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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 2001 antitrust lawsuit. For other cases with similar names, see <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Microsoft_Corp._(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="United States v. Microsoft Corp. (disambiguation)">United States v. Microsoft Corp. (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251680060">.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-image img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-above{font-style:italic;font-size:125%}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-red-header{background-color:red;color:white;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-green-header{background-color:green;color:white;font-weight:bold}</style><table class="infobox scotus ib-court-case"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn">United States v. Microsoft Corp.</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Seal_of_the_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia.png/180px-Seal_of_the_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Seal_of_the_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia.png/270px-Seal_of_the_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Seal_of_the_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Court</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i> United States of America v. Microsoft Corporation </i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Argued</th><td class="infobox-data">February 26–27, 2001</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Decided</th><td class="infobox-data">June 28, 2001</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citation</th><td class="infobox-data">253 <a href="/wiki/F.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="F.3d">F.3d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/253/34/576095/">34</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior history</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>United States v. Microsoft Corp.</i>, 87 <a href="/wiki/F._Supp._2d" class="mw-redirect" title="F. Supp. 2d">F. Supp. 2d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp2/87/30/2307082/">30</a> (<a href="/wiki/D.D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="D.D.C.">D.D.C.</a> 2000); 97 <a href="/wiki/F._Supp._2d" class="mw-redirect" title="F. Supp. 2d">F. Supp. 2d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp2/97/59/2339529/">59</a> (D.D.C. 2000), <i>direct appeal denied, pet. cert. denied</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_530" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 530">530</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 1301 (2000).</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subsequent history</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Microsoft Corp. v. United States</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_534" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 534">534</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 952 (2001) (<i>pet. cert. denied</i>); 224 <a href="/wiki/F._Supp._2d" class="mw-redirect" title="F. Supp. 2d">F. Supp. 2d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leagle.com/decision/2002300224fsupp2d761291">76</a> (D.D.C. 2002); 231 <a href="/wiki/F._Supp._2d" class="mw-redirect" title="F. Supp. 2d">F. Supp. 2d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leagle.com/decision/2002375231fsupp2d1441362">144</a> (D.D.C. 2002) (on remand), <i>aff'd in part and rev'd in part</i>, 373 <a href="/wiki/F.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="F.3d">F.3d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/373/1199/474311/">1199</a> (D.C. Cir. 2004)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Business practices conducted by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Tying_(commerce)" title="Tying (commerce)">tying</a> its Internet browser and operating system, was monopolistic behavior per the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a>.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Court membership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Judges sitting</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Edwards" title="Harry T. Edwards">Harry T. Edwards</a>, CJ; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Williams" title="Stephen F. Williams">Stephen F. Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_H._Ginsburg" title="Douglas H. Ginsburg">Douglas H. Ginsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_B._Sentelle" title="David B. Sentelle">David B. Sentelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._Raymond_Randolph" title="A. Raymond Randolph">A. Raymond Randolph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judith_W._Rogers" title="Judith W. Rogers">Judith W. Rogers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_S._Tatel" title="David S. Tatel">David S. Tatel</a>, JJ.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Per curiam</i></span></i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>United States of America v. Microsoft Corporation</b></i>, 253 F.3d 34 (D.C. Cir. 2001), was a <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_landmark_court_decisions" title="Lists of landmark court decisions">landmark</a> American <a href="/wiki/Antitrust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust law">antitrust law</a> case at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a>. The U.S. government accused <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> of illegally <a href="/wiki/Monopolization" title="Monopolization">monopolizing</a> the <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> market for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, primarily through the legal and technical restrictions it put on the abilities of PC manufacturers (<a href="/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer" title="Original equipment manufacturer">OEMs</a>) and users to uninstall <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a> and use other programs such as <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Navigator" title="Netscape Navigator">Netscape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the initial trial, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States District Court for the District of Columbia">United States District Court for the District of Columbia</a> ruled that Microsoft's actions constituted unlawful monopolization under Section 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act_of_1890" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890">Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit</a> partially overturned that judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two parties later reached a <a href="/wiki/Settlement_(litigation)" title="Settlement (litigation)">settlement</a> in which Microsoft agreed to modify some of its business practices.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Microsoft_Corp.&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1984 Microsoft was one of the most successful software companies, with $55 million in 1983 sales. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i> wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-caruso19840402_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caruso19840402-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Microsoft] is widely recognized as the most influential company in the microcomputer-software industry. Claiming more than a million installed <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> machines, founder and chairman <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> has decided to certify Microsoft's jump on the rest of the industry by dominating <a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_software" title="List of Microsoft software">applications, operating systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_hardware" title="Microsoft hardware">peripherals</a> and, most recently, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Press" title="Microsoft Press">book publishing</a>. Some insiders say Microsoft is attempting to be the IBM of the software industry. </p><p>Although Gates says that he isn't trying to dominate the industry with sheer numbers, his strategy for dominance involves Microsoft's new <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> operating system ... "Our strategies and energies as a company are totally committed to Windows, in the same way that we're committed to operating-system kernels like MS-DOS and <a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a>," says Gates. "We're also saying that only applications that take advantage of Windows will be competitive in the long run." </p><p> Gates claimed that Microsoft's entrance into the application market with such products as <a href="/wiki/Multiplan" title="Multiplan">Multiplan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Word</a> and the new <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Chart">Chart</a> product was not a big-time operation.</p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> began an inquiry in 1990 over whether Microsoft was abusing its monopoly in the PC operating system market.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commissioners deadlocked with a 2–2 vote in 1993 and closed the investigation, but the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> (DOJ), led by <a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a>, opened its own investigation later that year, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Settlement_(litigation)" title="Settlement (litigation)">settlement</a> on July 15, 1994, in which Microsoft consented not to tie other Microsoft products to the sale of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> but remained free to integrate additional features into the operating system. In the years that followed, Microsoft insisted that <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a> (IE) was not a <i>product</i> but a <i>feature</i> that it was allowed to add to Windows, although the DOJ did not agree with this definition.