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<ul id="toc-Criminal_procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrest_to_arraignment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrest_to_arraignment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Arrest to arraignment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrest_to_arraignment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Felony_indictment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Felony_indictment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Felony indictment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Felony_indictment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Pre-trial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-trial-sublist" 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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Summons_court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summons_court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Summons court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summons_court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problem-solving_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problem-solving_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Problem-solving courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problem-solving_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personnel</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personnel subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Judges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_hearing_officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_hearing_officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Judicial hearing officers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_hearing_officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attorneys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attorneys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Attorneys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attorneys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis_and_criticism" 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href="#Manhattan_courthouse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Manhattan courthouse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manhattan_courthouse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Criminal Court of the City of New York</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_New_York.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/220px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/330px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/440px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_New_York" title="Coat of arms of New York">State flag of New York</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Court overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">September 1, 1962<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1962-09-01</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Court executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">deputy chief administrative judge</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">administrative judge</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">chief clerk</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent department</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of New York (state)">New York State Unified Court System</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Key documents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="#CITEREFCriminal_Court_Act">Criminal Court Act</a> as enacted</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CRC">Criminal Court Act</a> as amended</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycourts.gov/courts/nyc/criminal/">nycourts.gov/…/criminal</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Criminal Court of the City of New York</b> is a court of the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of New York (state)">State Unified Court System</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> that handles <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanors</a> (generally, <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">crimes</a> punishable by fine or imprisonment of up to one year) and lesser offenses, and also conducts <a href="/wiki/Arraignment" title="Arraignment">arraignments</a> (initial court appearances following arrest) and preliminary hearings in <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a> cases (generally, more serious offenses punishable by imprisonment of more than one year).<sup id="cite_ref-guide1999p4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide1999p4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is a single citywide court.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Deputy Chief Administrative Judge for the New York City Courts is responsible for overseeing the day-to-day operations of the NYC trial-level courts, and works with the Administrative Judge of the Criminal Court in order to allocate and assign judicial and nonjudicial personnel resources.<sup id="cite_ref-administration_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-administration-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One hundred seven judges may be appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">Mayor</a> to ten-year terms, but most of those appointed have been transferred to other courts by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Administrator_of_the_Courts" title="Chief Administrator of the Courts">Office of Court Administration</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criminal_procedure">Criminal procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Criminal_Court&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Criminal procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most people who are <a href="/wiki/Arrest" title="Arrest">arrested</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">prosecuted</a> in New York City will appear before a Criminal Court judge for <a href="/wiki/Arraignment" title="Arraignment">arraignment</a>. The New York <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Laws_of_New_York" title="Consolidated Laws of New York">Criminal Procedure Law</a> (CPL) is the primary <a href="/wiki/Criminal_procedure" title="Criminal procedure">criminal procedure</a> law. </p><p>Felonies are heard by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court" title="New York Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a>. Some violations and other issues are adjudicated by other city and state <a href="/wiki/Administrative_court" title="Administrative court">administrative courts</a>, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Krimstock_hearing" title="Krimstock hearing">Krimstock hearings</a> are conducted by the city <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Office_of_Administrative_Trials_and_Hearings" title="New York City Office of Administrative Trials and Hearings">Office of Administrative Trials and Hearings</a>, parking violations are adjudicated by the city DOF <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Finance" title="New York