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href="#War_with_Rome_under_Tarquinius_Superbus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>War with Rome under Tarquinius Superbus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_Rome_under_Tarquinius_Superbus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_under_Roman_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_under_Roman_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History under Roman control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_under_Roman_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultural influences</span> </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Forum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tower_of_Castiglione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tower_of_Castiglione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Tower of Castiglione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tower_of_Castiglione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fieldwork_since_the_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fieldwork_since_the_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Fieldwork since the 1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fieldwork_since_the_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gabii_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gabii_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Gabii Project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gabii_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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(Latium) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gabii (Latium)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabii" title="Gabii – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gabii" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabies" title="Gabies – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gabies" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabi_(citt%C3%A0_antica)" title="Gabi (città antica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gabi (città antica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabii" title="Gabii – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gabii" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabii" title="Gabii – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gabii" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Габий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Габий" data-language-autonym="Русский" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gabii&params=41_53_13_N_12_42_57_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°53′13″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°42′57″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.88694°N 12.71583°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.88694; 12.71583</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient city of Latium, east of Rome</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Gabii</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabii_0937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gabii_0937.jpg/220px-Gabii_0937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gabii_0937.jpg/330px-Gabii_0937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gabii_0937.jpg/440px-Gabii_0937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ruins in the residential quarter of Gabii</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gabii is located in Italy"><img alt="Gabii is located in Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/250px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/375px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg/500px-Italy_provincial_location_map_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.562%;left:50.905%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Gabii"><img alt="Gabii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Italy</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label">Osteria dell'Osa, <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gabii&params=41_53_13_N_12_42_57_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°53′13″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°42′57″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.88694°N 12.71583°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.88694; 12.71583</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Management</th><td class="infobox-data">Soprintendenza Speciale per il Colosseo, il Museo Nazionale Romano e l'Area Archeologica di Roma</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150801214258/http://archeoroma.beniculturali.it/siti_archeologici/suburbio/gabii">Parco archeologico di Gabii</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Wars_of_Etruscan_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Wars of Etruscan Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wars_of_Etruscan_Rome" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Wars of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Etruscan Rome</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Veii" title="Battle of Veii">Veii</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#War_with_Rome_under_Tarquinius_Superbus">Gabii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutuli#War_with_Rome_under_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Rutuli">Rutuli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Via_Labicana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Via_Labicana.jpg/220px-Via_Labicana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Via_Labicana.jpg/330px-Via_Labicana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Via_Labicana.jpg/440px-Via_Labicana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Latium. Gabii is directly east of Roma, south of Collatia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altar_twelve_gods_Louvre_Ma666.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Altar_twelve_gods_Louvre_Ma666.jpg/220px-Altar_twelve_gods_Louvre_Ma666.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Altar_twelve_gods_Louvre_Ma666.jpg/330px-Altar_twelve_gods_Louvre_Ma666.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Altar_twelve_gods_Louvre_Ma666.jpg/440px-Altar_twelve_gods_Louvre_Ma666.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Altar of the Twelve Gods from Gabii, dated to 1st century AD (<a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gabii</b> was an ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a>, located 18 km (11 mi) due east of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Via_Praenestina" title="Via Praenestina">Via Praenestina</a>, which was in early times known as the <i>Via Gabina</i>. <sup id="cite_ref-Pauly_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was on the south-eastern perimeter of an extinct <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater_lake" title="Volcanic crater lake">volcanic crater lake</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bietti_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bietti-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> approximately circular in shape, named the <i>Lacus Gabinus</i>, and then during later times called the <i>Lago di Castiglione</i>, "lake of the fortification", after <i>Castiglione</i>, a mediaeval tower erected on the site of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">acropolis</a>, or <i>arx</i>, of Gabii.