900.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FC_28-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FC_28_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC_28_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC_28_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt, Franklin D.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160114073828/http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3955">"Fireside Chat 28: On the State of the Union (January 11, 1944)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3955">the original</a> on January 14, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+28%3A+On+the+State+of+the+Union+%28January+11%2C+1944%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mankowski-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mankowski_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mankowski_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMankowskiJose2003" class="citation web cs1">Mankowski, Diana; Jose, Raissa (March 12, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.tv/exhibitionssection.php?page=79">"The 70th Anniversary of Roosevelt's Fireside Chats"</a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/The_Museum_of_Broadcast_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="The Museum of Broadcast Communications">The Museum of Broadcast Communications</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120517183213/http://www.museum.tv/exhibitionssection.php?page=79">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+70th+Anniversary+of+Roosevelt%27s+Fireside+Chats&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+Museum+of+Broadcast+Communications&rft.date=2003-03-12&rft.aulast=Mankowski&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft.au=Jose%2C+Raissa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.tv%2Fexhibitionssection.php%3Fpage%3D79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skeens-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Skeens_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeuling2008" class="citation book cs1">Seuling, Barbara (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onepresidentwasb0000seul"><i>One president was born on Independence Day : and other freaky facts about the 26th through 43rd presidents</i></a></span>. Minneapolis: Picture Window Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onepresidentwasb0000seul/page/14">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4048-4118-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4048-4118-5"><bdi>978-1-4048-4118-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2013</span>. <q>Roosevelt president for 4422 days.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+president+was+born+on+Independence+Day+%3A+and+other+freaky+facts+about+the+26th+through+43rd+presidents&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Picture+Window+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4048-4118-5&rft.aulast=Seuling&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonepresidentwasb0000seul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FC_27-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FC_27_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC_27_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt, Franklin D.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709061003/http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3333">"Fireside Chat 27: On the Tehran and Cairo Conferences (December 24, 1943)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3333">the original</a> on July 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+27%3A+On+the+Tehran+and+Cairo+Conferences+%28December+24%2C+1943%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDR_Library-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FDR_Library_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/firesi90.html">"Fireside Chats of Franklin D. Roosevelt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum">Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128041554/http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/firesi90.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chats+of+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt&rft.pub=Franklin+D.+Roosevelt+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu%2Ffiresi90.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3298">"FDR Fireside Chat 1: On the Banking Crisis (March 12, 1933)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FDR+Fireside+Chat+1%3A+On+the+Banking+Crisis+%28March+12%2C+1933%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3299">"FDR Fireside Chat 2: On Progress During the First Two Months (May 7, 1933)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FDR+Fireside+Chat+2%3A+On+Progress+During+the+First+Two+Months+%28May+7%2C+1933%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3300">"Fireside Chat 3: On the National Recovery Administration (July 24, 1933)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+3%3A+On+the+National+Recovery+Administration+%28July+24%2C+1933%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3301">"Fireside Chat 4: On Economic Progress (October 22, 1933)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+4%3A+On+Economic+Progress+%28October+22%2C+1933%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3302">"Fireside Chat 5: On Addressing the Critics (June 28, 1934)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+5%3A+On+Addressing+the+Critics+%28June+28%2C+1934%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FC_6-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FC_6_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150918222805/http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/speech-3303">"FDR Fireside Chat 6: On Government and Capitalism (September 30, 1934)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/speech-3303">the original</a> on September 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FDR+Fireside+Chat+6%3A+On+Government+and+Capitalism+%28September+30%2C+1934%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706090155/http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/speech-3304">"Fireside Chat 7: On the Works Relief Program and Social Security Act (April 28, 1935)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/speech-3304">the original</a> on July 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+7%3A+On+the+Works+Relief+Program+and+Social+Security+Act+%28April+28%2C+1935%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3306">"Fireside Chat 8: On Farmers and Laborers (September 6, 1936)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+8%3A+On+Farmers+and+Laborers+%28September+6%2C+1936%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150708184313/http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3309">"Fireside Chat 9: On 'Court-Packing' (March 9, 1937)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3309">the original</a> on July 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+9%3A+On+%27Court-Packing%27+%28March+9%2C+1937%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150703174314/http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3311">"Fireside Chat 10: On New Legislation (October 12, 1937)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3311">the original</a> on July 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+10%3A+On+New+Legislation+%28October+12%2C+1937%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317021134/http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3312">"Fireside Chat 11: On the Unemployment Census (November 14, 1937)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3312">the original</a> on March 17, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+11%3A+On+the+Unemployment+Census+%28November+14%2C+1937%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304233213/http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3313">"Fireside