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</div> <div class="control"> <button class="button is-small is-link">Go</button> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <ol class="breathe-horizontal" start="1"> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.08965">arXiv:2312.08965</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2312.08965">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2312.08965">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Computational Physics">physics.comp-ph</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Optics">physics.optics</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Ghostbuster: a phase retrieval diffraction tomography algorithm for cryo-EM </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Yeo%2C+J">Joel Yeo</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Daurer%2C+B+J">Benedikt J. Daurer</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kimanius%2C+D">Dari Kimanius</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Balakrishnan%2C+D">Deepan Balakrishnan</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bepler%2C+T">Tristan Bepler</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Tan%2C+Y+Z">Yong Zi Tan</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Loh%2C+N+D">N. Duane Loh</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2312.08965v4-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Ewald sphere curvature correction, which extends beyond the projection approximation, stretches the shallow depth of field in cryo-EM reconstructions of thick particles. Here we show that even for previously assumed thin particles, reconstruction artifacts which we refer to as ghosts can appear. By retrieving the lost phases of the electron exitwaves and accounting for the first Born approximation… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2312.08965v4-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2312.08965v4-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2312.08965v4-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Ewald sphere curvature correction, which extends beyond the projection approximation, stretches the shallow depth of field in cryo-EM reconstructions of thick particles. Here we show that even for previously assumed thin particles, reconstruction artifacts which we refer to as ghosts can appear. By retrieving the lost phases of the electron exitwaves and accounting for the first Born approximation scattering within the particle, we show that these ghosts can be effectively eliminated. Our simulations demonstrate how such ghostbusting can improve reconstructions as compared to existing state-of-the-art software. Like ptychographic cryo-EM, our Ghostbuster algorithm uses phase retrieval to improve reconstructions, but unlike the former, we do not need to modify the existing data acquisition pipelines. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2312.08965v4-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2312.08965v4-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 3 January, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 14 December, 2023; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> December 2023. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">20 pages, 11 figures. Submitted to IUCrJ</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.16628">arXiv:2305.16628</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.16628">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Biological Physics">physics.bio-ph</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Optics">physics.optics</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Nanoscale cuticle density variations correlate with pigmentation and color in butterfly wing scales </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Balakrishnan%2C+D">Deepan Balakrishnan</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Prakash%2C+A">Anupama Prakash</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Daurer%2C+B+J">Benedikt J. Daurer</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Finet%2C+C">C茅dric Finet</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Lim%2C+Y+C">Ying Chen Lim</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Shen%2C+Z">Zhou Shen</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Thibault%2C+P">Pierre Thibault</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Monteiro%2C+A">Ant贸nia Monteiro</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Loh%2C+N+D">N. Duane Loh</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2305.16628v3-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> How pigment distribution correlates with cuticle density within a microscopic butterfly wing scale, and how both impact final reflected color remains unknown. We used ptychographic X-ray computed tomography to quantitatively determine, at nanoscale resolutions, the three-dimensional mass density of scales with pigmentation differences. By comparing cuticle densities between pairs of scales with pi… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2305.16628v3-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2305.16628v3-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2305.16628v3-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> How pigment distribution correlates with cuticle density within a microscopic butterfly wing scale, and how both impact final reflected color remains unknown. We used ptychographic X-ray computed tomography to quantitatively determine, at nanoscale resolutions, the three-dimensional mass density of scales with pigmentation differences. By comparing cuticle densities between pairs of scales with pigmentation differences, we determine that the density of the lower lamina is inversely correlated with pigmentation. In the upper lamina structure, low pigment levels also correlate with sheet-like chitin structures as opposed to rod-like structures. Within each scale, we determine that the lower lamina in all scales has the highest density and distinct layers within the lower lamina help explain reflected color. We hypothesize that pigments, in addition to absorbing specific wavelengths, can affect cuticle polymerization, density, and refractive index, thereby impacting reflected wavelengths that produce colors. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2305.16628v3-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2305.16628v3-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 21 July, 2024; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 26 May, 2023; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> May 2023. