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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Mrežno mjesto"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sadržaj" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Znaci_i_simptomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Znaci_i_simptomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Znaci i simptomi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Znaci_i_simptomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uzroci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uzroci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Uzroci </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uzroci-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Sadržaj cjeline Uzroci </button> <ul id="toc-Uzroci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Način_života" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Način_života"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Način života </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Način_života-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetski_faktori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetski_faktori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Genetski faktori </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetski_faktori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ostale_bolesti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ostale_bolesti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Ostale bolesti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ostale_bolesti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lijekovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lijekovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Lijekovi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lijekovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patofiziologija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patofiziologija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Patofiziologija </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patofiziologija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dijagnosticiranje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dijagnosticiranje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Dijagnosticiranje </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dijagnosticiranje-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Sadržaj cjeline Dijagnosticiranje </button> <ul id="toc-Dijagnosticiranje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sinovijalna_tekućina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinovijalna_tekućina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Sinovijalna tekućina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinovijalna_tekućina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analiza_krvi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analiza_krvi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Analiza krvi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analiza_krvi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diferencijalna_dijagnoza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diferencijalna_dijagnoza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Diferencijalna dijagnoza </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diferencijalna_dijagnoza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevencija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevencija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Prevencija </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevencija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liječenje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liječenje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Liječenje </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Liječenje-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Sadržaj cjeline Liječenje </button> <ul id="toc-Liječenje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nesteroidni_protuupalni_lijekovi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nesteroidni_protuupalni_lijekovi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Nesteroidni protuupalni lijekovi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nesteroidni_protuupalni_lijekovi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kolhicin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kolhicin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Kolhicin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kolhicin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steroidi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steroidi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Steroidi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steroidi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peglotikaza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peglotikaza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Peglotikaza </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peglotikaza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Profilaksa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Profilaksa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Profilaksa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Profilaksa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognoza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognoza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Prognoza </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognoza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiologija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiologija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Epidemiologija </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiologija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Povijest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povijest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Povijest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Povijest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U_drugih_životinja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U_drugih_životinja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 U drugih životinja </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U_drugih_životinja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istraživanja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istraživanja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Istraživanja </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istraživanja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Literatura </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Sadržaj" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Prikaz sadržaja stranice </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Giht</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 79 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" > 79 jezika </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobri članak"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="نقرس – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقرس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podaqra" title="Podaqra – azerbajdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Podaqra" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="پوداقرا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پوداقرا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Падагра – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Падагра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Падагра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Падагра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Подагра – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Подагра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="গেঁটেবাত – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গেঁটেবাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giht" title="Giht – bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Giht" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gota_(malaltia)" title="Gota (malaltia) – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gota (malaltia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="دەردەشا – soranski kurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەردەشا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="soranski kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dna" title="Dna – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowt" title="Gowt – velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gowt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velški" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gicht" title="Gicht – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gicht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Ουρική αρθρίτιδα – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουρική αρθρίτιδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobri članak"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout" title="Gout – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Gout" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podagro" title="Podagro – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Podagro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobri članak"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gota_(enfermedad)" title="Gota (enfermedad) – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gota (enfermedad)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezueri" title="Hezueri – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hezueri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="نقرس – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقرس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihti" title="Kihti – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kihti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goutte_(maladie)" title="Goutte (maladie) – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Goutte (maladie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BAta" title="Gúta – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gúta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gota_(enfermidade)" title="Gota (enfermidade) – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gota (enfermidade)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE" title="ગાંઠિયો વા – gudžaratski" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગાંઠિયો વા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžaratski" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout" title="Gout – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gout" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thung-f%C3%BBng" title="Thung-fûng – hakka kineski" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thung-fûng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F" title="שיגדון – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיגדון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="वातरक्त – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वातरक्त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout_(maladi)" title="Gout (maladi) – haićanski kreolski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gout (maladi)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haićanski kreolski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6szv%C3%A9ny" title="Köszvény – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Köszvény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BA" title="Հոդատապ – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոդատապ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirai" title="Pirai – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pirai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiragro" title="Kiragro – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kiragro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Evags%C3%BDrugigt" title="Þvagsýrugigt – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þvagsýrugigt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobri članak"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotta" title="Gotta – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gotta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%9B%E9%A2%A8" title="痛風 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="痛風" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout" title="Gout – javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gout" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Подагра – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Подагра" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86" title="ಕಟ್ಟುವಾರೆ – karnatački" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಟ್ಟುವಾರೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="karnatački" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B5%ED%92%8D" title="통풍 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="통풍" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Подагра – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Подагра" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podagra" title="Podagra – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Podagra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giicht_(Krankheet)" title="Giicht (Krankheet) – luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Giicht (Krankheet)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gich" title="Gich – limburški" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Gich" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburški" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gota_(malann)" title="Gota (malann) – lombardski" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Gota (malann)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podagra" title="Podagra – litavski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Podagra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litavski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podagra" title="Podagra – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Podagra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82" title="Гихт – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гихт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="संधिवात – marathski" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संधिवात" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathski" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout" title="Gout – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gout" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D" title="गउल्वय् – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गउल्वय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jicht" title="Jicht – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jicht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinsyregikt" title="Urinsyregikt – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Urinsyregikt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinsyregikt" title="Urinsyregikt – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Urinsyregikt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%9F" title="ଗାଉଟ – orijski" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗାଉଟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="orijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%9F" title="ਗਾਊਟ – pandžapski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਾਊਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžapski" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dna_moczanowa" title="Dna moczanowa – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dna moczanowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gota_(doen%C3%A7a)" title="Gota (doença) – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gota (doença)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut%C4%83" title="Gută – rumunjski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gută" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunjski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Подагра – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Подагра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout" title="Gout – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gout" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dna" title="Dna – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protin" title="Protin – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Protin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%82" title="Гихт – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гихт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gikt" title="Gikt – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gikt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jongo" title="Jongo – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jongo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கீல்வாதம் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கீல்வாதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81" title="గౌటు – teluški" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గౌటు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="teluški" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="โรคเกาต์ – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรคเกาต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyo" title="Piyo – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Piyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut" title="Gut – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gut" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Подагра – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Подагра" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Подагра – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Подагра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%B9%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="گنٹھیا – urdski" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گنٹھیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdski" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podagra" title="Podagra – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Podagra" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%87nh_g%C3%BAt" title="Bệnh gút – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bệnh gút" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%9B%E9%A3%8E" title="痛风 – wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="痛风" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%9B%E9%A3%8E" title="痛风 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="痛风" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%9B%E9%A2%A8" title="痛風 – kantonski" lang="yue" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hr" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox vcard" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: left; width: 22em;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">Klasifikacija i vanjske poveznice </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MKB-10" title="MKB-10">MKB-10</a>-CM </td> <td>M10, M10.9 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133087?uselang=hr#P4229" title="Uredi na Wikipodatcima"><img alt="Uredi na Wikipodatcima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MeSH" class="mw-redirect" title="MeSH">MeSH</a> </td> <td>D006073 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133087?uselang=hr#P486" title="Uredi na Wikipodatcima"><img alt="Uredi na Wikipodatcima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:The_gout_james_gillray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_gout_james_gillray.jpg/330px-The_gout_james_gillray.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_gout_james_gillray.jpg/500px-The_gout_james_gillray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/The_gout_james_gillray.jpg/570px-The_gout_james_gillray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>Giht. Karikatura Jamesa Gillraya iz 1799. godine</figcaption></figure> Giht (ponekad se koristi naziv "podagra" kada uključuje nožni palac) je bolest ili zdravstveno stanje kojeg obično obilježavaju ponavljajući napadi upalnog artritisa. Manifestira se kao crven, osjetljiv, vruć i natečen zglob. U većini slučajeva (u približno 50 % slučajeva) zahvaćen je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metatarzofalangealni_zglob&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metatarzofalangealni zglob (stranica ne postoji)">metatarzofalangealni zglob</a> nožnog <a href="/wiki/Palac" title="Palac">palca</a>. Giht je metabolička bolest, koja nastaje kao posljedica trajno visokih razina <a href="/wiki/Mokra%C4%87na_kiselina" title="Mokraćna kiselina">mokraćne kiseline</a> u <a href="/wiki/Krv" title="Krv">krvi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hiperuricemija" title="Hiperuricemija">hiperuricemija</a>) i taloženja kristala mononatrijevog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urat (stranica ne postoji)">urata</a> u <a href="/wiki/Zglob" title="Zglob">zglobovima</a> i drugim dijelovima tijela. Može se pojaviti i u obliku nakupina poznatih pod imenom urički <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tofi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tofi (stranica ne postoji)">tofi</a>, u obliku <a href="/wiki/Bubre%C5%BEni_kamenac" title="Bubrežni kamenac">bubrežnih kamenaca</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uratna_nefropatija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uratna nefropatija (stranica ne postoji)">uratne nefropatije</a>. Giht izazivaju povišene razine <a href="/wiki/Mokra%C4%87na_kiselina" title="Mokraćna kiselina">mokraćne kiseline</a> u <a href="/wiki/Krv" title="Krv">krvi</a>. Mokraćna kiselina kristalizira, a kristali se talože u <a href="/wiki/Zglobovi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zglobovi">zglobovima</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetiva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetiva (stranica ne postoji)">tetivama</a> i okolnom tkivu. Klinička slika je jasna ako se u zglobnoj tekućini nalaze karakteristični kristali. Simptome ublažava liječenje <a href="/wiki/Nesteroidni_protuupalni_lijekovi" title="Nesteroidni protuupalni lijekovi">nesteroidnim protuupalnim lijekovima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steroidi" title="Steroidi">steroidima</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Kolhicin" title="Kolhicin">kolhicinom</a>. Jednom kad se akutni napad ublaži, razine mokraćne kiseline se smanjuju promjenama u načinu života, a kod osoba koje imaju česte napade gihta <a href="/wiki/Alopurinol" title="Alopurinol">alopurinol</a> ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Probenecid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Probenecid (stranica ne postoji)">probenecid</a> pružaju dugotrajnu prevenciju. Učestalost gihta znatno se povećala zadnjih desetljeća i pogađa 1-2 % populacije <a href="/wiki/Zapadni_svijet" title="Zapadni svijet">zapadnog svijeta</a> u određenoj dobi života. Vjeruje se da je do povećanja došlo zbog sve brojnijih faktora rizika kao što su <a href="/wiki/Metaboli%C4%8Dki_sindrom" title="Metabolički sindrom">metabolički sindrom</a>, sve dulji <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BDivotni_vijek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Životni vijek (stranica ne postoji)">životni vijek</a> čovjeka i način prehrane. U povijesti je giht bio poznat kao “bolest kraljeva” ili “bolest bogataša”. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Znaci_i_simptomi">Znaci i simptomi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Znaci i simptomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Znaci i simptomi">uredi kôd</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Gout2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gout2010.JPG/330px-Gout2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="270" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gout2010.JPG/500px-Gout2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Gout2010.JPG/960px-Gout2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3931" data-file-height="2917" /></a><figcaption>Pogled sa strane na stopalo zahvaćeno gihtom na kojem je vidljiva crvena mrlja na koži zgloba na dnu nožnog palca. Uočava se i blago crvenilo kože koja prekriva zglob.</figcaption></figure> Giht je prisutan u više oblika, najčešće kao ponavljajući napad akutnog upalnog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artritis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artritis (stranica ne postoji)">artritisa</a> (crven, osjetljiv, vruć, otečen zglob).<a href="#cite_note-Review08-1">[1]</a> Metatarzofalangealni zglob u bazi nožnog <a href="/wiki/Palac" title="Palac">palca</a><a href="#cite_note-PM2010-2">[2]</a> je najčešće zahvaćeni dio i čini gotovo polovicu slučajeva. I drugi zglobovi kao što su <a href="/wiki/Peta" title="Peta">pete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koljeno" title="Koljeno">koljena</a>, zapešća i <a href="/wiki/Prst" title="Prst">prsti</a> ruke mogu biti zahvaćeni gihtom.<a href="#cite_note-PM2010-2">[2]</a> Bolovi u zglobovima obično počinju u roku od 2-4 sata najčešće tijekom noći.<a href="#cite_note-PM2010-2">[2]</a> Razlog, zašto baš noću, leži u činjenici što je tada tjelesna temperatura niža.<a href="#cite_note-Egg2007-3">[3]</a> Pored bolova u zglobovima rjeđe se mogu pojaviti i drugi simptomi kao što su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Umor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umor (stranica ne postoji)">umor</a> i <a href="/wiki/Groznica" title="Groznica">groznica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PM2010-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Egg2007-3">[3]</a> Dugotrajna povišena razina <a href="/wiki/Mokra%C4%87na_kiselina" title="Mokraćna kiselina">mokraćne kiseline</a> odnosno <a href="/wiki/Hiperuricemija" title="Hiperuricemija">hiperuricemija</a> može dovesti do drugih simptoma kao što su tvrde, bezbolne nakupine kristala mokraćne kiseline poznatih pod imenom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tofi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tofi (stranica ne postoji)">tofi</a>. Izraženi tofi mogu dovesti do kroničnog artritisa zbog erozije kostiju.<a href="#cite_note-Nature2009-4">[4]</a> Povišene razine mokraćne kiseline mogu izazvati taloženje kristala u <a href="/wiki/Bubreg" title="Bubreg">bubrezima</a>, što opet rezultira stvaranjem <a href="/wiki/Bubre%C5%BEni_kamenac" title="Bubrežni kamenac">bubrežnih kamenaca</a> i, posljedično, do akutne <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uri%C4%8Dna_nefropatija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urična nefropatija (stranica ne postoji)">urične nefropatije</a>.<a href="#cite_note-German09-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uzroci">Uzroci</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Uzroci" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Uzroci">uredi kôd</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Hiperuricemija" title="Hiperuricemija">Hiperuricemija</a> je glavni uzrok gihta. To se može desiti zbog brojnih razloga uključujući način prehrane, genetsku predispoziciju i zbog slabijeg izlučivanja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urat (stranica ne postoji)">urata</a>, soli mokraćne kiseline.<a href="#cite_note-Review08-1">[1]</a> Slabi rad bubrega i slabo izlučivanje mokraćne kiseline osnovni su uzroci 90% slučajeva hiperuricemije, dok prekomjerno izlučivanje izaziva samo 10% slučajeva.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a> Oko 10% osoba s hiperuricemijom oboli od gihta u neko doba svog života.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18327257-7">[7]</a> Ipak, opasnost od obolijevanja ovisi o tome koliko je hiperuricemija uznapredovala. Kad je razina mokraćne kiseline između 415 i 530 μmol/l (7 i 8.9 mg/dl), rizik je 0.5% godišnje, dok je rizik u osoba s razinom višom od 535 μmol/l (9 mg/dL), 4.5% godišnje.<a href="#cite_note-Egg2007-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Način_života">Način života</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Način života" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Način života">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Način prehrane uzrokom je gihta u 12% slučajeva<a href="#cite_note-Review08-1">[1]</a> i snažno je povezan s uživanjem <a href="/wiki/Alkohol" class="mw-disambig" title="Alkohol">alkohola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruktoza" title="Fruktoza">fruktoze</a>, zaslađenih napitaka, te mesa i prehrambenih namirnica iz mora.<a href="#cite_note-Nature2009-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Drugi uzroci uključuju fizičke <a href="/wiki/Trauma" title="Trauma">traume</a> i operativne zahvate.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a> Nedavne studije su pokazale da faktori prehrane, za koje se nekad vjerovalo da uzrokoju giht to nisu. To se odnosi na unošenje hrane bogate <a href="/wiki/Purin" title="Purin">purinom</a> na primjer, graha, graška, leće, špinata i čistih <a href="/wiki/Bjelan%C4%8Devina" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjelančevina">bjelančevina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Epi2008-10">[10]</a> Čini se da uživanje <a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">kave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamina C</a> i mliječnih proizvoda, a isto tako i tjelesna aktivnost smanjuju opasnost od obolijevanja.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Life2010-13">[13]</a> Pretpostavlja se da je to djelomično zbog toga što ovi faktori utječu na smanjenje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otpornost_na_inzulin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otpornost na inzulin (stranica ne postoji)">otpornosti na inzulin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Life2010-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetski_faktori">Genetski faktori</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Genetski faktori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Genetski faktori">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Pojava gihta uvjetovana je i genetskim nasljeđem i utječe na razinu mokraćne kiseline u oko 60% slučajeva.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a> Otkriveno je da su tri <a href="/wiki/Gen" title="Gen">gena</a> nazvana SLC2A9, SLC22A12 i ABCG2 povezana s njime, a varijacije unutar njih mogu čak i udvostručiti opasnost od gihta.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reginato2012-15">[15]</a> Mutacije koje dovode do nefunkcionalnosti gena “SLC2A9” i “SLC22A12” uzrokuju nasljednu hipouricemiju smanjenjem apsorpcije urata i njihovim nesmetanim izlučivanjem.<a href="#cite_note-Reginato2012-15">[15]</a> Giht nadalje dovodi do komplikacija u nekoliko rijetkih genetskih poremećaja kao što su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasljedna_juvenilna_hiperurikemi%C4%8Dna_nefropatija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasljedna juvenilna hiperurikemična nefropatija (stranica ne postoji)">nasljedna juvenilna hiperurikemična nefropatija</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cisti%C4%8Dna_bolest_bubrega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cistična bolest bubrega (stranica ne postoji)">cistična bolest bubrega</a>, hiperaktivnost fosforibozilpirofosfatne sintetaze i deficit hipoksantin-guanin fosforiboziltransferaze, koja se očituje u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesch-Nyhanov_sindrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesch-Nyhanov sindrom (stranica ne postoji)">Lesch-Nyhanovom sindromu</a><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ostale_bolesti">Ostale bolesti</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak: Ostale bolesti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Ostale bolesti">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Giht se obično pojavljuje u kombinaciji s drugim zdravstvenim problemima. U gotovo 75 % slučajeva<a href="#cite_note-PM2010-2">[2]</a> radi se o <a href="/wiki/Metaboli%C4%8Dki_sindrom" title="Metabolički sindrom">metaboličkom sindromu</a>, kombinaciji abdominalne <a href="/wiki/Pretilost" title="Pretilost">pretilosti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hipertenzija" title="Hipertenzija">hipertenzije</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otpornost_na_inzulin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otpornost na inzulin (stranica ne postoji)">otpornosti na inzulin</a> i <a href="/wiki/Dislipidemija" title="Dislipidemija">dislipidemije</a> ili nenormalne razine lipida. Druga stanja koja općenito pogoršavaju simptome gihta uključuju: <a href="/wiki/Policitemija" title="Policitemija">policitemiju</a>, trovanje <a href="/wiki/Olovo_(element)" title="Olovo (element)">olovom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bubre%C5%BEno_zatajenje" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubrežno zatajenje">bubrežno zatajenje</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemoliti%C4%8Dka_anemija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemolitička anemija (stranica ne postoji)">hemolitičku anemiju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psorijaza" title="Psorijaza">psorijazu</a> i transplantacije organa<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16392875-16">[16]</a> U slučaju rasta <a href="/wiki/Indeks_tjelesne_mase" title="Indeks tjelesne mase">indeksa tjelesne mase</a> kod muškaraca do 35 ili više, trostruko se povećava opasnost oboljenja od gihta.