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a> is adjacent on that side of the lake. At present, the former lake is entirely agricultural land. The ruins of the ancient city project from the fields next to the cliffs overlooking it, on both sides of the via. A <i><a href="/wiki/Municipium" title="Municipium">municipium</a></i> in Roman times, Gabii is currently located in the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Frazione" title="Frazione">frazione</a></i></span> of Osteria dell'Osa 10 km (6.2 mi) from the <i>comune</i> of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Compatri" title="Monte Compatri">Monte Compatri</a>, of which it is a part, in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Rome" title="Province of Rome">Province of Rome</a>, Region of <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>. The site is under new seasonal archaeological excavation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_geography">Historical geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabii&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To what degree the lake was sedimented in ancient times remains unknown. Some of the earliest huts are down in the crater. Two streams flowing north to south flanked the lake on the west: the <i>Fosso del'Osa</i>, and the east: <i>Fosso di San Giuliano</i>. These originated in another body of water, believed to be <i>Lacus Regillus</i>, on the south side of the road. The streams cut the road on either side of Gabii and were crossed by bridges; in other words, Gabii was constructed at a defensible location on an isthmus between two lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The isthmus was isolated by streams on either side. The quadrangle so formed contained its own water supply and straddled a major route on the east flank of Rome. It could not, as history demonstrated, be ignored by Rome. The two streams flow north to the <a href="/wiki/Aniene" title="Aniene">Anio river</a>, which flows west into the <a href="/wiki/Tiber_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiber river">Tiber river</a> on the north side of Rome. </p><p> In 1846 Gell reported that the Osa came from "a large marshy plain, extending almost to the <a href="/wiki/Via_Labicana" title="Via Labicana">Via Labicana</a>." Passing by Lake Gabino it was connected to the latter by "artificial canals", which were in the process of draining the lake:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>The water of the lake has been very much lowered by this canal, and more draining is yet in contemplation, although there are already many square miles of uncultivated ground in the vicinity.</p></blockquote><p> The draining of the lake was a project of the Borghese family, which had purchased it in 1614 from the Colonna family. <a href="/wiki/Octavian_Blewitt" title="Octavian Blewitt">Octavian Blewitt</a>'s handbook was able to report in 1850 (only four years later):<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>The lake was drained a few years ago by prince Borghese, who has converted it from the state of a pestilential marsh into a district of great fertility.</p></blockquote> <p>Near the river a small inn had been placed, the Osteria dell'Osa ("Inn of the Osa"), north of which was the main necropolis of Gabii. The habitation today has expanded into the center of a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Frazione" title="Frazione">frazione</a></i></span>. </p><p>The marshy plain was the last trace of the quasi-legendary lake near which the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Regillus" title="Battle of Lake Regillus">Battle of Lake Regillus</a> decided whether the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> would continue or the kings of Rome would be restored by the intervention of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_League" title="Latin League">Latin League</a>, to which Gabii belonged. The site of the battle is still a matter of dispute, which, on the unwarranted assumption that the location of the battle reveals the location of the lake, has extended into a dispute over the location of the lake. To modern topographers the deep lake basin, now kept dry, and the <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">aqueducts</a> that drew water, and still draw water, from its sources leave no doubt that the lake was located in the basin.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Fountains_of_Papal_Rome/Fontana_del_Mos%C3%A8" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Fountains of Papal Rome/Fontana del Mosè">Fountains of Papal Rome/Fontana del Mosè</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>Lake Regillus varied in size and depth over the centuries but was certainly between the <i><a href="/wiki/Via_Labicana" title="Via Labicana">Via Labicana</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Via_Praenestina" title="Via Praenestina">Via Praenestina</a></i> east of Finocchio and north of <a href="/wiki/Colonna_(RM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonna (RM)">Colonna</a> (ancient <a href="/wiki/Labicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Labicum">Labicum</a>), the last remnant at Pantana Borghese having been drained by the Borghese family in conjunction with the restitution of the first part of the <a href="/wiki/Aqua_Alexandrina" title="Aqua Alexandrina">Acqua Alexandrina</a> as the Acqua Felice under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Pope Sixtus V</a> in the years 1585–1587.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two roads joined on the outskirts of Rome. The Pantana was the low point; from springs on its hillside exuded the water that filled the lake. During the thousand years of the post-classical period a much smaller Rome (totally abandoned at one point under the Goths) had lived on a greatly reduced water supply due to the broken and unrepaired aqueducts. </p><p>Gabii had kept its lake until the completion of the Acqua Alexandrina in 226 AD. The Romans captured springs or mountain streams for drinking water; they never fed the waters of the marsh into the aqueduct. It led from springs over the Pantana through underground conduits on the south side of the <i>Via Praenestina</i> to the outskirts of Rome, where it was carried on arched conduits above ground into the city. The Acqua Felice had more altitude at this point. By 226 the lake must have receded enough to have left a corridor along the road, as the Romans would not have been able to sink a conduit under the swamp. Having its source water drained away, the lake receded drastically. The aqueduct is still in use. In 1915 it shunted some 22,000 m<sup>3</sup> (5,800,000 US gal) per day into the city of Rome. If these sources were not diverted, Lake Regillus would soon return. </p><p>Meanwhile, the basin marks the location of the former lake. It is now entirely agricultural land, except that the community of Lago Regillo has been placed in it near Gabii. Osteria del Finocchio marks the western limit, as it is heavily settled and is on higher ground. Lake Regillus therefore cannot have been in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Frascati" title="Frascati">Frascati</a>, regardless of where the battle was fought. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabii&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scattered surface pottery has been found from the Middle Bronze Age outside the necropolis located below Castiglione, from which nothing can be deduced concerning the settlement at Gabii. The Late Bronze Age is missing. The Final Bronze Age is represented by minimal <a href="/wiki/Latial_culture#Periodization" title="Latial culture">Latial I</a> (1000-900 BC) material around the inside of the crater on the southern side, indicating low-density settlement at the water's edge there.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith61_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith61-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lacus_Buranus_bronzo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lacus_Buranus_bronzo.png/330px-Lacus_Buranus_bronzo.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lacus_Buranus_bronzo.png/495px-Lacus_Buranus_bronzo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Lacus_Buranus_bronzo.png/660px-Lacus_Buranus_bronzo.