A new orang-utan relative from the Late Miocene of Thailand

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New fossils from undocumented areas, particularly the equatorial forested habitats of extant hominoids, are therefore crucial for understanding their origins and evolution1. Two main competing hypotheses have been proposed for orang-utan origins: dental similarities2,3 support an origin from Lufengpithecus, a South Chinese4 and Thai Middle Miocene hominoid2; facial and palatal similarities5 support an origin from Sivapithecus, a Miocene hominoid from the Siwaliks of Indo-Pakistan4,6. However, materials other than teeth and faces do not support these hypotheses7,8. Here we describe the lower jaw of a new hominoid from the Late Miocene of Thailand, Khoratpithecus piriyai gen. et sp. nov., which shares unique derived characters with orang-utans and supports a hypothesis of closer relationships with orang-utans than other known Miocene hominoids. It can therefore be considered as the closest known relative of orang-utans. 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itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <span itemprop="name">article</span><meta itemprop="position" content="3"></li> </ol> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="u-container u-mt-32 u-mb-32 u-clearfix" id="content" data-component="article-container" data-container-type="article"> <main class="c-article-main-column u-float-left js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <article lang="en"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-identifiers" data-test="article-identifier"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Letter</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item">Published: <time datetime="2004-01-29">29 January 2004</time></li> </ul> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">A new orang-utan relative from the Late Miocene of Thailand</h1> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Yaowalak-Chaimanee-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Yaowalak-Chaimanee-Aff1" data-author-search="Chaimanee, Yaowalak" data-corresp-id="c1">Yaowalak Chaimanee<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Varavudh-Suteethorn-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Varavudh-Suteethorn-Aff1" data-author-search="Suteethorn, Varavudh">Varavudh Suteethorn</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Pratueng-Jintasakul-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Pratueng-Jintasakul-Aff2" data-author-search="Jintasakul, Pratueng">Pratueng Jintasakul</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Chavalit-Vidthayanon-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Chavalit-Vidthayanon-Aff3" data-author-search="Vidthayanon, Chavalit">Chavalit Vidthayanon</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Bernard-Marandat-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-Bernard-Marandat-Aff4" data-author-search="Marandat, Bernard">Bernard Marandat</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 6 authors for this article" title="Show all 6 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Jean_Jacques-Jaeger-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-Jean_Jacques-Jaeger-Aff4" data-author-search="Jaeger, Jean-Jacques">Jean-Jacques Jaeger</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 427</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>439–441 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2004</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">948 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">3 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/nature02245/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>The fossil record of the living great apes is poor. New fossils from undocumented areas, particularly the equatorial forested habitats of extant hominoids, are therefore crucial for understanding their origins and evolution<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1" title="Pilbeam, D. R. Genetic and morphological records of the Hominoidea and hominid origins: A synthesis. Mol. Phylog. Evol. 5, 155–168 (1996)" href="/articles/nature02245#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d20054303e364">1</a></sup>. Two main competing hypotheses have been proposed for orang-utan origins: dental similarities<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2" title="Chaimanee, Y. et al. A new middle Miocene hominoid from Thailand and orangutan origins. Nature 422, 61–65 (2003)" href="/articles/nature02245#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d20054303e368">2</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="Schwartz, J. H. in Function, Phylogeny, and Fossils: Miocene Hominoid Evolution and Adaptations (eds Begun, D. R., Ward, C. V. & Rose, M. D.) 363–388 (Plenum, New York, 1997)" href="/articles/nature02245#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d20054303e371">3</a></sup> support an origin from <i>Lufengpithecus</i>, a South Chinese<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="Kelley, J. in The Primate Fossil Record (ed. Hartwig, W. C) 369–384 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2002)" href="/articles/nature02245#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d20054303e378">4</a></sup> and Thai Middle Miocene hominoid<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2" title="Chaimanee, Y. et al. A new middle Miocene hominoid from Thailand and orangutan origins. Nature 422, 61–65 (2003)" href="/articles/nature02245#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d20054303e382">2</a></sup>; facial and palatal similarities<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Pilbeam, D. New