<a href="#cite_note-Epi2008-10">[10]</a> Kronična izloženost <a href="/wiki/Olovo_(element)" title="Olovo (element)">olovu</a> i alkoholu kontaminiranom olovom također spadaju u rizične faktore jer olovo ima štetno djelovanje na funkcije <a href="/wiki/Bubreg" title="Bubreg">bubrega</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lesch-Nyhanov_sindrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lesch-Nyhanov sindrom (stranica ne postoji)">Lesch-Nyhanov sindrom</a> je često povezan s uričnim artritisom. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lijekovi">Lijekovi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak: Lijekovi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Lijekovi">uredi kôd</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Diuretici" title="Diuretici">Diuretici</a> utječu na napade gihta, pogoršavajući simptomatologiju. Usprkos tome, čini se da mala doza <a href="/wiki/Hidroklorotiazid" title="Hidroklorotiazid">hidroklorotiazida</a> ne povećava rizik.<a href="#cite_note-CFP09-18">[18]</a> Drugi lijekovi povezani s pojavom gihta uključuju <a href="/wiki/Niacin" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin">niacin</a> i <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a> (acetylsalicilna kiselina).<a href="#cite_note-Nature2009-4">[4]</a> Ostali lijekovi koji mogu pogoršati simptomatologiju gihta su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imunosupresivi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imunosupresivi (stranica ne postoji)">imunosupresivi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciklosporin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciklosporin (stranica ne postoji)">ciklosporin</a> pogotovo ako je u kombinacinji s hidroklorotiazidom<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tacrolimus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tacrolimus (stranica ne postoji)">tacrolimus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patofiziologija">Patofiziologija</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak: Patofiziologija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Patofiziologija">uredi kôd</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Harns%C3%A4ure_Ketoform.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Harns%C3%A4ure_Ketoform.svg/270px-Harns%C3%A4ure_Ketoform.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Harns%C3%A4ure_Ketoform.svg/405px-Harns%C3%A4ure_Ketoform.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Harns%C3%A4ure_Ketoform.svg/540px-Harns%C3%A4ure_Ketoform.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="156" /></a><figcaption>Strukturna formula <a href="/wiki/Mokra%C4%87na_kiselina" title="Mokraćna kiselina">mokraćne kiseline</a>.</figcaption></figure> Giht je poremećaj metabolizma <a href="/wiki/Purin" title="Purin">purina</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a> i javlja se kad se njegov konačni produkt, <a href="/wiki/Mokra%C4%87na_kiselina" title="Mokraćna kiselina">mokraćna kiselina</a> kristalizira u obliku mononatrijevog <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urat (stranica ne postoji)">urata</a>, te se taloži u zglobovima, tetivama i okolnom tkivu.<a href="#cite_note-Nature2009-4">[4]</a> Ovi kristali potom izazivaju lokalnu imunsko potpomognutu <a href="/wiki/Upala" title="Upala">upalnu</a> reakciju.<a href="#cite_note-Nature2009-4">[4]</a> Pri tome je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interleukin_1%CE%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interleukin 1β (stranica ne postoji)">interleukin 1β</a> jedna od ključnih <a href="/wiki/Bjelan%C4%8Devina" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjelančevina">bjelančevina</a> u upalnom lancu.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Covjek" title="Čovjek">Čovjek</a> i viši <a href="/wiki/Primati" title="Primati">primati</a> su tijekom <a href="/wiki/Evolucija" title="Evolucija">evolucije</a> izgubili <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urikaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urikaza (stranica ne postoji)">urikazu</a>, koja razgrađuje mokraćnu kiselinu i upravo je to razlog da je giht postao relativno čest.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a> Nije potpuno jasno što izaziva taloženje mokraćne kiseline. Iako može kristaliziati pri svojim normalnim vrijednostima, vjerojatije je da će se to desiti kad se njena koncentracija u krvi poveća.<a href="#cite_note-Nature2009-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17595458-20">[20]</a> Drugi čimbenici za koje se vjeruje da igraju važnu ulogu pri akutnom napadu uratnog artritisa uključuju niske temperature, nagle promjene u razini mokraćne kiseline, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acidza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acidza (stranica ne postoji)">acidozu</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12672211-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7783706-22">[22]</a> hidrataciju zglobova i bjelančevina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izvanstani%C4%8Dni_matriks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izvanstanični matriks (stranica ne postoji)">izvanstaničnog matriksa</a> kao što su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteoglikani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteoglikani (stranica ne postoji)">proteoglikani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolagen" title="Kolagen">kolageni</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kondroitin_sulfat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kondroitin sulfat (stranica ne postoji)">kondroitin sulfat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a> Povećano taloženje na niskim temperaturama djelomično objašnjava zašto su najčešće zahvaćeni zglobovi stopala.<a href="#cite_note-Review08-1">[1]</a> Brze promjene u razinama mokraćne kiseline u krvi mogu se javiti zbog više faktora što uključuje <a href="/wiki/Trauma" title="Trauma">traume</a>, operacije, antitumoralne <a href="/wiki/Kemoterapija" title="Kemoterapija">kemoterapije</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diuretici" title="Diuretici">diuretika</a>, početak ili prekid uzimanja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allopurinol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allopurinol (stranica ne postoji)">allopurinola</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Egg2007-3">[3]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blokatori_kalcijevih_kanala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blokatori kalcijevih kanala (stranica ne postoji)">Blokatori kalcijevih kanala</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Losartan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Losartan (stranica ne postoji)">losartan</a> povezuju se s nižom opasnošću od pojave gihta ako ih usporedimo s drugim lijekovima protiv <a href="/wiki/Hipertenzija" title="Hipertenzija">povišenog tlaka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22240117-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dijagnosticiranje">Dijagnosticiranje</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak: Dijagnosticiranje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Dijagnosticiranje">uredi kôd</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Gichtfuss_im_Roentgenbild_002.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gichtfuss_im_Roentgenbild_002.png/250px-Gichtfuss_im_Roentgenbild_002.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gichtfuss_im_Roentgenbild_002.png/375px-Gichtfuss_im_Roentgenbild_002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Gichtfuss_im_Roentgenbild_002.png/500px-Gichtfuss_im_Roentgenbild_002.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1096" /></a><figcaption>Rentgenska slika gihta na lijevom stopalu: tipično mjesto razvoja gihta je zglob palca. Opaža se i oteklina mekog tkiva sa strane stopala.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Fluorescent_uric_acid.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fluorescent_uric_acid.JPG/250px-Fluorescent_uric_acid.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Fluorescent_uric_acid.JPG/500px-Fluorescent_uric_acid.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Primjer zašiljenih štapića kristala mokraćne kiseline s uzorka <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinovijalna_teku%C4%87ina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinovijalna tekućina (stranica ne postoji)">sinovijalne (zglobne) tekućine</a> snimane mikroskopom pod <a href="/wiki/Polarizirana_svjetlost" title="Polarizirana svjetlost">polariziranom svjetlošću</a>.</figcaption></figure> Stvaranje kristala <a href="/wiki/Mokra%C4%87na_kiselina" title="Mokraćna kiselina">mokraćne kiseline</a> usko je povezano s gihtom. Giht se može dijagnosticirati i liječiti bez daljnjih pretraga ako osoba boluje od <a href="/wiki/Hiperuricemija" title="Hiperuricemija">hiperuricemije</a> i klasične podagre. Potrebno je učiniti pretragu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinovijalna_teku%C4%87ina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinovijalna tekućina (stranica ne postoji)">sinovijalne tekućine</a>, samo ako se sumnja u postavljenu dijagnozu.<a href="#cite_note-Egg2007-3">[3]</a> Premda je rendgensko snimanje korisno pri dijagnosticiranju kroničnog gihta, njegova uporaba pri akutnim napadima nije od velike koristi.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sinovijalna_tekućina">Sinovijalna tekućina</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak: Sinovijalna tekućina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Sinovijalna tekućina">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Konačna dijagnoza gihta temelji se na identifikaciji kristala <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urat (stranica ne postoji)">natrijevog urata</a> u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinovijalna_teku%C4%87ina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinovijalna tekućina (stranica ne postoji)">sinovijalnoj tekućini</a> ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tofi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tofi (stranica ne postoji)">tofima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PM2010-2">[2]</a> Ove je kristale potrebno potražiti u svim uzorcima sinovijalne tekućine uzetima iz nedijagnosticiranih upaljenih zglobova.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a> Pod <a href="/wiki/Polarizirana_svjetlost" title="Polarizirana svjetlost">polarizirajućim svjetlosnim</a> mikroskopom, kristale je moguće prepoznati na temelju njihove specifične morfologije poput iglica, s jakim negativnim dvostrukim lomom svjetla. Ovo je komplicirani dijagnostički test, te je za njega često potreban iskusan promatrač.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18299687-24">[24]</a> Tekućinu je potrebno ispitati što prije nakon aspiracije, s obzirom na to da <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> i <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> utječu na <a href="/wiki/Topljivost" title="Topljivost">topljivost</a> kristala.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analiza_krvi">Analiza krvi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odlomak: Analiza krvi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Analiza krvi">uredi kôd</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Hiperuricemija" title="Hiperuricemija">Hiperuricemija</a> je tipična karakteristika gihta, ali kod pola pacijenata s gihtom ona nije prisutna, a većina ljudi s povišenom razinom mokraćne kiseline nikada ne razviju giht.<a href="#cite_note-PM2010-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Prema tome, dijagnostička važnost mjerenja razine mokraćne kiseline je ograničena.<a href="#cite_note-PM2010-2">[2]</a> Hiperuricemija je definirana kao razina urata u <a href="/wiki/Krvna_plazma" title="Krvna plazma">krvnoj plazmi</a> veća od 420 μmol/l (7.0 mg/dl) u muškaraca, odnosno veća od 360 μmol/l (6.0 mg/dl) u žena.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Druge analize krvi koje se najčešće provode su broj <a href="/wiki/Leukociti" title="Leukociti">leukocita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elektroliti" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektroliti">elektroliti</a>, funkcija bubrega i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brzina_sedimentacije_eritrocita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brzina sedimentacije eritrocita (stranica ne postoji)">brzina sedimentacije eritrocita</a> (SE). Leukociti i SE mogu biti povišeni kao posljedica gihta, bez postojanja infekcije.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Dokumentiran je broj leukocita veći od 40.0×109/l (40,000/mm3).<a href="#cite_note-Egg2007-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diferencijalna_dijagnoza">Diferencijalna dijagnoza</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odlomak: Diferencijalna dijagnoza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Diferencijalna dijagnoza">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Najvažnija <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diferencijalna_dijagnoza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diferencijalna dijagnoza (stranica ne postoji)">diferencijalna dijagnoza</a> gihta je razlikovanje od <a href="/w/index.php?title=Septi%C4%8Dki_artritis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Septički artritis (stranica ne postoji)">septičkog artritisa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PM2010-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a> Bitno je razmotriti tu mogućnost u onih sa znakovima infekcije, te onih čije se stanje ne popravlja s početkom liječenja.<a href="#cite_note-PM2010-2">[2]</a> Bojenje sinovijalne tekućine po <a href="/wiki/Bojenje_po_Gramu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bojenje po Gramu">Gramu</a> i kultura stanica mogu pomoći u donošenju dijagnoze.