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Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Spraak" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Spraak" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Account aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Spraak" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Aanmelden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagina's voor uitgelogde redacteuren <a href="/wiki/Help:Inleiding" aria-label="Meer leren over bewerken"><span>meer lezen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnBijdragen" title="Bijdragen IP-adres [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Spraak_als_proces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spraak_als_proces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Spraak als proces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spraak_als_proces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spraakproductie_en_spraakperceptie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spraakproductie_en_spraakperceptie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Spraakproductie en spraakperceptie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spraakproductie_en_spraakperceptie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spraak_en_hersenen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spraak_en_hersenen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Spraak en hersenen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spraak_en_hersenen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spraakaspecten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spraakaspecten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Spraakaspecten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spraakaspecten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prosodie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosodie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prosodie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prosodie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spraak-_en_taalstoornissen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spraak-_en_taalstoornissen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Spraak- en taalstoornissen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spraak-_en_taalstoornissen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Literatuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spraak</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 85 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spraak" title="Spraak – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spraak" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parla_(ling%C3%BCistica)" title="Parla (lingüistica) – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Parla (lingüistica)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB_(%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84)" title="حديث (تواصل) – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حديث (تواصل)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="كلام – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كلام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitq" title="Nitq – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nitq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagtaram" title="Pagtaram – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pagtaram" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Маўленне – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маўленне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%87" title="Реч – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Реч" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govor" title="Govor – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Govor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parla" title="Parla – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Parla" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B3%DB%95" title="قسە – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قسە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98e%C4%8D" title="Řeč – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řeč" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%AB%D1%83" title="Калаҫу – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Калаҫу" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprechen" title="Sprechen – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sprechen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ομιλία – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ομιλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech" title="Speech – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Speech" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parolo" title="Parolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Parolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habla" title="Habla – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Habla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5ne" title="Kõne – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõne" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizketa" title="Hizketa – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizketa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="گفتار – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گفتار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puhe" title="Puhe – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puhe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosa_(voqanivosa)" title="Vosa (voqanivosa) – Fijisch" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vosa (voqanivosa)" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole" title="Parole – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B1%E4%BA%8B" title="話事 – Ganyu" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="話事" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Ganyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falar" title="Falar – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Falar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glare" title="Glare – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Glare" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8" title="דיבור – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיבור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="बोलना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बोलना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govor" title="Govor – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Govor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale" title="Pale – Haïtiaans Creools" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pale" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besz%C3%A9d" title="Beszéd – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Beszéd" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D5%BD%D6%84" title="Խոսք – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խոսք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicara" title="Wicara – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wicara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BB" title="Къамаьл – Ingoesjetisch" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Къамаьл" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingoesjetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parolado" title="Parolado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Parolado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal" title="Tal – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tal" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E5%A3%B0" title="音声 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="音声" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunem" title="Gunem – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gunem" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მეტყველება – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეტყველება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Сөйлеу – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сөйлеу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81" title="ಮಾತು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾತು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90%ED%95%98%EA%B8%B0" title="말하기 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="말하기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyiv%C3%AEn" title="Peyivîn – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Peyivîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rujen%C3%A9" title="Rujené – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Rujené" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runa" title="Runa – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Runa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Говор – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Говор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Яриа – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Яриа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C4%A7dit" title="Taħdit – Maltees" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Taħdit" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tale" title="Tale – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tale" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tale" title="Tale – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tale" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraula" title="Paraula – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paraula" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Ныхас – Ossetisch" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ныхас" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowa_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)" title="Mowa (językoznawstwo) – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mowa (językoznawstwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7_(%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1)" title="وینا (تقرير) – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وینا (تقرير)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fala" title="Fala – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fala" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorbire" title="Vorbire – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vorbire" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8C" title="Речь – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Речь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B2" title="ᱨᱚᱲ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱚᱲ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palora_(facurtati)" title="Palora (facurtati) – Siciliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Palora (facurtati)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak" title="Speak – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Speak" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govor" title="Govor – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Govor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech" title="Speech – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Speech" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%8D" title="Reč – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Reč" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadal" title="Hadal – Somalisch" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hadal" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligj%C3%ABrimi" title="Ligjërimi – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ligjërimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Говор – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Говор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biantara" title="Biantara – Soendanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Biantara" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Soendanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Tal (språk) – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tal (språk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பேச்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பேச்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82" title="ప్రసంగం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రసంగం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%84%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Гуфтор – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гуфтор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94" title="การพูด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การพูด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasalita" title="Pagsasalita – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagsasalita" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konu%C5%9Fma" title="Konuşma – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Konuşma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Мовлення – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мовлення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="تقریر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تقریر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutq" title="Nutq – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nutq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3i_chuy%E1%BB%87n" title="Nói chuyện – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nói chuyện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%B2%E8%A8%80%E8%AF%AD" title="讲言语 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="讲言语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intetho" title="Intetho – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Intetho" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%9F" title="רעדן – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רעדן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E8%A9%B1" title="說話 