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id="toc-Association_with_Tsar_Alexander-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Character assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_about_her" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_about_her"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Books about her</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_about_her-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliane_von_Kr%C3%BCdener" title="Juliane von Krüdener – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Juliane von Krüdener" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Juliane_von_Kr%C3%BCdener" title="Barbara Juliane von Krüdener – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Barbara Juliane von Krüdener" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1_%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Μπάρμπαρα φον Κρούντενερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπάρμπαρα φον Κρούντενερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener" title="Barbara von Krüdener – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Barbara von Krüdener" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Juliane_von_Kr%C3%BCdener" title="Barbara Juliane von Krüdener – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Barbara Juliane von Krüdener" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener" title="Barbara von Krüdener – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Barbara von Krüdener" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ბარბარა კრიუდენერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბარბარა კრიუდენერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Juli%C4%81na_fon_Kr%C4%ABdenere" title="Barbara Juliāna fon Krīdenere – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Barbara Juliāna fon Krīdenere" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Juliana_von_Kr%C3%BCdener" title="Barbara Juliana von Krüdener – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Barbara Juliana von Krüdener" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener" title="Barbara von Krüdener – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Barbara von Krüdener" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener" title="Barbara von Krüdener – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Barbara von Krüdener" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Juliane_von_Kr%C3%BCdener" title="Barbara Juliane von Krüdener – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Barbara Juliane von Krüdener" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Крюденер, Варвара Юлия фон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крюденер, Варвара Юлия фон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener" title="Barbara von Krüdener – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Barbara von Krüdener" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener" title="Barbara von Krüdener – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Barbara von Krüdener" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Juliane_von_Kr%C3%BCdener" title="Barbara Juliane von Krüdener – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Barbara Juliane von Krüdener" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener" title="Barbara von Krüdener – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Barbara von Krüdener" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Барбара фон Крюденер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Барбара фон Крюденер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%BCdeneri_Barbara_Juliane" title="Krüdeneri Barbara Juliane – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Krüdeneri Barbara Juliane" 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class="infobox-above fn" style="background: #99BADD; color: #000000;"><div class="fn" style="display:inline">Barbara Juliane von Krüdener</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Freifrau von Krüdener</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:KauffmannKruedener.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/KauffmannKruedener.jpg/220px-KauffmannKruedener.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/KauffmannKruedener.jpg/330px-KauffmannKruedener.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/KauffmannKruedener.jpg/440px-KauffmannKruedener.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="595" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Baroness von Krüdener and her son Paul, painted in 1786 by <a href="/wiki/Angelica_Kauffman" title="Angelica Kauffman">Angelica Kauffman</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kruedener_v10_p19.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kruedener_v10_p19.png/200px-Kruedener_v10_p19.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kruedener_v10_p19.png/300px-Kruedener_v10_p19.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Kruedener_v10_p19.png/400px-Kruedener_v10_p19.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1130" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VietinghoffWappen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/VietinghoffWappen.jpg/200px-VietinghoffWappen.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/VietinghoffWappen.jpg/300px-VietinghoffWappen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/VietinghoffWappen.jpg/400px-VietinghoffWappen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1320" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><span class="nickname">Beate Barbara Juliane Freiin von Vietinghoff genannt Scheel</span><br />22 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 11] 1764<br /><span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kreis_Riga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreis Riga">Riga County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Riga Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">25 December [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 13] 1824<br /><a href="/wiki/Bilohirsk" title="Bilohirsk">Belogorsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taurida_Governorate" title="Taurida Governorate">Taurida Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Noble family</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vietinghoff_(noble_family)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vietinghoff (noble family) (page does not exist)">Vietinghoff</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietinghoff_(Adelsgeschlecht)" class="extiw" title="de:Vietinghoff (Adelsgeschlecht)">de</a>]</span><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kr%C3%BCdener_(noble_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krüdener (noble family (page does not exist)">Krüdener</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%BCdener_(Adelsgeschlecht)" class="extiw" title="de:Krüdener (Adelsgeschlecht)">de</a>]</span> (by marriage)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">Baron Burckhard Alexius Constantin von Krüdener</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Issue</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">Baron Otto Hermann von Vietinghoff genannt Scheel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">Countess Anna Ulrika von Münnich</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Beate Barbara Juliane Freifrau<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> von Krüdener</b> (née <b>Freiin<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> von Vietinghoff genannt Scheel</b>; 22 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 11] 1764 – 25 December [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 13] 