<a href="#cite_note-PM2010-2">[2]</a> Drugi poremećaji koji se mogu slično prezentirati uključuju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudogiht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudogiht (stranica ne postoji)">pseudogiht</a> i <a href="/wiki/Reumatoidni_artritis" title="Reumatoidni artritis">reumatoidni artritis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PM2010-2">[2]</a> Uratne tofe, posebno kada se ne nalaze u zglobovima, moguće je zamijeniti s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bazocelularni_karcinom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bazocelularni karcinom (stranica ne postoji)">bazocelularnim karcinomom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> ili drugim <a href="/wiki/Neoplazma" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplazma">neoplazmama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevencija">Prevencija</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odlomak: Prevencija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&action=edit&section=12" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Prevencija">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Promjene stila života i lijekovi mogu smanjiti razinu mokraćne kiseline. Promjene u prehrani i stilu života koje utječu na razinu mokraćne kiseline uključuju smanjen unos hrane poput mesa i morskih plodova, konzumaciju <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamina C</a>, smanjen unos <a href="/wiki/Alkohol" class="mw-disambig" title="Alkohol">alkohola</a> i <a href="/wiki/Fruktoza" title="Fruktoza">fruktoze</a>, te izbjegavanje <a href="/wiki/Pretilost" title="Pretilost">pretilosti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Review08-1">[1]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niskokalori%C4%8Dna_dijeta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niskokalorična dijeta (stranica ne postoji)">Niskokalorična dijeta</a> u pretilih muškaraca smanjuje razinu mokraćne kiseline za 100 µmol/l (1.7 mg/dl),<a href="#cite_note-CFP09-18">[18]</a> a unos vitamina C od 1,500 mg dnevno smanjuje rizik gihta za 45%.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Konzumacija <a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">kave</a>, ali ne i <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Caj" title="Čaj">čaja</a>, povezana je s nižim rizikom za razvoj gihta.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Giht je moguć i kao posljedica <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apneja_u_snu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apneja u snu (stranica ne postoji)">apneje u snu</a> zbog otpuštanja <a href="/wiki/Purin" title="Purin">purina</a> iz stanica u manjku <a href="/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik">kisika</a>. Liječenje apneje može smanjiti učestalost napadaja gihta.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16171252-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liječenje">Liječenje</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odlomak: Liječenje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&action=edit&section=13" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Liječenje">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Početni cilj liječenja je smirenje simptoma akutnog napadaja.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16707532-34">[34]</a> Ponavljanje napadaja moguće je spriječiti putem drugih lijekova koji smanjuju razinu mikraćne kiseline u serumu.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16707532-34">[34]</a> Primjena hladnih obloga i leda kroz 20 to 30 minuta nekoliko puta dnevno smanjuje bol.<a href="#cite_note-Review08-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid11838852-35">[35]</a> Mogućnosti liječenja kutnog napadaja uključuju <a href="/wiki/Nesteroidni_protuupalni_lijekovi" title="Nesteroidni protuupalni lijekovi">nesteroidne antiupalne lijekove</a> (NSAIDs), <a href="/wiki/Kolhicin" title="Kolhicin">kolhicin</a> i <a href="/wiki/Steroidi" title="Steroidi">steroide</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Review08-1">[1]</a> a lijekovi koji sprijećavaju nove napade su <a href="/wiki/Alopurinol" title="Alopurinol">alopurinol</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Febuksostat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Febuksostat (stranica ne postoji)">febuksostat</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Probenecid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Probenecid (stranica ne postoji)">probenecid</a>. Sniženje razine mokraćne kiseline može u potpunosti izliječiti bolest.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a> Liječenje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komorbiditet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komorbiditet (stranica ne postoji)">komorbiditeta</a> je također vrlo važno.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nesteroidni_protuupalni_lijekovi">Nesteroidni protuupalni lijekovi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi odlomak: Nesteroidni protuupalni lijekovi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&action=edit&section=14" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Nesteroidni protuupalni lijekovi">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Nesteroidni antiupalni lijekovi su obično lijekovi prvog izbora u liječenju gihta, a niti jedan specifični lijek nije značajno više ili manje učinkovit u odnosu na druge.<a href="#cite_note-Review08-1">[1]</a> Poboljšanje je moguće vidjeti u roku od nekoliko sati, a liječenje se preporuča nastaviti kroz jedan do dva tjedna.<a href="#cite_note-Review08-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a> Ovi lijekovi nisu preporučeni u onih sa zdravstvenim problemima poput <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinalno_krvarenje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gastrointestinalno krvarenje (stranica ne postoji)">gastrointestinalnog krvarenja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bubre%C5%BEna_insuficijencija" title="Bubrežna insuficijencija">zatajenja bubrega</a>, ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sr%C4%8Dana_insuficijencija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srčana insuficijencija (stranica ne postoji)">zatajenja srca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JFP09-36">[36]</a> Dok je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indometacin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indometacin (stranica ne postoji)">indometacin</a> povijesno najčešće upotrebljavani nesteroidni antiupalni lijek, alternativa, poput <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofena</a>, može biti preferirana radi manjih neželjenih učinaka uz jednaku učinkovitost.<a href="#cite_note-CFP09-18">[18]</a> U pacijenata s povećanim rizikom za gastrične nuspojave nesteroidnih antiupalnih lijekova, moguć je dodatak <a href="/wiki/Inhibitori_protonske_pumpe" title="Inhibitori protonske pumpe">inhibitora protonske pumpe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CKS-NLH-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kolhicin">Kolhicin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi odlomak: Kolhicin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&action=edit&section=15" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kolhicin">uredi kôd</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Kolhicin" title="Kolhicin">Kolhicin</a> je alternativa za one koji ne toleriraju nesteroidne protuupalne lijekove.<a href="#cite_note-Review08-1">[1]</a> Njegove nuspojave (posebno nadražaj probavnog sustava) i relativna toksičnost ograničavaju upotrebu ovog lijeka.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_Warning-38">[38]</a> Nadražaj probavnog sustava ovisi o dozi, te je rizik moguće smanjiti upotrebom manjih, ali i dalje učinkovitih doza lijeka.<a href="#cite_note-CFP09-18">[18]</a> Moguća je interakcija kolhicina s drugim često prepisivanim lijekovima, poput <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atorvastatin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atorvastatin (stranica ne postoji)">atorvastatina</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eritromicina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eritromicina (stranica ne postoji)">eritromicina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_Warning-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steroidi">Steroidi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Uredi odlomak: Steroidi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&action=edit&section=16" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Steroidi">uredi kôd</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glukokortikoidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glukokortikoidi (stranica ne postoji)">Glukokortikoidi</a> su se pokazali jednako učinkovitima kao nesteroidni antiupalni lijekovi,<a href="#cite_note-pmid17276548-39">[39]</a> te se mogu koristiti ako postoje kontraindikacije za nesteroidne antiupalne lijekove.<a href="#cite_note-Review08-1">[1]</a> Oni dovode do poboljšanja i kod aplikacije putem injekcije u zglob. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Septi%C4%8Dki_artritis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Septički artritis (stranica ne postoji)">Infekcija zgloba</a> mora biti isključena kao dijagnoza, jer steroidi pogoršavaju ovo stanje.<a href="#cite_note-Review08-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peglotikaza">Peglotikaza</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Uredi odlomak: Peglotikaza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&action=edit&section=17" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Peglotikaza">uredi kôd</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peglotikaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peglotikaza (stranica ne postoji)">Peglotikaza</a> (Krystexxa) je lijek odobren za uporabu u liječenju githa u <a href="/wiki/SAD" class="mw-redirect" title="SAD">SAD</a>-u od <a href="/wiki/2010." title="2010.">2010.</a> godine.<a href="#cite_note-FDA2010-40">[40]</a> Ovaj se lijek koristi kao izbor kod 3% ljudi koji ne toleriraju druge lijekove.<a href="#cite_note-FDA2010-40">[40]</a> Peglotikaza se primjenjuje intravenoznom infuzijom svaka dva tjedna,<a href="#cite_note-FDA2010-40">[40]</a> i dokazano smanjuje razinu mokraćne kiseline u ovoj populaciji.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Profilaksa">Profilaksa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Uredi odlomak: Profilaksa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&action=edit&section=18" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Profilaksa">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Više je lijekova korisno u prevenciji novih napadaja gihta, uključujući <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inhibitor_ksantin_oksidaze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inhibitor ksantin oksidaze (stranica ne postoji)">inhibitor ksantin oksidaze</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alopurinol" title="Alopurinol">alopurinol</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Febuksostat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Febuksostat (stranica ne postoji)">febuksostat</a> i dr.) te <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urikozurici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urikozurici (stranica ne postoji)">urikozurike</a> (uključujući <a href="/w/index.php?title=Probenecid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Probenecid (stranica ne postoji)">probenecid</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfinpirazon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfinpirazon (stranica ne postoji)">sulfinpirazon</a>). Njihova primjena obično ne počinje do tjedan ili dva poslije smirenja aktunog napadaja, zbog teoretskih mogućnosti pogoršanja akutnog napadaja,<a href="#cite_note-Review08-1">[1]</a> te se često koriste u kombinaciji s nesteroidnim antiupalnim lijekovima ili kolhicinom kroz prvih tri do šest mjeseci.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a> Nisu preporučeni prije nego što je osoba imala barem dva napadaja gihta,<a href="#cite_note-Review08-1">[1]</a> osim u slučaju postojanja destruktivnih promjena na zglobovima, tofa, ili akutne <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uratna_nefropatija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uratna nefropatija (stranica ne postoji)">uratne nefropatije</a>,<a href="#cite_note-German09-5">[5]</a> jer se lijekovi nisu pokazali učinkovitima prije toga.<a href="#cite_note-Review08-1">[1]</a> Mjere snižavanja razine mokraćne kiseline treba postpuno pojačavati sve dok serumska razina mokraćne kiseline ne padne ispod 300–360 µmol/l (5.0-6.0 mg/dl), i zatim se nastavljaju do unedogled.<a href="#cite_note-Review08-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a> Ako su ovi lijekovi u kroničnoj upotrebi za vrijeme napadaja, preporuča se prekid uzimanja,<a href="#cite_note-PM2010-2">[2]</a> a ako nije moguće sniziti razinu <a href="/wiki/Mokra%C4%87na_kiselina" title="Mokraćna kiselina">mokraćne kiseline</a> ispod 6.0 mg/dl te se ponavljano javljaju napadaji, to ukazuje na neučinkovitost liječenja ili refraktarni giht.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Ukupno gledajući, probenecid se čini manje učinkovitim nego alopurinol.<a href="#cite_note-Review08-1">[1]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urikozurici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urikozurici (stranica ne postoji)">Urikozurici</a> su lijekovi preferirani u slučaju smanjenog izlučivanja mokraćne kiseline, definiranog razinom mokraćne kiseline manjom od 800 mg u 24-satnom uzorku <a href="/wiki/Urin" title="Urin">urina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-agabegi2nd251-43">[43]</a> Ipak, oni nisu preporučeni u slučaju povijesti <a href="/wiki/Bubre%C5%BEni_kamenac" title="Bubrežni kamenac">bubrežnih kamenaca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-agabegi2nd251-43">[43]</a> U slučaju 24-satne ekskrecije u urinu veće od 800 mg, što ukazuje na povećanu produkciju mokraćne kiseline, preferira se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inhibitor_ksantin_oksidaze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inhibitor ksantin oksidaze (stranica ne postoji)">inhibitor ksantin oksidaze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-agabegi2nd251-43">[43]</a> Inhibitori ksantin oksidaze (uključujući alopurinol i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Febuksostat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Febuksostat (stranica ne postoji)">febuksostat</a>) sprječavaju stvaranje mokraćne kiseline, dugoročna je terapija sigurna i dobro podnošljiva, te se mogu koristiti u ljudi sa <a href="/wiki/Bubre%C5%BEna_insuficijencija" title="Bubrežna insuficijencija">zatajenjem bubrega</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Bubre%C5%BEni_kamenac" title="Bubrežni kamenac">bubrežnim kamencima</a>, iako alopurinol može uzrokovati preosjetljivost u malom broju ljudi.<a href="#cite_note-Review08-1">[1]</a> U tom slučaju, preporuča se alternativni lijek, febuksostat.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognoza">Prognoza</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Uredi odlomak: Prognoza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&action=edit&section=19" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Prognoza">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Neliječeni akutni napadaj gihta obično se smiruje za pet do sedam dana. Ipak, u 60% slučajeva napadaj se ponavlja unutar jedne godine.<a href="#cite_note-Egg2007-3">[3]</a> Ljudi koji pate od gihta također imaju povišen rizik za razvoj <a href="/wiki/Hipertenzija" title="Hipertenzija">hipertenzije</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0e%C4%87erna_bolest" title="Šećerna bolest">šećerne bolesti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaboli%C4%8Dki_sindrom" title="Metabolički sindrom">metaboličkog sindroma</a>, te bubrežnih i <a href="/wiki/Kardiovaskularne_bolesti" class="mw-redirect" title="Kardiovaskularne bolesti">kardiovaskularnih bolesti</a>, povećavajući i njihov rizik od smrti.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rh2008-45">[45]</a> To je moguće djelomično zbog povezanosti gihta s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rezistencija_na_inzulin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rezistencija na inzulin (stranica ne postoji)">rezistencijom na inzulin</a> i <a href="/wiki/Pretilost" title="Pretilost">pretilosti</a>, ali dio povišenog rizika se čini neovisan.<a href="#cite_note-Rh2008-45">[45]</a> Ako nisu liječene, epizode akutnog gihta mogu se razviti u kronični giht s uništenjem <a href="/wiki/Zglob" title="Zglob">zglobnih</a> površina, deformitetima zglobova, te bezbolnim tofima.