City Department of Finance">Parking Violations Bureau</a>, and non-parking <a href="/wiki/Traffic_court" title="Traffic court">traffic violations</a> are adjudicated by the state <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Motor_Vehicles" title="New York State Department of Motor Vehicles">DMV</a> <a href="/wiki/Traffic_Violations_Bureau" title="Traffic Violations Bureau">Traffic Violations Bureau</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrest_to_arraignment">Arrest to arraignment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Criminal_Court&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arrest to arraignment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_New_York_City" title="Law enforcement in New York City">New York police officers</a> may <a href="/wiki/Arrest" title="Arrest">arrest</a> someone they have reason to believe has committed a <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanor</a>, or violation,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or pursuant to an <a href="/wiki/Arrest_warrant" title="Arrest warrant">arrest warrant</a>. Those arrested are booked at "central booking" and interviewed by a representative of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Criminal_Justice_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York City Criminal Justice Agency (page does not exist)">Criminal Justice Agency</a> for the purposes of recommending bail or remand at arraignment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In New York state, the time from arrest to arraignment must be within 24 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-twentyfour1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twentyfour1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-twentyfour2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twentyfour2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Police may also release a person with an <i>appearance ticket</i> directing a defendant to appear for arraignment in the future: with a <a href="/wiki/Desk_appearance_ticket" title="Desk appearance ticket">desk appearance ticket</a> (DAT) after arrest, or a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_summons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universal summons (page does not exist)">universal summons</a> without arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCLA201110–11_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYCLA201110–11-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taxi_driver_perp_walk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Taxi_driver_perp_walk.jpg/220px-Taxi_driver_perp_walk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Taxi_driver_perp_walk.jpg/330px-Taxi_driver_perp_walk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Taxi_driver_perp_walk.jpg/440px-Taxi_driver_perp_walk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Taxi drivers concealing their faces as they take the customary perp walk before the news media. The <a href="/wiki/Perp_walk" title="Perp walk">perp walk</a> is a well-known feature of New York's criminal justice system.<sup id="cite_ref-2002_NYT_story_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2002_NYT_story-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-John_Tierney_1994_NYT_piece_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Tierney_1994_NYT_piece-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1999_NYT_story_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1999_NYT_story-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_history_story_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_history_story-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Arraignment" title="Arraignment">arraignment</a>, the accused is informed of the charges against them and submits a <a href="/wiki/Plea" title="Plea">plea</a> (and may accept a <a href="/wiki/Plea_bargain" title="Plea bargain">plea bargain</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accused have a <a href="/wiki/Legal_aid_in_the_United_States" title="Legal aid in the United States">right to a lawyer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arraignments are held every day from 9:00<span class="nowrap"> </span>am to 1:00<span class="nowrap"> </span>am.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At arraignment the prosecutor may also provides defense counsel with certain "notices", such as notices about <a href="/wiki/Police_lineup" title="Police lineup">police lineups</a> and statements made by the defendant to police.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCLA201117–18_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYCLA201117–18-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After notices are served, the prosecutor may ask, for certain offenses, the court to keep the accused in jail (<a href="/wiki/Remand_(detention)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remand (detention)">remanded</a>) or released on <a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">bail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCLA201119_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYCLA201119-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BailReformExplained_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BailReformExplained-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otherwise, the accused is released on their own <a href="/wiki/Recognizance" title="Recognizance">recognizance</a> (ROR'd) with the least restrictive conditions necessary to reasonably assure the person will come back to court.<sup id="cite_ref-BailReformExplained_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BailReformExplained-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the accused is released, the accused must appear in court every time their case is calendared (scheduled for a court hearing), and if they fail to appear the judge may forfeit their bail and issue a <a href="/wiki/Arrest_warrant" title="Arrest warrant">bench warrant</a> for their arrest, although judges may excuse defendants from having to show up at every court appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dickensian_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickensian-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decision to set bail and the amount of bail to set are discretionary, and the central issue regarding bail is insuring the defendant's future appearances in court; factors to be taken into consideration are defined in <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Laws_of_New_York" title="Consolidated Laws of New York">Criminal Procedure Law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CPL/510.30">§ 510.30</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCLA201120,32_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYCLA201120,32-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, bail amounts are typically linked to charge severity rather than risk of <a href="/wiki/Failure_to_appear" title="Failure to appear">failure to appear</a> in court, judges overwhelmingly rely only on cash bail and commercial bail bonds instead of other forms of bail, and courts rarely inquire into the defendant's financial resources to understand what amount of bail might be securable by them.