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="說話" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3ng-%C5%8De" title="Kóng-ōe – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kóng-ōe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E5%98%A2" title="講嘢 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="講嘢" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q52946#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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</div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><p><b>Spraak</b> is het geheel aan <a href="/wiki/Taal" title="Taal">talige</a> <a href="/wiki/Klank" title="Klank">klanken</a> die door het menselijk lichaam met behulp van lucht uit de <a href="/wiki/Long_(orgaan)" title="Long (orgaan)">longen</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Menselijke_stem" title="Menselijke stem">stem</a> en het <a href="/wiki/Spraakkanaal" title="Spraakkanaal">spraakkanaal</a> worden voortgebracht. Gesproken taal is een belangrijk communicatiemiddel tussen <a href="/wiki/Mensen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mensen">mensen</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spraak_als_proces">Spraak als proces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spraak&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Spraak als proces" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spraak&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Spraak als proces"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spraak is een van de manieren waarop <a href="/wiki/Taal" title="Taal">taal</a> kan worden gebruikt. Bij spraak gaat het zowel om het <i>produceren</i> van <i>gesproken</i> woorden en zinnen (spraakproductie) als het <i>begrijpen</i> van gesproken woorden en zinnen (spraakperceptie). Een later in de ontwikkeling aangeleerde manier om taal te produceren of begrijpen en bovendien <i>vast te leggen</i>, is het <a href="/wiki/Schrijven" title="Schrijven">schrift</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spraakproductie_en_spraakperceptie">Spraakproductie en spraakperceptie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spraak&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Spraakproductie en spraakperceptie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spraak&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Spraakproductie en spraakperceptie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Basiselementen van spraak zijn woorden met een bepaalde klank en betekenis. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spraakproductie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spraakproductie (de pagina bestaat niet)">Spraakproductie</a> impliceert vanuit de spreker gezien het vertalen van gedachten in zinnen en woorden en uiteindelijk in een reeks klankpatronen die door het vocale apparaat worden voortgebracht. Het begrijpen van gesproken taal staat bekend als <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spraakperceptie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spraakperceptie (de pagina bestaat niet)">spraakperceptie</a>. Gesproken taal produceert in het gehoororgaan van de luisteraar mechanische trillingen die uiteindelijk in het brein worden vertaald tot woorden en zinnen met een bepaalde betekenis. Spraak is uniek voor de mens. Hoewel er voorbeelden zijn van associatief spraakgebruik bij dieren<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> valt het te bewijfelen of daarbij ook sprake is van inzicht in de structuur van taal.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spraak_en_hersenen">Spraak en hersenen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spraak&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Spraak en hersenen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spraak&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Spraak en hersenen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Twee gebieden van de hersenen worden met spraak in verband gebracht. Het begrijpen van spraak wordt geassocieerd met het <a href="/wiki/Centrum_van_Wernicke" title="Centrum van Wernicke">centrum van Wernicke</a> in de linker <a href="/wiki/Slaapkwab" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaapkwab">slaapkwab</a>. Dit gebied werd in 1874 door de Duitse <a href="/wiki/Neuroloog" title="Neuroloog">neuroloog</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wernicke" title="Carl Wernicke">Carl Wernicke</a> ontdekt. Beschadigingen in dit gebied leiden voornamelijk tot problemen met het begrijpen van gesproken taal, maar niet per se tot verstoring van het spreken zelf. Taalproductie wordt daarentegen gecontroleerd door het <a href="/wiki/Centrum_van_Broca" title="Centrum van Broca">centrum van Broca</a>, in de linker <a href="/wiki/Frontale_kwab" title="Frontale kwab">frontale kwab</a>. Dit gebied werd ontdekt door de Franse neuroloog <a href="/wiki/Paul_Broca" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Broca">Paul Broca</a> (1824-1880). Beschadigingen in dit gebied leiden vooral tot stoornissen in de spraakproductie, zoals langzaam spreken of spreken in <a href="/wiki/Telegramstijl" title="Telegramstijl">telegramstijl</a>. Maar ook het begrijpen van complexe zinnen blijkt minder goed te gaan. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Spraak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Spraak.jpg/300px-Spraak.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Spraak.jpg/450px-Spraak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Spraak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Eenvoudig model van spraakverwerking. Links: <a href="/wiki/Spreken" class="mw-redirect" title="Spreken">spreken</a> van zinnen. Rechts: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luisteren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luisteren (de pagina bestaat niet)">luisteren</a> naar gesproken zinnen</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spraakaspecten">Spraakaspecten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spraak&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Spraakaspecten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spraak&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Spraakaspecten"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De menselijke spraak heeft meerdere aspecten. </p> <ul><li><i>Spraakklanken</i>; de bouwstenen van spraak zijn de <a href="/wiki/Fonemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fonemen">fonemen</a>. Dit zijn de kleinste klankeenheden met betekenis. Er bestaat naast het gewone alfabet ook een fonetisch alfabet. De klankeenheden in het <a href="/wiki/Nederlands" title="Nederlands">Nederlands</a> zijn vastgelegd in de <a href="/wiki/Klankinventaris_van_het_Nederlands" title="Klankinventaris van het Nederlands">klankinventaris van het Nederlands</a>.