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a> Ovakvi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tofi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tofi (stranica ne postoji)">tofi</a> javljaju se u 30% neliječenih kroz pet godina, najčešće na <a href="/wiki/Pu%C5%BEnica" title="Pužnica">pužnici</a> uške, iznad <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olekranon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olekranon (stranica ne postoji)">olekranona</a> na laktu, ili nad <a href="/wiki/Ahilova_tetiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahilova tetiva">Ahilovom tetivom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a> Tofe je moguće ukloniti agresivnim liječenjem. <a href="/wiki/Bubre%C5%BEni_kamenac" title="Bubrežni kamenac">Bubrežni kamenac</a> također često komplicira giht, a zahvaća između 10 i 40% ljudi, te se javlja kao posljedica niskog <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> mokraće što potiče nakupljanje mokraćne kiseline.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a> Mogući su i drugi oblici <a href="/wiki/Bubre%C5%BEna_insuficijencija" title="Bubrežna insuficijencija">kronične bubrežne disfunkcije</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Case_30-top.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Noduli na prstima i heliksu uške predstavljaju tofe."><img alt="Noduli na prstima i heliksu uške predstavljaju tofe." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Case_30-top.jpg/120px-Case_30-top.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Case_30-top.jpg/250px-Case_30-top.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Noduli na prstima i heliksu uške predstavljaju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tofe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tofe (stranica ne postoji)">tofe</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:ChronicGout.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tofi na koljenu."><img alt="Tofi na koljenu." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/ChronicGout.jpg/120px-ChronicGout.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/ChronicGout.jpg/250px-ChronicGout.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="576" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tofi na koljenu.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Case_30-bottom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tofi na nožnim prstima, te nad vanjskim maleolom."><img alt="Tofi na nožnim prstima, te nad vanjskim maleolom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Case_30-bottom.jpg/120px-Case_30-bottom.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Case_30-bottom.jpg/180px-Case_30-bottom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Case_30-bottom.jpg/240px-Case_30-bottom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="649" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tofi na nožnim prstima, te nad vanjskim maleolom.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Tophigout.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Giht kompliciran puknućem tofa (pozitivan test eksudata na kristale mokraćne kiseline)."><img alt="Giht kompliciran puknućem tofa (pozitivan test eksudata na kristale mokraćne kiseline)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tophigout.JPG/120px-Tophigout.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tophigout.JPG/250px-Tophigout.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3499" data-file-height="2767" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Giht kompliciran puknućem tofa (pozitivan test eksudata na kristale mokraćne kiseline).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiologija">Epidemiologija</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Uredi odlomak: Epidemiologija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&action=edit&section=20" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Epidemiologija">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Giht zahvaća oko 1–2% <a href="/wiki/Zapadni_svijet" title="Zapadni svijet">zapadne populacije</a> u nekom dijelu njihovog života, te postaje sve češći.<a href="#cite_note-Review08-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a> Broj dijagnoza gihta se otprilike udvostručio između <a href="/wiki/1990." title="1990.">1990.</a> i <a href="/wiki/2010." title="2010.">2010.</a> godine.<a href="#cite_note-Nature2009-4">[4]</a> Vjeruje se da je ovaj rast učestalosti posljedica duljeg života, promjena u dijeti, te u većoj učestalosti bolesti povezanih s gihtom, poput metaboličkog sindroma te <a href="/wiki/Hipertenzija" title="Hipertenzija">visokog krvnog tlaka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Epi2008-10">[10]</a> Više je faktora dovedeno u vezu s gihtom, uključujući dob, rasu, te godišnja doba. U muškaraca starijih od 30 te žena starijih od 50 godina, učestalost je 2%.<a href="#cite_note-JFP09-36">[36]</a> U <a href="/wiki/SAD" class="mw-redirect" title="SAD">Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama</a> giht je dvostruko češći u <a href="/wiki/Afroamerikanci" title="Afroamerikanci">afroameričkih</a> muškaraca u odnosu na europske Amerikance.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Velika učestalost gihta javlja se u <a href="/wiki/Pacifik" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifik">Pacifičkom otočju</a> te <a href="/wiki/Maori" title="Maori">Māori narodu</a> na <a href="/wiki/Novi_Zeland" title="Novi Zeland">Novom Zelandu</a>, a vrlo rijetko se javlja među australijskim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abori%C4%91ini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aboriđini (stranica ne postoji)">aboriđinima</a>, bez obzira na visoku prosječnu koncentraciju mokraćne kiseline u serumu ove posljednje skupine ljudi.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10225809-47">[47]</a> Giht je postao češći u <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polinezija" title="Polinezija">Polineziji</a>, te u urbanoj <a href="/wiki/Subsaharska_Afrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsaharska Afrika">subsaharskoj Africi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a> Neke su studije pokazale da se napadaji gihta češće javljaju u proljeće. Ovo se povezuje s promjenama u dijeti, konzumaciji alkohola, fizičkoj aktivnosti te temperaturi vezanoj uz godišnja doba.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Povijest">Povijest</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Uredi odlomak: Povijest" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&action=edit&section=21" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Povijest">uredi kôd</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Jan_Verkolje_-_Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Jan_Verkolje_-_Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek.jpg/250px-Jan_Verkolje_-_Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Jan_Verkolje_-_Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek.jpg/375px-Jan_Verkolje_-_Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Jan_Verkolje_-_Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek.jpg/500px-Jan_Verkolje_-_Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2662" data-file-height="3156" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antoni_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antoni van Leeuwenhoek">Antoni van Leeuwenhoek</a> opisao je mikroskopski izgled kristala mokraćne kiseline u 1679. godini.<a href="#cite_note-Pillinger-49">[49]</a></figcaption></figure> Riječ “giht” (<a href="/wiki/Engleski" class="mw-redirect" title="Engleski">eng.</a> Gout) prvi je put upotrijebio <a href="/w/index.php?title=Randolphus_iz_Bockinga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Randolphus iz Bockinga (stranica ne postoji)">Randolphus iz Bockinga</a>, oko 1200. godine. Dolazi od <a href="/wiki/Latinski" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinski">latinske</a> riječi gutta, što znači "kap" (tekućine).<a href="#cite_note-Pillinger-49">[49]</a> Prema Oxfordovom engleskom riječniku, riječ je derivacija od humorism odnosno "pojma 'kapanja' mekog materijala iz krvi unutar i oko zglobova".<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Giht je poznat još od antičkih vremena. U povijesti je bio poznat pod imenom "kralj bolesti i bolest kraljeva"<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2010-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> te "bolest bogatih ljudi".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Prva dokumentacija ove bolesti dolazi iz <a href="/wiki/Stari_Egipat" class="mw-redirect" title="Stari Egipat">starog Egipta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=2600._pr._Kr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2600. pr. Kr. (stranica ne postoji)">2600.</a> godine pr. Kr. u opisu artritisa nožnog palca. <a href="/wiki/Stara_Gr%C4%8Dka" title="Stara Grčka">Starogrčki</a> liječnik <a href="/wiki/Hipokrat" title="Hipokrat">Hipokrat</a> oko <a href="/wiki/400._pr._Kr." title="400. pr. Kr.">400.</a> godine pr. Kr. opisao je giht u svojim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aforizmima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aforizmima (stranica ne postoji)">Aforizmima</a>, primjećujući da se ne javlja u <a href="/wiki/Eunuh" title="Eunuh">eunuha</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Premenopauza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Premenopauza (stranica ne postoji)">premenopauzalnih</a> žena.<a href="#cite_note-Pillinger-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aulus_Kornelius_Celsus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aulus Kornelius Celsus (stranica ne postoji)">Aulus Kornelius Celsus</a> (<a href="/wiki/30." title="30.">30.</a> godina) opisao je povezanost gihta s alkoholom, kasniji početak bolesti u žena, te povezanost s bubrežnim bolestima: <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left:3%; padding-right:3%; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); text-align: left; font-size:95%"> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/15px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/30px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /> »Ponovno gusta mokraća, s bijelim sedimentom, ukazuje da bol i bolest treba shvatiti kao povezane s područjem zglobova i utrobe... Problemi sa zglobovima šaka i stopala su vrlo česti i uporni, poput onih u slučajevima podagre i keiragre. Ovo rijetko zahvaća eunuhe ili dječake prije odnosa sa ženom, te žene osim onih u kojih je mjesečnica potisnuta... neki su priskrbili doživotnu sigurnost suzdržavajući se od vina, medovine i veneriteta.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>«</div> U <a href="/wiki/1683." title="1683.">1683.</a> godini, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sydenham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Sydenham (stranica ne postoji)">Thomas Sydenham</a>, engleski liječnik, opisao je češću pojavu gihta u ranim jutarnjim satima, te u starijih muškaraca: <div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left:3%; padding-right:3%; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); text-align: left; font-size:95%"> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/15px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/30px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /> »Pacijenti s gihtom su uglavnom stariji muškarci, ili muškarci koji su se toliko istrošili u mladosti da su prerano ostarili—takvih raskalašenih navika, od kojih ni jedna nije češća od preranog i pretjeranog uživanja veneriteta, i sličnih iscrpljujućih strasti. Žrtva odlazi u krevet te spava u dobrom zdravlju. Oko dva sata ujutro budi ga jaka bol u nožnom palcu; rjeđe u peti, gležnju ili svodu stopala. Bol je poput one koja nastaje iščašenjem, a ipak dijelovi stvaraju osjećaj kao da se hladna voda prolijeva po njima. Zatim slijede zimica i tresavica, te malo vrućice... Noć prolazi u mukama, nesanici, okretanju zahvaćenog dijela, stalnoj promjeni položaja; bacakanje tijela je neprekidno kao i bol u zahvaćenom zglobu, s pogoršanjem kada napadaj počinje.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a>«</div> Nizozemski znanstvenik <a href="/wiki/Antoni_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antoni van Leeuwenhoek">Antoni van Leeuwenhoek</a> prvi je opisao mikroskopski izgled kristala mokraćne kiseline <a href="/wiki/1679." title="1679.">1679.</a> godine.<a href="#cite_note-Pillinger-49">[49]</a> Godine <a href="/wiki/1848." title="1848.">1848.</a>, engleski liječnik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Baring_Garrod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Baring Garrod (stranica ne postoji)">Alfred Baring Garrod</a> zaključio je da je višak mokraćne kiseline u krvi uzrok gihtu.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11600751-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U_drugih_životinja">U drugih životinja</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Uredi odlomak: U drugih životinja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&action=edit&section=22" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka U drugih životinja">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Giht je vrlo rijedak u većine drugih životinja zbog njihove sposobnosti produkcije <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urikaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urikaza (stranica ne postoji)">urikaze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzima</a> koji razgrađuje mokraćnu kiselinu.<a href="#cite_note-Animals01-57">[57]</a> Ljudi i drugi <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Covjekoliki_majmuni" title="Čovjekoliki majmuni">čovjekoliki majmuni</a> nemaju ovu sposobnost, zbog čeka je u njih giht češći.<a href="#cite_note-Egg2007-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Animals01-57">[57]</a> Pretpostavlja se da je vrsta <a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus_rex" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannosaurus rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</a>, poznata kao "Sue", međutim, patila od gihta.<a href="#cite_note-Rothschild-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istraživanja">Istraživanja</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Uredi odlomak: Istraživanja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&action=edit&section=23" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Istraživanja">uredi kôd</a>]</div> Trenutno se istražuje značajan broj novih lijekova za liječenje gihta, uključujući <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anakinra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anakinra (stranica ne postoji)">anakinru</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canakinumab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canakinumab (stranica ne postoji)">canakinumab</a>, i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rilonacept&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rilonacept (stranica ne postoji)">rilonacept</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rekombinirana_DNK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rekombinirana DNK (stranica ne postoji)">rekombinirana</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urikaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urikaza (stranica ne postoji)">urikaza</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasburikaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasburikaza (stranica ne postoji)">rasburikaza</a>) je već dostupna u prodaji, ali je njena upotreba, međutim, ograničena jer izaziva <a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoimunost&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autoimunost (stranica ne postoji)">autoimuni</a> odgovor. Manje <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigene</a> inačice su trenutno u razvoju.