Chat 12: On the Recession (April 14, 1938)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3313">the original</a> on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+12%3A+On+the+Recession+%28April+14%2C+1938%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150715060221/http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3314">"Fireside Chat 13: On Purging the Democratic Party (June 24, 1938)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3314">the original</a> on July 15, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+13%3A+On+Purging+the+Democratic+Party+%28June+24%2C+1938%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1939" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. (September 3, 1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/september-3-1939-fireside-chat-14-european-war">"Fireside Chat 14: On the European War"</a>. <i>Miller Center</i>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210323032832/https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/september-3-1939-fireside-chat-14-european-war">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miller+Center&rft.atitle=Fireside+Chat+14%3A+On+the+European+War&rft.date=1939-09-03&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fthe-presidency%2Fpresidential-speeches%2Fseptember-3-1939-fireside-chat-14-european-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3316">"Fireside Chat 15: On National Defense (May 26, 1940)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+15%3A+On+National+Defense+%28May+26%2C+1940%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151022040301/http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3319">"Fireside Chat 16: On the 'Arsenal of Democracy' (December 29, 1940)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3319">the original</a> on October 22, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+16%3A+On+the+%27Arsenal+of+Democracy%27+%28December+29%2C+1940%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3814">"Fireside Chat 17: On An Unlimited National Emergency (May 27, 1941)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+17%3A+On+An+Unlimited+National+Emergency+%28May+27%2C+1941%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305002347/http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3323">"Fireside Chat 18: On The Greer Incident (September 11, 1941)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3323">the original</a> on March 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+18%3A+On+The+Greer+Incident+%28September+11%2C+1941%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709072719/http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/speech-3325">"Fireside Chat 19: On the War with Japan (December 9, 1941)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/speech-3325">the original</a> on July 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+19%3A+On+the+War+with+Japan+%28December+9%2C+1941%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3326">"Fireside Chat 20: On the Progress of the War (February 23, 1942)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+20%3A+On+the+Progress+of+the+War+%28February+23%2C+1942%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150703142131/http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3327">"Fireside Chat 21: On Sacrifice (April 28, 1942)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3327">the original</a> on July 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+21%3A+On+Sacrifice+%28April+28%2C+1942%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223002201/http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3328">"Fireside Chat 22: On Inflation and Food Prices (September 7, 1942)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3328">the original</a> on December 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+22%3A+On+Inflation+and+Food+Prices+%28September+7%2C+1942%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3329">"Fireside Chat 23: On the Home Front (October 12, 1942)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+23%3A+On+the+Home+Front+%28October+12%2C+1942%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304234604/http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3330">"Fireside Chat 24: On the Coal Crisis (May 2, 1943)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3330">the original</a> on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+24%3A+On+the+Coal+Crisis+%28May+2%2C+1943%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3331">"Fireside Chat 25: On the Fall of Mussolini (July 28, 1943)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+25%3A+On+the+Fall+of+Mussolini+%28July+28%2C+1943%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150703143608/http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3332">"Fireside Chat 26: On the Armistice in Italy (September 8, 1943)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3332">the original</a> on July 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+26%3A+On+the+Armistice+in+Italy+%28September+8%2C+1943%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160228231252/http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3334">"Fireside Chat 29: On the Fall of Rome (June 5, 1944)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3334">the original</a> on February 28, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+29%3A+On+the+Fall+of+Rome+%28June+5%2C+1944%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3335">"Fireside Chat 30: Opening Fifth War Loan Drive (June 12, 1944)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+30%3A+Opening+Fifth+War+Loan+Drive+%28June+12%2C+1944%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Craig2005" class="citation book cs1">B. Craig, Douglas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=haWh203m7aIC&pg=PA156"><i>Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States, 1920–1940</i></a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8312-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8312-5"><bdi>978-0-8018-8312-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fireside+Politics%3A+Radio+and+Political+Culture+in+the+United+States%2C+1920%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8312-5&rft.aulast=B.+Craig&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhaWh203m7aIC%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_May_1946-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_May_1946_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_May_1946_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C01E6DB1439E731A25755C2A9639C946793D6CF">"CBS Says 25,217,000 Heard Truman Friday"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. May 26, 1946. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806100619/https://www.nytimes.com/1946/05/26/archives/cbs-says-25217000-heard-truman-friday.