1824), often called by her formal <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> name, <b>Madame de Krüdener</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Baltic_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic German">Baltic German</a> religious <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a>, author, and <a href="/wiki/Pietist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietist">Pietist</a> <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> theologian who exerted influence on wider European <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Reformed Church">Swiss Reformed Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a>, and whose ideas influenced <a href="/wiki/Russian_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Emperor">Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_background">Family background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baroness von Krüdener was born in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Governorate of Livonia</a>. Her father, Baron Otto Hermann von Vietinghoff genannt Scheel, who had fought as a colonel in <a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine II</a>'s wars, was one of the two councillors for Livonia and a man of immense wealth. He was a man of rationalistic views and a leading <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">freemason</a>. Her mother, the Countess <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anna_Ulrika_von_M%C3%BCnnich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anna Ulrika von Münnich (page does not exist)">Anna Ulrika von Münnich</a>, was a granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich" title="Burkhard Christoph von Münnich">Burkhard Christoph von Münnich</a>, a celebrated Russian <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal" title="Field marshal">field marshal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ebk_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a strict <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>. </p><p>Barbe-Julie de Vietinghoff, better known as Madame von Krüdener (Mme. de Krüdener) later in life, but, as a child, referred to as Juliana, was one of five children born into the wealthy Vietinghoff family.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Father">Father</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Father"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Her father, Otto Hermann von Vietinghoff-Scheel, had started accruing his wealth from a young age, for as a young man, he proved to possess a knack for business. With his high ambitions, he entered into commercial enterprises that became highly successful. Some of his treasures included grand properties in Kosse (present-day <a href="/wiki/Viitina" title="Viitina">Viitina</a>, Estonia) and <a href="/wiki/Al%C5%ABksne" title="Alūksne">Marienburg</a>, as well as his grandiose townhouse in Riga, where Barbe-Julie was born.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although he was never assigned an official title, he enjoyed the official rank as a privy counselor and as a senator and "would exclaim with pride 'I am Vietinghoff', and behave with all the arrogance of a great noble".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord18935_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord18935-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mother">Mother</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mother"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barbe-Julie's mother, Anna Ulrika von Münnich von Vietinghoff-Scheel, was herself born into nobility. Her grandfather, the famed Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich" title="Burkhard Christoph von Münnich">Burkhard Christoph von Münnich</a>, despite having been exiled for many years in Siberia, had led many successful campaigns against the Tartars and the Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-ebk_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catherine II also made him one of her favorites, although, sometimes the status was fickle. Mme. de Vietinghoff mirrored her grandfather's success in her own household, as a mother of five (she bore two sons and three daughters), she was extremely dedicated, despite the death in infancy of her first son, and her physically handicapped eldest daughter (who was both mute and deaf, and whom the family eventually placed in an asylum in 1777).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord18936_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord18936-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Her education, according to her own account, consisted of lessons in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> spelling, deportment and sewing.<sup id="cite_ref-ebk_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At an early age, Barbe-Julie began learning French and German.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord18936_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord18936-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former allowed her access to the writings of the great philosophers, such as <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedists" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedists">Encyclopedists</a>. It also gave her access to French culture, which her parents, along with other nobles, attempted to emulate and imitate. The importance of French ideals and culture seem<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (October 2018)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> to have replaced a need for religious studies, and because both of her parents were of German background. In spite of the quotation given ("it still remains unclear as to whether or not the Vietinghoff family were of Orthodox or Lutheran faith"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord18937,_8_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord18937,_8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) the Vietinghoff family certainly was of Lutheran faith.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage">Marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Barbe-Julie "was still an overgrown, undeveloped, silent girl, with a rather large nose and an uncertain complexion, [she possessed] ample promises of future beauty in her big blue eyes and curling chestnut hair, and in her singularly well-shaped hands and arms".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord18938_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord18938-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her potential beauty, combined with her being the heir to her parents’ wealth, resulted in an onslaught of marriage proposals. Her parents arranged for her to be married to the local neighborhood baron despite Barbe-Julie's incessant protesting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord18938,_9_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord18938,_9-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seeing no way out of her situation, the young baroness first started conversing with God. She begged him to save her from this horrid situation. He answered her with a case of the measles that left her less attractive (at least temporarily), which became at least a part of the baron's incentive to politely decline the marriage proposal. As a result, Barbe-Julie began to believe that she personally had a divine connection with God. