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<i>The Modern Library</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings;_The_Modern_Library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horace_Liveright_and_modernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horace_Liveright_and_modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Horace Liveright and modernism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horace_Liveright_and_modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_for_the_Suppression_of_Vice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_for_the_Suppression_of_Vice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Society for the Suppression of Vice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_for_the_Suppression_of_Vice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Notable staff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Later history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surviving_bankruptcy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surviving_bankruptcy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Surviving bankruptcy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surviving_bankruptcy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-More_recent_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#More_recent_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>More recent developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-More_recent_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Boni & Liveright</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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</div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American trade book publisher</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Boni & Liveright</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Boni_Liveright_first_colophon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Boni_Liveright_first_colophon.jpg/220px-Boni_Liveright_first_colophon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Boni_Liveright_first_colophon.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="440" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">First <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">colophon</a> used between 1917 and 1924.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Revived in 2012</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1917</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Boni" title="Albert Boni">Albert Boni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Liveright" title="Horace Liveright">Horace Liveright</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication types</th><td class="infobox-data">Books</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Boni & Liveright</b> (pronounced "BONE-eye"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "LIV-right"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is an American <a href="/wiki/Publishing#Book_publishing" title="Publishing">trade book publisher</a> established in 1917 in New York City by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Boni" title="Albert Boni">Albert Boni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horace_Liveright" title="Horace Liveright">Horace Liveright</a>. Over the next sixteen years the firm, which changed its name to Horace Liveright, Inc., in 1928 and then Liveright, Inc., in 1931, published over a thousand books.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before its bankruptcy in 1933 and subsequent reorganization as <b>Liveright Publishing</b> Corporation, Inc., it had achieved considerable notoriety for editorial acumen, brash marketing, and challenge to contemporary obscenity and censorship laws.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their logo is of a cowled monk. </p><p>It was the first American publisher of <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._E._Cummings" title="E. E. Cummings">E. E. Cummings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Toomer" title="Jean Toomer">Jean Toomer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Hart Crane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anita_Loos" title="Anita Loos">Anita Loos</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Library" title="Modern Library">Modern Library</a> series. In addition to being the house of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dreiser" title="Theodore Dreiser">Theodore Dreiser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Anderson" title="Sherwood Anderson">Sherwood Anderson</a> throughout the 1920s, it notably published <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Isadora Duncan</a>'s <i>My Life</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nathanael_West" title="Nathanael West">Nathanael West</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Miss_Lonelyhearts" title="Miss Lonelyhearts">Miss Lonelyhearts</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Djuna_Barnes" title="Djuna Barnes">Djuna Barnes</a>'s <i>Ryder</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>'s <i>Personae</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Reed_(journalist)" title="John Reed (journalist)">John Reed</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_That_Shook_the_World" title="Ten Days That Shook the World">Ten Days That Shook the World</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a>'s plays. In his biography of Horace Liveright, <i>Firebrand</i>, author <a href="/wiki/Tom_Dardis" title="Tom Dardis">Tom Dardis</a> noted B&L was "the most magnificent yet messy publishing firm this century has seen."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974 Liveright's remaining backlist was bought by <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. Norton revived the name as an imprint in 2012 as <b>Liveright Publishing Corporation</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boni_%26_Liveright&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings;_The_Modern_Library"><span id="Beginnings.3B_The_Modern_Library"></span>Beginnings; <i>The Modern Library</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boni_%26_Liveright&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Beginnings; The Modern Library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boni_%26_Liveright_second_colophon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Boni_%26_Liveright_second_colophon.jpg/170px-Boni_%26_Liveright_second_colophon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Boni_%26_Liveright_second_colophon.jpg/255px-Boni_%26_Liveright_second_colophon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Boni_%26_Liveright_second_colophon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>Second colophon used between 1924 and 1925.