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=CBS+Says+25%2C217%2C000+Heard+Truman+Friday&rft.date=1946-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9C01E6DB1439E731A25755C2A9639C946793D6CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmis2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Amis" title="Martin Amis">Amis, Martin</a> (April 27, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/03/books/review/there-is-simply-too-much-to-think-about-saul-bellows-nonfiction.html?smid=pl-share&_r=0">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'There Is Simply Too Much to Think About,' Saul Bellow's Nonfiction"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190921052031/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/03/books/review/there-is-simply-too-much-to-think-about-saul-bellows-nonfiction.html?smid=pl-share&_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27There+Is+Simply+Too+Much+to+Think+About%2C%27+Saul+Bellow%27s+Nonfiction&rft.date=2015-04-27&rft.aulast=Amis&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F05%2F03%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fthere-is-simply-too-much-to-think-about-saul-bellows-nonfiction.html%3Fsmid%3Dpl-share%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYu2005" class="citation journal cs1">Yu, Lumeng (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30036746">"The Great Communicator: How FDR's Radio Speeches Shaped American History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_Teacher" title="The History Teacher">The History Teacher</a></i>. <b>39</b> (1). Society for History Education: 89–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F30036746">10.2307/30036746</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30036746">30036746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+History+Teacher&rft.atitle=The+Great+Communicator%3A+How+FDR%27s+Radio+Speeches+Shaped+American+History&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=89-106&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F30036746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30036746%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Lumeng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30036746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/06/14/archives/the-case-against-the-fireside-chat.html">"The Case Against The 'Fireside Chat'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. June 14, 1964. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Case+Against+The+%27Fireside+Chat%27&rft.date=1964-06-14&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F06%2F14%2Farchives%2Fthe-case-against-the-fireside-chat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=T_UoAAAAIBAJ&pg=2540,4995456&dq=reagan+weekly+radio&hl=en">"Reagan signs off with 331st weekly radio address"</a>. <i>Deseret News</i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=Reagan+signs+off+with+331st+weekly+radio+address&rft.pages=A3&rft.date=1989-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DT_UoAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2540%2C4995456%26dq%3Dreagan%2Bweekly%2Bradio%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoos" class="citation web cs1">Roos, Dave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/us-presidents-communication-radio-tv-twitter">"How Presidents Have Communicated with the Public – From the Telegraph to Twitter"</a>. <i>History.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=How+Presidents+Have+Communicated+with+the+Public+%E2%80%93+From+the+Telegraph+to+Twitter&rft.aulast=Roos&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fus-presidents-communication-radio-tv-twitter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/recording-registry/registry-by-induction-years/2002/">"2002 Recording Registry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Recording_Preservation_Board" title="National Recording Preservation Board">National Recording Preservation Board</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211030818/https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/recording-registry/registry-by-induction-years/2002/">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=2002+Recording+Registry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fprograms%2Fnational-recording-preservation-board%2Frecording-registry%2Fregistry-by-induction-years%2F2002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFireside+chats" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fireside_chats&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:_Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt#Fireside_chats" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author: Franklin Delano Roosevelt">All 30 fireside chats</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fdrlibrary.org/home">Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum</a>, a repository of historical information relating to the history of Roosevelt and his administration; it is partnered with the <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute" title="Roosevelt Institute">Roosevelt Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030123081131/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA02/volpe/newdeal/intro.html">The Real Deal: Media and the Battle to Define Roosevelt's Social Programs</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>: audio with editorial and cartoon reactions.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415012107/http://vvl.lib.msu.edu/list.php?view_keywords=speaker_Roosevelt_keyword_Fireside">Vincent Voice Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a>, with many Roosevelt speeches in MP3 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Roosevelt</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">32nd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1933–1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_New_York" title="List of governors of New York">44th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> (1929–1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy">Assistant Secretary of the Navy</a> (1913–1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_state_senators" title="List of New York state senators">New York State Senator</a> (1911–1913)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Transition</a></li> <li>Inaugurations (<a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">4th)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">First and second terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">Third and fourth terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Deal" title="Template:New Deal">overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_100_days_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="First 100 days of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">First 100 days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_New_Deal" title="Second New Deal">Second New Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act">Agricultural Adjustment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1944" title="Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944">Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Wildlife_Coordination_Act" title="Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act">Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935" title="National Labor Relations Act of 1935">National Labor Relations Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Industrial_Recovery_Act_of_1933" title="National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933">National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Administration" title="Public Works Administration">Public Works Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration" title="National Recovery Administration">National Recovery Administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Administration" title="National Youth Administration">National Youth Administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Act" title="Social Security Act">Social Security Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_Families_with_Dependent_Children" title="Aid to Families with Dependent Children">Aid to Families with Dependent Children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act of 1934</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_6102" title="Executive Order 6102">Monetary gold ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Reserve_Act" title="Gold Reserve Act">Gold Reserve Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_6814" title="Executive Order 6814">Silver seizure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_and_civil_rights" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt and civil rights">Record on civil rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_8802" title="Executive