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Bronze Age findings around <i>Lacus Buranus</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Definitive settlement at Gabii is believed to have begun with <a href="/wiki/Latial_culture#Periodization" title="Latial culture">Latial IIA</a> (900-830 BC) when the cemeteries of Castiglione, some 60 tombs of only IIA, and Osteria del'Osa, over 600 tombs primarily of II and III (900-630 BC), and some of IV (730-580 BC), began. Both of these necropoli are dated entirely before the foundation of Rome and well before the classical city of Gabii. The location of the settlements producing these cemeteries was an issue of some mystery until aerial reconnaissance revealed a string of six "Iron Age hamlets" on the isthmus and more along the ridge to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latial IIA is regarded as pre-urban and IIB as proto-urban; that is, at some time during 830-730 BC the settlements acquired a common geopolitical identity. By the end of IV (580 BC) the name Gabii must have been in place as the name of the city, as by then the history was well into the events of its legends. </p><p>The most archaeological work has been done on the cemetery of Osteria dell'Osa. The tombs are divided into 14 groups, each exhibiting a set of distinctive traditions and each believed to represent one community of roughly 100 persons, round numbers. The earliest two, contemporaneous and dated to IIA, termed the northern and southern groups from their location within the cemetery, evidence the presence of a male warrior class. At the center of the cluster is a small set of male-only cremation burials, some in hut-urns. Around them is a greater group of inhumations of men, women and children. The richer cremation burials included grave gifts of miniaturized bronze tools and weapons and miniaturized pottery forms. The inhumations lacked weapons. Women were buried with jewelry and spindle-whorls (used in weaving).<sup id="cite_ref-cornell51-53_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornell51-53-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The northern group (25 tombs) covered the mouth of the burial jar (dolium) with a <a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">travertine</a> slab, made ovicaprine food offerings, left serpentine <a href="/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)" title="Fibula (brooch)">fibulae</a>, razors of quadrangular shape and spearheads with sockets for wooden handles. The pottery is decorated. The southern group (30 tombs) used an <a href="/wiki/Impasto" title="Impasto">impasto</a> lid on the burial jars, left serpent-fibulae of a different-style, a razor of lunate shape and one-piece cast spears. The pottery is undecorated.<sup id="cite_ref-cornell51-53_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornell51-53-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Urbanization of the area probably did not begin before the start of the second half of the 8th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Bietti_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bietti-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process most likely finished by the end of the 7th century BC, and, at its height, the city's borders enclosed 0.75 square miles (1.9 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-Bietti_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bietti-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legend_and_legendary_history">Legend and legendary history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabii&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legend and legendary history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early date of the prehistoric Gabii suggests that the Roman writers could have little traditional memory of its foundation or of who founded it. The surviving traditions are therefore in the <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a> category; there may or may not be elements of truth in them. The tradition is two-fold: Gabii was founded either by the <a href="/wiki/Latin_kings_of_Alba_Longa" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin kings of Alba Longa">Latin kings of Alba Longa</a> (according to <a href="/wiki/Vergil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergil">Vergil</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and therefore was aboriginal Latin in ethnic descent, or by the <a href="/wiki/Sicels" title="Sicels">Sicels</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pauly_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the Siculi, a substrate population of east Italy expelled by the Italics to Sicily. They became one of the three major indigenous tribes of ancient Sicily,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving their name to it. </p><p>The legend of a Siculian foundation of Rome comes from fragments of early Roman annalists, who asserted that the Siculi occupied several cities of Latium before the arrival of the <i>aborigines</i> (Latins): Rome, Tibur, Fescennium, Falerii, Antemnae, Caenina and a few others.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gabii is mentioned as one of them by <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Solinus" title="Gaius Julius Solinus">Gaius Julius Solinus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to him two Siculian brothers founded it and named it by combining their names, <i>Galatus</i> and <i>Bins</i>. Fanciful etymologies such as the above are not taken seriously but there is a sober case for a Sicilian and Siculian influence on early Latium. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Cloelia_gens" title="Cloelia gens">Cloelii</a> claimed to be from <a href="/wiki/Alba_Longa" title="Alba Longa">Alba Longa</a> and used the <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a> <i>Siculus</i>. Prisons called <i>lautumia</i> were cut into the sides of the early <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline Hill</a>. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> used quarries, called <i>latomiai</i>, for a similar purpose. Most of the similarities can be attributed to an influence on early Rome from Greek Sicily; however, the case of a Sicul substrate also is possible. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> relates the legend that <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Remus" class="mw-redirect" title="Remus">Remus</a> were raised by <a href="/wiki/Faustulus" title="Faustulus">Faustulus</a>, the servant of <a href="/wiki/Amulius" title="Amulius">Amulius</a>, in Gabii, where they learned everything from literature to the use of <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-Pauly_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From there they went on to found Rome. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_Rome_under_Tarquinius_Superbus">War with Rome under Tarquinius Superbus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabii&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: War with Rome under Tarquinius Superbus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Latin_League" title="Latin League">Latin League</a> (<i>Latini</i>) was brought under Roman jurisdiction by the last king of Rome, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a>. Addressing their council and claiming that, because all the Latin cities were founded from <a href="/wiki/Alba_Longa" title="Alba Longa">Alba Longa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a> had made a treaty by which Alba was ceded to Rome along with all its colonies, Rome had a legal claim over the Latins, he offered them protection from any chance devastation that should inflict their country and a share in Roman prosperity if they would resume the treaty, which they did. Thenceforward Latin troops fought beside Roman within the Roman army.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gabii reneged from the Latin treaty with Rome for unknown reasons. Tarquinius' son, <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Tarquinius" title="Sextus Tarquinius">Sextus Tarquinius</a>, went to Gabii, pretending to be in revolt against his father and asking for assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was accepted, and after successfully commanding various military expeditions, he was appointed as the leading general of the army of Gabii. As general, he commanded a number of minor but successful skirmishes against Roman forces, with the complicity of the Roman king.