</figcaption></figure> <p>With outside investment that principally came from Horace Liveright's father-in-law, paper executive Herman Elsas, Boni & Liveright incorporated on February 16, 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Liveright had no publishing experience (he had been a bond and paper salesman), Albert Boni recently had run a Greenwich Village bookshop with his brother, Charles. Boni's association with Village bohemia and his earlier success publishing a line of inexpensive, pocket-sized classics called the <a href="/wiki/Little_Leather_Library_Corporation" title="Little Leather Library Corporation">Little Leather Library</a> served as inspiration for B&L's debut list called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Modern_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Modern Library">The Modern Library</a> of the World's Best Books.</i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mix of well-known and hard-to-find literature priced at 60 cents apiece and bound in lambskin, the <i>Modern Library</i> in 1917, according to biographer Walker Gilmer, "reflected the avant-garde influence of [Albert Boni's] Washington Square book-borrowing friends: Wilde, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray" title="The Picture of Dorian Gray">The Picture of Dorian Gray</a></i>; Strindberg, <i><a href="/wiki/Getting_Married_(Strindberg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Getting Married (Strindberg)">Married</a></i>; Kipling, <i><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_Three" title="Soldiers Three">Soldiers Three</a></i>; Stevenson, <i><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></i>; Wells, <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_in_the_Air" title="The War in the Air">The War in the Air</a></i>; Ibsen, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House" title="A Doll's House">A Doll's House</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/An_Enemy_of_the_People" title="An Enemy of the People">An Enemy of the People</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_(play)" title="Ghosts (play)">Ghosts</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole France">France</a>, <i>The Red Lily</i>; de Maupassant, <i><a href="/wiki/Mademoiselle_Fifi_(short_story)" title="Mademoiselle Fifi (short story)">Mademoiselle Fifi, and Other Stories</a></i>; Nietzsche, <i><a href="/wiki/Thus_Spoke_Zarathustra" title="Thus Spoke Zarathustra">Thus Spoke Zarathustra</a></i>; Dostoyevsky, <i><a href="/wiki/Poor_Folk" title="Poor Folk">Poor Folk</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maeterlinck</a>, <i>A Miracle of Saint Anthony</i>; and Schopenhauer, <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Studies_in_Pessimism" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Studies in Pessimism">Studies in Pessimism</a></i>."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boni & Liveright, like other new publishers of the era such as <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>, sold to customers predominantly in the Northeast and California.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The success was immediate and demand for more titles forced Boni & Liveright to expand the initial list to 36 before the year ended.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would quickly become the cornerstone for the young company and allow the firm to take on riskier books and high-profile authors. The sale of the Modern Library to <a href="/wiki/Bennett_Cerf" title="Bennett Cerf">Bennett Cerf</a> has been noted by biographer Tom Dardis as a critical tactical error and major loss of revenue that likely crippled the firm in their final years of operation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horace_Liveright_and_modernism">Horace Liveright and modernism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boni_%26_Liveright&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Horace Liveright and modernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boni_%26_Liveright_third_colophon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a1/Boni_%26_Liveright_third_colophon.jpg/170px-Boni_%26_Liveright_third_colophon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a1/Boni_%26_Liveright_third_colophon.jpg/255px-Boni_%26_Liveright_third_colophon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a1/Boni_%26_Liveright_third_colophon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>Third colophon used between 1925 and 1929. Designed by Lucina Bernhard.</figcaption></figure> <p>Only a year and a half after co-founding Boni & Liveright, Albert Boni departed the company due to differences with Horace Liveright. Boni claimed that he won a coin toss over the opportunity to buy out the other's share, but then his backing investor dropped out, leaving him no alternative than to sell to Liveright.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though not as politically extreme as Albert Boni, Horace Liveright enjoyed the mantle of radical publisher as he quickly established an openness to new literary trends and avant-garde ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1917, Alfred Knopf, then another newly established New York publishing house, published <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>'s <i>Lustra</i> to poor reviews and sales. The following year Boni & Liveright agreed to publish a collection of prose by Pound, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instigations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Instigations (page does not exist)">Instigations</a></i>, which included an essay by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Fenellosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Fenellosa">Ernest Fenellosa</a>. Boni & Liveright bought Pound's next volume of poetry, <i>Poems: 1918–1921</i>; the publisher's inclusion of the date in the title was considered daring and innovative. </p><p>In addition to publishing Ezra Pound's poetry, Liveright engaged Pound as a translator and scout in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pound would encourage his friends <a href="/wiki/T.S._Eliot" class="mw-redirect" title="T.S. Eliot">T.S. Eliot</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> to publish their latest works with Horace Liveright, who Pound praised "as a pearl among publishers."