Order 8802">Defense industry non-discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Employment_Practice_Committee" title="Fair Employment Practice Committee">Fair Employment Practice Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act" title="Indian Reorganization Act">Indian Reorganization Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9066" title="Executive Order 9066">Executive Orders 9066,</a><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9102" title="Executive Order 9102"> 9102</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_Relocation_Authority" title="War Relocation Authority">War Relocation Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Japanese American internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_German_Americans" title="Internment of German Americans">German-American internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Italian_Americans" title="Internment of Italian Americans">Italian-American internment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownlow_Committee" title="Brownlow Committee">Brownlow Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States#History" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.I._Bill" title="G.I. Bill">G.I. Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cullen%E2%80%93Harrison_Act" title="Cullen–Harrison Act">Cullen–Harrison Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerich_Pact" title="Roerich Pact">Roerich Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms" title="Four Freedoms">Four Freedoms</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_Monument" title="Four Freedoms Monument">Four Freedoms Monument</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Cabinet" title="Black Cabinet">Black Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Jefferson's Birthday holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937" title="Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937">Judicial Court-Packing Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="List of federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt">Federal Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone_Supreme_Court_nomination" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination">Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination">Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:FD_Roosevelt_cabinet" title="Template:FD Roosevelt cabinet">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_trust#Roosevelt's_"Brain_Trust"" title="Brain trust">"Brain Trust"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Dimes" title="March of Dimes">March of Dimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oval_Office#Modern_Oval_Office:_1934–present" title="Oval Office">Modern Oval Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Special_(automobile)" title="Sunshine Special (automobile)">Official car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franksgiving" title="Franksgiving">Franksgiving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Franklin Delano Roosevelt/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Franklin Delano Roosevelt/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration">Presidential<br />foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">U.S. occupation of Nicaragua, 1912–1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">U.S. occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor Policy (1933–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Convention" title="Montevideo Convention">Montevideo Convention (1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_London_Naval_Treaty" title="Second London Naval Treaty">Second London Naval Treaty (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABCD_line" title="ABCD line">ABCD line (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export_Control_Act" title="Export Control Act">Export Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Policemen" title="Four Policemen">Four Policemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyers-for-bases_deal" title="Destroyers-for-bases deal">Destroyers-for-bases deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Training_and_Service_Act_of_1940" title="Selective Training and Service Act of 1940">1940 Selective Service Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_note" title="Hull note">Hull note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">Military history of the United States during World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Munitions_Assignments_Board" title="Combined Munitions Assignments Board">Combined Munitions Assignments Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Production_Board" title="War Production Board">War Production Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations (1942)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference" title="Dumbarton Oaks Conference">Dumbarton Oaks Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">World War II conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_first" title="Europe first">Europe first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan#Roosevelt's_support_for_the_plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan support</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential<br />speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention#Roosevelt's_acceptance_speech" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 Acceptance speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Club_Address" title="Commonwealth Club Address">Commonwealth Club Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Madison_Square_Garden_speech" title="1936 Madison Square Garden speech">Madison Square Garden speech</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms" title="Four Freedoms">Four Freedoms</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Infamy_speech" title="Day of Infamy speech">Day of Infamy speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal_of_Democracy" title="Arsenal of Democracy">Arsenal of Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt#Inaugural_address" title="First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">"...is fear itself"</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fireside chats</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Look_to_Norway" title="Look to Norway">Look to Norway</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarantine_Speech" title="Quarantine Speech">Quarantine Speech</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_More_Abundant_Life" title="The More Abundant Life">The More Abundant Life</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1934 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address (1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1938 State of the Union Address">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1939 State of the Union Address">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1940 State of the Union Address">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms" title="Four Freedoms">1941 (Four Freedoms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bill_of_Rights" title="Second Bill of Rights">1944 (Second Bill of Rights)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1945 State of the Union Address">1945)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt#Early_life_and_marriage" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Early life, education, career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Springs_Historic_District" title="Warm Springs Historic District">Warm Springs Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Governorship of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Governorship of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Plot" title="Business Plot">Business Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Zangara#Assassination_attempt" title="Giuseppe