hominoid skull material from the Miocene of Pakistan. Nature 295, 232–234 (1982)" href="/articles/nature02245#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d20054303e387">5</a></sup> support an origin from <i>Sivapithecus</i>, a Miocene hominoid from the Siwaliks of Indo-Pakistan<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="Kelley, J. in The Primate Fossil Record (ed. Hartwig, W. C) 369–384 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2002)" href="/articles/nature02245#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d20054303e394">4</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 6" title="Ward, S. in Function, Phylogeny, and Fossils: Miocene Hominoid Evolution and Adaptations (eds Begun, D. R., Ward, C. V. & Rose, M. D.) 269–290 (Plenum, New York, 1997)" href="/articles/nature02245#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d20054303e397">6</a></sup>. However, materials other than teeth and faces do not support these hypotheses<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 7" title="Brown, B. The mandibles of Sivapithecus. Thesis, Kent State Univ. Graduate Coll., Kent, Ohio (1989)" href="/articles/nature02245#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d20054303e401">7</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 8" title="Pilbeam, D. R., Rose, M. D., Barry, J. C. & Shah, S. M. I. New Sivapithecus humeri from Pakistan and the relationship of Sivapithecus and Pongo. Nature 348, 237–239 (1990)" href="/articles/nature02245#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d20054303e404">8</a></sup>. Here we describe the lower jaw of a new hominoid from the Late Miocene of Thailand, <i>Khoratpithecus piriyai</i> gen. et sp. nov., which shares unique derived characters with orang-utans and supports a hypothesis of closer relationships with orang-utans than other known Miocene hominoids. It can therefore be considered as the closest known relative of orang-utans. Ancestors of this great ape were therefore evolving in Thailand under tropical conditions similar to those of today, in contrast with Southern China and Pakistan, where temperate<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 9" title="Badgley, C., Guoqin, Q., Wanyong, C. & Defen, H. Paleoecology of a Miocene, tropical, upland fauna: Lufeng, China. Natl Geogr. Res. 4, 178–195 (1988)" href="/articles/nature02245#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d20054303e411">9</a></sup> or more seasonal<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 10" title="Morgan, M. E., Kingston, J. D. & Marino, B. D. Carbon isotopic evidence for the emergence of C4 plants in the Neogene from Pakistan and Kenya. Nature 367, 162–165 (1994)" href="/articles/nature02245#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d20054303e416">10</a></sup> climates appeared during the Late Miocene.</p></div></div></section> <div class="js-context-bar-sticky-point-mobile" data-track-context="article body"> <div class="c-nature-box c-nature-box--side c-nature-box--access-to-pdf" data-component="entitlement-box" data-test="entitlement-box"> <div class="js-access-button"> <a href="https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature02245" class="c-article__button" data-test="ra21"> <svg class="u-icon" width="18" height="18" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use href="#icon-institution"></use></svg> <span class="c-article__button-text">Access through your institution</span> </a> </div> <div class="js-buy-button" data-test="entitlement-box-buy-button"> <a href="#access-options" class="c-article__button c-article__button--inverted" data-test="ra21"> <span>Buy or subscribe</span> </a> 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Pilbeam for comments, help, discussions and for providing documents and comparative materials; P.-O. Antoine for the identification of large mammals; C. Vozenin-Serra for the identification of fossil wood; and M. Ponce de Léon and C. Zollikofer for the CT-Scan sections. This work is supported by the Fyssen and Leakey foundations, the Department of Mineral Resources (Bangkok), the Thai-French TRF-CNRS Biodiversity Project (PICS Thaïlande) and the C.N.R.S. ‘Eclipse’ Program.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Geological Survey Division, Department of Mineral Resources, Paleontology Section, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Yaowalak Chaimanee & Varavudh Suteethorn</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Rajabhat Institute Nakorn Ratchasima, Nakorn Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Pratueng Jintasakul</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Museum and Aquarium Division, Department of Fisheries, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Chavalit Vidthayanon</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Paléontologie, I.S.E.M., cc 064, CNRS-Université Montpellier II, Place Eugene Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Bernard Marandat & Jean-Jacques Jaeger</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Yaowalak-Chaimanee-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 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Chaimanee</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" 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orang-utan relative from the Late Miocene of Thailand. <i>Nature</i> <b>427</b>, 439–441 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02245</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/nature02245?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2003-10-10">10 October 2003</time></span></p></li><li 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A new orang-utan relative from the Late Miocene of Thailand | Nature