<sup id="cite_ref-Facts_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government alleged that Microsoft had abused monopoly power on <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>-based personal computers in its handling of <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> integration. The central issue was whether Microsoft was allowed to bundle its IE web browser software with its Windows operating system. Bundling the two products was allegedly a key factor in Microsoft's victory in the <a href="/wiki/Browser_wars" title="Browser wars">browser wars</a> of the late 1990s, as every Windows user had a copy of IE. It was further alleged that this restricted the market for competing web browsers (such as <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Navigator" title="Netscape Navigator">Netscape Navigator</a> or <a href="/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)" title="Opera (web browser)">Opera</a>), since it typically took extra time to buy and install the competing browsers. Underlying these disputes were questions of whether Microsoft had manipulated its <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">application programming interfaces</a> to favor IE over third-party browsers. The government also questioned Microsoft's conduct in enforcing restrictive licensing agreements with <a href="/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer" title="Original equipment manufacturer">original equipment manufacturers</a> who were required to include that arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Microsoft argued that the merging of Windows and IE was the result of <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a> and competition, that the two were now the same product and inextricably linked, and that consumers were receiving the benefits of IE for free. Opponents countered that IE was still a separate product that did not need to be tied to Windows, since a separate version of IE was available for <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Mac OS</a>. They also asserted that IE was not really free because its development and marketing costs may have inflated the price of Windows.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> himself denied that Microsoft was a monopoly, stating "Microsoft follows the rules. Microsoft is subject to the rules." He further compared the situation with <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> thirty years prior: "People who feared IBM were wrong. Technology is ever-changing."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="District_Court_trial">District Court trial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Microsoft_Corp.&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: District Court trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The case was initially tried before Judge <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Penfield_Jackson" title="Thomas Penfield Jackson">Thomas Penfield Jackson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States District Court for the District of Columbia">United States District Court for the District of Columbia</a>. The suit began on May 18, 1998, with the Department of Justice joined by the Attorneys General of twenty U.S. states and the District of Columbia. The case organized by the Department of Justice was focused less on interoperability, and more on <a href="/wiki/Predatory_pricing" title="Predatory pricing">predatory</a> strategies and market <a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">barriers to entry</a>; the DOJ built upon the allegation that Microsoft forced computer makers to include its Internet browser as a part of the installation of Windows software.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> was called "evasive and nonresponsive" by a source present at his videotaped <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(law)" title="Deposition (law)">deposition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued over the definitions of words such as "compete", "concerned", "ask", and "we"; certain portions of the proceeding would later provoke laughter from the judge when an excerpted version was shown in court.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Businessweek" class="mw-redirect" title="Businessweek">Businessweek</a></i> reported that "early rounds of his deposition show him offering obfuscatory answers and saying 'I don't recall' so many times that even the presiding judge had to chuckle. Many of Gates's denials and pleas of ignorance were directly refuted by prosecutors with snippets of e-mails Gates both sent and received."<sup id="cite_ref-neuborne_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neuborne-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> Vice-president <a href="/wiki/Steven_McGeady" title="Steven McGeady">Steven McGeady</a>, called as a witness, quoted <a href="/wiki/Paul_Maritz" title="Paul Maritz">Paul Maritz</a>, a senior Microsoft vice president, as having stated an intention to "<a href="/wiki/Embrace,_extend_and_extinguish" class="mw-redirect" title="Embrace, extend and extinguish">extinguish</a>" and "smother" rival <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Communications_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Netscape Communications Corporation">Netscape Communications Corporation</a> and to "cut off Netscape's air supply" by giving away a clone of Netscape's flagship product for free.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> A number of videotapes were submitted as evidence by Microsoft during the trial, including one that demonstrated that removing Internet Explorer from Microsoft Windows caused slowdowns and malfunctions in Windows. In the videotaped demonstration of what then-Microsoft vice president <a href="/wiki/Jim_Allchin" title="Jim Allchin">Jim Allchin</a> stated to be a seamless segment filmed on one PC, the government noticed that some icons mysteriously disappeared and reappeared on the PC's <a href="/wiki/Desktop_environment" title="Desktop environment">desktop</a>, suggesting that the effects might have been falsified.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allchin admitted that the blame for the tape problems lay with some of his staff. "They ended up filming it—grabbing the wrong screen shot", he said of the incident. Later, Allchin re-ran the demonstration and provided a new videotape, but in so doing Microsoft dropped the claim that Windows is slowed down when IE is removed. Mark Murray, a Microsoft spokesperson, berated the government attorneys for "nitpicking on issues like video production".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_v._Microsoft_Bill_Gates_Color.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/US_v._Microsoft_Bill_Gates_Color.png/220px-US_v._Microsoft_Bill_Gates_Color.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/US_v._Microsoft_Bill_Gates_Color.png/330px-US_v._Microsoft_Bill_Gates_Color.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/US_v._Microsoft_Bill_Gates_Color.png/440px-US_v._Microsoft_Bill_Gates_Color.png 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Bill Gates during his deposition</figcaption></figure><p>Microsoft later submitted a second inaccurate videotape into evidence. The issue was how easy or difficult it was for <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">America Online</a> users to download and install <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Navigator" title="Netscape Navigator">Netscape Navigator</a> onto a Windows PC. Microsoft's videotape showed the process as being quick and easy, resulting in the Netscape icon appearing on the user's desktop. The government produced its own videotape of the same process, revealing that Microsoft's videotape had conveniently removed a long and complex part of the procedure and that the Netscape icon was not placed on the desktop, requiring a user to search for it. Brad Chase, a Microsoft vice president, verified the government's tape and conceded that Microsoft's own tape was falsified.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the judge suggested that Microsoft offer a version of Windows that did not include Internet Explorer, Microsoft responded that the company would offer manufacturers a choice: one version of Windows that was obsolete, or another that did not work properly. The judge asked, "It seemed absolutely clear to you that I entered an order that required that you distribute a product that would not work?" David Cole, a Microsoft vice president, replied, "In plain English, yes. We followed that order. It wasn't my place to consider the consequences of that."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gates and his successor as CEO <a href="/wiki/Steve_Ballmer" title="Steve Ballmer">Steve Ballmer</a> were so worried about the outcome of the case that they discussed leaving Microsoft "if they really screw the company that badly, really just split it up in a totally irrational way," Gates recalled.<sup id="cite_ref-leibovich20001231_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leibovich20001231-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft defended itself in the public arena, arguing that its attempts to "innovate" were under attack by rival companies jealous of its success, and that government litigation was merely their pawn. A full-page ad appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> on June 2, 1999, created by a think tank called <a href="/wiki/The_Independent_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Independent Institute">The Independent Institute</a>. The ad was presented as "An Open Letter to President Clinton from 240 Economists on Antitrust Protectionism." It said in part, "Consumers did not ask for these antitrust actions – rival business firms did. Consumers of high technology have enjoyed falling prices, expanding outputs, and a breathtaking array of new products and innovations. ... Increasingly, however, some firms have sought to handicap their rivals by turning to government for protection. Many of these cases are based on speculation about some vaguely specified consumer harm in some unspecified future, and many of the proposed interventions will weaken successful U.S. firms and impede their competitiveness abroad."