Zangara">Assassination attempt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Electoral history of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_New_York_state_election" title="1928 New York state election">1928 New York state election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_New_York_state_election" title="1930 New York state election">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention, 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention#Impact" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Days_Are_Here_Again#In_popular_culture" title="Happy Days Are Here Again">theme song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt#Personal_life" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Early life and education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groton_School" title="Groton School">Groton School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_National_Historic_Site" title="Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site">Springwood birthplace, home, and gravesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_House_(Harvard_College)" title="Adams House (Harvard College)">Adams House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FDR_Suite_at_Adams_House,_Harvard_University" title="FDR Suite at Adams House, Harvard University">FDR Suite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Campobello_International_Park" title="Roosevelt Campobello International Park">Campobello home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralytic_illness_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Paralytic illness of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Paralytic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Cottage" title="Top Cottage">Top Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_White_House" title="Little White House">Little White House, Warm Springs, Georgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Bibliography of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="List of statues of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute" title="Roosevelt Institute">Roosevelt Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute_Campus_Network" title="Roosevelt Institute Campus Network">Roosevelt Institute Campus Network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Foundation" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation">Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Memorial" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial">Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Island" title="Roosevelt Island">Roosevelt Island</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Four_Freedoms_Park" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park">Four Freedoms Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Room" title="Roosevelt Room">White House Roosevelt Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute_for_American_Studies" title="Roosevelt Institute for American Studies">Roosevelt Institute for American Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_(CV-42)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Franklin D. Roosevelt (CV-42)">USS <i>Franklin D. Roosevelt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Roosevelt_(DDG-80)" title="USS Roosevelt (DDG-80)">USS <i>Roosevelt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_Award" title="Four Freedoms Award">Four Freedoms Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_(Rockwell)" title="Four Freedoms (Rockwell)"><i>Four Freedoms</i> paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_portrait_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Unfinished portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt"><i>Unfinished portrait</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_dime" title="Roosevelt dime">Roosevelt dime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27d_Rather_Be_Right" title="I'd Rather Be Right"><i>I'd Rather Be Right</i> 1937 musical</a></li> <li>Films <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Roosevelt_Story" title="The Roosevelt Story"><i>The Roosevelt Story</i> 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_at_Campobello" title="Sunrise at Campobello"><i>Sunrise at Campobello</i> 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_and_Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Eleanor and Franklin (miniseries)"><i>Eleanor and Franklin</i> 1976,</a> <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_and_Franklin:_The_White_House_Years" title="Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years"><i>The White House Years</i> 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House"><i>Backstairs at the White House</i> 1979 miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II:_When_Lions_Roared" title="World War II: When Lions Roared"><i>World War II: When Lions Roared</i> 1997 miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Springs_(film)" title="Warm Springs (film)"><i>Warm Springs</i> 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_on_Hudson" title="Hyde Park on Hudson"><i>Hyde Park on Hudson</i> 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Roosevelts_(miniseries)" title="The Roosevelts (miniseries)"><i>The Roosevelts</i> 2014 documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Lady_(American_TV_series)" title="The First Lady (American TV series)"><i>The First Lady</i> 2022 miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDR_(miniseries)" title="FDR (miniseries)"><i>FDR</i> 2023 miniseries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="List of memorials to Franklin D. Roosevelt">Other namesakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family<br />(<a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_family" title="Roosevelt family">Roosevelt</a><br /> • <a href="/wiki/Delano_family" title="Delano family">Delano</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Roosevelt_Halsted" title="Anna Roosevelt Halsted">Anna Roosevelt Halsted</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt" title="James Roosevelt">James Roosevelt II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Roosevelt_(general)" title="Elliott Roosevelt (general)">Elliott Roosevelt</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Jr." title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr.">Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aspinwall_Roosevelt" title="John Aspinwall Roosevelt">John Aspinwall Roosevelt II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt_I" title="James Roosevelt I">James Roosevelt I</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Roosevelt" title="Sara Roosevelt">Sara Ann Delano</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt_Roosevelt" title="James Roosevelt Roosevelt">James Roosevelt Roosevelt</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Roosevelt_(businessman)" title="Isaac Roosevelt (businessman)">Isaac Roosevelt</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Delano_Jr." title="Warren Delano Jr.">Warren Delano Jr.</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fala_(dog)" title="Fala (dog)">Fala</a> (family dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_(Franklin_D._Roosevelt%27s_dog)" title="Major (Franklin D. Roosevelt's dog)">Major</a> (family dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">← Herbert Hoover</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Category:Franklin D. 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Radio_icon.png/21px-Radio_icon.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Radio_icon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="22" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Radio" title="Portal:Radio">Radio</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a 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