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.06179">arXiv:2109.06179</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2109.06179">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2109.06179">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Image and Video Processing">eess.IV</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics">cond-mat.mes-hall</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability">physics.data-an</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Unsupervised learning approaches to characterize heterogeneous samples using X-ray single particle imaging </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Zhuang%2C+Y">Yulong Zhuang</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Awel%2C+S">Salah Awel</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Barty%2C+A">Anton Barty</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bean%2C+R">Richard Bean</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bielecki%2C+J">Johan Bielecki</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bergemann%2C+M">Martin Bergemann</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Daurer%2C+B+J">Benedikt J. Daurer</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ekeberg%2C+T">Tomas Ekeberg</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Estillore%2C+A+D">Armando D. Estillore</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Fangohr%2C+H">Hans Fangohr</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Giewekemeyer%2C+K">Klaus Giewekemeyer</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hunter%2C+M+S">Mark S. Hunter</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Karnevskiy%2C+M">Mikhail Karnevskiy</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kirian%2C+R+A">Richard A. Kirian</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kirkwood%2C+H">Henry Kirkwood</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kim%2C+Y">Yoonhee Kim</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Koliyadu%2C+J">Jayanath Koliyadu</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Lange%2C+H">Holger Lange</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Letrun%2C+R">Romain Letrun</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=L%C3%BCbke%2C+J">Jannik L眉bke</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Mall%2C+A">Abhishek Mall</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Michelat%2C+T">Thomas Michelat</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Morgan%2C+A+J">Andrew J. Morgan</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Roth%2C+N">Nils Roth</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Samanta%2C+A+K">Amit K. Samanta</a> , et al. (17 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2109.06179v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> One of the outstanding analytical problems in X-ray single particle imaging (SPI) is the classification of structural heterogeneity, which is especially difficult given the low signal-to-noise ratios of individual patterns and that even identical objects can yield patterns that vary greatly when orientation is taken into consideration. We propose two methods which explicitly account for this orien… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2109.06179v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2109.06179v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2109.06179v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> One of the outstanding analytical problems in X-ray single particle imaging (SPI) is the classification of structural heterogeneity, which is especially difficult given the low signal-to-noise ratios of individual patterns and that even identical objects can yield patterns that vary greatly when orientation is taken into consideration. We propose two methods which explicitly account for this orientation-induced variation and can robustly determine the structural landscape of a sample ensemble. The first, termed common-line principal component analysis (PCA) provides a rough classification which is essentially parameter-free and can be run automatically on any SPI dataset. The second method, utilizing variation auto-encoders (VAEs) can generate 3D structures of the objects at any point in the structural landscape. We implement both these methods in combination with the noise-tolerant expand-maximize-compress (EMC) algorithm and demonstrate its utility by applying it to an experimental dataset from gold nanoparticles with only a few thousand photons per pattern and recover both discrete structural classes as well as continuous deformations. These developments diverge from previous approaches of extracting reproducible subsets of patterns from a dataset and open up the possibility to move beyond studying homogeneous sample sets and study open questions on topics such as nanocrystal growth and dynamics as well as phase transitions which have not been externally triggered. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2109.06179v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2109.06179v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 13 September, 2021; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> September 2021. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">29 pages, 9 figures</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.13783">arXiv:2012.13783</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.13783">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2012.13783">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Optics">physics.optics</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability">physics.data-an</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Ptychographic wavefront characterisation for single-particle imaging at X-ray lasers </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Daurer%2C+B+J">Benedikt J. Daurer</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Sala%2C+S">Simone Sala</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hantke%2C+M+F">Max F. Hantke</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Reddy%2C+H+K+N">Hemanth K. N. Reddy</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bielecki%2C+J">Johan Bielecki</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Shen%2C+Z">Zhou Shen</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Nettleblad%2C+C">Carl