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord18939_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord18939-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, when Baron Burkhardt-Alexis-Constantine Krüdener, a widower sixteen years her senior,<sup id="cite_ref-ebk_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sought her hand, she had no such qualms. He was a well-educated (he attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a>), and a well-traveled man, who, like her father, was in favour with Catherine II.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, the baron, a diplomatist of distinction, was cold and reserved, while Barbe-Julie was frivolous, pleasure-loving, and possessed of an insatiable thirst for attention and flattery; and the strained relations due to this incompatibility of temper were made worse by her limitless extravagance, which constantly involved the young baroness and her husband in financial difficulties. At first, all went well.<sup id="cite_ref-ebk_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was due to the fact that despite having an older husband for whom she did not possess any passionate feelings, his title and position in society were such that he could provide her whatever she might desire. At the same time, she endowed him with an even higher social status because of the social standing of her own family. However, this socially advantageous exchange left, for the baroness, much to be desired. Despite being materially pleased she was romantically unsatisfied. Her "earliest griefs arose from the fact, that, in her youthful inexperience, having chosen with her head, she expected at the same time to satisfy the longings of a singularly romantic heart".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord189310_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord189310-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First she would pretend that her husband was something that he was not: a lover. This is especially evident in her description of him in her book. "The glowing description of the Count in <i>Valérie</i> represents Baron Krüdener more as his wife’s ardent imagination loved to picture him, than as he really was. The truth is, he did not lend himself readily to the role of a hero of romance".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord189317_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord189317-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These notions, as well as the separation between her real husband and her fictional husband helped lead to marital instability and to the eventual love affairs she had with others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On January 31, 1784, a son was born to them, named Paul after the grand-duke <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul</a> (afterward emperor), who acted as god-father. The same year Baron Krüdener became ambassador at <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, later (1786) at <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> where he remained until transferred to <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> in 1787.<sup id="cite_ref-ebk_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1787 the birth of a daughter (Juliette) aggravated the nervous disorders from which the baroness had for some time been suffering, and it was decided that she must go to the south for her health; she accordingly left, with her infant daughter and her stepdaughter Sophie. In 1789 she was at <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Estates-General_of_1789" class="mw-redirect" title="Estates-General of 1789">Estates General</a> met; a year later, at <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>, she met a young cavalry captain, Charles Louis de Frégeville, and a passionate attachment sprang up between them. They returned together to Copenhagen, where the baroness told her husband that her heart could no longer be his. The baron was coldly kind; he refused to hear of a divorce and attempted to arrange a <i>modus vivendi</i>, which was facilitated by the departure of de Frégeville for the war. All was useless; Juliana refused to remain at Copenhagen, and, setting out on her travels, visited Riga, <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> — where her father had become a senator of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. In 1794 her husband became ambassador at Madrid. In 1800 her husband became ambassador in Berlin, and she joined him there. But the stiff court society of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> was irksome to her; money difficulties continued; and by way of climax, the murder of the <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Tsar Paul</a>, in whose favor Baron Krüdener had stood high, made the position of the ambassador extremely precarious. The baroness seized the occasion to leave for the baths of <a href="/wiki/Teplitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Teplitz">Teplitz</a>, whence she wrote to her husband that the doctors had ordered her to winter in the south. He died on June 14, 1802, without ever having seen her again.<sup id="cite_ref-ebk_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_development">Religious development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religious development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Towards the end of the Napoleonic wars religious thought was in tune with the general disillusionment with the ideals of the French Revolution, and thus a search for an alternative. She had an influence on the Swiss <i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veil" title="Réveil">Réveil</a></i>, and for a time her ideas had a profound effect on <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a>. Through her contact with the Russian Emperor she and <a href="/wiki/Henri-Louis_Empaytaz" title="Henri-Louis Empaytaz">Henri-Louis Empaytaz</a>, a member of the Réveil, were in part responsible for the religious aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStunt200030_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStunt200030-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911a559_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911a559-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the baroness had been reveling in the intellectual society of <a href="/wiki/Coppet" title="Coppet">Coppet</a> and of Paris. She was now thirty-six; her charms were fading, but her passion for admiration survived. She had tried the effect of the shawl dance, in imitation of <a href="/wiki/Emma,_Lady_Hamilton" title="Emma, Lady Hamilton">Emma, Lady Hamilton</a>; she now sought fame in literature, and in 1803, after consulting <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a> and other writers of distinction, published her <i>Valérie</i>, a sentimental romance, of which under a thin veil of anonymity she herself was the heroine. In January 1804 she returned to Riga, Livonia.<sup id="cite_ref-ebk_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Riga occurred her conversion. A gentleman of her acquaintance when about to salute her fell dying at her feet. The shock overset her not too well-balanced mind; she sought for consolation and found it in the ministrations of her shoemaker, an ardent disciple of the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Brethren" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravian Brethren">Moravian Brethren</a>. Though she had "found peace",<sup id="cite_ref-ebk_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the disorder of her nerves continued and she was ordered by her doctor to the baths of <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ebk_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> she had an interview with <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Queen Louise</a>, and, more important still, with one <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_M%C3%BCller_(peasant)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Müller (peasant) (page does not exist)">Adam Müller</a>, a rough peasant, to whom God had supposedly revealed a prophetic mission to <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">King Frederick William III</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chiliasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiliasm">Chiliasm</a> was in the air. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a> was evidently <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a>, and the latter days were about to be accomplished. Under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Pietist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietist">pietistic</a> movement, the belief was widely spread, in royal courts, in-country parsonages, in peasant novels: a man would be raised up from the north from the rising of the sun (Isa. xli. 25); Antichrist would be overthrown, and <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> would come to reign a thousand years upon the earth. The interview determined the direction of the baroness's religious development.<sup id="cite_ref-ebk_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A short visit to the Moravians at <a href="/wiki/Herrnhut" title="Herrnhut">Herrnhut</a> followed; then she went, via <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>, to sit at the feet of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Jung" title="Johann Heinrich Jung">Heinrich Jung-Stilling</a> who had great influence at the court of Baden and <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> and St. Petersburg.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By him she was instructed in the chiliastic faith and in the mysteries of the supernatural world. Then, hearing that a certain pastor in the <a href="/wiki/Vosges" title="Vosges">Vosges</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fontaines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Frédéric Fontaines (page does not exist)">Jean Frédéric Fontaines</a>, was prophesying and working miracles, she determined to go to him. On June 5, 1801, accordingly, she arrived at the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> parsonage of <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines" title="Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines">Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines</a>, accompanied by her daughter Juliette, her stepdaughter Sophie and a Russian valet.<sup id="cite_ref-ebk_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This remained for two years her headquarters. Fontaines, half-charlatan, half-dupe, had introduced into his household a prophetess named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Gottliebin_Kummer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie Gottliebin Kummer (page does not exist)">Marie Gottliebin Kummer</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose visions, carefully calculated for her own purposes, became the <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracle</a> of the divine mysteries for the baroness. Under this influence, she believed more firmly than ever in the approaching millennium and her own mission to proclaim it. Her rank, her reckless charities, and her exuberant eloquence produced a great effect on the simple country folk; and when, in 1809, it was decided to found a colony of the elect in order to wait for the coming of the Lord, many wretched peasants sold or distributed all they possessed and followed the baroness and Fontaines into <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, where the settlement was established at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catharinenplaisir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catharinenplaisir (page does not exist)">Catharinenplaisir</a> and the château of <a href="/wiki/Bonnigheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonnigheim">Bonnigheim</a>, only to be dispersed (May 1) by an unsympathetic government.<sup id="cite_ref-ebk_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further wanderings followed: to <a href="/wiki/Lichtenthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichtenthal">Lichtenthal</a> near Baden; to Karlsruhe and the congenial society of pietistic princesses; to Riga, where she was present at the deathbed of her mother (January 24, 1811); then back to Karlsruhe. The influence of Fontaines, to whom she had been "spiritually married" (Madame Fontaines being content with the part of Martha in the household, so long as the baroness's funds lasted), had now waned, and she had fallen under that of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Kaspar_Wegelin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Kaspar Wegelin (page does not exist)">Johann Kaspar Wegelin</a> (1766–1833), a pious linen-draper of <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, who taught her the sweetness of complete annihilation of the will and mystic death. Her preaching and her indiscriminate charities now began to attract curious crowds from afar; and her appearance everywhere was accompanied by an epidemic of visions and prophesyings, which culminated in the appearance in 1811 of the <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a>, a sure sign of the approaching end.<sup id="cite_ref-ebk_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1812 she was at Strassburg, whence she paid more than one visit to <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Oberlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Frédéric Oberlin">J. F. Oberlin</a>, the famous pastor of <a href="/wiki/Waldersbach" title="Waldersbach">Waldersbach</a> in <a href="/wiki/Steintal" class="mw-redirect" title="Steintal">Steintal</a> (Ban de la Roche), and where she had the glory of converting her host, Adrien de Lazay-Marnesia, the prefect. In 1813 she was at <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, where she established the faith of a band of young pietists in revolt against the <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> Church authorities notably <a href="/wiki/Henri-Louis_Empaytaz" title="Henri-Louis Empaytaz">Henri-Louis Empaytaz</a>, afterwards, the companion of her crowning evangelistic triumph. In September 1814 she was again at Waldbach, where Empaytaz had preceded her; and at Strassburg, where the party was joined by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Karl_von_Berckheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Karl von Berckheim (page does not exist)">Franz Karl von Berckheim</a>, who afterwards married Juliette.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the year she returned with her daughters and Empeytaz to Baden, a fateful migration.<sup id="cite_ref-ebk_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The empress <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Alexeyevna_(Louise_of_Baden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Alexeyevna (Louise of Baden)">Elizabeth</a> of Russia was now at Karlsruhe, and she and the pietist ladies of her entourage hoped that the emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander</a> might find at the hands of Madame de Krüdener the peace which an interview with Jung-Stilling had failed to bring him. The baroness herself wrote urgent letters to Roxandre de Stourdza, sister of <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Sturdza" title="Alexandru Sturdza">Alexandre Stourdza</a> the tsar's <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a> secretary, begging her to procure an interview. There seemed to be no result, but the correspondence paved the way for the opportunity which a strange chance was to give her of realizing her ambition.