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The case hinges on the nature of "smart contracts.""/><meta property="og:image" content="https://cms.therecord.media/uploads/format_webp/swati_b_tbgc_AQ_3_Er5_I_unsplash_c5eefd45a9.jpg"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="Appeals court overturns Treasury sanctions against crypto mixer Tornado Cash"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cms.therecord.media/uploads/format_webp/swati_b_tbgc_AQ_3_Er5_I_unsplash_c5eefd45a9.jpg"/><meta name="twitter:description" content="An appellate judge agreed that the Treasury Department overstepped its bounds in 2022 when sanctioning Tornado Cash. 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Newsletter</p></span></span></a></div></div></div></header><div class="lg:flex flex-auto lg:justify-between mx-auto px-5 md:px-8 lg:px-12 xl:px-20 2xl:px-40 max-w-layout w-full"><main class="sidebar-page-main"><article class="article"><figure class="article__figure"><div class="article__img"><img alt="Tornado Cash" fetchpriority="high" width="1085" height="630" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent;object-fit:cover;object-position:center" src="https://cms.therecord.media/uploads/format_webp/large_swati_b_tbgc_AQ_3_Er5_I_unsplash_c5eefd45a9.jpg"/></div></figure><div class="article__main flex flex-wrap justify-between"><aside class="article__sidebar flex flex-wrap flex-col"><div><a class="article__editor" href="/author/james-reddick">James Reddick<br/></a><span class="article__date padding-0 border-none border-l-0">November 27th, 2024</span></div></aside><div class="article__content"><h1>Appeals court overturns Treasury sanctions against crypto mixer Tornado Cash</h1><span class="wysiwyg-parsed-content"><p class="paragraph"> A U.S. federal appeals court has ruled that the Treasury Department exceeded its authority by <a href="https://therecord.media/u-s-sanctions-tornado-cash-cryptocurrency-mixer" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">sanctioning</a> the embattled cryptocurrency mixer Tornado Cash. </p><p class="paragraph"> The ruling on Tuesday reversed a decision from the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas upholding sanctions imposed in 2022 against Tornado Cash, which the Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control said had been used to launder $455 million stolen by the North Korean state-backed Lazarus Group. </p><p class="paragraph"> The case, which was bankrolled by the cryptocurrency trading platform Coinbase, was brought by six users of the service who said the government exceeded its regulatory powers by prohibiting dealings with any Tornado Cash “property.” </p><p class="paragraph"> The court ruled that the executive branch’s authority to “block ‘property’ in which a foreign ‘national’ or ‘person’ has an ‘interest’” did not apply in the case of Tornado Cash because its immutable smart contracts — lines of autonomous code on the blockchain intended to preserve anonymity in transactions — do not qualify as property. The smart contracts, which despite their name are not actually contracts, pool together and mix users’ cryptocurrencies. </p><p class="paragraph"> In his opinion, Judge Don Willett of the 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals pointed to limitations in the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), the 1977 law granting the executive branch the authority to freeze assets of a foreign actor on national security grounds. </p><p class="paragraph"> “OFAC’s concerns with illicit foreign actors laundering funds are undeniably legitimate,” he said. “Perhaps Congress will update IEEPA … to target modern technologies like crypto-mixing software. Until then, we hold that Tornado Cash’s immutable smart contracts (the lines of privacy-enabling software code) are not the “property” of a foreign national or entity, meaning (1) they cannot be blocked under IEEPA, and (2) OFAC overstepped its congressionally defined authority.” </p><p class="paragraph"> Coinbase legal officer Paul Grewal <a href="https://x.com/iampaulgrewal/status/1861549058797772874" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">celebrated the decision on social media</a> as a “historic win for crypto.” </p><p class="paragraph"> “No one wants criminals to use crypto protocols, but blocking open source technology entirely because a small portion of users are bad actors is not what Congress authorized,” he wrote. </p><p class="paragraph"> In recent years, the federal government has gone after the infrastructure viewed as powering the