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judgment">Judgment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Microsoft_Corp.&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Judgment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Judge Jackson issued his <a href="/wiki/Question_of_law" title="Question of law">findings of fact</a> on November 5, 1999, holding that Microsoft's dominance of the <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a>-based personal computer <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> market constituted a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a>, and that Microsoft had taken actions to crush threats to that monopoly, including applications from <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Software" title="Lotus Software">Lotus Software</a>, <a href="/wiki/RealNetworks" title="RealNetworks">RealNetworks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 3, 2000, Jackson issued his <a href="/wiki/Question_of_law" title="Question of law">conclusions of law</a>, holding that Microsoft had engaged in monopolization, attempted monopolization, and <a href="/wiki/Tying_(commerce)" title="Tying (commerce)">tying</a> in violation of Sections 1 and 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 7, 2000, the District Court ordered a breakup of Microsoft as its remedy.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to that judgment, Microsoft would have to be split into two separate units, one to produce the operating system and one to produce other software components.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft immediately appealed the judgment to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appeals_Court_decision">Appeals Court decision</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Microsoft_Corp.&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Appeals Court decision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Microsoft filed its appeal, the U.S. government and the states in the suit requested a process that would skip the intermediate Circuit Court and send the case directly to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a>. Such an action is permitted by a section of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a><sup id="cite_ref-253_F.3d_at_48_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253_F.3d_at_48-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that gives the Supreme Court jurisdiction to hear direct appeals from the District Court level in certain antitrust cases initiated by the federal government, if "the district judge who adjudicated the case enters an order stating that immediate consideration of the appeal by the Supreme Court is of general public importance in the administration of justice."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The states also filed a <a href="/wiki/Certiorari_before_judgment" title="Certiorari before judgment">petition for certiorari before judgment</a> at the Supreme Court, requesting the same direct appeal process without going through the Circuit Court.<sup id="cite_ref-253_F.3d_at_48_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253_F.3d_at_48-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court rejected these requests and sent the appeal to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">D.C. Circuit Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-253_F.3d_at_48_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253_F.3d_at_48-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 28, 2001, the Circuit Court overturned Judge Jackson's rulings against Microsoft. This was partly because Jackson had <a href="/wiki/News_embargo" title="News embargo">improperly discussed the case</a> with the news media while it was still in progress, violating the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_conduct" title="Code of conduct">code of conduct</a> for American judges.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Circuit Court judges accused Jackson of unethical conduct and determined that he should have recused himself from the case. Thus the Circuit Court adopted a "drastically altered scope of liability" due to Jackson's conduct, which was favorable for Microsoft.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jackson's response was that Microsoft's conduct itself was the cause of any "perceived bias"; Microsoft executives had, according to him, "proved, time and time again, to be inaccurate, misleading, evasive, and transparently false. ... Microsoft is a company with an institutional disdain for both the truth and for rules of law that lesser entities must respect. It is also a company whose senior management is not averse to offering specious testimony to support spurious defenses to claims of its wrongdoing."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, the Circuit Court overturned Jackson's holding that Microsoft should be broken up as an illegal monopoly. However, the Circuit Court did not overturn Jackson's findings of fact, and held that traditional <a href="/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law" title="United States antitrust law">antitrust</a> analysis was not equipped to consider software-related practices like browser <a href="/wiki/Tying_(commerce)" title="Tying (commerce)">tie-ins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case was remanded back to the D.C. District Court for further proceedings on this matter, with Judge <a href="/wiki/Colleen_Kollar-Kotelly" title="Colleen Kollar-Kotelly">Colleen Kollar-Kotelly</a> presiding.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Settlement">Settlement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Microsoft_Corp.&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Department of Justice announced on September 6, 2001 that it was no longer seeking to break up Microsoft and would instead seek a lesser antitrust penalty. Microsoft decided to draft a <a href="/wiki/Settlement_(litigation)" title="Settlement (litigation)">settlement</a> proposal allowing PC manufacturers to adopt non-Microsoft software.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 1, 2001, the DOJ reached an agreement with Microsoft to settle the case. The proposed settlement required Microsoft to share its <a href="/wiki/Application_Programming_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application Programming Interface">application programming interfaces</a> with third-party companies and appoint a panel of three people who would have full access to Microsoft's systems, records, and source code for five years in order to ensure compliance.<sup id="cite_ref-MSCourtSettlement_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSCourtSettlement-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the DOJ did not require Microsoft to change any of its code nor did it prevent Microsoft from <a href="/wiki/Tying_(commerce)" title="Tying (commerce)">tying</a> other software with Windows in the future. On August 5, 2002, Microsoft announced that it would make some concessions towards the proposed final settlement ahead of the judge's decision. On November 1, 2002, Judge Kollar-Kotelly released a ruling that accepted most of the proposed DOJ settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nine states and the District of Columbia (which had been pursuing the case together with the DOJ) did not agree with the settlement, arguing that it did not go far enough to curb Microsoft's anti-competitive business practices. On June 30, 2004, the D.C. Circuit Court approved the settlement with the Justice Department, rejecting the states' claims that the sanctions were inadequate.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its 2008 Annual Report, Microsoft stated: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Lawsuits brought by the U.S. Department of Justice, 18 states, and the District of Columbia in two separate actions were resolved through a <a href="/wiki/Consent_Decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Consent Decree">Consent Decree</a> that took effect in 2001 and a Final Judgment entered in 2002. These proceedings imposed various constraints on our Windows operating system businesses. These constraints include limits on certain contracting practices, mandated disclosure of certain software program interfaces and protocols, and rights for computer manufacturers to limit the visibility of certain Windows features in new PCs. We believe we are in full compliance with these rules. However, if we fail to comply with them, additional restrictions could be imposed on us that would adversely affect our business.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Microsoft's obligations under the settlement, as originally drafted, expired on November 12, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Microsoft later "agreed to consent to a two-year extension of part of the Final Judgments" dealing with <a href="/wiki/Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">communications protocol</a> licensing, and stated that if the government later wished to extend those aspects of the settlement as far as 2012, it would not object. The government made clear that the extension was intended only to give the relevant part of the settlement "the opportunity to succeed for the period of time it was intended to cover", rather than being due to any "pattern of willful and systematic violations".