</li> <li><i>Spraakbegrip</i> (of: <i>Spraakperceptie</i>). Dit is het vermogen om gesproken taal te begrijpen. De informatiestroom passeert hier de volgende stations; akoestisch/fonetische verwerking, grammaticale ontleding en ten slotte het begrijpen van de boodschap. Stoornissen in het begrijpen van gesproken taal kunnen diverse oorzaken hebben. Zij kunnen te maken hebben met problemen in het verstaan van klankeenheden (kortom: met <a href="/wiki/Akoestiek" title="Akoestiek">akoestische</a> en <a href="/wiki/Fonetiek" title="Fonetiek">fonetische</a> verwerking), het begrijpen van woorden (<a href="/wiki/Woordenschat" title="Woordenschat">woordenschat</a> probleem of <a href="/wiki/Woordsemantiek" title="Woordsemantiek">woordsemantisch</a> probleem), of het begrijpen van de betekenis en structuur van hele zinnen. Stoornissen in het begrijpen van gesproken (maar ook geschreven) taal worden samengevat met de term <a href="/wiki/Zone_van_Wernicke" class="mw-redirect" title="Zone van Wernicke">afasie van Wernicke</a>.</li> <li><i>Spraakproductie</i>. Bij het produceren van spraak kunnen globaal drie niveaus worden onderscheiden: een conceptueel niveau (begrijpen), een formuleerniveau en een articulatieniveau. Het conceptuele niveau dient om de inhoud of betekenis van de boodschap te selecteren. Bij het formuleerniveau wordt de boodschap in een zinsstructuur (een soort intern spreekplan) omgezet. Ten slotte dient het articulatieniveau om de zinsstructuur om te zetten in spraakklanken, door het activeren van tong, <a href="/wiki/Strottenhoofd" title="Strottenhoofd">strottenhoofd</a>, lippen en dergelijke. Een belangrijke stoornis in de productie of het begrip van gesproken (of geschreven) taal wordt samengevat met de term a<a href="/wiki/Afasie" title="Afasie">fasie</a>. De term <a href="/wiki/Afasie_van_Broca" class="mw-redirect" title="Afasie van Broca">afasie van Broca</a> wordt gebruikt voor taalstoornissen waarbij overwegend (maar niet uitsluitend) de spraakproductie is gestoord.</li> <li><i>Mentaal lexicon</i>. Een <a href="/wiki/Mentaal_lexicon" title="Mentaal lexicon">mentaal lexicon</a> is een soort van <a href="/wiki/Woordenboek" title="Woordenboek">woordenboek</a> in de hersenen, waarin woorden samen met hun betekenis zijn opgeborgen. Echter ook <a href="/wiki/Syntaxis_(taalkunde)" title="Syntaxis (taalkunde)">syntactische</a> informatie, dus hoe een woord is ingebed in een zin, en woordvormen (hoe een woord wordt uitgesproken) vinden we hierin terug. Bij het luisteren naar en produceren van spraak wordt voortdurend uit het lexicon geput. Bekende en meer frequent gebruikte woorden worden sneller opgespoord dan onbekende of minder frequente worden. Een normale volwassen spreker beschikt over een lexicon van ongeveer 50.000 woorden, en kan zonder enige moeite drie woorden per seconden begrijpen of produceren. Zie ook <a href="/wiki/Idiolect" title="Idiolect">idiolect</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prosodie">Prosodie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spraak&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Prosodie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spraak&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Prosodie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Een belangrijk aspect van gesproken taal is <a href="/wiki/Prosodie" title="Prosodie">prosodie</a>: het gebruik van veranderingen in <a href="/wiki/Intonatie_(spraak)" title="Intonatie (spraak)">intonatie</a>, ritme en klemtonen. Hiermee kan aan gesproken taal een bijzondere expressie worden gegeven. Door middel van intonatie kan bijvoorbeeld een bevestigende zin van een vragende zin worden onderscheiden. Zoals, 'wij gaan vandaag schaatsen' (aan het eind dalende toon) en 'wij gaan vandaag schaatsen?' (aan het eind stijgende toon). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spraak-_en_taalstoornissen">Spraak- en taalstoornissen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spraak&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Spraak- en taalstoornissen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spraak&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Spraak- en taalstoornissen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Pierre_Broca" title="Paul Pierre Broca">Brocapatiënten</a> kampen vaak met problemen in het produceren, maar ook het begrijpen van zinnen. Het laatste speelt vooral bij het begrijpen van grammaticaal complexe zinnen zoals: 'Het meisje wordt door de jongen geslagen'. Ook hebben zij moeite met de prosodie. Mogelijk komt dit omdat bij hen de spraak vaak langzaam en houterig verloopt. Bekende spraakstoornissen zijn <a href="/wiki/Stotteren" title="Stotteren">stotteren</a> en <a href="/wiki/Slissen" title="Slissen">slissen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spraak&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spraak&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communicatie" title="Communicatie">Communicatie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logopedie" title="Logopedie">Logopedie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menselijke_stem" title="Menselijke stem">Menselijke stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spraakkanaal" title="Spraakkanaal">Spraakkanaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taal" title="Taal">Taal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatuur">Literatuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spraak&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Literatuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spraak&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Literatuur"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Levelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Willem Levelt">Levelt</a>, W.L.M. (1989). Speaking: from intention to articulation. Cambridge,MA: MIT Press</li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardner e.a. (1989). Teaching sign language to chimpanzees. Alabany, NY, SUNY Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hauser e.a. (2002)The faculty of language: what is it and how did it evolve? Science, 298, 1569-1579</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spraak&oldid=64963294">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spraak&oldid=64963294</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Spraak" title="Categorie:Spraak">Spraak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Fonetiek" title="Categorie:Fonetiek">Fonetiek</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mondelinge_communicatie" title="Categorie:Mondelinge communicatie">Mondelinge communicatie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Taal" title="Categorie:Taal">Taal</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 6 aug 2023 om 15:07.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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