cybercrime economy, including cryptocurrency mixers. Two Tornado Cash founders, Roman Semenov and Roman Storm, <a href="https://therecord.media/us-arrests-tornado-cash-cofounder" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">were charged last year</a> with money laundering and sanctions violations, and a Tornado Cash developer, Alexey Pertsev, <a href="https://therecord.media/tornado-cash-money-laundering-verdict-netherlands-alexey-pertsev" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">was sentenced</a> in May to more than five years in prison in the Netherlands for money laundering. </p></span><div class="social-share-icons"><ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Appeals court overturns Treasury sanctions against crypto mixer Tornado Cash%20%20@TheRecord_Media"><span class="text-white text-lg icon-twitter"></span></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=&title=Appeals court overturns Treasury sanctions against crypto mixer Tornado Cash"><span class="text-white text-lg icon-linkedin"></span></a></li><li><a data-href="" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=&amp;src=sdkpreparse"><span class="text-white text-lg icon-facebook"></span></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" href="https://www.reddit.com/submit?url="><span class="text-white text-lg icon-reddit"></span></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" href="https://news.ycombinator.com/submitlink?u=&t=Appeals court overturns Treasury sanctions against crypto mixer Tornado Cash"><span class="text-white text-lg icon-hackernews"></span></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" href="https://bsky.app/intent/compose?text=Appeals court overturns Treasury sanctions against crypto mixer Tornado Cash "><span class="text-white text-lg icon-bluesky"></span></a></li></ul></div><div class="article__categories"><ul><li><a href="/news/government">Government</a></li><li><a href="/">News</a></li><li><a href="/">Industry</a></li></ul></div><div class="article__adunit"><div class="mb-4">Get more insights with the <div>Recorded Future</div><div>Intelligence Cloud.</div></div><a class="underline" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.recordedfuture.com/platform?mtm_campaign=ad-unit-record">Learn more.</a></div><div class="article__tags"><span class="article__tags__title">Tags</span><ul><li><a href="/tag/treasury-department">Treasury Department</a></li><li><a href="/tag/sanctions">sanctions</a></li><li><a href="/tag/cryptocurrency">cryptocurrency</a></li><li><a href="/tag/tornado-cash">Tornado Cash</a></li><li><a href="/tag/cryptocurrency-mixers">cryptocurrency mixers</a></li><li><a href="/tag/legal-action">legal action</a></li><li><a href="/tag/legal">legal</a></li></ul></div><div class="article__pagination mb-[5px]"><div class="article__controls lg:mb-2 justify-center space-x-5"></div><div class="article__posts"><div class="article__post mb-[20px] md:mb-0"><span>No previous article</span></div><div class="article__post"><span>No new articles</span></div></div></div><div class="group flex flex-wrap items-center space-y-2 p-5 md:space-x-6"><div class="relative mx-auto flex-none h-[170px] w-[170px]"><a href="/author/james-reddick"><img alt="James Reddick" fetchpriority="auto" loading="lazy" width="384" height="384" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="rounded-full" style="color:transparent;object-fit:cover;height:100%" src="https://cms.therecord.media/uploads/Headshot_9468680de9.JPG"/></a></div><div class="w-full md:flex-1"><figcaption class="space-y-3 text-center md:text-left"><a href="/author/james-reddick"><p class="page-heading-seven text-black">James Reddick</p></a><div class="editor__bio"><span class="wysiwyg-parsed-content"><p>has worked as a journalist around the world, including in Lebanon and in Cambodia, where he was Deputy Managing Editor of The Phnom Penh Post. He is also a radio and podcast producer for outlets like Snap Judgment.</p></span></div><div class="flex items-start"><a class="editor__link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/jredd66"><span class="text-white text-base icon-twitter"></span></a></div></figcaption></div></div></div></div></article></main><aside class="sidebar-page-aside"><div class="briefs__sidebar"><h2>Briefs</h2><ul class="briefs__list"><li><a href="/hackers-pose-as-esports-gamers-to-steal-crypto-from-fans">Hackers pose as e-sports gamers online to steal cryptocurrency from Counter-Strike fans<span>February 24th, 2025</span></a></li><li><a href="/botnet-credentials-microsoft-spraying-attack">Botnet looks for quiet ways to try stolen logins in Microsoft 365 environments<span>February 24th, 2025</span></a></li><li><a href="/hud-fake-video-musk-trump">Screens at HUD display AI video of Donald Trump sucking Elon Musk’s toes<span>February 24th, 2025</span></a></li><li><a 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exceeded its authority by \u003ca href=\\\"https://therecord.media/u-s-sanctions-tornado-cash-cryptocurrency-mixer\\\"\u003esanctioning\u003c/a\u003e the embattled cryptocurrency mixer Tornado Cash.