<sup id="cite_ref-LivyAb_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LivyAb-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He sent a message to the king asking what to do next. Receiving the messenger in the garden the king said nothing at all (for which he might have been held liable later) but strolled around lopping off the heads of the tallest poppies with a stick. Sextus took this to be a message to destroy the aristocrats of Gabii including <a href="/wiki/Antistia_gens" title="Antistia gens">Antistius</a> Petro whom according to legend Sextus accused of plotting with Tarquinius Superbus Sextus' return to Rome dead or alive, thereby provoking the Gabines to stone Antistius to death.<sup id="cite_ref-Crabb1833_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crabb1833-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bonghi1888_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonghi1888-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tarquinius Superbus was able to take advantage of the ensuing confusion and bring Gabii into submission without battle.<sup id="cite_ref-LivyAb_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LivyAb-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a> states<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Tarquin was lenient with Gabii, and their subsequent treaty, whose original text was written on a bullock's skin and draped over a wooden shield, was said by Dionysius of Halicarnassus to be still extant in his day in the Roman temple of <a href="/wiki/Sancus" title="Sancus">Sancus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the overthrow of the Roman monarchy, Sextus fled to Gabii but was killed by the leaders of the city in revenge for his past actions.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_under_Roman_control">History under Roman control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabii&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History under Roman control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gabii was an ally of Rome after 493 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late Republican period, the city became depopulated due to the extensive use of the <i>lapis Gabinus</i> quarry, which was just under the archaic city. <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> mentioned it in the 1st century BC as a small and insignificant place.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Augustan poets used Gabii when demonstrating a city that had fallen from its old heights.<sup id="cite_ref-princeton_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-princeton-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From inscriptions we learn that from the time of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> onwards it enjoyed a municipal organization. Its baths were well known,<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, who was responsible for much of the renewed prosperity of the small towns of Latium, appears to have been a very liberal patron, building a senate-house (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Curia_Aelia_Augusta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curia Aelia Augusta (page does not exist)">Curia Aelia Augusta</a>) and an aqueduct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshby1911379–380_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshby1911379–380-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 3rd century, Gabii practically disappears from history, though its bishops continue to be mentioned in ecclesiastical documents till the close of the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshby1911380_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshby1911380-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artemis_Braschi_Glyptothek_Munich_214.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Artemis_Braschi_Glyptothek_Munich_214.jpg/220px-Artemis_Braschi_Glyptothek_Munich_214.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Artemis_Braschi_Glyptothek_Munich_214.jpg/330px-Artemis_Braschi_Glyptothek_Munich_214.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Artemis_Braschi_Glyptothek_Munich_214.jpg/440px-Artemis_Braschi_Glyptothek_Munich_214.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="2899" /></a><figcaption>The <i>"Braschi" Diana</i>, a Roman marble excavated in 1792 by <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Hamilton,_artist_and_antiquarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavin Hamilton, artist and antiquarian">Gavin Hamilton</a> and sold to <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Braschi_Onesti" title="Luigi Braschi Onesti">Luigi Braschi Onesti</a>, who sold it to <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig I of Bavaria">Ludwig of Bavaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glyptothek" title="Glyptothek">Glyptothek</a>. Munich)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_influences">Cultural influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabii&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cultural influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gabii's importance in the earliest history of Rome is also apparent elsewhere: the adoption of the <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#cinctus_gabinus" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">cinctus Gabinus</a></i> (a method of draping the toga that leaves both arms free) by the Romans for certain ceremonies,<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the unique role it played for the <a href="/wiki/Augur" title="Augur">augurs</a><sup id="cite_ref-oxford_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as seen from the specific term <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#ager" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">ager Gabinus</a></i> used by these priests<sup id="cite_ref-Pauly_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Varro, Ling. 5,33), and its presence in a Roman formula of <i><a href="/wiki/Devotio" title="Devotio">devotio</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pauly_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabii&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temple_of_Juno">Temple of Juno</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabii&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Temple of Juno"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabii_0936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gabii_0936.jpg/220px-Gabii_0936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gabii_0936.jpg/330px-Gabii_0936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Gabii_0936.jpg/440px-Gabii_0936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Temple of Juno, back</figcaption></figure> <p>The most conspicuous ruin remaining at the site of Gabii is a temple, generally attributed to <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a>, which had six <a href="/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order">Ionic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian</a> columns in the front and six on each side, excluding the back.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshby1911380_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshby1911380-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple was composed of a single room (<i><a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">cella</a></i>), and it was made of <i>lapis Gabinus</i>, a fire-resistant rock that was found in the quarries around Gabii and that also made its way into some of the buildings of Rome itself. The temple was situated in the middle of a podium, which had a colonnade of <a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric</a> columns along the back and extending around the sides. This colonnade stood in front of rooms of unknown function, perhaps multi-functional, for such uses as temple shops.