Nettleblad</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Svenda%2C+M">Martin Svenda</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ekeberg%2C+T">Tomas Ekeberg</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Carini%2C+G+A">Gabriella A. Carini</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hart%2C+P">Philip Hart</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Osipov%2C+T">Timur Osipov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Aquila%2C+A">Andrew Aquila</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Loh%2C+N+D">N. Duane Loh</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Maia%2C+F+R+N+C">Filipe R. N. C. Maia</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Thibault%2C+P">Pierre Thibault</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2012.13783v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> A well-characterised wavefront is important for many X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) experiments, especially for single-particle imaging (SPI), where individual bio-molecules randomly sample a nanometer-region of highly-focused femtosecond pulses. We demonstrate high-resolution multiple-plane wavefront imaging of an ensemble of XFEL pulses, focused by Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) mirrors, based on mixed… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2012.13783v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2012.13783v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2012.13783v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> A well-characterised wavefront is important for many X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) experiments, especially for single-particle imaging (SPI), where individual bio-molecules randomly sample a nanometer-region of highly-focused femtosecond pulses. We demonstrate high-resolution multiple-plane wavefront imaging of an ensemble of XFEL pulses, focused by Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) mirrors, based on mixed-state ptychography, an approach letting us infer and reduce experimental sources of instability. From the recovered wavefront profiles, we show that while local photon fluence correction is crucial and possible for SPI, a small diversity of phase-tilts likely has no impact. Our detailed characterisation will aid interpretation of data from past and future SPI experiments, and provides a basis for further improvements to experimental design and reconstruction algorithms. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2012.13783v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2012.13783v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 26 December, 2020; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> December 2020. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">13 pages, 7 figures</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.13597">arXiv:2007.13597</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.13597">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2007.13597">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Applied Physics">physics.app-ph</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Image and Video Processing">eess.IV</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Optics">physics.optics</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> 3D diffractive imaging of nanoparticle ensembles using an X-ray laser </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ayyer%2C+K">Kartik Ayyer</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Xavier%2C+P+L">P. Lourdu Xavier</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bielecki%2C+J">Johan Bielecki</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Shen%2C+Z">Zhou Shen</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Daurer%2C+B+J">Benedikt J. Daurer</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Samanta%2C+A+K">Amit K. Samanta</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Awel%2C+S">Salah Awel</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bean%2C+R">Richard Bean</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Barty%2C+A">Anton Barty</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ekeberg%2C+T">Tomas Ekeberg</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Estillore%2C+A+D">Armando D. Estillore</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Giewekemeyer%2C+K">Klaus Giewekemeyer</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hunter%2C+M+S">Mark S. Hunter</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kirian%2C+R+A">Richard A. Kirian</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kirkwood%2C+H">Henry Kirkwood</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Kim%2C+Y">Yoonhee Kim</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Koliyadu%2C+J">Jayanath Koliyadu</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Lange%2C+H">Holger Lange</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Letruin%2C+R">Romain Letruin</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=L%C3%BCbke%2C+J">Jannik L眉bke</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Morgan%2C+A+J">Andrew J. Morgan</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Roth%2C+N">Nils Roth</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Sato%2C+T">Tokushi Sato</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Sikorski%2C+M">Marcin Sikorski</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Schulz%2C+F">Florian Schulz</a> , et al. (12 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2007.13597v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> We report the 3D structure determination of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by X-ray single particle imaging (SPI). Around 10 million diffraction patterns from gold nanoparticles were measured in less than 100 hours of beam time, more than 100 times the amount of data in any single prior SPI experiment, using the new capabilities of the European X-ray free electron laser which allow measurements of 150… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2007.13597v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2007.13597v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2007.13597v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> We report the 3D structure determination of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by X-ray single particle imaging (SPI). Around 10 million diffraction patterns from gold nanoparticles were measured in less than 100 hours of beam time, more than 100 times the amount of data in any single prior SPI experiment, using the new capabilities of the European X-ray free electron laser which allow measurements of 1500 frames per second. A classification and structural sorting method was developed to disentangle the heterogeneity of the particles and to obtain a resolution of better than 3 nm. With these new experimental and analytical developments, we have entered a new era for the SPI method and the path towards close-to-atomic resolution imaging of biomolecules is apparent. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2007.13597v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2007.13597v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 17 July, 2020; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> July 2020. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">25 pages, 5 main figures, 6 supplementary figures, 2 supplementary movies (link in document)</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1912.10796">arXiv:1912.10796</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1912.10796">pdf</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Biological Physics">physics.bio-ph</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-020-0362-y">10.1038/s42005-020-0362-y <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Megahertz single-particle imaging at the European XFEL </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Sobolev%2C+E">Egor Sobolev</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Zolotarev%2C+S">Serguey Zolotarev</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Giewekemeyer%2C+K">Klaus Giewekemeyer</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bielecki%2C+J">Johan Bielecki</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Okamoto%2C+K">Kenta Okamoto</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Reddy%2C+H+K+N">Hemanth K. N. Reddy</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Andreasson%2C+J">Jakob Andreasson</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ayyer%2C+K">Kartik Ayyer</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Barak%2C+I">Imrich Barak</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bari%2C+S">Sadia Bari</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Barty%2C+A">Anton Barty</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bean%2C+R">Richard Bean</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bobkov%2C+S">Sergey Bobkov</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Chapman%2C+H+N">Henry N. Chapman</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Chojnowski%2C+G">Grzegorz Chojnowski</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Daurer%2C+B+J">Benedikt J. Daurer</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=D%C3%B6rner%2C+K">Katerina D枚rner</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ekeberg%2C+T">Tomas Ekeberg</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Fl%C3%BCckiger%2C+L">Leonie Fl眉ckiger</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Galzitskaya%2C+O">Oxana Galzitskaya</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Gelisio%2C+L">Luca Gelisio</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hauf%2C+S">Steffen Hauf</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hogue%2C+B+G">Brenda G. Hogue</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Horke%2C+D+A">Daniel A. Horke</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hosseinizadeh%2C+A">Ahmad Hosseinizadeh</a> , et al. (38 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1912.10796v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> The emergence of high repetition-rate X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) powered by superconducting accelerator technology enables the measurement of significantly more experimental data per day than was previously possible. The European XFEL will soon provide 27,000 pulses per second, more than two orders of magnitude more than any other XFEL. The increased pulse rate is a key enabling factor for… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1912.10796v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1912.10796v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1912.10796v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> The emergence of high repetition-rate X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) powered by superconducting accelerator technology enables the measurement of significantly more experimental data per day than was previously possible. The European XFEL will soon provide 27,000 pulses per second, more than two orders of magnitude more than any other XFEL. The increased pulse rate is a key enabling factor for single-particle X-ray diffractive imaging, which relies on averaging the weak diffraction signal from single biological particles. Taking full advantage of this new capability requires that all experimental steps, from sample preparation and delivery to the acquisition of diffraction patterns, are compatible with the increased pulse repetition rate. Here, we show that single-particle imaging can be performed using X-ray pulses at megahertz repetition rates. The obtained results pave the way towards exploiting high repetition-rate X-ray free-electron lasers for single-particle imaging at their full repetition rate. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1912.10796v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1912.10796v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 14 December, 2019; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> December 2019. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Journal ref:</span> Commun. Phys. 3, 97 (2020) </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.08970">arXiv:1901.08970</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.08970">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/ps/1901.08970">ps</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1901.08970">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Image and Video Processing">eess.IV</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Optics">physics.optics</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Pulse-to-pulse wavefront sensing at free-electron lasers using ptychography </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Sala%2C+S">Simone Sala</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Daurer%2C+B+J">Benedikt J. Daurer</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Odstrcil%2C+M">Michal Odstrcil</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Capotondi%2C+F">Flavio Capotondi</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Pedersoli%2C+E">Emanuele Pedersoli</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hantke%2C+M+F">Max F. Hantke</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Manfredda%2C+M">Michele Manfredda</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Loh%2C+N+D">N. Duane Loh</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Thibault%2C+P">Pierre Thibault</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Maia%2C+F+R+N+C">Filipe R. N. C. Maia</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1901.08970v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> The pressing need for the detailed wavefront properties of ultra-bright and ultra-short pulses produced by free-electron lasers (FELs) has spurred the development of several complementary characterization approaches. Here we present a method based on ptychography that can retrieve full high-resolution complex-valued wave functions of individual pulses. Our technique is demonstrated within experime… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1901.08970v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1901.08970v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1901.08970v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> The pressing need for the detailed wavefront properties of ultra-bright and ultra-short pulses produced by free-electron lasers (FELs) has spurred the development of several complementary characterization approaches. Here we present a method based on ptychography that can retrieve full high-resolution complex-valued wave functions of individual pulses. Our technique is demonstrated within experimental conditions suited for diffraction experiments in their native imaging state. This lensless technique, applicable to many other short-pulse instruments, can achieve diffraction-limited resolution. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1901.08970v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1901.08970v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 25 November, 2019; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 24 January, 2019; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> January 2019. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.09424">arXiv:1707.09424</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.09424">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1707.09424">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Atomic and Molecular Clusters">physics.atm-clus</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Optics">physics.optics</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-018-0110-y">10.1038/s41566-018-0110-y <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Femtosecond X-ray Fourier holography imaging of free-flying nanoparticles </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Gorkhover%2C+T">Tais Gorkhover</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ulmer%2C+A">Anatoli Ulmer</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ferguson%2C+K">Ken Ferguson</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bucher%2C+M">Max Bucher</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Maia%2C+F">Filipe Maia</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bielecki%2C+J">Johan Bielecki</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Ekeberg%2C+T">Tomas Ekeberg</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hantke%2C+M+F">Max F. Hantke</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Daurer%2C+B+J">Benedikt J. Daurer</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Nettelblad%2C+C">Carl Nettelblad</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Andreasson%2C+J">Jakob Andreasson</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Barty%2C+A">Anton Barty</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Bruza%2C+P">Petr Bruza</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Carron%2C+S">Sebastian Carron</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Hasse%2C+D">Dirk Hasse</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Krzywinski%2C+J">Jacek Krzywinski</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Larsson%2C+D+S+D">Daniel S. D. Larsson</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Morgan%2C+A">Andrew Morgan</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Muehlig%2C+K">Kerstin Muehlig</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Mueller%2C+M">Maria Mueller</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Okamoto%2C+K">Kenta Okamoto</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Pietrini%2C+A">Alberto Pietrini</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Rupp%2C+D">Daniela Rupp</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Sauppe%2C+M">Mario Sauppe</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=van+der+Schot%2C+G">Gijs van der Schot</a> , et al. (13 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1707.09424v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Ultrafast X-ray imaging provides high resolution information on individual fragile specimens such as aerosols, metastable particles, superfluid quantum systems and live biospecimen, which is inaccessible with conventional imaging techniques. Coherent X-ray diffractive imaging, however, suffers from intrinsic loss of phase, and therefore structure recovery is often complicated and not always unique… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1707.09424v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1707.09424v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1707.09424v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Ultrafast X-ray imaging provides high resolution information on individual fragile specimens such as aerosols, metastable particles, superfluid quantum systems and live biospecimen, which is inaccessible with conventional imaging techniques. Coherent X-ray diffractive imaging, however, suffers from intrinsic loss of phase, and therefore structure recovery is often complicated and not always uniquely-defined. Here, we introduce the method of in-flight holography, where we use nanoclusters as reference X-ray scatterers in order to encode relative phase information into diffraction patterns of a virus. The resulting hologram contains an unambiguous three-dimensional map of a virus and two nanoclusters with the highest lat- eral resolution so far achieved via single shot X-ray holography. Our approach unlocks the benefits of holography for ultrafast X-ray imaging of nanoscale, non-periodic systems and paves the way to direct observation of complex electron dynamics down to the attosecond time scale. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1707.09424v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1707.09424v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 9 August, 2017; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 28 July, 2017; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> July 2017. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.02831">arXiv:1609.02831</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1609.02831">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1609.02831">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Instrumentation and Detectors">physics.ins-det</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Mathematical Software">cs.MS</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability">physics.data-an</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40679-017-0039-0">10.1186/s40679-017-0039-0 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Nanosurveyor: a framework for real-time data processing </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Daurer%2C+B+J">Benedikt J. Daurer</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Krishnan%2C+H">Hari Krishnan</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Perciano%2C+T">Talita Perciano</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Maia%2C+F+R+N+C">Filipe R. N. C. Maia</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Shapiro%2C+D+A">David A. Shapiro</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Sethian%2C+J+A">James A. Sethian</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Marchesini%2C+S">Stefano Marchesini</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1609.02831v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Scientists are drawn to synchrotrons and accelerator based light sources because of their brightness, coherence and flux. The rate of improvement in brightness and detector technology has outpaced Moore's law growth seen for computers, networks, and storage, and is enabling novel observations and discoveries with faster frame rates, larger fields of view, higher resolution, and higher dimensionali… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1609.02831v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1609.02831v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1609.02831v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Scientists are drawn to synchrotrons and accelerator based light sources because of their brightness, coherence and flux. The rate of improvement in brightness and detector technology has outpaced Moore's law growth seen for computers, networks, and storage, and is enabling novel observations and discoveries with faster frame rates, larger fields of view, higher resolution, and higher dimensionality. Here we present an integrated software/algorithmic framework designed to capitalize on high throughput experiments, and describe the streamlined processing pipeline of ptychography data analysis. The pipeline provides throughput, compression, and resolution as well as rapid feedback to the microscope operators. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1609.02831v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1609.02831v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 9 September, 2016; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> September 2016. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">8 pages, 3 figures</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Journal ref:</span> Advanced Structural and Chemical Imaging 2017 3:7 </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.01448">arXiv:1602.01448</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1602.01448">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1602.01448">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability">physics.data-an</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Optimization and Control">math.OC</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Optics">physics.optics</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600576716008074">10.1107/S1600576716008074 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> SHARP: a distributed, GPU-based ptychographic solver </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Marchesini%2C+S">Stefano Marchesini</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Krishnan%2C+H">Hari Krishnan</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Daurer%2C+B+J">Benedikt J. Daurer</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Shapiro%2C+D+A">David A. Shapiro</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Perciano%2C+T">Talita Perciano</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Sethian%2C+J+A">James A. Sethian</a>, <a href="/search/physics?searchtype=author&query=Maia%2C+F+R+N+C">Filipe R. N. C. Maia</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1602.01448v2-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> Ever brighter light sources, fast parallel detectors, and advances in phase retrieval methods, have made ptychography a practical and popular imaging technique. Compared to previous techniques, ptychography provides superior robustness and resolution at the expense of more advanced and time consuming data analysis. By taking advantage of massively parallel architectures, high-throughput processing… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1602.01448v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1602.01448v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1602.01448v2-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> Ever brighter light sources, fast parallel detectors, and advances in phase retrieval methods, have made ptychography a practical and popular imaging technique. Compared to previous techniques, ptychography provides superior robustness and resolution at the expense of more advanced and time consuming data analysis. By taking advantage of massively parallel architectures, high-throughput processing can expedite this analysis and provide microscopists with immediate feedback. These advances allow real-time imaging at wavelength limited resolution, coupled with a large field of view. Here, we introduce a set of algorithmic and computational methodologies used at the Advanced Light Source, and DOE light sources packaged as a CUDA based software environment named SHARP (http://camera.lbl.gov/sharp), aimed at providing state-of-the-art high-throughput ptychography reconstructions for the coming era of diffraction limited light sources. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1602.01448v2-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1602.01448v2-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 20 June, 2016; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">v1</span> submitted 29 January, 2016; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> February 2016. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">8 pages, 5 figures</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Report number:</span> LBNL-1003977 </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Journal ref:</span> J. Appl. Cryst. (2016). 49 </p> </li> </ol> <div class="is-hidden-tablet">  <span class="help" style="display: inline-block;"><a href="https://github.com/arXiv/arxiv-search/releases">Search v0.5.6 released 2020-02-24</a>  </span> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div class="columns is-desktop" role="navigation" aria-label="Secondary">  <div class="column"> <div class="columns"> <div class="column"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/about">About</a></li> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help">Help</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="column"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" class="icon filter-black" role="presentation"><title>contact arXiv</title><desc>Click here to contact arXiv</desc><path d="M502.3 190.8c3.9-3.1 9.7-.2 9.7 4.7V400c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V195.6c0-5 5.7-7.8 9.7-4.7 22.4 17.4 52.1 39.5 154.1 113.6 21.1 15.4 56.7 47.8 92.2 47.6 35.7.3 72-32.8 92.3-47.6 102-74.1 131.6-96.3 154-113.7zM256 320c23.2.4 56.6-29.2 73.4-41.4 132.7-96.3 142.8-104.7 173.4-128.7 5.8-4.5 9.2-11.5 9.2-18.9v-19c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v19c0 7.4 3.4 14.3 9.2 18.9 30.6 23.9 40.7 32.4 173.4 128.7 16.8 12.2 50.2 41.8 73.4 41.4z"/></svg> <a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help/contact.html"> Contact</a> </li> <li> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" class="icon filter-black" role="presentation"><title>subscribe to arXiv mailings</title><desc>Click here to subscribe</desc><path d="M476 3.2L12.5 270.6c-18.1 10.4-15.8 35.6 2.2 43.2L121 358.4l287.3-253.2c5.5-4.9 13.3 2.6 8.6 8.3L176 407v80.5c0 23.6 28.5 32.9 42.5 15.8L282 426l124.6 52.2c14.2 6 30.4-2.9 33-18.2l72-432C515 7.8 493.3-6.8 476 3.2z"/></svg> <a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help/subscribe"> Subscribe</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="column"> <div class="columns"> <div class="column"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help/license/index.html">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help/policies/privacy_policy.html">Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="column sorry-app-links"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help/web_accessibility.html">Web Accessibility Assistance</a></li> <li> <p class="help"> <a class="a11y-main-link" href="https://status.arxiv.org" target="_blank">arXiv Operational Status <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 256 512" class="icon filter-dark_grey" role="presentation"><path d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"/></svg></a><br> Get status notifications via <a class="is-link" href="https://subscribe.sorryapp.com/24846f03/email/new" target="_blank"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" class="icon filter-black" role="presentation"><path d="M502.3 190.8c3.9-3.1 9.7-.2 9.7 4.7V400c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V195.6c0-5 5.7-7.8 9.7-4.7 22.4 17.4 52.1 39.5 154.1 113.6 21.1 15.4 56.7 47.8 92.2 47.6 35.7.3 72-32.8 92.3-47.6 102-74.1 131.6-96.3 154-113.7zM256 320c23.2.4 56.6-29.2 73.4-41.4 132.7-96.3 142.8-104.7 173.4-128.7 5.8-4.5 9.2-11.5 9.2-18.9v-19c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v19c0 7.4 3.4 14.3 9.2 18.9 30.6 23.9 40.7 32.4 173.4 128.7 16.8 12.2 50.2 41.8 73.4 41.4z"/></svg>email</a> or <a class="is-link" href="https://subscribe.sorryapp.com/24846f03/slack/new" target="_blank"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" class="icon filter-black" role="presentation"><path d="M94.12 315.1c0 25.9-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06S0 341 0 315.1c0-25.9 21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06h47.06v47.06zm23.72 0c0-25.9 21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06s47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06v117.84c0 25.9-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06s-47.06-21.16-47.06-47.06V315.1zm47.06-188.98c-25.9 0-47.06-21.16-47.06-47.06S139 32 164.9 32s47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06v47.06H164.9zm0 23.72c25.9 0 47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06s-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06H47.06C21.16 243.96 0 222.8 0 196.9s21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06H164.9zm188.98 47.06c0-25.9 21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06 25.9 0 47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06s-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06h-47.06V196.9zm-23.72 0c0 25.9-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06-25.9 0-47.06-21.16-47.06-47.06V79.06c0-25.9 21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06 25.9 0 47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06V196.9zM283.1 385.88c25.9 0 47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06 0 25.9-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06-25.9 0-47.06-21.16-47.06-47.06v-47.06h47.06zm0-23.72c-25.9 0-47.06-21.16-47.06-47.06 0-25.9 21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06h117.84c25.9 0 47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06 0 25.9-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06H283.1z"/></svg>slack</a> </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </footer> <script src="https://static.arxiv.org/static/base/1.0.0a5/js/member_acknowledgement.js"></script> </body> </html>

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