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></i> would appear on their list in 1922, Boni & Liveright would ultimately give up their pursuit of <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i>, due to the overwhelming legal challenges surrounding the controversial work. It would finally be published in America by Bennett Cerf, a former vice president of Boni & Liveright, at <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a> in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liveright published Pound's <i><a href="/wiki/Personae" class="mw-redirect" title="Personae">Personae</a></i> in 1925, retaining rights to the work well into the 1940s after the company collapsed and merged with Random House.<sup id="cite_ref-S355ff_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S355ff-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite being commercially risky for the times, Boni & Liveright would introduce many now influential experimental writers to the American reading public, including Cummings, Crane, <a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a>, Hemingway, and Toomer. The two Faulkner novels (<i><a href="/wiki/Soldiers%27_Pay" title="Soldiers' Pay">Soldiers' Pay</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mosquitoes_(novel)" title="Mosquitoes (novel)">Mosquitoes</a></i>) are considered among the lesser works of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel prize">Nobel prize</a>-winner but still contain modernist devices (such as <a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness_(narrative_mode)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream of consciousness (narrative mode)">stream of consciousness</a>) that reflect the direction he took in later fiction. </p><p>The one exception to this risk-taking investment was <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a>. While most of Liveright's avant-garde publications failed to earn out their advances during the 1920s (<a href="/wiki/Hart_Crane" title="Hart Crane">Hart Crane</a> would die $210 in debt to the house<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), O'Neill's plays were frequently amongst the firm's top-selling books. After winning the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Beyond_the_Horizon_(play)" title="Beyond the Horizon (play)">Beyond the Horizon</a></i> in 1920, the Greenwich Village playwright reached national attention. The B&L edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Interlude" title="Strange Interlude">Strange Interlude</a></i> would sell over 100,000 copies, becoming the bestselling play of the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all Liveright would publish thirteen of O'Neill's dramas, but would have to relinquish those rights in 1933 during bankruptcy proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society_for_the_Suppression_of_Vice">Society for the Suppression of Vice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boni_%26_Liveright&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Society for the Suppression of Vice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If publishing the literary new guard brought more acclaim than cash flow to the press, sex, or the suggestion of it, created commercial opportunity for Boni & Liveright. Many of its bestselling books were considered scandalous or titillating for the period, inviting the scrutiny of figures like <a href="/wiki/John_S._Sumner" title="John S. Sumner">John Sumner</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Society_for_the_Suppression_of_Vice" title="New York Society for the Suppression of Vice">New York Society for the Suppression of Vice</a>. Throughout the 1920s – decades before <a href="/wiki/Barney_Rosset" title="Barney Rosset">Barney Rosset</a>'s landmark legal battles at <a href="/wiki/Grove_Press" title="Grove Press">Grove Press</a> – Horace Liveright frequently fought off censors and obscenity legislation. The publicity surrounding these battles only stoked the curiosity of readers further and forced the publisher to reprint otherwise unexceptionally sensational works. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg/170px-NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg/255px-NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg/340px-NewYorkSocietyForTheSuppressionOfVice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1675" data-file-height="1678" /></a><figcaption>In the 1920s much of the <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">modernist</a> material published by Boni & Liveright was challenged by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Society_for_the_Suppression_of_Vice" title="New York Society for the Suppression of Vice">New York Society for the Suppression of Vice</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The publisher mostly got around these challenges by issuing limited editions available only by subscription (as in the case of <a href="/wiki/George_Moore_(novelist)" title="George Moore (novelist)">George Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waldo_Frank" title="Waldo Frank">Waldo Frank</a>'s novels).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet B&L could not escape the scorn of John Sumner who, as successor to <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Comstock" title="Anthony Comstock">Anthony Comstock</a> at the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, regularly threatened suit against publishers of risqué or prurient material. The New York Society, alongside Boston's <a href="/wiki/Watch_and_Ward_Society" title="Watch and Ward Society">Watch and Ward Society</a> (giving rise to the term "Banned in Boston"), informally enforced prevailing state laws prohibiting the distribution of inappropriate literature. What defined inappropriate would lead to some of the most notable fights between Liveright and Sumner. </p><p>The first was over a modern translation of <a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Satyricon" title="Satyricon">Satyricon</a></i>, a nearly 2,000-year-old classic that Sumner deemed offensive for a passage referring to orgies and homosexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case against Boni & Liveright would drag out for several months in the courts and in the press (where Liveright passionately spoke out against censorship) but be ultimately dismissed by a grand jury in October 1922. Undeterred, Sumner returned by working with state assemblymen to propose a Clean Books Bill in the Albany legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Introduced in 1923, the bill broadly defined objectionable literature so any portion of obscene, lewd, or indecent text could serve as sufficient evidence to have a whole work banned. Liveright was nearly alone amongst New York publishers to publicly oppose the legislation, writing prominent editorials