<sup id="cite_ref-princeton_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-princeton-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temple was excavated and published by the Spanish School at Rome in the 1960s and 1970s. </p><p>The temple was constructed 150-100 BC. A painted inscription (<i>IVN</i>) on an <a href="/wiki/Antefix" title="Antefix">antefix</a> identifies it as a temple of Juno. Around the rear of the temple (on the cliff side), which faced and towered above the road, were about 55 pits for planting trees representing a sacred grove. The site began as sacred in the 7th century BC featuring such a grove in which one tree was especially worshipped. In the 4th century BC a small shrine was constructed next to the grove around and in connection with which caches of anatomical <a href="/wiki/Terra_cotta" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra cotta">terra cotta</a> statuettes were found. This type of statuette modeled an organ or section of the human body and was given as a votive offering at a healing sanctuary, of which a great many have been found in Latium, in hope that divinity would turn its attention to healing the organ of the dedicator.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also found were some votive pedestals inscribed to <i>Fortuna.</i> A pavement was inscribed to <i>Jupiter Jurarius</i> ("of oaths"), indicating possible state functions of the site. There were two other shrines at the location. </p><p>The subsequent temple to Juno remained in use during the empire, after the town was abandoned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forum">Forum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabii&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Forum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To the east of the temple lay the supposed area of the forum, where excavations were made by <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Hamilton,_artist_and_antiquarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavin Hamilton, artist and antiquarian">Gavin Hamilton</a> in 1792.<sup id="cite_ref-princeton_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-princeton-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamilton discovered a large cache of statues that were initially placed in the <a href="/wiki/Borghese_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Borghese collection">Borghese collection</a>, although many of them subsequently were carried off to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, and still remain in the Louvre. The statues and busts are especially numerous and interesting (38 in all); besides the deities <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemesis (mythology)">Nemesis</a>, etc., they comprise <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Agrippa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plotina" class="mw-redirect" title="Plotina">Plotina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vibia_Sabina" title="Vibia Sabina">Sabina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Septimius Geta">Geta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a> and others. The inscriptions relate mainly to local and municipal matters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshby1911380_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshby1911380-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tower_of_Castiglione">Tower of Castiglione</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabii&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tower of Castiglione"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The citadel of Gabii is now marked by the ruins of the medieval tower of Castiglione.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshby1911380_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshby1911380-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fieldwork_since_the_1990s">Fieldwork since the 1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabii&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fieldwork since the 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabii_0938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gabii_0938.jpg/220px-Gabii_0938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gabii_0938.jpg/330px-Gabii_0938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gabii_0938.jpg/440px-Gabii_0938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Via Gabina, later Prenestina</figcaption></figure> <p>New fieldwork has been undertaken to the east of Gabii along the lines of the ancient city wall where a sanctuary has been excavated by Marco Fabbri close to one of the city's gates. Other work at the site has been carried out by Stefano Musco, the local inspector of the Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111128124658/http://archeoroma.beniculturali.it/">SSBAR</a>). These excavators, led by Marco Fabbri, reported the discovery of an Archaic building that they identified as a 'regia' in March 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-beniculturali_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beniculturali-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gabii_Project">Gabii Project</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabii&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gabii Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 2007 the multi-institution Gabii Project,<sup id="cite_ref-umich_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umich-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led by <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Terrenato" title="Nicola Terrenato">Nicola Terrenato</a> of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, was launched. It began its investigations by conducting a large-scale geophysical survey of the former urban center of Gabii. This survey had two prongs: a magnetometry survey and a core-sampling survey including both manual and machine collected cores. The survey data revealed a regularized pattern of streets latent in the subsurface layers, together with archaeological deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gabii Project commenced large-scale excavations in two areas of the site in June 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-fastionline.org_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fastionline.org-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late March 2010 the Gabii Project reported <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100401073421/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/03/100329-roman-sarcophagus-gladiator-lead-burrito">[1]</a> the discovery, in July 2009, of a half-ton lead encased inhumation burial that has tentatively been dated to the Roman Imperial period, likely the second or third centuries A.D.<sup id="cite_ref-nationalgeographic_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalgeographic-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence for early elite burials, in this case those of infants, also emerged in 2009, suggesting the development of social hierarchy in the eighth through sixth centuries BC.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of an important but fragmentary Republican Latin inscription also came in 2009 and was published in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-uni-koeln_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uni-koeln-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The excavations of the Gabii Project continued in 2010 and 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-fastionline.org_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fastionline.org-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during which time substantial portions of several ancient city blocks were brought to light. Not only is evidence for multi-period infrastructure clearly present, but the remains of urban architecture of the later first millennium BC have also become apparent. The award of a major collaborative research grant from the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a> supports the next phase of excavations from 2012 to 2015. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabii&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praxiteles" title="Praxiteles">Praxiteles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_poppy_syndrome" title="Tall poppy syndrome">Tall poppy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Tarquinius" title="Sextus Tarquinius">Sextus Tarquinius</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabii&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_1" class="extiw" title="wikisource:From the Founding of the City/Book 1">From the Founding of the City/Book 1</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_2" class="extiw" title="wikisource:From the Founding of the City/Book 2">From the Founding of the City/Book 2</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pauly-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pauly_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pauly_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pauly_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pauly_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pauly_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Gabii". <i>Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World: Antiquity</i>. Vol. 5, EQU–HAS. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. 2004. pp. 630–631. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12268-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12268-0"><bdi>978-90-04-12268-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gabii&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+New+Pauly%3A+Encyclopaedia+of+the+Ancient+World%3A+Antiquity&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=630-631&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12268-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bietti-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bietti_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bietti_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bietti_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBietti_Sestieri1992" class="citation book cs1">Bietti Sestieri, Anna Maria (1992). <i>The Iron Age Community of Osteria Dell'Osa</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. pp. 50–77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iron+Age+Community+of+Osteria+Dell%27Osa&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=50-77&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Bietti+Sestieri&rft.aufirst=Anna+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gell & Bunbury (1846), p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holloway (1996), p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gell & Bunbury (1846), p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlewitt1850" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Blewitt" title="Octavian Blewitt">Blewitt, Octavian</a> (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahandbookfortra26firgoog">"Excursions from Rome: Gabii"</a>. <i>A hand-book for travellers in central Italy; including the Papal states, Rome, and the cities of Etruria</i>. London: J. Murray. pp. 583–585.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Excursions+from+Rome%3A+Gabii&rft.btitle=A+hand-book+for+travellers+in+central+Italy%3B+including+the+Papal+states%2C+Rome%2C+and+the+cities+of+Etruria&rft.place=London&rft.pages=583-585&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Blewitt&rft.aufirst=Octavian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahandbookfortra26firgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2002" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Harry B. (2002). <i>Aqueduct Hunting in the Seventeenth Century: Raffaele Fabretti's De aquis et aquaeductibus veteris Romae</i>. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. pp. 96–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-11248-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-11248-1"><bdi>0-472-11248-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aqueduct+Hunting+in+the+Seventeenth+Century%3A+Raffaele+Fabretti%27s+De+aquis+et+aquaeductibus+veteris+Romae&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pages=96-100&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-472-11248-1&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Harry+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacVeaghRuzicka1915" class="citation book cs1">MacVeagh, Fanny Davenport Rogers; Ruzicka, Rudolph (Illustrator) (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fountainsofpapal00macviala"><i>Fountains of papal Rome</i></a>. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fountainsofpapal00macviala/page/145">145</a>–152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fountains+of+papal+Rome&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=145-152&rft.pub=C.+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=MacVeagh&rft.aufirst=Fanny+Davenport+Rogers&rft.au=Ruzicka%2C+Rudolph+%28Illustrator%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffountainsofpapal00macviala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith61-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith61_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (1996), p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holloway (1996) pp. 103-104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cornell51-53-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cornell51-53_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cornell51-53_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cornell (1995), pp. 51-53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublius_Vergilius_Maro1870" class="citation book cs1">Publius Vergilius Maro (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neidvirgilbooks00marogoog">"Book VI, line 774"</a>. <i>The Aeneid</i>. <q>A second Silvius after these appears; <a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Silvius" title="Aeneas Silvius">Silvius Aeneas</a>, ... Who, late restor'd, in Alba shall be crown'd. ... they, who crown'd with oaken wreaths appear, Shall Gabian walls and strong Fidena rear; Nomentum, Bola, with Pometia, found; And raise Collatian tow'rs on rocky ground</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+VI%2C+line+774&rft.btitle=The+Aeneid&rft.date=1870&rft.au=Publius+Vergilius+Maro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneidvirgilbooks00marogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDionysius_of_Halicarnassus" class="citation book cs1">Dionysius of Halicarnassus. "Book I.53". <i>Roman Antiquities</i>. <q>There was a city of the Latins, which had been founded by the Albans, distant one hundred stades from Rome and standing upon the road that leads to Praeneste. The name of this city was Gabii</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+I.53&rft.btitle=Roman+Antiquities&rft.au=Dionysius+of+Halicarnassus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrea1957" class="citation book cs1">Brea, LB (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.6923"><i>Sicily Before the Greeks</i></a>. Thames and Hudson. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.6923/page/n147">147</a>–149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sicily+Before+the+Greeks&rft.pages=147-149&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Brea&rft.aufirst=LB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.6923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPais1908" class="citation book cs1">Pais, Ettore (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientitalyhis01paisgoog">"XX Siceliot Elements in the Earliest History of Rome"</a>. <i>Ancient Italy: Historical and Geographical Investigations in Central Italy, Magna Graecia, Sicily, and Sardinia</i>. Translated by C. Densmore Curtis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 233–302.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XX+Siceliot+Elements+in+the+Earliest+History+of+Rome&rft.btitle=Ancient+Italy%3A+Historical+and+Geographical+Investigations+in+Central+Italy%2C+Magna+Graecia%2C+Sicily%2C+and+Sardinia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=233-302&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Pais&rft.aufirst=Ettore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientitalyhis01paisgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolinus1480" class="citation book cs1">Solinus, Gaius Julius (1480). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ita-bnc-in1-00000523-001">"II.10"</a>. <i>de Mirabilibus Mundi</i>. Portilia, Andrea.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=II.10&rft.btitle=de+Mirabilibus+Mundi&rft.pub=Portilia%2C+Andrea&rft.date=1480&rft.aulast=Solinus&rft.aufirst=Gaius+Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fita-bnc-in1-00000523-001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch" class="citation book cs1">Plutarch. "VI". <i>Life of Romulus</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VI&rft.btitle=Life+of+Romulus&rft.au=Plutarch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita (book)">Ab urbe condita</a></i>, 1.52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita (book)">Ab urbe condita</a></i>, 1.53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LivyAb-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LivyAb_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LivyAb_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita (book)">Ab urbe condita</a></i>, 1.54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crabb1833-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crabb1833_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Crabb1833" class="citation book cs1">George Crabb (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uVZBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA100"><i>Universal Historical Dictionary: Or Explanation of the Names of Persons and Places in the Departments of Biblical, Political and Eccles. History, Mythology, Heraldry, Biography, Bibliography, Geography, and Numismatics</i></a>. Baldwin and Cradock. p. 100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universal+Historical+Dictionary%3A+Or+Explanation+of+the+Names+of+Persons+and+Places+in+the+Departments+of+Biblical%2C+Political+and+Eccles.+History%2C+Mythology%2C+Heraldry%2C+Biography%2C+Bibliography%2C+Geography%2C+and+Numismatics&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Baldwin+and+Cradock&rft.date=1833&rft.au=George+Crabb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuVZBAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonghi1888-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bonghi1888_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuggiero_Bonghi1888" class="citation book cs1">Ruggiero Bonghi (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FiwOAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA217"><i>Storia del Roma: I re e la repubblica sino all'anno 283 di Roma. 1888</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Fratelli_Treves" title="Fratelli Treves">Fratelli Treves</a>. p. 217.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+del+Roma%3A+I+re+e+la+repubblica+sino+all%27anno+283+di+Roma.+1888&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Fratelli+Treves&rft.date=1888&rft.au=Ruggiero+Bonghi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFiwOAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. 4,58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LacusCurtius. Ed. Bill Thayer. 05/11/2007 <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/home.html">http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/home.html</a>>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita (book)">Ab urbe condita</a></i>, 1.60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornblowerSpawforth1996" class="citation cs2">Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony (1996), <i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Hornblower&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Spawforth%2C+Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCicero1883" class="citation book cs1">Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1883) [54 BC]. 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Press. <q>Tusculum to Lavicum, or Gabii, or Bovillae ... municipal towns in which you can now hardly find a single citizen to bear a part in the Latin holidays</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IX+%5B23%5D&rft.btitle=Pro+Plancio&rft.pub=Cambridge%2C+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Cicero&rft.aufirst=Marcus+Tullius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprognaeoplancioo00ciceuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-princeton-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-princeton_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-princeton_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-princeton_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Princeton encyclopedia (1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshby1911379–380-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshby1911379–380_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshby1911">Ashby 1911</a>, pp. 379–380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshby1911380-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshby1911380_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshby1911380_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshby1911380_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshby1911380_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAshby1911">Ashby 1911</a>, p. 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy 5,46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a> <i>Saturnalia</i> 3,9,13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesk_Blomerus1999" class="citation web cs1">Lesk Blomerus, Alexandra L (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071008234434/http://www.erechtheion.org/Docs/Masters%20Thesis%20whole.pdf">"The Anatomical Votive Terracotta Phenomenon: Healing Sanctuaries in the Etrusco-Latial-Campanian Region During the Fourth through First Centuries B.C"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. erechtheion.org. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuove+scoperte+all%27+interno+dell%27antica+citt%C3%A0+latina+di+Gabii&rft.pub=beniculturali.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beniculturali.it%2Fmibac%2Fopencms%2FMiBAC%2Fsito-MiBAC%2FContenuti%2FMibacUnif%2FComunicati%2Fvisualizza_asset.html%3Fid%3D66828%26pagename%3D224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-umich-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-umich_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/gabiiproject/">"The Gabii Project"</a>. sites.lsa.umich.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gabii+Project&rft.pub=sites.lsa.umich.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.lsa.umich.edu%2Fgabiiproject%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Becker, Mogetta, and Terrenato 2009, 629-42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fastionline.org-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fastionline.org_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fastionline.org_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fastionline.org/record_view.php?fst_cd=AIAC_2234">"FASTI - All Records"</a>. fastionline.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FASTI+-+All+Records&rft.pub=fastionline.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastionline.org%2Frecord_view.php%3Ffst_cd%3DAIAC_2234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nationalgeographic-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nationalgeographic_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100401073421/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/03/100329-roman-sarcophagus-gladiator-lead-burrito">"Lead "Burrito" Sarcophagus Found Near Rome"</a>. news.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/03/100329-roman-sarcophagus-gladiator-lead-burrito/">the original</a> on April 1, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lead+%22Burrito%22+Sarcophagus+Found+Near+Rome&rft.pub=news.nationalgeographic.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F03%2F100329-roman-sarcophagus-gladiator-lead-burrito%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Becker and Nowlin 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uni-koeln-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uni-koeln_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ifa.phil-fak.uni-koeln.de/8059.html?