<sup id="cite_ref-ebk_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Association_with_Tsar_Alexander">Association with Tsar Alexander</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Association with Tsar Alexander"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the spring of 1815 the baroness was settled at <a href="/wiki/Schl%C3%BCchtern" title="Schlüchtern">Schlüchtern</a>, a Baden enclave in Württemberg, busy persuading the peasants to sell all and fly from the wrath to come. Near this, at <a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a>, the emperor Alexander established his headquarters on June 4. That very night the baroness sought and obtained an interview. To the tsar, who had been brooding alone over an open <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, her sudden arrival seemed an answer to his prayers; for three hours the prophetess preached her strange gospel, while the most powerful man in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> sat, his face buried in his hands, sobbing like a child; until at last he declared that he had "found peace".<sup id="cite_ref-ebk_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the tsar's request, she followed him to <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a> and later to Paris, where she was lodged at the Hotel Montchenu, next door to the imperial headquarters in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace" title="Élysée Palace">Élysée Palace</a>. A private door connected the establishments, and every evening the emperor went to take part in the prayer-meetings conducted by the baroness and Empeytaz. Chiliasm seemed to have found an entrance into the high councils of Europe, and the baroness von Krüdener had become a political force to be reckoned with. Admission to her religious gatherings was sought by a crowd of people celebrated in the intellectual and social world; Chateaubriand came, and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Benjamin Constant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Fran%C3%A7oise_Julie_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_R%C3%A9camier" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeanne Françoise Julie Adélaïde Récamier">Madame Recamier</a>, the Duchesse de Bourbon, and <a href="/wiki/Madame_de_Duras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame de Duras">Madame de Duras</a>. The fame of the wonderful conversion, moreover, attracted other members of the chiliastic fraternity, among them Fontaines, who brought with him the prophetess Marie Kummer.<sup id="cite_ref-ebk_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this religious forcing-house, the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a> germinated and grew to rapid maturity. On September 26 the portentous proclamation, which was to herald the opening of a new age of peace and goodwill on earth, was signed by the sovereigns of Russia, Austria and Prussia. Its authorship has ever been a matter of dispute. Madame de Krüdener herself claimed that she had suggested the idea, and that Alexander had submitted the draft for her approval. This is probably correct, though the tsar later, when he had recovered his mental equilibrium, reproved her for her indiscretion in talking of the matter. His eyes, indeed, had begun to be opened before he left Paris, and Marie Kummer was the unintentional cause. At the very first séance the prophetess, whose revelations had been praised by the baroness in extravagant terms, had the evil inspiration to announce in her trance to the emperor that it was God's will that he should endow the religious colony to which she belonged! Alexander merely remarked that he had received too many such revelations before to be impressed. The baroness's influence was shaken but not destroyed, and before he left Paris Alexander gave her a passport to Russia. She was not to see him again.<sup id="cite_ref-ebk_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She left Paris on October 22, 1815, intending to travel to St. Petersburg by way of Switzerland. The tsar, however, offended by her indiscretions and sensible of the ridicule which his relations with her had brought upon him, showed little disposition to hurry her arrival. She remained in Switzerland, where she presently fell under the influence of an unscrupulous adventurer named J. G. Kellner. For months Empeytaz, an honest enthusiast, struggled to save her from this man's clutches but in vain. Kellner too well knew how to flatter the baroness's inordinate vanity: the author of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a> could be none other than the "woman clothed with the sun" from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ebk_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She wandered with Kellner from place to place, proclaiming her mission, working miracles, persuading her converts to sell all and follow her. Crowds of beggars and rapscallions of every description gathered wherever she went, supported by the charities squandered from the common fund. She became a nuisance to the authorities and a menace to the peace; Württemberg had expelled her, and the example was followed by every <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> canton she entered in turn. At last, in May 1818, she set out for her estate in Kosse, Livonia (now Viitina, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>), accompanied by Kellner and a remnant of the elect.<sup id="cite_ref-ebk_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emperor Alexander having opened the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Peninsula">Crimea</a> to German and Swiss chiliasts in search of a land of promise, the baroness's son-in-law Berckheim and his wife now went there to help establish the new colonies. In November 1820 the baroness at last went herself to St. Petersburg, where Berckheim was lying ill. She was there when the news arrived of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ypsilantis" title="Alexander Ypsilantis">Ypsilanti's</a> invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danubian</a> principalities, which opened the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>. She at once proclaimed the divine mission of the Tsar to take up arms on behalf of Christendom. Alexander, however, had long since exchanged her influence for that of <a href="/wiki/Metternich" class="mw-redirect" title="Metternich">Metternich</a>, and he was far from anxious to be forced into even a holy war. To the baroness's overtures he replied in a long and polite letter, the gist of which was that she must leave St. Petersburg at once. In 1823 the death of Kellner, whom to the last she regarded as a saint, was a severe blow to her. Her health was failing, but she allowed herself to be persuaded by Princess <a href="/wiki/Galitzine" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzine">Galitzine</a> to accompany her to the Crimea, where she had established a Swiss colony. Here, at <a href="/wiki/Bilohirsk" title="Bilohirsk">Karasubazar</a>, she died on December 25, 1824.<sup id="cite_ref-ebk_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character_assessment">Character assessment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Character assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Augustin_Sainte-Beuve" title="Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve">Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve</a> wrote of Madame de Krüdener:<sup id="cite_ref-ebk_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Elle avait un immense besoin que le monde s'occupât d'elle ... ; l'amour propre, toujours l'amour propre ...