in defense of free speech and leading a contingent of authors, journalists, and lawyers to fight the bill in Albany in April 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His lobbying efforts were bolstered by the support of James "Jimmy" Walker, future mayor of New York but then a minority leader of the State Senate, who coached Liveright on how to lobby the legislators. On May 3, 1923, after a rousing speech by Walker belittling the bill, in which he joked "No woman was ever ruined by a book", the Clean Books Bill was defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice and the Watch and Ward Society would threaten the publisher several more times in the late 1920s – notably for the novels <i>Replenishing Jessica</i> by <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Bodenheim" title="Maxwell Bodenheim">Maxwell Bodenheim</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Tragedy" title="An American Tragedy">An American Tragedy</a></i> by Theodore Dreiser – Liveright and his lawyers (including <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Garfield_Hays" title="Arthur Garfield Hays">Arthur Garfield Hays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Darrow" title="Clarence Darrow">Clarence Darrow</a>) often won in the court of public opinion. Only when on the verge of bankruptcy in 1930 did Liveright capitulate to Sumner and destroy the plates of "an allegedly obscene work called <i>Josephine, the Great Lover</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_staff">Notable staff</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boni_%26_Liveright&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable staff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EnormousRoom.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/EnormousRoom.JPG/170px-EnormousRoom.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/EnormousRoom.JPG/255px-EnormousRoom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/EnormousRoom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/E._E._Cummings" title="E. E. Cummings">E. E. Cummings</a>'s<i> <a href="/wiki/The_Enormous_Room" title="The Enormous Room">The Enormous Room</a></i> was published by Boni & Liveright in 1922.</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the teens, '20s and early '30s, many notable writers, editors, and future publishers worked for Boni & Liveright. The core of his staff included T.R. Smith in editorial, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Komroff" title="Manuel Komroff">Manuel Komroff</a> in production, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Messner" title="Julian Messner">Julian Messner</a> in sales, and Arthur Pell (who would ultimately succeed Liveright as president) in accounting.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>T.R. "Tommy" Smith was hired in 1919 to replace Thomas Seltzer, Albert Boni's uncle, as editor-in-chief.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Well-connected and exceptionally bright, Smith, next to Horace Liveright, became B&L's most important editorial guiding force. An "authority on the erotic and the pornographic and, happily, one who knew the difference between them, [he] seemed to be able to smell out best-sellers and masterpieces alike."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would stay with the firm through its bankruptcy in 1933. </p><p>In 1919, Liveright also hired <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a> to consult on publicity.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bernays, who was <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>'s nephew and a pioneer of modern public relations, helped define propaganda as an effective marketing tool. According to Bernays's memoirs Liveright singled out five titles for him to initially promote: "they covered sex, prohibition, psychoanalysis, radicalism, women's place in society."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would publish two of his influential books on public relations with Boni & Liveright as well as broker Freud's association with the publishing house. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_L._Simon" title="Richard L. Simon">Richard Simon</a>, who co-founded <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a> in 1924, worked in sales for B&L during the early '20s. <a href="/wiki/Bennett_Cerf" title="Bennett Cerf">Bennett Cerf</a> was vice president between 1923 and 1925 before buying the Modern Library list and later starting, with <a href="/wiki/Donald_S._Klopfer" title="Donald S. Klopfer">Donald Klopfer</a>, Random House. Donald Friede, another vice president, co-founded <a href="/wiki/Covici-Friede" class="mw-redirect" title="Covici-Friede">Covici-Friede</a> publishers.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Hellman" title="Lillian Hellman">Lillian Hellman</a> and the critic <a href="/wiki/Louis_Kronenberger" title="Louis Kronenberger">Louis Kronenberger</a> were readers for Boni & Liveright. And several staff members, including <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Schneider" title="Isidor Schneider">Isidor Schneider</a>, Kronenberger, Komroff, <a href="/wiki/Edith_M._Stern" title="Edith M. Stern">Edith M. Stern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leane_Zugsmith" title="Leane Zugsmith">Leane Zugsmith</a> published books of their own with B&L.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boni_%26_Liveright&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of its outside status, Boni & Liveright, along with the two other firms founded and run by Jewish-Americans in the late teens – <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Knopf</a> and <a href="/wiki/B.W._Huebsch" class="mw-redirect" title="B.W. Huebsch">Huebsch</a> – took considerably more risks than the established and traditional publishers of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a> in his memoirs noted that until then other firms "were run like conservative banking houses." Bennett Cerf observed "There had never been a Jew in American publishing, which was a closed corporation to the rising tide of young people described in <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Crowd" title="Our Crowd">Our Crowd</a></i>. Suddenly there had burst forth on the scene some bright young Jews who were upsetting all the old tenets of the publishing business – and the flashiest of all was certainly Liveright."<sup id="cite_ref-Egleston_2004_63_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egleston_2004_63-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>B&L's challenges to obscenity laws, innovative marketing, and its willingness to publish difficult, politically charged, or unconventional authors helped transform, according to Tom Dardis, "the staid, self-satisfied atmosphere of American publishing into an exciting, pulsing forum in which contemporary American writing could come of age."