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_and_criticism">Impact and criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Microsoft_Corp.&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Impact and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the 2002 settlement, industry pundit <a href="/wiki/Robert_X._Cringely" title="Robert X. Cringely">Robert X. Cringely</a> believed a breakup was not possible, and that "now the only way Microsoft can die is by suicide."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrew Chin, an <a href="/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law" title="United States antitrust law">antitrust law</a> professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a> who assisted Judge Jackson in drafting the findings of fact at the initial District Court trial, wrote that the settlement gave Microsoft "a special antitrust immunity to license Windows and other 'platform software' under contractual terms that destroy freedom of competition."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Law professor <a href="/wiki/Eben_Moglen" title="Eben Moglen">Eben Moglen</a> noted that the way Microsoft was required to disclose its <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a> and protocols was useful only for “interoperating with a Windows Operating System Product”, not for implementing support of those APIs and protocols in any competing operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economist <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> wrote in 1999 that the antitrust case against Microsoft set a dangerous precedent that foreshadowed increasing government regulation of an industry that had been relatively free of government intrusion, and that future technological progress in the industry will be impeded as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the resulting settlement, the magazine <i>Business & Economic Research</i> wrote that, contrary to Friedman's forecasts, the case had to that point had little effect on Microsoft's behavior. The fines, restrictions, and monitoring imposed were not enough to prevent it from "abusing its monopolistic power and too little to prevent it from dominating the software and operating system industry." For that reason, Microsoft remained dominant and monopolistic after the trial, and it continued to stifle competitors and innovative technology.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>, advocating for computing freedom, has provided suggestions to Ralph Nader's <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Project_on_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Project on Technology">Consumer Project on Technology</a> for dealing with Microsoft's behavior in March 1999. He has suggested, for instance, that Microsoft shall be required to publish complete documentation of all interfaces between software components, all communications protocols, and all files. Shortly speaking, not releasing any implementations for undocumented interfaces. He has also noted that Microsoft should refrain from certifying any hardware as working with Microsoft software, unless the hardware's complete specifications have been published, so that an alternative software to support the same hardware can be implemented freely.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chris Butts, writing in the <i>Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property</i>, argued that the U.S. government recognized the benefits of including a web browser with an operating system. At the appellate level, the government dropped the claim of <a href="/wiki/Tying_(commerce)" title="Tying (commerce)">tying</a> given that—as laid out in Section 1 of the Sherman Act—it would have had to prove that more harm than good resulted from the type of tying carried out by Microsoft.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Microsoft_Corp.&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slist_tying" title="Template:Slist tying"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slist_tying" title="Template talk:Slist tying"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slist_tying" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slist tying"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sources_on_tying" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sources on tying</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Act 1890</a> §1</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Antitrust_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Clayton Antitrust Act">Clayton Act 1914</a> §3</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>International Business Machines Corp. v. United States</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_298" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 298">298</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/298/131/">131</a> (1936)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/International_Salt_Co._v._United_States" title="International Salt Co. v. United States">International Salt Co. v. United States</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_332" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 332">332</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/332/392/">392</a> (1947)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Paramount_Pictures,_Inc." title="United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc."><span class="wrap">United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.</span></a></i>, 334 US 131 (1948)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Times-Picayune_Publishing_Co._v._United_States" title="Times-Picayune Publishing Co. v. United States"><span class="wrap">Times-Picayune Publishing Co. v. United States</span></a></i>, 345 U.S. 594 (1953)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Loew%27s_Inc." title="United States v. Loew's Inc.">United States v. Loew's Inc.</a></i>, 371 U.S. 38 (1962)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Parish_Hospital_District_No._2_v._Hyde" title="Jefferson Parish Hospital District No. 2 v. Hyde"><span class="wrap">Jefferson Parish Hospital District No. 2 v. Hyde</span></a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_466" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 466">466</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/466/2/">2</a> (1984)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Microsoft_Corp._(2001)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States v. Microsoft Corp. (2001)">United States v. Microsoft Corp.</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/253/34/576095/">253 F.3d 34</a> (2001)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See <a href="/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law" title="United States antitrust law">United States antitrust law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tying_(commerce)" title="Tying (commerce)">Tying (commerce)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antitrust_(film)" title="Antitrust (film)">Antitrust</a></i>, a 2001 film about "NURV", a large software company that presents a fictionalized Microsoft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_wars" title="Browser wars">Browser wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft" title="Criticism of Microsoft">Criticism of Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_litigation" title="Microsoft litigation">Microsoft litigation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microshaft_Winblows_98" title="Microshaft Winblows 98">Microshaft Winblows 98</a></i>, a 1998 video game parodying the <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a> interface that featured numerous allusions to <i>United States v. Microsoft Corp.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Internet_Explorer" title="Removal of Internet Explorer">Removal of Internet Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_antitrust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="US antitrust law">US antitrust law</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Microsoft_Corp.&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>United States v. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unclaw.com/chin/scholarship/nando.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newsobserver.com&rft.atitle=A+case+of+insecure+browsing&rft.date=2004-09-30&rft.aulast=Chin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unclaw.com%2Fchin%2Fscholarship%2Fnando.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+v.+Microsoft+Corp." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChin2005" class="citation web cs1">Chin, Andrew (March 21, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unclaw.com/chin/scholarship/decodingmicrosoft.pdf">"DECODING MICROSOFT: A FIRST PRINCIPLES APPROACH"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124025829/http://www.unclaw.com/chin/scholarship/decodingmicrosoft.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DECODING+MICROSOFT%3A+A+FIRST+PRINCIPLES+APPROACH&rft.date=2005-03-21&rft.aulast=Chin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unclaw.com%2Fchin%2Fscholarship%2Fdecodingmicrosoft.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+v.+Microsoft+Corp." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEben_Moglen2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eben_Moglen" title="Eben Moglen">Eben Moglen</a> (January 28, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moglen.law.columbia.edu/publications/lu-18.pdf">"Free Software Matters: Shaking Up The Microsoft Settlement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free+Software+Matters%3A+Shaking+Up+The+Microsoft+Settlement&rft.date=2002-01-28&rft.au=Eben+Moglen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoglen.law.columbia.edu%2Fpublications%2Flu-18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+v.+Microsoft+Corp." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1999" class="citation web cs1">Friedman, Milton (March–April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/v21n2/friedman.html">"The Business Community's Suicidal Impulse"</a>. <i>Policy Forum</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Policy+Forum&rft.atitle=The+Business+Community%27s+Suicidal+Impulse&rft.date=1999-03%2F1999-04&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Milton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fpubs%2Fpolicy_report%2Fv21n2%2Ffriedman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+v.+Microsoft+Corp." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFJenkinsBing2007">Gregory T. Jenkins & Robert W. Bing, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264845425_Microsoft%27s_Monopoly_Anti-Competitive_Behavior_Predatory_Tactics_And_The_Failure_Of_Governmental_Will">Microsoft’s Monopoly: Anti-Competitive Behavior, Predatory Tactics, And The Failure Of Governmental Will</a></span>, 5 J. Bus. & Econ. Research 222 (2007).</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJo_Foley1999" class="citation news cs1">Jo Foley, Mary (March 10, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20181026155533/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB921102995545083812">"Free-Software Advocate Offers Remedies for Microsoft Case"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB921102995545083812">the original</a> on October 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Free-Software+Advocate+Offers+Remedies+for+Microsoft+Case&rft.date=1999-03-10&rft.aulast=Jo+Foley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB921102995545083812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+v.+Microsoft+Corp." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Butts, Chris 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1105&context=njtip">https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1105&context=njtip</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/sherman_antitrust_act">"Sherman Antitrust Act"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sherman+Antitrust+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fwex%2Fsherman_antitrust_act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+v.+Microsoft+Corp." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAreedaHovenkamp2015" class="citation book cs1">Areeda, Phillip E.; Hovenkamp, Herbert (2015). <i>Antitrust Law: An Analysis of Antitrust Principles and Their Application</i> (4th ed.). New York: Wolters Kluwer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7355-6428-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7355-6428-2"><bdi>978-0-7355-6428-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antitrust+Law%3A+An+Analysis+of+Antitrust+Principles+and+Their+Application&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7355-6428-2&rft.aulast=Areeda&rft.aufirst=Phillip+E.&rft.au=Hovenkamp%2C+Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+v.+Microsoft+Corp." class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Microsoft_Corp.&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Microsoft_Corp.&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Andrew Chin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unclaw.com/chin/scholarship/microsoft.htm">Decoding Microsoft: A First Principles Approach</a>, 40 Wake Forest Law Review 1 (2005)</li> <li>Kenneth Elzinga, David Evans, and Albert Nichols, United States v. Microsoft: Remedy or Malady? 9 Geo. Mason L. Rev. 633 (2001)</li> <li>John Lopatka and William Page, Antitrust on Internet Time: Microsoft and the Law and Economics of Exclusion, 7 Supreme Court Economic Review 157–231 (1999)</li> <li>John Lopatka and William Page, The Dubious Search For Integration in the Microsoft Trial, 31 Conn. L. Rev. 1251 (1999)</li> <li>John Lopatka and William Page, Who Suffered Antitrust Injury in the Microsoft Case?, 69 George Washington Law Review 829-59 (2001)</li> <li>Alan Meese, Monopoly Bundling In Cyberspace: How Many Products Does Microsoft Sell ? 44 Antitrust Bulletin 65 (1999)</li> <li>Alan Meese, Don't Disintegrate Microsoft (Yet), 9 Geo. Mason L. Rev. 761 (2001)</li> <li>Steven Salop and R. Craig Romaine, Preserving Monopoly: Economic Analysis, Legal Standards, and the Microsoft Case, 7 Geo. Mas. L. Rev. 617 (1999)</li> <li>Howard A. Shelanski and <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Gregory_Sidak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Gregory Sidak (page does not exist)">J. Gregory Sidak</a>, Antitrust Divestiture in Network Industries, 68 University of Chicago Law Review 1 (2001)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Microsoft_Corp.&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramson2005" class="citation book cs1">Abramson, Bruce (2005). <i>Digital Phoenix; Why the Information Economy Collapsed and How it Will Rise Again</i>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51196-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51196-4"><bdi>978-0-262-51196-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Phoenix%3B+Why+the+Information+Economy+Collapsed+and+How+it+Will+Rise+Again&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-262-51196-4&rft.aulast=Abramson&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+v.+Microsoft+Corp." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavilFirst2014" class="citation book cs1">Gavil, Andrew I.; First, Harry (December 9, 2014). <i>The Microsoft Antitrust Cases - Competition Policy for the Twenty-first Century</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02776-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-02776-2"><bdi>978-0-262-02776-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Microsoft+Antitrust+Cases+-+Competition+Policy+for+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%2C+USA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2014-12-09&rft.isbn=978-0-262-02776-2&rft.aulast=Gavil&rft.aufirst=Andrew+I.&rft.au=First%2C+Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+v.+Microsoft+Corp." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebowitzMargolis2001" class="citation book cs1">Liebowitz, S. J.; Margolis, Stephen (March 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-2C5AAAAIAAJ"><i>Winners, losers & Microsoft: competition and antitrust in high technology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Independent_Institute" title="Independent Institute">Independent Institute</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-945999-84-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-945999-84-3"><bdi>978-0-945999-84-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320043358/http://books.google.com/books?id=-2C5AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winners%2C+losers+%26+Microsoft%3A+competition+and+antitrust+in+high+technology&rft.pub=Independent+Institute&rft.date=2001-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0-945999-84-3&rft.aulast=Liebowitz&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rft.au=Margolis%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-2C5AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+v.+Microsoft+Corp." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPageLopatka2009" class="citation book cs1">Page, William H.; Lopatka, John E. (2009). <i>The Microsoft Case: Antitrust, High Technology, and Consumer Welfare</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-64464-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-64464-6"><bdi>978-0-226-64464-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Microsoft+Case%3A+Antitrust%2C+High+Technology%2C+and+Consumer+Welfare&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-64464-6&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.au=Lopatka%2C+John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+v.+Microsoft+Corp." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2001" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Alan (2001). <i>The Microsoft Antitrust Appeal</i>. Hudson Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Microsoft+Antitrust+Appeal&rft.pub=Hudson+Institute&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+v.+Microsoft+Corp." class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Microsoft_Corp.&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usdoj.gov/atr/cases/f200400/200457.htm">Final Judgment in <i>U.S. v. Microsoft</i></a> (injunction including final settlement terms approved by the court) (note that the copy posted on the district court's web site is actually an earlier version that the court declined to approve).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usdoj.gov/atr/cases/ms_index.htm">The United States DOJ's website on U.S. v. Microsoft</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/Presspass/legal_newsroomarchive.mspx?case=Government%20Anti-Trust%20Case">Microsoft's Antitrust Case, Microsoft News Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/news/antitrust/0,1551,35212,00.html">Wired news timeline of the Microsoft antitrust case</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020808104706/http://zdnet.com.com/2100-1104-917931.html">ZDnet story on 4th anniversary of Microsoft antitrust case</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021012081934/http://zdnet.com.com/2100-1104-948381.html">ZDnet story on proposed concessions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netlitigation.com/netlitigation/antitrust.htm">Antitrust & the Internet: Microsoft case archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unclaw.com/chin/scholarship/microsoft.htm">"A Case of Insecure Browsing" by Andrew Chin. <i>Raleigh News & Observer</i>, September 30, 2004</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.groklaw.net/staticpages/index.php?page=GatesDepo">Bill Gates deposition video at Microsoft on August 27, 1998</a> (Windows Media, Ogg Theora and Ogg Vorbis formats)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capitalismcenter.org/Advocacy/Antitrust/Microsoft/">The Center for the Advancement of Capitalism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130731202802/http://www.capitalismcenter.org/Advocacy/Antitrust/Microsoft/">Archived</a> July 31, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980110230150/http://upside.com/texis/mvm/story?id=349ef3fa0">Nader 0, Microsoft 0 at Upside Magazine of December 31, 1997</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/10Kahle000190#page/n77/mode/2up">An Interview with Marc Andreessen about Microsoft antitrust litigation and browser wars</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e33Go6gbL7s">"How Microsoft Internet Explorer Almost Became The Default Web Browser"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a></i>. September 6, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/e33Go6gbL7s">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=How+Microsoft+Internet+Explorer+Almost+Became+The+Default+Web+Browser&rft.date=2019-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3De33Go6gbL7s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+v.