<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sainte-Beuve (1852).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESainte-Beuve18521026_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESainte-Beuve18521026-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>A kindlier epitaph written in her own words, uttered after the revelation of the misery of the Crimean colonists had at last opened her eyes:<sup id="cite_ref-ebk_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The good that I have done will endure; the evil that I have done (for how often have I not mistaken for the voice of God that which was no more than the result of my imagination and my pride) the mercy of God will blot out.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Barbara von Krüdener.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Clarence Ford wrote in a Victorian biography: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Mme. de Krüdener, ... preserved a certain magnetic attraction up to the very last years of her life. Added to this she possess[ed] an extreme gracefulness of carriage and lightness of motion, which, together with her fair curling hair that fell in soft ringlets around her face, lent an air of unusual youthfulness to her appearance.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Clarence Ford (1893).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord189314_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord189314-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Valérie, ou, Lettres de Gustave de Linar à Ernst de G…</i>, Paris, Henrichs, 1804. <small>available on</small>Gallica <small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6515252n">archive</a>.</small></li> <li><i>Écrits intimes et prophétiques de Madame de Krüdener</i>, Paris, Éditions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2880196">Worldcat</a>.</li> <li><i>Le Camp de Vertus, ou la Grande revue de l'armée russe</i>, Lyon, Guyot frères, 1815. Available on Gallica <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6100123s">archive</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books_about_her">Books about her</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Books about her"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Madame de Krüdener et son temps, 1764-1824.</i>Paris, Plon, 1961. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9404465">Worldcat</a>.</li> <li><i>Lady of the Holy Alliance.</i> Ernest John Knapton: New York, Columbia University Press, 1939. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/407879">Worldcat</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener" title="Special:EditPage/Barbara von Krüdener">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Barbara+von+Kr%C3%BCdener%22">"Barbara von Krüdener"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Barbara+von+Kr%C3%BCdener%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Barbara+von+Kr%C3%BCdener%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Barbara+von+Kr%C3%BCdener%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Barbara+von+Kr%C3%BCdener%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Barbara+von+Kr%C3%BCdener%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regarding personal names: <i><a href="/wiki/Freifrau" class="mw-redirect" title="Freifrau">Freifrau</a></i> (translated as '<a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baroness</a>') is a title rather than a first or middle name. It denotes the wife of a <i><a href="/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr">Freiherr</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regarding personal names: <i><a href="/wiki/Freiin" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiin">Freiin</a></i> is a title, translated as '<a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baroness</a>', not a first or middle name. The title is for the unmarried daughters of a <i><a href="/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr">Freiherr</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebk-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ebk_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebk_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebk_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebk_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebk_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebk_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebk_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebk_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebk_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebk_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebk_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebk_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebk_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebk_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebk_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebk_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebk_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebk_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebk_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebk_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebk_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebk_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebk_3-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebk_3-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1911">Phillips 1911</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord18935-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord18935_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord1893">Ford 1893</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord18936-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord18936_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord18936_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord1893">Ford 1893</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord18937,_8-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord18937,_8_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord1893">Ford 1893</a>, pp. 7, 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord18938-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord18938_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord1893">Ford 1893</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord18938,_9-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord18938,_9_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord1893">Ford 1893</a>, pp. 8, 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord18939-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord18939_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord1893">Ford 1893</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord189310-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord189310_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord1893">Ford 1893</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord189317-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord189317_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord1893">Ford 1893</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He died while she was there in 1792.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStunt200030-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStunt200030_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStunt2000">Stunt 2000</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911a559-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1911a559_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips1911a">Phillips 1911a</a>, p. 559.