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Felony_indictment">Felony indictment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Criminal_Court&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Felony indictment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For those accused of a <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a>, their case is sent to a court part where felony cases await the action of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_jury" title="Grand jury">grand jury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the grand jury finds that there is enough evidence that the accused has committed a crime, it may file an <a href="/wiki/Indictment" title="Indictment">indictment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the accused waives their right to a grand jury, the prosecutor will file a Superior Court Information (SCI).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the grand jury votes an indictment, the case will be transferred from Criminal Court to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court" title="New York Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a> for another arraignment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This arraignment is similar to the arraignment in Criminal Court, and if the accused does not submit a guilty plea, the case will be adjourned to a calendar part.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Felony defendants must be released on <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Laws_of_New_York" title="Consolidated Laws of New York">CPL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CPL/180.80">§ 180.80</a> day if they haven't been indicted, which is to say that unless a grand jury has indicted the defendant and a hearing has commenced within 120 hours/5 days (with an additional 24 hours allowed for weekends and holidays, i.e., 144 hours/6 days), or proof that the indictment was voted within 120 hours, and unless the delay was due to a request of the defendant, and absent a compelling reason for the prosecution's delay, the defendant must be released on their own recognizance (ROR'd).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCLA201121–23_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYCLA201121–23-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CPL180.80_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPL180.80-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-trial">Pre-trial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Criminal_Court&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Line_at_NYC_summons_courthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Line_at_NYC_summons_courthouse.jpg/220px-Line_at_NYC_summons_courthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Line_at_NYC_summons_courthouse.jpg/330px-Line_at_NYC_summons_courthouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Line_at_NYC_summons_courthouse.jpg/440px-Line_at_NYC_summons_courthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A line outside the summons court on <a href="/wiki/346_Broadway" class="mw-redirect" title="346 Broadway">346 Broadway</a> in Manhattan</figcaption></figure> <p>A bail review in Supreme Court may be requested by misdemeanor defendants who cannot make bail at the <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Laws_of_New_York" title="Consolidated Laws of New York">CPL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CPL/170.70">§ 170.70</a> day appearance (the five- to six-day deadline for conversion of a complaint to an information), normally to be scheduled three business days after the appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government must be ready for trial within 6 months for a felony, 90 days for a class A misdemeanor, 60 days for a class B misdemeanor, and within 30 days for a violation, subject to excluded periods (ready rule).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCLA201159–60_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYCLA201159–60-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CPL30.30_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPL30.30-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A defendant must be released on bail or ROR'd if they are in jail after a specified time of pretrial detention (bail review): within 90 days for a felony, within 30 days for an at-least-3-months misdemeanor, within 15 days for a maximum-3-months misdemeanor, and within 5 days for a violation, subject to excluded periods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCLA201159–60_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYCLA201159–60-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CPL30.30_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPL30.30-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Plea_bargain" title="Plea bargain">Plea bargain</a> negotiations take place in the AP Parts prior to the case being in a trial-ready posture, and depending upon caseloads, the judges in the AP Parts may conduct pre-trial and felony motion hearings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201337_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201337-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common pre-trial <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_evidence" title="Suppression of evidence">evidence suppression</a> hearings are <i><a href="/wiki/Mapp_v._Ohio" title="Mapp v. Ohio">Mapp</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Search_warrant" title="Search warrant">warrantless searches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">probable cause</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Dunaway_v._New_York" title="Dunaway v. New York">Dunaway</a></i> (confessions), <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_v._Huntley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People v. Huntley (page does not exist)">Huntley</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Miranda_warning" title="Miranda warning">Miranda rights</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wade" title="United States v. Wade">Wade</a></i> (identification evidence like <a href="/wiki/Police_lineup" title="Police lineup">lineups</a>), and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_v._Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People v. Johnson (page does not exist)">Johnson</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Terry_stop" title="Terry stop"><i>Terry</i> stops</a>) hearings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCLA201167–71_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYCLA201167–71-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trial Parts also conduct pre-trial motion hearings, including <i><a href="/wiki/People_v._Sandoval" title="People v. Sandoval">Sandoval</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Witness_impeachment" title="Witness impeachment">witness impeachment</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Molineux_hearing" title="Molineux hearing">Molineux</a></i> (admissibility of prior uncharged crimes) hearings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201348_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201348-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once pretrial hearings are completed, the case is considered ready for trial and will usually be transferred to a courtroom that specializes in handling trials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trial">Trial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Criminal_Court&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In New York State, only those individuals charged with a serious crime, defined as one where the defendant faces more than six months in jail, are entitled to a <a href="/wiki/Jury_trial" title="Jury trial">jury trial</a>; those defendants facing six months' incarceration or less are entitled to a <a href="/wiki/Bench_trial" title="Bench trial">bench trial</a> before a judge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201348_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201348-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defendants in summons court may waive their right to a trial before a judge and have the trial held by a judicial hearing officer.