+Microsoft+Corp." class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microsoft_Corporation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Microsoft" title="Template:Microsoft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Microsoft" title="Template talk:Microsoft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microsoft_Corporation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft Corporation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Microsoft" title="History of Microsoft">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Microsoft" title="Outline of Microsoft">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Allen" title="Paul Allen">Paul Allen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board of directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Nadella" title="Satya Nadella">Satya Nadella</a> (Chairman and CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_Hoffman" title="Reid Hoffman">Reid Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandi_Peterson" title="Sandi Peterson">Sandi Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Pritzker" title="Penny Pritzker">Penny Pritzker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_A._Rodriguez" title="Carlos A. Rodriguez">Carlos A. Rodriguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scharf" title="Charles Scharf">Charles Scharf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stanton" title="John W. Stanton">John W. Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Thompson" title="John W. Thompson">John W. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Walmsley" title="Emma Walmsley">Emma Walmsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasree_Warrior" title="Padmasree Warrior">Padmasree Warrior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senior leadership team</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Nadella" title="Satya Nadella">Satya Nadella</a> (CEO)</li> <li>Takeshi Numoto (CMO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Guthrie" title="Scott Guthrie">Scott Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Dybeck_Happe" title="Carolina Dybeck Happe">Carolina Dybeck Happe</a> (COO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Hood" title="Amy Hood">Amy Hood</a> (CFO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Scott_(computer_scientist)" title="Kevin Scott (computer scientist)">Kevin Scott</a> (CTO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Smith_(American_lawyer)" title="Brad Smith (American lawyer)">Brad Smith</a> (CLO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Shum" title="Harry Shum">Harry Shum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Spencer_(business_executive)" title="Phil Spencer (business executive)">Phil Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Hogan" title="Kathleen Hogan">Kathleen Hogan</a> (CPO)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corporate VPs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Belfiore" title="Joe Belfiore">Joe Belfiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rashid" title="Richard Rashid">Richard Rashid</a> (SVP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cernuda" title="César Cernuda">César Cernuda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employee groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_LGBTQIA%2B_Employee_%26_Allies_at_Microsoft" title="Global LGBTQIA+ Employee & Allies at Microsoft">Global LGBTQIA+ Employee & Allies at Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_and_unions" title="Microsoft and unions">Microsoft and unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_hardware" title="Microsoft hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Kinect" title="Azure Kinect">Azure Kinect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_HoloLens" title="Microsoft HoloLens">HoloLens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeCam" title="LifeCam">LifeCam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Surface" title="Microsoft Surface">Surface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Duo" title="Surface Duo">Duo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Go" title="Surface Go">Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Hub" title="Surface Hub">Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Laptop" title="Surface Laptop">Laptop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Laptop_Go" title="Surface Laptop Go">Laptop Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Neo" title="Surface Neo">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Pro" title="Surface Pro">Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Studio" title="Surface Studio">Studio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox" title="Xbox">Xbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_software" title="List of Microsoft software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipchamp" title="Clipchamp">Clipchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Dynamics_365" title="Microsoft Dynamics 365">Dynamics 365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havok_(software)" title="Havok (software)">Havok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_365" title="Microsoft 365">Microsoft 365</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Teams" title="Microsoft Teams">Teams</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_and_open_source" title="Microsoft and open source">Open source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Power_Platform" title="Microsoft Power Platform">Power Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Servers" title="Microsoft Servers">Servers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Start" title="Microsoft Start">Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tay_(chatbot)" title="Tay (chatbot)">Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_system_software" title="Xbox system software">Xbox OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">VB.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications" title="Visual Basic for Applications">VBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(classic)" title="Visual Basic (classic)">Visual Basic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/AL" title="C/AL">C/AL a.k.a. Navision Attain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Programming_Language" title="Microsoft Visual Programming Language">MVPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Power_Fx" title="Microsoft Power Fx">Power Fx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_Sharp" title="Q Sharp">Q#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transact-SQL" title="Transact-SQL">Transact-SQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visual_J%2B%2B" title="Visual J++">Visual J++</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visual_J_Sharp" title="Visual J Sharp">Visual J#</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Web properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Azure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Bing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Copilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Learn" title="Microsoft Learn">Learn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_9_(Microsoft)" title="Channel 9 (Microsoft)">Channel 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Developer_Network" title="Microsoft Developer Network">Developer Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_TechNet" title="Microsoft TechNet">TechNet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn_Learning" title="LinkedIn Learning">LinkedIn Learning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN" title="MSN">MSN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Translator" title="Microsoft Translator">Translator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Company</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Build" title="Microsoft Build">Build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Ignite" title="Microsoft Ignite">Ignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Inspire" title="Microsoft Inspire">Inspire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIX_(Microsoft)" title="MIX (Microsoft)">MIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Developers_Conference" title="Professional Developers Conference">PDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Hardware_Engineering_Conference" title="Windows Hardware Engineering Conference">WinHEC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Foundation" title=".NET Foundation">.NET Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Digital_Crimes_Unit" title="Microsoft Digital Crimes Unit">Digital Crimes Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_engineering_groups" title="Microsoft engineering groups">Engineering groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mobile" title="Microsoft