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The consorts of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Alexeievna_(Louise_of_Baden)" title="Elizabeth Alexeievna (Louise of Baden)">Elizabeth Alexeievna</a>), and of <a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden">Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frederica_of_Baden" title="Frederica of Baden">Friederike Dorothea</a>), were princesses of Baden.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">She had been condemned some years previously in Württemberg to the pillory and three years imprisonment as a swindler (<i>Betrügerin</i>), on her own confession. Her curious history is given in detail by M. Muhlenbeck.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1809 it was obviously inconvenient to have people proclaiming Napoleon as "the Beast".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berckheim had been French commissioner of police in Mainz and had abandoned his post in 1813.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Revelation xii 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It can be translated as "She had a huge need that the world paid attention to her ... self-esteem, ever self-esteem ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESainte-Beuve18521026-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESainte-Beuve18521026_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSainte-Beuve1852">Sainte-Beuve 1852</a>, p. 1026.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord189314-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFord189314_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord1893">Ford 1893</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFord1893" class="citation cs2">Ford, Clarence (1893), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifelettersofmad00fordiala"><i>The Life and Letters of Madame De Krüdener</i></a>, London: A. & C. Black</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Letters+of+Madame+De+Kr%C3%BCdener&rft.place=London&rft.pub=A.+%26+C.+Black&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Clarence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifelettersofmad00fordiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbara+von+Kr%C3%BCdener" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSainte-Beuve1852" class="citation cs2">Sainte-Beuve, Charles Augustin (January–March 1852), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="wikisource:fr:Madame de Krudner et ce qu'en aurait dit Saint-Evremond"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Madame_de_Krudner_et_ce_qu%27en_aurait_dit_Saint-Evremond">"Madame de Krudner et ce qu'en aurait dit Saint-Evremond" </a></span>, <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Revue_des_Deux_Mondes/1849-1855#Tome_13_:_Janvier_À_Mars_1852" class="extiw" title="wikisource:fr:Revue des Deux Mondes/1849-1855">Revue des deux Mondes</a></i>, 1849-1855, <b>13</b>: 1026</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+deux+Mondes&rft.atitle=Madame+de+Krudner+et+ce+qu%27en+aurait+dit+Saint-Evremond&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=1026&rft.date=1852-01%2F1852-03&rft.aulast=Sainte-Beuve&rft.aufirst=Charles+Augustin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbara+von+Kr%C3%BCdener" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStunt2000" class="citation cs2">Stunt, Timothy C. F. (2000), <i>From awakening to secession: radical evangelicals in Switzerland and Britain, 1815-35</i> (illustrated ed.), Continuum International Publishing Group, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VnHYbmq39fIC&pg=PA30">30</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08719-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08719-5"><bdi>978-0-567-08719-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+awakening+to+secession%3A+radical+evangelicals+in+Switzerland+and+Britain%2C+1815-35&rft.pages=30&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08719-5&rft.aulast=Stunt&rft.aufirst=Timothy+C.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbara+von+Kr%C3%BCdener" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1911a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alison_Phillips" title="Walter Alison Phillips">Phillips, Walter Alison</a> (1911a). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Alexander I. (tsar)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Alexander_I._(tsar)">"Alexander I." </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 556–559.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander+I.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=556-559&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Walter+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbara+von+Kr%C3%BCdener" class="Z3988"></span> This work in turn cites: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmpaytaz1840" class="citation cs2">Empaytaz, H. L. (1840), <i>Notice sur Alexandre Empereur de Russie</i> (2nd ed.), Paris</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notice+sur+Alexandre+Empereur+de+Russie&rft.place=Paris&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Empaytaz&rft.aufirst=H.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbara+von+Kr%C3%BCdener" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Attribution</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Alison_Phillips" title="Walter Alison Phillips">Phillips, Walter Alison</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Kr%C3%BCdener,_Barbara_Juliana,_Baroness_von" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Krüdener, Barbara Juliana, Baroness von">Krüdener, Barbara Juliana, Baroness von</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 929–930.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kr%C3%BCdener%2C+Barbara+Juliana%2C+Baroness+von&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=929-930&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Walter+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbara+von+Kr%C3%BCdener" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmpeytaz1840" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Empeytaz, H. L. (1840), <i>Notice sur Alexandre, empereur de Russie</i> (in French) ((2nd ed.), Paris</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notice+sur+Alexandre%2C+empereur+de+Russie&rft.place=Paris&rft.edition=%282nd&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Empeytaz&rft.aufirst=H.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbara+von+Kr%C3%BCdener" class="Z3988"></span> (Much information about Madame de Krüdener, but coloured by the author's views)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEynard1849" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Gabriel_Eynard" title="Jean-Gabriel Eynard">Eynard, Jean-Gabriel</a> (1849), <i>Vie de Madame de Krüdener (2 volumes)</i> (in French), Paris</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vie+de+Madame+de+Kr%C3%BCdener+%282+volumes%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Eynard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbara+von+Kr%C3%BCdener" class="Z3988"></span> was for a long time during the 19th century the standard life and contains much material, but is far from authoritative.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhervas2008" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ghervas, Stella (2008), <i>Réinventer la tradition. Alexandre Stourdza et l'Europe de la Sainte-Alliance</i> (in French), Paris: Honoré Champion, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-1669-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7453-1669-1"><bdi>978-2-7453-1669-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9inventer+la+tradition.