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_history">Later history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boni_%26_Liveright&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surviving_bankruptcy">Surviving bankruptcy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boni_%26_Liveright&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Surviving bankruptcy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boni_%26_Liveright_fourth_colophon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Boni_%26_Liveright_fourth_colophon.jpg/170px-Boni_%26_Liveright_fourth_colophon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Boni_%26_Liveright_fourth_colophon.jpg/255px-Boni_%26_Liveright_fourth_colophon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Boni_%26_Liveright_fourth_colophon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Fourth colophon used between 1929 and 1933. Designed by Rockwell Kent.</figcaption></figure> <p>Though Boni & Liveright's titles were consistently on bestseller lists during the 1920s, the firm survived on the barest of margins. Lavish ad campaigns, expensive offices (where Liveright famously entertained his friends and authors at 61 West 48th Street), generous advances, and the loss of revenue from the Modern Library backlist stretched finances, but it would be Horace Liveright's poor investment decisions outside book publishing that ultimately jeopardized the company's solvency.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Described by colleagues as a gambler, Liveright frequently lost money on the stock market, particularly following the advice of his friend and banker, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Kahn">Otto Kahn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Egleston_2004_63_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Egleston_2004_63-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also branched out in theatrical production and despite some successes (for example with the stage version of <i>Dracula</i>), most Liveright-backed plays and musicals were financial disasters.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the collapse of the stock market in 1929, book sales slumped and Horace Liveright was forced to sell the bulk of his shares in Horace Liveright, Inc. (as the firm was recently renamed),<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resigning from the company in August 1930. He worked briefly for film studios before he died from pneumonia and emphysema on September 24, 1933, at the age of forty-three.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As its lists shrank in the early 1930s, so did the firm's revenues. Now under the helm of its longtime treasurer, Arthur Pell, Liveright Inc. fell into involuntary bankruptcy in May 1933, selling off many of their assets.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Pell did retain much of the backlist (including important works by Freud, Toomer, Loos, Cummings, and Crane) in a reorganization of the company called <b>Liveright Publishing</b> Corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That entity remained independent, publishing new books as well as repackaging backlist, until 1969 when it was sold to Harrison Blaine of New Jersey, Inc., a private holding company which also owned <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1969 and 1974 a new staff attempted a revival, publishing about 50 original books and about 50 reissues from the backlist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="More_recent_developments">More recent developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boni_%26_Liveright&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: More recent developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Liveright Publishing</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Liverightcolophon.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9f/Liverightcolophon.jpeg/220px-Liverightcolophon.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9f/Liverightcolophon.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Stylized <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">colophon</a> as of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boni_%26_Liveright&action=edit">[update]</a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">Acquired by <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a> in 1974</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters location</th><td class="infobox-data label">New York City</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication types</th><td class="infobox-data">Books</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of employees</th><td class="infobox-data">12</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://wwnorton.com/liveright">[1]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In September 1974, <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a> bought the company where it has remained a wholly owned subsidiary. </p><p>In April 2012 Liveright Publishing inaugurated its first original list in four decades. (See <a href="/wiki/Liveright_Publishing_(2012%E2%80%93_)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liveright Publishing (2012– )">Liveright Publishing (2012– )</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boni_%26_Liveright&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMitgang1981" class="citation news cs1">Mitgang, Herbert (August 1, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/01/obituaries/albert-boni-publisher-dies-founder-of-boni-liveright.html">"Albert Boni, Publisher, Dies; Founder of Boni & Liveright"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Albert+Boni%2C+Publisher%2C+Dies%3B+Founder+of+Boni+%26+Liveright&rft.date=1981-08-01&rft.aulast=Mitgang&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F08%2F01%2Fobituaries%2Falbert-boni-publisher-dies-founder-of-boni-liveright.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoni+%26+Liveright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinchen2014" class="citation web cs1">Kinchen, David M. (August 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://davidkinchen.wordpress.com/2014/08/25/book-review-supreme-city-wonderfully-readable-account-of-contributions-manhattan-made-to-u-s-architecture-engineering-culture/">"Book Review: 'Supreme City'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>davidkinchen.wordpress.