<a href="#cite_note-Egg2007-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Uredi odlomak: Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giht&action=edit&section=24" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Literatura">uredi kôd</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Review08-1">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Review08_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review08_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review08_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review08_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review08_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review08_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review08_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review08_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review08_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review08_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review08_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review08_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review08_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review08_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review08_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review08_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review08_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review08_1-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review08_1-18">s</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7012897">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"»""«"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><cite id="CITEREFChen_LX,_Schumacher_HR2008" class="citation journal cs1">Chen LX, Schumacher HR. 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Siječanj 2010. Gout. Lancet. svezak 375 (broj 9711): str. 318.–328. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2809%2960883-7">10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60883-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19692116">19692116</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Gout&rft.volume=svezak+375&rft.issue=broj+9711&rft.pages=str.+318.-328.&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2809%2960883-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19692116&rft.au=Richette+P%2C+Bardin+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18327257-7"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18327257_7-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFVitart_V,_Rudan_I,_Hayward_C2008" class="citation journal cs1">Vitart V, Rudan I, Hayward C; i dr. Travanj 2008. SLC2A9 is a newly identified urate transporter influencing serum urate concentration, urate excretion and gout. Nat. Genet. svezak 40 (broj 4): str. 437.–442. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.106">10.1038/ng.106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18327257">18327257</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat.+Genet.&rft.atitle=SLC2A9+is+a+newly+identified+urate+transporter+influencing+serum+urate+concentration%2C+urate+excretion+and+gout&rft.volume=svezak+40&rft.issue=broj+4&rft.pages=str.+437.-442.&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fng.106&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18327257&rft.au=Vitart+V%2C+Rudan+I%2C+Hayward+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> Eksplicitna upotreba et al. u: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke#explicit_et_al" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške">pomoć</a>)CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2008" class="citation journal cs1">Weaver, AL. Srpanj 2008. Epidemiology of gout. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine. svezak 75 dodatak 5: str. S9.–12. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18819329">18819329</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cleveland+Clinic+journal+of+medicine&rft.atitle=Epidemiology+of+gout&rft.volume=svezak+75+dodatak+5&rft.pages=str.+S9.-12.&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18819329&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=AL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFChoi_HK,_Atkinson_K,_Karlson_EW,_Willett_W,_Curhan_G2004" class="citation journal cs1">Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, Willett W, Curhan G. Ožujak 2004. Purine-rich foods, dairy and protein intake, and the risk of gout in men. N. Engl. J. Med. svezak 350 (broj 11): str. 1093.–1103. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa035700">10.1056/NEJMoa035700</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15014182">15014182</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=N.+Engl.+J.+Med.&rft.atitle=Purine-rich+foods%2C+dairy+and+protein+intake%2C+and+the+risk+of+gout+in+men&rft.volume=svezak+350&rft.issue=broj+11&rft.pages=str.+1093.-1103.&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa035700&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15014182&rft.au=Choi+HK%2C+Atkinson+K%2C+Karlson+EW%2C+Willett+W%2C+Curhan+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Epi2008-10">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Epi2008_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epi2008_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epi2008_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFWeaver_AL2008" class="citation journal cs1">Weaver AL. Srpanj 2008. Epidemiology of gout. Cleve Clin J Med. svezak 75 dodatak 5: str. S9.–S12. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18819329">18819329</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cleve+Clin+J+Med&rft.atitle=Epidemiology+of+gout&rft.volume=svezak+75+dodatak+5&rft.pages=str.+S9.-S12.&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18819329&rft.au=Weaver+AL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFHak_AE,_Choi_HK2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hak AE, Choi HK. Ožujak 2008. Lifestyle and gout. Curr Opin Rheumatol. svezak 20 (broj 2): str. 179.–186. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FBOR.0b013e3282f524a2">10.1097/BOR.0b013e3282f524a2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18349748">18349748</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr+Opin+Rheumatol&rft.atitle=Lifestyle+and+gout&rft.volume=svezak+20&rft.issue=broj+2&rft.pages=str.+179.-186.&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FBOR.0b013e3282f524a2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18349748&rft.au=Hak+AE%2C+Choi+HK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams_PT2008" class="citation journal cs1">Williams PT. Svibanj 2008. Effects of diet, physical activity and performance, and body weight on incident gout in ostensibly healthy, vigorously active men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. svezak 87 (broj 5): str. 1480.–1487. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18469274">18469274</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Clin.+Nutr.&rft.atitle=Effects+of+diet%2C+physical+activity+and+performance%2C+and+body+weight+on+incident+gout+in+ostensibly+healthy%2C+vigorously+active+men&rft.volume=svezak+87&rft.issue=broj+5&rft.pages=str.+1480.-1487.&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18469274&rft.au=Williams+PT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Life2010-13">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Life2010_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Life2010_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFChoi_HK2010" class="citation journal cs1">Choi HK. Ožujak 2010. A prescription for lifestyle change in patients with hyperuricemia and gout. Curr Opin Rheumatol. svezak 22 (broj 2): str. 165.–172. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FBOR.0b013e328335ef38">10.1097/BOR.0b013e328335ef38</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20035225">20035225</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr+Opin+Rheumatol&rft.atitle=A+prescription+for+lifestyle+change+in+patients+with+hyperuricemia+and+gout&rft.volume=svezak+22&rft.issue=broj+2&rft.pages=str.+165.-172.&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FBOR.0b013e328335ef38&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20035225&rft.au=Choi+HK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFMerrimanDalbeth2011" class="citation journal cs1">Merriman, TR; Dalbeth, N. Siječanj 2011. The genetic basis of hyperuricaemia and gout. Joint, bone, spine : revue du rhumatisme. svezak 78 (broj 1): str. 35.–40. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jbspin.2010.02.027">10.1016/j.jbspin.2010.02.027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20472486">20472486</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Joint%2C+bone%2C+spine+%3A+revue+du+rhumatisme&rft.atitle=The+genetic+basis+of+hyperuricaemia+and+gout.&rft.volume=svezak+78&rft.issue=broj+1&rft.pages=str.+35.-40.&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jbspin.2010.02.027&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20472486&rft.aulast=Merriman&rft.aufirst=TR&rft.au=Dalbeth%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reginato2012-15">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Reginato2012_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reginato2012_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFReginato_AM,_Mount_DB,_Yang_I,_Choi_HK2012" class="citation journal cs1">Reginato AM, Mount DB, Yang I, Choi HK. Rujan 2012. The genetics of hyperuricaemia and gout. Nat Rev Rheumatol. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrrheum.2012.144">10.1038/nrrheum.2012.144</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22945592">22945592</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat+Rev+Rheumatol&rft.atitle=The+genetics+of+hyperuricaemia+and+gout&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrrheum.2012.144&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22945592&rft.au=Reginato+AM%2C+Mount+DB%2C+Yang+I%2C+Choi+HK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16392875-16"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16392875_16-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFStamp_L,_Searle_M,_O'Donnell_J,_Chapman_P2005" class="citation journal cs1">Stamp L, Searle M, O'Donnell J, Chapman P. 2005. Gout in solid organ transplantation: a challenging clinical problem. Drugs. svezak 65 (broj 18): str. 2593.–2611. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16392875">16392875</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drugs&rft.atitle=Gout+in+solid+organ+transplantation%3A+a+challenging+clinical+problem&rft.volume=svezak+65&rft.issue=broj+18&rft.pages=str.+2593.-2611.&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16392875&rft.au=Stamp+L%2C+Searle+M%2C+O%27Donnell+J%2C+Chapman+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFLoghman-Adham_M1997" class="citation journal cs1">Loghman-Adham M. Rujan 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1470371">Renal effects of environmental and occupational lead exposure</a>. Environ. Health Perspect. Brogan & Partners. svezak 105 (broj 9): str. 928.–938. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3433873">10.2307/3433873</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifikator)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifikator) (stranica ne postoji)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3433873">3433873</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1470371">1470371</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9300927">9300927</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environ.+Health+Perspect.&rft.atitle=Renal+effects+of+environmental+and+occupational+lead+exposure&rft.volume=svezak+105&rft.issue=broj+9&rft.pages=str.+928.-938.&rft.date=1997-09&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1470371%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9300927&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3433873%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3433873&rft.au=Loghman-Adham+M&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1470371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CFP09-18">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-CFP09_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CFP09_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CFP09_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CFP09_18-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFLaubscher_T,_Dumont_Z,_Regier_L,_Jensen_B2009" class="citation journal cs1">Laubscher T, Dumont Z, Regier L, Jensen B. Prosinac 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2793228">Taking the stress out of managing gout</a>. Can Fam Physician. svezak 55 (broj 12): str. 1209.–1212. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2793228">2793228</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20008601">20008601</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Can+Fam+Physician&rft.atitle=Taking+the+stress+out+of+managing+gout&rft.volume=svezak+55&rft.issue=broj+12&rft.pages=str.+1209.-1212.&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2793228%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20008601&rft.au=Laubscher+T%2C+Dumont+Z%2C+Regier+L%2C+Jensen+B&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2793228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFFirestein,_MDBudd,_MDHarris_Jr.,_MDMcInnes_PhD,_FRCP2008" class="citation book cs1">Firestein, MD, Shaun; Budd, MD, Ralph C.; Harris Jr., MD, Edward D.; McInnes PhD, FRCP, Iain B.; Ruddy, MD; Sergent, MD, ur. 2008. poglavlje 87: Gout and Hyperuricemia. KELLEY'S Textbook of Rheumatology. 8. izdanje izdanje. izdavač: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-1-4160-4842-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-1-4160-4842-8"><bdi>978-1-4160-4842-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=poglavlje+87%3A+Gout+and+Hyperuricemia&rft.btitle=KELLEY%27S+Textbook+of+Rheumatology&rft.edition=8.+izdanje&rft.pub=izdava%C4%8D%3A+Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-4842-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> Navedeno je više parametara <code class="cs1-code">|editor1-first=</code> i <code class="cs1-code">|editor-first=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke#redundant_parameters" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške">pomoć</a>); Navedeno je više parametara <code class="cs1-code">|editor3-given=</code> i <code class="cs1-code">|editor3-first=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke#redundant_parameters" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške">pomoć</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17595458-20"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17595458_20-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFVirsaladze_DK,_Tetradze_LO,_Dzhavashvili_LV,_Esaliia_NG,_Tananashvili_DE2007" class="citation journal cs1">Virsaladze DK, Tetradze LO, Dzhavashvili LV, Esaliia NG, Tananashvili DE. Svibanj 2007. [Levels of uric acid in serum in patients with metabolic syndrome] [Levels of uric acid in serum in patients with metabolic syndrome]. Georgian Med News (ruski) (broj 146): str. 35.–37. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17595458">17595458</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Georgian+Med+News&rft.atitle=%5BLevels+of+uric+acid+in+serum+in+patients+with+metabolic+syndrome%5D&rft.issue=broj+146&rft.pages=str.+35.-37.&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17595458&rft.au=Virsaladze+DK%2C+Tetradze+LO%2C+Dzhavashvili+LV%2C+Esaliia+NG%2C+Tananashvili+DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12672211-21"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12672211_21-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFMoyer_RA,_John_DS2003" class="citation journal cs1">Moyer RA, John DS. Travanj 2003. Acute gout precipitated by total parenteral nutrition. The Journal of rheumatology. svezak 30 (broj 4): str. 849.–850. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12672211">12672211</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+rheumatology&rft.atitle=Acute+gout+precipitated+by+total+parenteral+nutrition&rft.volume=svezak+30&rft.issue=broj+4&rft.pages=str.+849.-850.&rft.date=2003-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12672211&rft.au=Moyer+RA%2C+John+DS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7783706-22"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7783706_22-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFHalabe_A,_Sperling_O1994" class="citation journal cs1">Halabe A, Sperling O. 1994. Uric acid nephrolithiasis. Mineral and electrolyte metabolism. svezak 20 (broj 6): str. 424.