<sup id="cite_ref-disparities_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-disparities-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YouthRepresent_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YouthRepresent-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poor_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poor-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appeal">Appeal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Criminal_Court&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Appeal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Appeals are to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Appellate_Terms_of_the_New_York_Supreme_Court&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appellate Terms of the New York Supreme Court (page does not exist)">Appellate Terms of the New York Supreme Court</a>, established separately in the First Department (Manhattan and the Bronx) and Second Department (Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island) of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court,_Appellate_Division" title="New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division">Appellate Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYSBA_2014_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYSBA_2014-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Criminal_Court&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several specialized parts of the Criminal Court which handle specific subject areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summons_court">Summons court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Criminal_Court&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Summons court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYC-summons-redesign.pdf%3Fpage%3D2" title="File:NYC-summons-redesign.pdf?page=2"><img resource="/wiki/File:NYC-summons-redesign.pdf?page=2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/NYC-summons-redesign.pdf/page2-220px-NYC-summons-redesign.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/NYC-summons-redesign.pdf/page2-330px-NYC-summons-redesign.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/NYC-summons-redesign.pdf/page2-440px-NYC-summons-redesign.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>A sample specimen of an old Criminal Court summons</figcaption></figure> <p>The Summons All Purpose Part (SAP) hears cases brought to court by universal summonses issued by law enforcement personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-People_v_Vial_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-People_v_Vial-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Summons court handles low-level offenses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201331_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201331-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_summons_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_summons-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defendants may waive their right to a trial before a judge and have the trial held by a judicial hearing officer.<sup id="cite_ref-disparities_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-disparities-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YouthRepresent_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YouthRepresent-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poor_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poor-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The District Attorney does not staff the SAP Part.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCLA20114_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYCLA20114-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-People_v_Vial_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-People_v_Vial-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">NYPD</a>'s Legal Bureau has a memorandum of understanding with the <a href="/wiki/New_York_County_District_Attorney" title="New York County District Attorney">Manhattan District Attorney</a> allowing the NYPD to selectively prosecute summons court cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Pinto_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinto-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The summons court is sometimes called the "People's Court" because Criminal Court judges routinely authorize summonses and informations based upon the sworn allegations of private citizens who seek redress for criminal acts against them, and the entire proceeding is generally one of private or court-conducted trial.<sup id="cite_ref-People_v_Vial_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-People_v_Vial-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Problem-solving_courts">Problem-solving courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Criminal_Court&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Problem-solving courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The state court system has a number of problem-solving courts.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Community_Court" title="Midtown Community Court">Midtown Community Court</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Community_court" title="Community court">community court</a> which arraigns defendants who are arrested in the <a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen,_Manhattan" title="Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan">Hell's Kitchen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Manhattan" title="Chelsea, Manhattan">Chelsea</a> neighborhoods and charged with any non-felony offense.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201353_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201353-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Red_Hook_Community_Justice_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Hook Community Justice Center">Red Hook Community Justice Center</a> is a multi-jurisdictional community court in <a href="/wiki/Red_Hook,_Brooklyn" title="Red Hook, Brooklyn">Red Hook, Brooklyn</a>, for example hearing family, civil and criminal "quality of life" cases, as well as youth court, and uses mediation, restitution, community service orders and drug treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201353_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201353-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Criminal Court operates domestic violence or "DV" courts within every county.