Mobile">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype_Technologies" title="Skype Technologies">Skype unit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Gaming" title="Microsoft Gaming">Gaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activision_Blizzard" title="Activision Blizzard">Activision Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_Game_Studios" title="Xbox Game Studios">Xbox Game Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZeniMax_Media" title="ZeniMax Media">ZeniMax Media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Garage" title="Microsoft Garage">Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outercurve_Foundation" title="Outercurve Foundation">Outercurve Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Press" title="Microsoft Press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Research" title="Microsoft Research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store_(retail)" title="Microsoft Store (retail)">Retail stores</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Estates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_campus" title="Microsoft campus">Microsoft campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Egypt">Microsoft Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_India" title="Microsoft India">Microsoft India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Japan" title="Microsoft Japan">Microsoft Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Where_do_you_want_to_go_today%3F" title="Where do you want to go today?">Where do you want to go today?</a>" (1994)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Champagne_(advertisement)" title="Champagne (advertisement)">Champagne</a>" (2002)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mojave_Experiment" title="Mojave Experiment">Mojave Experiment</a>" (2006)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I%27m_a_PC" title="I'm a PC">I'm a PC</a>" (2008)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Scroogled" title="Scroogled">Scroogled</a>" (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft" title="Criticism of Microsoft">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundling_of_Microsoft_Windows" title="Bundling of Microsoft Windows">Bundling of Microsoft Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Assistant" title="Office Assistant">Clippy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILoo#Reaction" title="ILoo">iLoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer#Security_vulnerabilities" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bob" title="Microsoft Bob">Microsoft Bob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSAKEY" title="NSAKEY">_NSAKEY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft_Windows" title="Criticism of Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_XP" title="Criticism of Windows XP">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_Vista" title="Criticism of Windows Vista">Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Windows_10" title="Criticism of Windows 10">10</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_litigation" title="Microsoft litigation">Litigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent_v._Microsoft_Corp." title="Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft Corp.">Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc._v._Microsoft_Corp." title="Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp.">Apple v. Microsoft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corp._v._Commission" title="Microsoft Corp. v. Commission">Microsoft v. Commission</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FTC_v._Microsoft" title="FTC v. Microsoft">FTC v. Microsoft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corp._v._Lindows.com,_Inc." title="Microsoft Corp. v. Lindows.com, Inc.">Microsoft v. Lindows</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_v._MikeRoweSoft" title="Microsoft v. MikeRoweSoft">Microsoft v. MikeRoweSoft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corp._v._Shah" title="Microsoft Corp. v. Shah">Microsoft v. Shah</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States v. Microsoft</a></i> (2001 antitrust case)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corp._v._United_States" title="Microsoft Corp. v. United States">Microsoft v. United States</a></i> (2018 data privacy case)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Microsoft" title="List of mergers and acquisitions by Microsoft">Acquisitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wunderlist" title="Wunderlist">6Wunderkinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access_Software" title="Access Software">Access Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acompli" title="Acompli">Acompli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activision_Blizzard" title="Activision Blizzard">Activision Blizzard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_Activision_Blizzard_by_Microsoft" title="Acquisition of Activision Blizzard by Microsoft">acquisition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altamira_Software" title="Altamira Software">Altamira Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AltspaceVR" title="AltspaceVR">AltspaceVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AQuantive" title="AQuantive">aQuantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Amalga" title="Microsoft Amalga">Azyxxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixer_(service)" title="Mixer (service)">Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Ribbon_SoundWorks" title="The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks">The Blue Ribbon SoundWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungie" title="Bungie">Bungie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipchamp" title="Clipchamp">Clipchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloquis" title="Colloquis">Colloquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsion_Games" title="Compulsion Games">Compulsion Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectix" title="Connectix">Connectix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumers_Software" title="Consumers Software">Consumers Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danger,_Inc." title="Danger, Inc.">Danger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Fine" title="Double Fine">Double Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Travel" title="MSN Travel">Farecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FASA_Studio" title="FASA Studio">FASA Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Development_Center_Norway" title="Microsoft Development Center Norway">Fast Search & Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_(website)" title="Firefly (website)">Firefly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forethought,_Inc." title="Forethought, Inc.">Forethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Defender_Antivirus" title="Microsoft Defender Antivirus">GIANT Company Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains_Software" title="Great Plains Software">Great Plains Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenButton" title="GreenButton">GreenButton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_Networks" title="Groove Networks">Groove Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havok_(company)" title="Havok (company)">Havok Group</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High_Heat_Major_League_Baseball" title="High Heat Major League Baseball">High Heat Major League Baseball</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Hotmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InXile_Entertainment" title="InXile Entertainment">inXile Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish.com" title="Jellyfish.com">Jellyfish.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinkExchange" title="LinkExchange">LinkExchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionhead_Studios" title="Lionhead Studios">Lionhead Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maluuba" title="Maluuba">Maluuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massive_Incorporated" title="Massive Incorporated">Massive Incorporated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaswitch" title="Metaswitch">Metaswitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MileIQ" title="MileIQ">Mobile Data Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojang_Studios" title="Mojang Studios">Mojang Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninja_Theory" title="Ninja Theory">Ninja Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mobile" title="Microsoft Mobile">Nokia Devices and Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Npm" title="Npm">npm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuance_Communications" title="Nuance Communications">Nuance Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian_Entertainment" title="Obsidian Entertainment">Obsidian Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Live_Toolbar#Onfolio" title="Windows Live Toolbar">Onfolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pando_Networks" title="Pando Networks">Pando Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perceptive_Pixel" title="Perceptive Pixel">Perceptive Pixel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlaceWare" title="PlaceWare">PlaceWare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playground_Games" title="Playground Games">Playground Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerset_(company)" title="Powerset (company)">Powerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_Play_(company)" title="Press Play (company)">Press Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProClarity" title="ProClarity">ProClarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_(company)" title="Rare (company)">Rare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_Analytics" title="Revolution