&L=1">"ZPE"</a>. ifa.phil-fak.uni-koeln.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gabii" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gabii">Gabii</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 379–380.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gabii&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=379-380&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Ashby&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell1995" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Timothy J (1995). 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Routledge. pp. 48–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01596-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01596-7"><bdi>978-0-415-01596-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+Rome%3A+Archaeology+in+Rome+and+Old+Latium%3A+the+Nature+of+the+Evidence&rft.btitle=The+Beginnings+of+Rome%3A+Italy+and+Rome+from+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Punic+Wars+%28c.+1000-264+BC%29&rft.series=The+Routledge+History+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=48-80&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-01596-7&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGellBunbury1846" class="citation book cs1">Gell, William; Bunbury, Edward Herbert (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/topographyromea01gellgoog">"Gabii"</a>. <i>The topography of Rome and its Vicinity</i> (New, Revised and Enlarged ed.). London: Henry G. Bohn. pp. 260–269.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gabii&rft.btitle=The+topography+of+Rome+and+its+Vicinity&rft.place=London&rft.pages=260-269&rft.edition=New%2C+Revised+and+Enlarged&rft.pub=Henry+G.+Bohn&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Gell&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Bunbury%2C+Edward+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftopographyromea01gellgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolloway1996" class="citation book cs1">Holloway, R. Ross (1996). "8: Osteria del'Osa". <i>The archaeology of early Rome and Latium</i>. Routledge. pp. 103–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14360-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14360-8"><bdi>978-0-415-14360-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8%3A+Osteria+del%27Osa&rft.btitle=The+archaeology+of+early+Rome+and+Latium&rft.pages=103-113&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14360-8&rft.aulast=Holloway&rft.aufirst=R.+Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Richardson, L. Jr (2009) [1976]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icarus.umkc.edu/sandbox/perseus/pecs/page.1728.a.php">"GABII (Castiglione) Italy"</a>. In Stillwell, Richard (ed.). <i>Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites</i>. Princeton, Medford: Princeton University Press, Tufts University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=GABII+%28Castiglione%29+Italy&rft.btitle=Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Classical+Sites&rft.place=Princeton%2C+Medford&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press%2C+Tufts+University&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=L.+Jr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficarus.umkc.edu%2Fsandbox%2Fperseus%2Fpecs%2Fpage.1728.a.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1996" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Christopher John (1996). "Latial Period II: Osteria dell'Osa". <i>Early Rome and Latium: economy and society c. 1000 to 500 BC</i>. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 57–71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Latial+Period+II%3A+Osteria+dell%27Osa&rft.btitle=Early+Rome+and+Latium%3A+economy+and+society+c.+1000+to+500+BC&rft.place=Oxford%2C+New+York&rft.pages=57-71&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jeffrey A. Becker, Marcello Mogetta, and <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Terrenato" title="Nicola Terrenato">Nicola Terrenato</a>. "A new plan for an ancient Italian city: Gabii revealed." <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a> 113.4 (October 2009):629-42.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Terrenato" title="Nicola Terrenato">Nicola Terrenato</a>, A. Gallone, Jeffrey A. Becker, and S. Kay. 2010. "Urbanistica Ortogonale a Gabii: Risultati delle nuove prospezioni geofisiche e prospettive per il futuro." In <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edizioniquasar.it/sku.php?id_libro=1830">Lazio e Sabina VI: Atti del Convegno. Sesto Incontro di Studi sul Lazio e la Sabina. Roma 4-6 marzo 2009'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426042000/http://www.edizioniquasar.it/sku.php?id_libro=1830">Archived</a> 2012-04-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>', edited by G. Ghini, 237-48. Rome: Edizioni Quasar.</i></li> <li>Jeffrey A. Becker and J. Nowlin. 2011. "Orientalizing Infant Burials from Gabii, Italy." <i>BABESCH</i> 86:27-39.</li> <li>Benjamin Fortson and avid Potter. 2011. "A Fragmentary Early Republican Public Inscription from Gabii." <i>Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik</i> 178:255-60.</li> <li>Sophie Hellas. 2014. "Gabii/Latium. Die Befestigungen von archaischer bis in mittelrepublikanische Zeit." <i>Kölner und Bonner Archaeologica</i> 3/2013:145-166.</li> <li>M. Mogetta and J. A. Becker, 2014. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajaonline.org/field-report/1715">Archaeological Research at Gabii, Italy: The Gabii Project Excavations 2009-2011</a>." <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i> 118(1): 171-88.</li> <li>M. Mogetta, 2014. "From Latin Planned Urbanism to Roman Colonial Layouts: the Town-planning of Gabii and its Cultural Implications." In E. Robinson (ed.), <i>Papers on Italian Urbanism in the First Millennium B.C.</i> (Journal of Roman Archaeology, Suppl. 97): 145-74. Portsmouth, R.I.: Journal of Roman Archaeology.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabii&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToms1994" class="citation journal cs1">Toms, Judith (June 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3284/is_n259_v68/ai_n28640842/">"The Iron Age Community of Osteria dell'Osa: A Study of Socio-Political Development in Central Tyrrhenian Italy"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. bnet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+Iron+Age+Community+of+Osteria+dell%27Osa%3A+A+Study+of+Socio-Political+Development+in+Central+Tyrrhenian+Italy&rft.date=1994-06&rft.aulast=Toms&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_hb3284%2Fis_n259_v68%2Fai_n28640842%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuiliciGigli2019" class="citation web cs1">Quilici, L.; Gigli, S. Quilici (2019-11-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/422932">"Gabii: a Pleiades place resource"</a>. <i>Pleiades: a gazetteer of past places</i>. DARMC, R. Talbert, Brady Kiesling, Sean Gillies, Jeffrey Becker, Tom Elliott<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pleiades%3A+a+gazetteer+of+past+places&rft.atitle=Gabii%3A+a+Pleiades+place+resource&rft.date=2019-11-16&rft.aulast=Quilici&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Gigli%2C+S.+Quilici&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpleiades.stoa.org%2Fplaces%2F422932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGabii" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q614510#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q614510#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q614510#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/234154446">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4086574-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119927395">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119927395">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/422932">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028004639">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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