–431. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7783706">7783706</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mineral+and+electrolyte+metabolism&rft.atitle=Uric+acid+nephrolithiasis&rft.volume=svezak+20&rft.issue=broj+6&rft.pages=str.+424.-431.&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7783706&rft.au=Halabe+A%2C+Sperling+O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22240117-23"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22240117_23-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFChoi_HK,_Soriano_LC,_Zhang_Y,_Rodríguez_LA2012" class="citation journal cs1">Choi HK, Soriano LC, Zhang Y, Rodríguez LA. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257215">Antihypertensive drugs and risk of incident gout among patients with hypertension: population based case-control study</a>. BMJ. svezak 344: d8190. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.d8190">10.1136/bmj.d8190</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257215">3257215</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22240117">22240117</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Antihypertensive+drugs+and+risk+of+incident+gout+among+patients+with+hypertension%3A+population+based+case-control+study.&rft.volume=svezak+344&rft.pages=d8190&rft.date=2012&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3257215%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22240117&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.d8190&rft.au=Choi+HK%2C+Soriano+LC%2C+Zhang+Y%2C+Rodr%C3%ADguez+LA&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3257215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18299687-24"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18299687_24-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger_N2007" class="citation journal cs1">Schlesinger N. Prosinac 2007. Diagnosis of gout. Minerva Med. svezak 98 (broj 6): str. 759.–767. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18299687">18299687</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minerva+Med.&rft.atitle=Diagnosis+of+gout&rft.volume=svezak+98&rft.issue=broj+6&rft.pages=str.+759.-767.&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18299687&rft.au=Schlesinger+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFSturrock_R2000" class="citation journal cs1">Sturrock R. 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/320/7228/132">Gout. Easy to misdiagnose</a>. BMJ. svezak 320 (broj 7228): str. 132.–133. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.320.7228.132">10.1136/bmj.320.7228.132</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1128728">1128728</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10634714">10634714</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Gout.+Easy+to+misdiagnose&rft.volume=svezak+320&rft.issue=broj+7228&rft.pages=str.+132.-133.&rft.date=2000&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1128728%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10634714&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.320.7228.132&rft.au=Sturrock+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbmj.bmjjournals.com%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F320%2F7228%2F132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFSachs_L,_Batra_KL,_Zimmermann_B2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sachs L, Batra KL, Zimmermann B. Studeni 2009. Medical implications of hyperuricemia. Med Health R I. 92 (11): 353–55. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19999892">19999892</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Med+Health+R+I&rft.atitle=Medical+implications+of+hyperuricemia&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=353-55&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19999892&rft.au=Sachs+L%2C+Batra+KL%2C+Zimmermann+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329958-diagnosis">Gout: Differential Diagnoses & Workup - eMedicine Rheumatology</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gout%3A+Differential+Diagnoses+%26+Workup+-+eMedicine+Rheumatology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F329958-diagnosis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/808628-diagnosis">Gout and Pseudogout: Differential Diagnoses & Workup - eMedicine Emergency Medicine</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gout+and+Pseudogout%3A+Differential+Diagnoses+%26+Workup+-+eMedicine+Emergency+Medicine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F808628-diagnosis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFJordan_DR,_Belliveau_MJ,_Brownstein_S,_McEachren_T,_Kyrollos_M2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jordan DR, Belliveau MJ, Brownstein S, McEachren T, Kyrollos M. 2008. Medial canthal tophus. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. svezak 24 (broj 5): str. 403.–404. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FIOP.0b013e3181837a31">10.1097/IOP.0b013e3181837a31</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18806664">18806664</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ophthal+Plast+Reconstr+Surg&rft.atitle=Medial+canthal+tophus&rft.volume=svezak+24&rft.issue=broj+5&rft.pages=str.+403.-404.&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FIOP.0b013e3181837a31&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18806664&rft.au=Jordan+DR%2C+Belliveau+MJ%2C+Brownstein+S%2C+McEachren+T%2C+Kyrollos+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFSano_K,_Kohakura_Y,_Kimura_K,_Ozeki_S2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sano K, Kohakura Y, Kimura K, Ozeki S. Ožujak 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2654956">Atypical Triggering at the Wrist due to Intratendinous Infiltration of Tophaceous Gout</a>. Hand (N Y). svezak 4 (broj 1): str. 78.–80. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11552-008-9120-4">10.1007/s11552-008-9120-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2654956">2654956</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18780009">18780009</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hand+%28N+Y%29&rft.atitle=Atypical+Triggering+at+the+Wrist+due+to+Intratendinous+Infiltration+of+Tophaceous+Gout&rft.volume=svezak+4&rft.issue=broj+1&rft.pages=str.+78.-80.&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2654956%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18780009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11552-008-9120-4&rft.au=Sano+K%2C+Kohakura+Y%2C+Kimura+K%2C+Ozeki+S&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2654956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFChoi_HK,_Gao_X,_Curhan_G2009" class="citation journal cs1">Choi HK, Gao X, Curhan G. Ožujak 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2767211">Vitamin C intake and the risk of gout in men: a prospective study</a>. Arch. Intern. Med. svezak 169 (broj 5): str. 502.–507. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchinternmed.2008.606">10.1001/archinternmed.2008.606</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2767211">2767211</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19273781">19273781</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arch.+Intern.+Med.&rft.atitle=Vitamin+C+intake+and+the+risk+of+gout+in+men%3A+a+prospective+study&rft.volume=svezak+169&rft.issue=broj+5&rft.pages=str.+502.-507.&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2767211%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19273781&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchinternmed.2008.606&rft.au=Choi+HK%2C+Gao+X%2C+Curhan+G&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2767211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFChoi_HK,_Curhan_G2007" class="citation journal cs1">Choi HK, Curhan G. Lipanj 2007. Coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and serum uric acid level: the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Arthritis Rheum. svezak 57 (broj 5): str. 816.–821. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fart.22762">10.1002/art.22762</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17530681">17530681</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arthritis+Rheum.&rft.atitle=Coffee%2C+tea%2C+and+caffeine+consumption+and+serum+uric+acid+level%3A+the+third+national+health+and+nutrition+examination+survey&rft.volume=svezak+57&rft.issue=broj+5&rft.pages=str.+816.-821.&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fart.22762&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17530681&rft.au=Choi+HK%2C+Curhan+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16171252-33"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16171252_33-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFAbrams_B2005" class="citation journal cs1">Abrams B. Veljača 2005. Gout is an indicator of sleep apnea. Sleep. svezak 28 (broj 2): str. 275. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16171252">16171252</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sleep&rft.atitle=Gout+is+an+indicator+of+sleep+apnea&rft.volume=svezak+28&rft.issue=broj+2&rft.pages=str.+275.&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16171252&rft.au=Abrams+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16707532-34">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16707532_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid16707532_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFZhang_W,_Doherty_M,_Bardin_T2006" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang W, Doherty M, Bardin T; i dr. Rujan 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1798308">EULAR evidence based recommendations for gout. Part II: Management. Report of a task force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics (ESCISIT)</a>. Ann. Rheum. Dis. svezak 65 (broj 10): str. 1312.–1324. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fard.2006.055269">10.1136/ard.2006.055269</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1798308">1798308</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16707532">16707532</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann.+Rheum.+Dis.&rft.atitle=EULAR+evidence+based+recommendations+for+gout.+Part+II%3A+Management.+Report+of+a+task+force+of+the+EULAR+Standing+Committee+for+International+Clinical+Studies+Including+Therapeutics+%28ESCISIT%29&rft.volume=svezak+65&rft.issue=broj+10&rft.pages=str.+1312.-1324.&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1798308%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16707532&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fard.2006.055269&rft.au=Zhang+W%2C+Doherty+M%2C+Bardin+T&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1798308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> Eksplicitna upotreba et al. u: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke#explicit_et_al" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške">pomoć</a>)CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11838852-35"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11838852_35-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger_N2002" class="citation journal cs1">Schlesinger N; i dr. 2002. Local ice therapy during bouts of acute gouty arthritis. J. Rheumatol. svezak 29 (broj 2): str. 331.–334. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Frheumatology%2F29.5.331">10.1093/rheumatology/29.5.331</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11838852">11838852</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Rheumatol.&rft.atitle=Local+ice+therapy+during+bouts+of+acute+gouty+arthritis&rft.volume=svezak+29&rft.issue=broj+2&rft.pages=str.+331.-334.&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Frheumatology%2F29.5.331&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11838852&rft.au=Schlesinger+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> Eksplicitna upotreba et al. u: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke#explicit_et_al" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške">pomoć</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-JFP09-36">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-JFP09_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JFP09_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFWinzenberg_T,_Buchbinder_R2009" class="citation journal cs1">Winzenberg T, Buchbinder R. Srpanj 2009. Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group review: acute gout. Steroids or NSAIDs? Let this overview from the Cochrane Group help you decide what's best for your patient. J Fam Pract. svezak 58 (broj 7): str. E1.–E4. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19607767">19607767</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Fam+Pract&rft.atitle=Cochrane+Musculoskeletal+Group+review%3A+acute+gout.+Steroids+or+NSAIDs%3F+Let+this+overview+from+the+Cochrane+Group+help+you+decide+what%27s+best+for+your+patient&rft.volume=svezak+58&rft.issue=broj+7&rft.pages=str.+E1.-E4.&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19607767&rft.au=Winzenberg+T%2C+Buchbinder+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CKS-NLH-37"><a href="#cite_ref-CKS-NLH_37-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFClinical_Knowledge_Summaries" class="citation web cs1">Clinical Knowledge Summaries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216120025/http://cks.library.nhs.uk/gout/management/detailed_answers/managing_acute_gout/treatment">Gout - Management -- What treatment is recommended in acute gout?</a>. National Library for Health. Inačica <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cks.library.nhs.uk/gout/management/detailed_answers/managing_acute_gout/treatment">izvorne stranice</a> arhivirana 16. prosinca 2008. Pristupljeno 26. listopada 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gout+-+Management+--+What+treatment+is+recommended+in+acute+gout%3F&rft.pub=National+Library+for+Health&rft.au=Clinical+Knowledge+Summaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcks.library.nhs.uk%2Fgout%2Fmanagement%2Fdetailed_answers%2Fmanaging_acute_gout%2Ftreatment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDA_Warning-38">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_Warning_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA_Warning_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/DrugSafetyInformationforHeathcareProfessionals/ucm174315.htm">Information for Healthcare Professionals: New Safety Information for Colchicine (marketed as Colcrys)</a>. U.S. Food and Drug Administration</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+for+Healthcare+Professionals%3A+New+Safety+Information+for+Colchicine+%28marketed+as+Colcrys%29&rft.pub=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FDrugs%2FDrugSafety%2FPostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders%2FDrugSafetyInformationforHeathcareProfessionals%2Fucm174315.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17276548-39"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17276548_39-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFMan_CY,_Cheung_IT,_Cameron_PA,_Rainer_TH2007" class="citation journal cs1">Man CY, Cheung IT, Cameron PA, Rainer TH. 2007. Comparison of oral prednisolone/paracetamol and oral indomethacin/paracetamol combination therapy in the treatment of acute goutlike arthritis: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Annals of Emergency Medicine. svezak 49 (broj 5): str. 670.–677. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.annemergmed.2006.11.014">10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.11.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17276548">17276548</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Emergency+Medicine&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+oral+prednisolone%2Fparacetamol+and+oral+indomethacin%2Fparacetamol+combination+therapy+in+the+treatment+of+acute+goutlike+arthritis%3A+a+double-blind%2C+randomized%2C+controlled+trial&rft.volume=svezak+49&rft.issue=broj+5&rft.pages=str.+670.-677.