+Alexandre+Stourdza+et+l%27Europe+de+la+Sainte-Alliance&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Honor%C3%A9+Champion&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-7453-1669-1&rft.aulast=Ghervas&rft.aufirst=Stella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbara+von+Kr%C3%BCdener" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnapton1937" class="citation cs2">Knapton, E. J. (1937), "An Unpublished Letter of Mme De Krüdener", <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>, <b>9</b> (4): 483, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F243467">10.1086/243467</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144342757">144342757</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=An+Unpublished+Letter+of+Mme+De+Kr%C3%BCdener&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=483&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F243467&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144342757%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Knapton&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbara+von+Kr%C3%BCdener" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMühlenbeck1909" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mühlenbeck, Eugène (1909), <i>Étude sur les origines de la Sainte-Alliance</i> (in French), Paris</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89tude+sur+les+origines+de+la+Sainte-Alliance&rft.place=Paris&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=M%C3%BChlenbeck&rft.aufirst=Eug%C3%A8ne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbara+von+Kr%C3%BCdener" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> This was the most authoritative study published by 1911 and it contains numerous references.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroyat1982" class="citation cs2">Troyat, Henri (1982), <i>Alexander of Russia: Napoleon's Conqueror</i>, New York: Dutton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802139498" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802139498"><bdi>978-0802139498</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+of+Russia%3A+Napoleon%27s+Conqueror&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dutton&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0802139498&rft.aulast=Troyat&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbara+von+Kr%C3%BCdener" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_von_Kr%C3%BCdener&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Barbara_Juliana,_Baroness_von_Kr%C3%BCdener" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Barbara Juliana, Baroness von Krüdener">Barbara Juliana, Baroness von Krüdener</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/32260">Works by Freifrau von Barbara Juliane Krüdener</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Krüdener%2C%20Barbara%20von%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Krüdener%2C%20Barbara%20v%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Krüdener%2C%20B%2E%20v%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Barbara%20von%20Krüdener%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Barbara%20v%2E%20Krüdener%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22B%2E%20v%2E%20Krüdener%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Krüdener%2C%20Barbara%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Barbara%20Krüdener%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Barbara%20von%20Krüdener%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Barbara%20v%2E%20Krüdener%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22B%2E%20v%2E%20Krüdener%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22B%2E%20von%20Krüdener%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Krüdener%2C%20Barbara%20von%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Krüdener%2C%20Barbara%20v%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Krüdener%2C%20B%2E%20v%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Krüdener%2C%20B%2E%20von%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Barbara%20Krüdener%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Krüdener%2C%20Barbara%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Barbara%20von%20Krüdener%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Barbara%20v%2E%20Krüdener%22%20OR%20title%3A%22B%2E%20v%2E%20Krüdener%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Barbara%20Krüdener%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Barbara%20von%20Krüdener%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Barbara%20v%2E%20Krüdener%22%20OR%20description%3A%22B%2E%20v%2E%20Krüdener%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Krüdener%2C%20Barbara%20von%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Krüdener%2C%20Barbara%20v%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Barbara%20Krüdener%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Krüdener%2C%20Barbara%22%20OR%20%28Barbara%20Kr%2Adener%29%29%20OR%20%28%221764-1824%22%20AND%20%28%22Krüdener%22%20OR%20Krudener%29%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Barbara von Krüdener</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Krüdener, Barbara Juliane, Baroness von"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Kr%C3%BCdener,_Barbara_Juliane,_Baroness_von">"Krüdener, Barbara Juliane, Baroness von" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span 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.tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63784#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63784#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081129682">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/34458797">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/390329/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhmGjhx7hvcbH6qjMtdwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119160145">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no97023778">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11910053n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11910053n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35283686">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Krüdener, Barbara Juliane von"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0312197&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX990255">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070625824">Netherlands</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p330037315">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/97044663">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000179235&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=229770">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810588021005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/188791">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007313102905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13984650">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11535123?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/896845">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119160145.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119160145">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026953420">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/010712">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6n61t20">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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