\u0026nbsp;\"}},{\"id\":\"OIHOcNMH0Y\",\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"The ruling on Tuesday reversed a decision from the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas upholding sanctions imposed in 2022 against Tornado Cash, which the Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control said had been used to launder $455 million stolen by the North Korean state-backed Lazarus Group.\u0026nbsp;\"}},{\"id\":\"lb1ZlvrJfT\",\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"The case, which was bankrolled by the cryptocurrency trading platform Coinbase, was brought by six users of the service who said the government exceeded its regulatory powers by prohibiting dealings with any Tornado Cash “property.”\"}},{\"id\":\"4QC3__BRty\",\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"The court ruled that the executive branch’s authority to “block ‘property’ in which a foreign ‘national’ or ‘person’ has an ‘interest’” did not apply in the case of Tornado Cash because its immutable smart contracts — lines of autonomous code on the blockchain intended to preserve anonymity in transactions — do not qualify as property. The smart contracts, which despite their name are not actually contracts, pool together and mix users’ cryptocurrencies.\u0026nbsp;\"}},{\"id\":\"v_UHhg_LnL\",\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"In his opinion, Judge Don Willett of the 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals pointed to limitations in the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), the 1977 law granting the executive branch the authority to freeze assets of a foreign actor on national security grounds.\"}},{\"id\":\"pcuMaYeF0J\",\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"“OFAC’s concerns with illicit foreign actors laundering funds are undeniably legitimate,” he said. “Perhaps Congress will update IEEPA … to target modern technologies like crypto-mixing software. Until then, we hold that Tornado Cash’s immutable smart contracts (the lines of privacy-enabling software code) are not the “property” of a foreign national or entity, meaning (1) they cannot be blocked under IEEPA, and (2) OFAC overstepped its congressionally defined authority.”\u0026nbsp;\"}},{\"id\":\"nwqLweFkro\",\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"Coinbase legal officer Paul Grewal \u003ca href=\\\"https://x.com/iampaulgrewal/status/1861549058797772874\\\"\u003ecelebrated the decision on social media\u003c/a\u003e as a “historic win for crypto.”\u0026nbsp;\"}},{\"id\":\"gjRGhXd4ZB\",\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"“No one wants criminals to use crypto protocols, but blocking open source technology entirely because a small portion of users are bad actors is not what Congress authorized,” he wrote.\u0026nbsp;\"}},{\"id\":\"qOtgQRmqaD\",\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"In recent years, the federal government has gone after the infrastructure viewed as powering the cybercrime economy, including cryptocurrency mixers. Two Tornado Cash founders, Roman Semenov and Roman Storm, \u003ca href=\\\"https://therecord.media/us-arrests-tornado-cash-cofounder\\\"\u003ewere charged last year\u003c/a\u003e with money laundering and sanctions violations, and a Tornado Cash developer, Alexey Pertsev, \u003ca href=\\\"https://therecord.media/tornado-cash-money-laundering-verdict-netherlands-alexey-pertsev\\\"\u003ewas sentenced\u003c/a\u003e in May to more than five years in prison in the Netherlands for money laundering.\u0026nbsp; \"}}],\"version\":\"2.29.0\"}","isBrief":false,"createdAt":"2024-11-27T17:59:11.505Z","updatedAt":"2024-11-27T18:04:10.535Z","publishedAt":"2024-11-27T18:04:10.530Z","showFrom":null,"listingShowFrom":null,"tags":{"data":[{"id":40,"attributes":{"name":"Treasury Department","createdAt":"2022-10-11T14:02:01.654Z","updatedAt":"2022-10-11T14:02:02.970Z","publishedAt":"2022-10-11T14:02:02.966Z","page":{"data":{"id":3276,"attributes":{"title":"Treasury 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