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=davidkinchen.wordpress.com&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+%27Supreme+City%27&rft.date=2014-08-25&rft.aulast=Kinchen&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdavidkinchen.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F08%2F25%2Fbook-review-supreme-city-wonderfully-readable-account-of-contributions-manhattan-made-to-u-s-architecture-engineering-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoni+%26+Liveright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/nls/about/organization/standards-guidelines/pronunciation-guide/#b">"The ABC Book, A Pronunciation Guide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Library_Service_for_the_Blind_and_Print_Disabled" title="National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled">National Library Service</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+Service&rft.atitle=The+ABC+Book%2C+A+Pronunciation+Guide&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fnls%2Fabout%2Forganization%2Fstandards-guidelines%2Fpronunciation-guide%2F%23b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoni+%26+Liveright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egleston, 3–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilmer, vii–ix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan1927" class="citation web cs1">Duncan, Isadora (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20120502">"My Life"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: Boni & Liveright.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+Life&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Boni+%26+Liveright&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Isadora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffadedpage.com%2Fshowbook.php%3Fpid%3D20120502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoni+%26+Liveright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dardis,xii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.wwnorton.com/books/affiliatecontent.aspx?id=24633">"Liveright"</a>, <i>wwnorton.com</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egleston, 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egleston, 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilmer, 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welky, 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egleston, 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dardis, 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dardis, 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egleston, 74–75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dardis, 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dardis, 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dardis, 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S355ff-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-S355ff_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sieburth (2010), 355–356</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilmer, 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilmer, 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilmer, 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilmer, 61–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilmer, 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilmer, 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilmer, 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilmer, 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilmer, 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilmer, 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dardis, 70–71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilmer, 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilmer, 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egleston, 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilmer, viii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilmer, 81–95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egleston, 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Egleston_2004_63-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Egleston_2004_63_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Egleston_2004_63_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Egleston, 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dardis, 354</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egleston, xiv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilmer, 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilmer, 227–232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egleston, 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDempsey1970" class="citation news cs1">Dempsey, David (May 31, 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/31/archives/no-way-to-run-a-publishing-house-horace-liveright.html">"No way to run a publishing house"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=No+way+to+run+a+publishing+house&rft.date=1970-05-31&rft.aulast=Dempsey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1970%2F05%2F31%2Farchives%2Fno-way-to-run-a-publishing-house-horace-liveright.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoni+%26+Liveright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilmer, 233–234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egleston, 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Egleston, 18</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boni_%26_Liveright&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dardis, Tom. (1995) <i>Firebrand: The Life of Horace Liveright</i>. Random House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679406754" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679406754">978-0679406754</a></li> <li>Egleston, Charles – editor. (2004) <i>Dictionary of Literary Biography: The House of Boni & Liveright, 1917–1933: A Documentary Volume</i>. USA: Gale. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7876-6825-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7876-6825-7">0-7876-6825-7</a></li> <li>Gilmer, Walker. (1970) <i>Horace Liveright Publisher of the Twenties</i>. New York: David Lewis. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912012-02-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-912012-02-1">0-912012-02-1</a></li> <li>Sieburth, Richard. "Editor's Afterword". in <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>'s <i>New Selected Poems and Translation</i>. (2010). New York: New Directions.</li> <li>Welky, David. (2008) <i>Everything was Better in America: Print Culture in the Great Depression</i>. University of Illinois.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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