Analytics">Revolution Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RiskIQ" title="RiskIQ">RiskIQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScreenTonic" class="mw-redirect" title="ScreenTonic">ScreenTonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Islands">Secure Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplygon" title="Simplygon">Simplygon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype_Technologies" title="Skype Technologies">Skype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_Calendar" title="Sunrise Calendar">Sunrise Atelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SwiftKey" title="Microsoft SwiftKey">SwiftKey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TakeLessons" title="TakeLessons">TakeLessons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleo" title="Teleo">Teleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellme_Networks" title="Tellme Networks">Tellme Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twisted_Pixel_Games" title="Twisted Pixel Games">Twisted Pixel Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead_Labs" title="Undead Labs">Undead Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermeer_Technologies" title="Vermeer Technologies">Vermeer Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visio_Corporation" title="Visio Corporation">Visio Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flux_(graphics_software)" title="Flux (graphics software)">Vivaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoloMetrix" title="VoloMetrix">VoloMetrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetShow" title="NetShow">VXtreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_TV" title="MSN TV">WebTV Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sysinternals" title="Sysinternals">Winternals Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xamarin" title="Xamarin">Xamarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xandr" title="Xandr">Xandr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AppNexus" title="AppNexus">AppNexus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Yammer">Yammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yupi" title="Yupi">Yupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZeniMax_Media" title="ZeniMax Media">ZeniMax Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Microsoft" title="Category:Microsoft">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internet_Explorer" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet_Explorer" title="Template:Internet Explorer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_Explorer" title="Template talk:Internet Explorer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet_Explorer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet Explorer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Internet_Explorer" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_version_history" title="Internet Explorer version history">Versions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Explorer 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_2" title="Internet Explorer 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_3" title="Internet Explorer 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_4" title="Internet Explorer 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_5" title="Internet Explorer 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_6" title="Internet Explorer 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_7" title="Internet Explorer 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_8" title="Internet Explorer 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_9" title="Internet Explorer 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_10" title="Internet Explorer 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_11" title="Internet Explorer 11">11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_Mobile" title="Internet Explorer Mobile">Mobile</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_for_Mac" title="Internet Explorer for Mac">for Mac</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_for_UNIX" title="Internet Explorer for UNIX">for UNIX</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEs4Linux" title="IEs4Linux">IEs4Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Internet_Explorer" title="History of Internet Explorer">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_Explorer_add-ons" title="List of Internet Explorer add-ons">Add-ons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_box_model" title="CSS box model">Box model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_Helper_Object" title="Browser Helper Object">Browser Helper Object (BHO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_Explorer_extensions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Internet Explorer extensions">Extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Internet_Explorer" title="Removal of Internet Explorer">Removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_shell" title="Internet Explorer shell">Shells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerator_(Internet_Explorer)" title="Accelerator (Internet Explorer)">Accelerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML_Application" title="HTML Application">HTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_Components" title="HTML Components">HTML Components</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favicon" title="Favicon">favicon.ico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML%2BTIME" title="HTML+TIME">HTML+TIME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index.dat" title="Index.dat">Index.dat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHTML" title="MHTML">MHTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSXML" title="MSXML">MSXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_RSS_Platform" title="Windows RSS Platform">RSS Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_tag_(Microsoft)" title="Smart tag (Microsoft)">Smart tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Internet_Files" title="Temporary Internet Files">Temporary Internet Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_Markup_Language" title="Vector Markup Language">Vector Markup Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Slice" title="Web Slice">Web Slice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Proxy_Autodiscovery_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Web Proxy Autodiscovery Protocol">WPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XHR/XDomainRequest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software and engines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_Administration_Kit" title="Internet Explorer Administration Kit">Administration Kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_Developer_Tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Explorer Developer Tools">Developer Tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Windows_Authentication" title="Integrated Windows Authentication">Integrated Windows Authentication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_(browser_engine)" title="Tasman (browser engine)">Tasman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident_(software)" title="Trident (software)">MSHTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakra_(JScript_engine)" title="Chakra (JScript engine)">Chakra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Channel" title="Active Channel">Active Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Desktop" title="Active Desktop">Active Desktop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ActiveMovie" title="ActiveMovie">ActiveMovie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Definition_Format" title="Channel Definition Format">Channel Definition Format (.cdf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Comic_Chat" title="Microsoft Comic Chat">Comic Chat/Chat 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectX_Media" title="DirectX Media">DirectX Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Internet_Mail_and_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Internet Mail and News">Internet Mail and News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Java_Virtual_Machine" title="Microsoft Java Virtual Machine">Microsoft Java Virtual Machine (MSJVM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Explorer">MSN Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_for_Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN for Mac OS X">MSN for Mac OS X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_NetMeeting" title="Microsoft NetMeeting">NetMeeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetShow" title="NetShow">NetShow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlook_Express" title="Outlook Express">Outlook Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_gated_cryptography" class="mw-redirect" title="Server gated cryptography">Server Gated Cryptography (SGC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyglass,_Inc." title="Spyglass, Inc.">Spyglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Address_Book" title="Windows Address Book">Windows Address Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Desktop_Update" title="Windows Desktop Update">Windows Desktop Update</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Browser_wars#First_Browser_War" title="Browser wars">First Browser War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_wars#Second_Browser_War" title="Browser wars">Second Browser War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Download.ject" title="Download.ject">Download.ject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eolas#Patents" title="Eolas"><i>Eolas v. Microsoft</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Java_Virtual_Machine#Sun_vs._Microsoft" title="Microsoft Java Virtual Machine"><i>Sun v. Microsoft</i></a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States v. 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