&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.annemergmed.2006.11.014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17276548&rft.au=Man+CY%2C+Cheung+IT%2C+Cameron+PA%2C+Rainer+TH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FDA2010-40">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FDA2010_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA2010_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDA2010_40-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm225810.htm">FDA approves new drug for gout</a>. FDA</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDA&rft.atitle=FDA+approves+new+drug+for+gout&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FNewsEvents%2FNewsroom%2FPressAnnouncements%2Fucm225810.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFSundyBarafYoodEdwards2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sundy, JS; Baraf, HS; Yood, RA; Edwards, NL; Gutierrez-Urena, SR; Treadwell, EL; Vázquez-Mellado, J; White, WB; Lipsky, PE; Horowitz, Z; Huang, W; Maroli, AN; Waltrip, RW; Hamburger, SA; Becker, MA. 17. kolovoza 2011. Efficacy and tolerability of pegloticase for the treatment of chronic gout in patients refractory to conventional treatment: two randomized controlled trials. JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association. svezak 306 (broj 7): str. 711.–720. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2011.1169">10.1001/jama.2011.1169</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21846852">21846852</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA%3A+the+Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Efficacy+and+tolerability+of+pegloticase+for+the+treatment+of+chronic+gout+in+patients+refractory+to+conventional+treatment%3A+two+randomized+controlled+trials.&rft.volume=svezak+306&rft.issue=broj+7&rft.pages=str.+711.-720.&rft.date=2011-08-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2011.1169&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21846852&rft.aulast=Sundy&rft.aufirst=JS&rft.au=Baraf%2C+HS&rft.au=Yood%2C+RA&rft.au=Edwards%2C+NL&rft.au=Gutierrez-Urena%2C+SR&rft.au=Treadwell%2C+EL&rft.au=V%C3%A1zquez-Mellado%2C+J&rft.au=White%2C+WB&rft.au=Lipsky%2C+PE&rft.au=Horowitz%2C+Z&rft.au=Huang%2C+W&rft.au=Maroli%2C+AN&rft.au=Waltrip%2C+RW&rft.au=Hamburger%2C+SA&rft.au=Becker%2C+MA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFAliLally2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ali, S; Lally, EV. Studeni 2009. Treatment failure gout. Medicine and health, Rhode Island. svezak 92 (broj 11): str. 369.-371. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19999896">19999896</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medicine+and+health%2C+Rhode+Island&rft.atitle=Treatment+failure+gout.&rft.volume=svezak+92&rft.issue=broj+11&rft.pages=str.+369.-371.&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19999896&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Lally%2C+EV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-agabegi2nd251-43">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-agabegi2nd251_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-agabegi2nd251_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-agabegi2nd251_43-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_D_Agabegi;_Agabegi,_Steven_S.2008" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth D Agabegi; Agabegi, Steven S. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=y13wgJyQwkEC&pg=PA251">Step-Up to Medicine (Step-Up Series)</a>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Hagerstwon, MD. str. str. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-7817-7153-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-7817-7153-6"><bdi>0-7817-7153-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Step-Up+to+Medicine+%28Step-Up+Series%29&rft.place=Hagerstwon%2C+MD&rft.pages=str.+251.&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-7817-7153-6&rft.au=Elizabeth+D+Agabegi%3B+Agabegi%2C+Steven+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy13wgJyQwkEC%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101006212851/http://guidance.nice.org.uk/TA164/Guidance/Considerations_1">Febuxostat for the management of hyperuricaemia in people with gout (TA164) Chapter 4. Consideration of the evidence</a>. Guidance.nice.org.uk. Inačica <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guidance.nice.org.uk/TA164/Guidance/Considerations_1">izvorne stranice</a> arhivirana 6. listopada 2010. Pristupljeno 20. kolovoza 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Febuxostat+for+the+management+of+hyperuricaemia+in+people+with+gout+%28TA164%29+Chapter+4.+Consideration+of+the+evidence&rft.pub=Guidance.nice.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fguidance.nice.org.uk%2FTA164%2FGuidance%2FConsiderations_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rh2008-45">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Rh2008_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rh2008_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFKim_SY,_De_Vera_MA,_Choi_HK2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kim SY, De Vera MA, Choi HK. 2008. Gout and mortality. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. svezak 26 (broj 5 dodatak 51): str. S115.–S119. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19026153">19026153</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clin.+Exp.+Rheumatol.&rft.atitle=Gout+and+mortality&rft.volume=svezak+26&rft.issue=broj+5+dodatak+51&rft.pages=str.+S115.-S119.&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19026153&rft.au=Kim+SY%2C+De+Vera+MA%2C+Choi+HK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988">CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategorija:CS1_odr%C5%BEavanje:_vi%C5%A1e_imena:_authors_list" title="Kategorija:CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFRheumatology_Therapeutics_Medical_Center" class="citation web cs1">Rheumatology Therapeutics Medical Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070325104830/http://www.arthritisconsult.com/gout.html#risk">What Are the Risk Factors for Gout?</a>. Inačica <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arthritisconsult.com/gout.html#risk">izvorne stranice</a> arhivirana 25. ožujka 2007. Pristupljeno 26. siječnja 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Are+the+Risk+Factors+for+Gout%3F&rft.au=Rheumatology+Therapeutics+Medical+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arthritisconsult.com%2Fgout.html%23risk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10225809-47"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10225809_47-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts-Thomson_RA,_Roberts-Thomson_PJ1999" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts-Thomson RA, Roberts-Thomson PJ. Svibanj 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ard.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/58/5/266">Rheumatic disease and the Australian aborigine</a>. Ann. Rheum. Dis. svezak 58 (broj 5): str. 266.–270. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fard.58.5.266">10.1136/ard.58.5.266</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1752880">1752880</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10225809">10225809</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann.+Rheum.+Dis.&rft.atitle=Rheumatic+disease+and+the+Australian+aborigine&rft.volume=svezak+58&rft.issue=broj+5&rft.pages=str.+266.-270.&rft.date=1999-05&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1752880%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10225809&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fard.58.5.266&rft.au=Roberts-Thomson+RA%2C+Roberts-Thomson+PJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fard.bmjjournals.com%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F58%2F5%2F266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFFam_AG" class="citation journal cs1">Fam AG. svezak 2000. What is new about crystals other than monosodium urate?. Curr Opin Rheumatol. svezak 12 (broj 3): str. 228.–234. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00002281-200005000-00013">10.1097/00002281-200005000-00013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10803754">10803754</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr+Opin+Rheumatol&rft.atitle=What+is+new+about+crystals+other+than+monosodium+urate%3F&rft.chron=svezak+2000&rft.volume=svezak+12&rft.issue=broj+3&rft.pages=str.+228.-234.&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00002281-200005000-00013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10803754&rft.au=Fam+AG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> Provjerite vrijednost datuma u parametru: <code class="cs1-code">|year=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:CS1_gre%C5%A1ke#bad_date" title="Pomoć:CS1 greške">pomoć</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Pillinger-49">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Pillinger_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pillinger_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pillinger_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pillinger_49-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFPillingerRosenthalAbeles2007" class="citation journal cs1">Pillinger, MH; Rosenthal, P; Abeles, AM. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216114246/http://www.nyuhjdbulletin.org/Permalink.aspx?permalinkId=0c3ec9d1-8cc8-49d5-850d-4c5a55cb0669">Hyperuricemia and gout: new insights into pathogenesis and treatment</a>. Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases. svezak 65 (broj 3): str. 215.–221. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17922673">17922673</a>. Inačica <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyuhjdbulletin.org/Permalink.aspx?permalinkId=0c3ec9d1-8cc8-49d5-850d-4c5a55cb0669">izvorne stranice</a> arhivirana 16. prosinca 2008. Pristupljeno 17. kolovoza 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+NYU+Hospital+for+Joint+Diseases&rft.atitle=Hyperuricemia+and+gout%3A+new+insights+into+pathogenesis+and+treatment&rft.volume=svezak+65&rft.issue=broj+3&rft.pages=str.+215.-221.&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17922673&rft.aulast=Pillinger&rft.aufirst=MH&rft.au=Rosenthal%2C+P&rft.au=Abeles%2C+AM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyuhjdbulletin.org%2FPermalink.aspx%3FpermalinkId%3D0c3ec9d1-8cc8-49d5-850d-4c5a55cb0669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/80290">gout, n.1</a>. Oxford English Dictionary, drugo izdanje, 1989. Pristupljeno 18. rujna 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary%2C+drugo+izdanje%2C+1989.&rft.atitle=gout%2C+n.1.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F80290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> Kubitz possibly has gout.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2003/04/01/cx_cd_0401feat.html">The Disease Of Kings - Forbes.com</a>. Forbes</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+Disease+Of+Kings+-+Forbes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2003%2F04%2F01%2Fcx_cd_0401feat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Rich+Man%27s+Disease">Rich Man's Disease - definition of Rich Man's Disease in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rich+Man%27s+Disease+-+definition+of+Rich+Man%27s+Disease+in+the+Medical+dictionary+-+by+the+Free+Online+Medical+Dictionary%2C+Thesaurus+and+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com%2FRich%2BMan%2527s%2BDisease&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707154253/http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/aphorisms.6.vi.html">The Internet Classics Archive Aphorisms by Hippocrates</a>. Inačica <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/aphorisms.6.vi.html">izvorne stranice</a> arhivirana 7. srpnja 2010. Pristupljeno 27. srpnja 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Internet+Classics+Archive+Aphorisms+by+Hippocrates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FHippocrates%2Faphorisms.6.vi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Celsus/4*.html">LacusCurtius • Celsus — On Medicine — Book IV</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LacusCurtius+%E2%80%A2+Celsus+%E2%80%94+On+Medicine+%E2%80%94+Book+IV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FCelsus%2F4%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A11102491">BBC - h2g2 - Gout - The Affliction of Kings</a>. BBC. Pristupljeno 27. srpnja 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+-+h2g2+-+Gout+-+The+Affliction+of+Kings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdna%2Fh2g2%2FA11102491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11600751-56"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11600751_56-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFStorey_GD2001" class="citation journal cs1">Storey GD. Rujan 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/40/10/1189">Alfred Baring Garrod (1819-1907)</a>. Rheumatology (Oxford, England). svezak 40 (broj 10): str. 1189.–1190. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Frheumatology%2F40.10.1189">10.1093/rheumatology/40.10.1189</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11600751">11600751</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rheumatology+%28Oxford%2C+England%29&rft.atitle=Alfred+Baring+Garrod+%281819-1907%29&rft.volume=svezak+40&rft.issue=broj+10&rft.pages=str.+1189.-1190.&rft.date=2001-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Frheumatology%2F40.10.1189&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11600751&rft.au=Storey+GD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frheumatology.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F40%2F10%2F1189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Animals01-57">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Animals01_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Animals01_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFAgudelo_CA,_Wise_CM2001" class="citation journal cs1">Agudelo CA, Wise CM. 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Curr Opin Rheumatol. svezak 13 (broj 3): str. 234.–239. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00002281-200105000-00015">10.1097/00002281-200105000-00015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11333355">11333355</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr+Opin+Rheumatol&rft.atitle=Gout%3A+diagnosis%2C+pathogenesis%2C+and+clinical+manifestations&rft.volume=svezak+13&rft.issue=broj+3&rft.pages=str.+234.-239.&rft.date=2001-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00002281-200105000-00015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11333355&rft.au=Agudelo+CA%2C+Wise+CM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothschild-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Rothschild_58-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite id="CITEREFRothschildTankeCarpenter1997" class="citation journal cs1">Rothschild, BM; Tanke, D; Carpenter, K. 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v387/n6631/abs/387357a0.html">Tyrannosaurs suffered from gout</a>. Nature. svezak 387 (broj 6631): str. 357. <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F387357a0">10.1038/387357a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9163417">9163417</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Tyrannosaurs+suffered+from+gout&rft.volume=svezak+387&rft.issue=broj+6631&rft.pages=str.+357.&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F387357a0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9163417&rft.aulast=Rothschild&rft.aufirst=BM&rft.au=Tanke%2C+D&rft.au=Carpenter%2C+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv387%2Fn6631%2Fabs%2F387357a0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%3AGiht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7012897" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100520024113/http://www.musculoskeletalnetwork.com/gout/content/article/1145622/1533314">New therapeutic options for gout here and on the horizon - The Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine</a>. 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