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201347_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201347-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domestic violence courts are forums that focus on crimes related to domestic violence and abuse and improving the administration of justice surrounding these types of crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201347_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201347-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan and Queens operates DV Complexes, which include an All-Purpose Part and Trial Parts dedicated to adjudicating these types of crimes, while in Richmond all DV cases are heard in the regular AP Part.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201347_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201347-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Criminal_Court&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Defendants arraigned on felony or misdemeanor complaints are initially arraigned in the arraignment part of the Criminal Court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201318–19_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201318–19-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The all-purpose or "AP" parts are the motion parts of the Criminal Court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201337_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201337-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plea bargain negotiations take place in these courtrooms prior to the case being in a trial-ready posture, and depending upon caseloads the judges in the AP Parts may conduct pre-trial hearings, felony hearings, and bench trials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201337_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201337-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Criminal Court has preliminary jurisdiction over felony cases filed in New York City, and retains jurisdiction of the felony cases until a grand jury hears the case and indicts the defendant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201342_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201342-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defendants charged with felonies are arraigned in the Criminal Court arraignment parts and cases are then usually sent to a felony waiver part to await grand jury action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201342_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201342-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Felony waiver parts are staffed by Criminal Court judges designated as Acting Supreme Court Justices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201342_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201342-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Felony waiver parts also hear motions, bail applications, and extradition matters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201342_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201342-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trial Parts in the Criminal Court handle most of the trials, although some trials are conducted in the AP parts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201348_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201348-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Criminal_Court&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_York_(state)#Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of New York (state)">Judiciary of New York (state) § Administration</a></div> <p>The court is supervised by an Administrator, or Administrative Judge if a judge.<sup id="cite_ref-admin_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-admin-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Deputy Chief Administrator for the New York City Courts, or Deputy Chief Administrative Judge if a judge, is responsible for overseeing the day-to-day operations of the trial-level courts located in New York City, and works with the Administrator of the Criminal Court in order to allocate and assign judicial and nonjudicial personnel resources to meet the needs and goals of those courts.<sup id="cite_ref-administration_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-administration-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Criminal Court Administrator is assisted by Supervising Judges who are responsible in the on-site management of the trial courts, including court caseloads, personnel, and budget administration, and each manage a particular type of court within a county or judicial district.<sup id="cite_ref-admin_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-admin-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief clerk assists the administrators in carrying out their responsibilities for supervising the day-to-day operations of the trial courts.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Criminal Court Act made the City responsible for costs for personnel etc.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court is not included in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Courts_Electronic_Filing_System" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Courts Electronic Filing System">New York State Courts Electronic Filing System</a> (NYSCEF). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of New York (state)">New York State<br />Unified Court System</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_Unified_Court_System_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/New_York_Unified_Court_System_seal.svg/100px-New_York_Unified_Court_System_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/New_York_Unified_Court_System_seal.svg/150px-New_York_Unified_Court_System_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/New_York_Unified_Court_System_seal.svg/200px-New_York_Unified_Court_System_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals" title="New York Court of Appeals">Court of Appeals</a> (highest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court,_Appellate_Division" title="New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division">Appellate Division</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Supreme_Court,_Appellate_Division,_First_Department" title="New York State Supreme Court, Appellate Division, First Department">1st</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Supreme_Court,_Appellate_Division,_Second_Department" title="New York State Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Second Department">2nd</a>, 3rd, <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Supreme_Court,_Appellate_Division,_Fourth_Department" title="New York State Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Fourth Department">4th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court" title="New York Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a> (1st level)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_county_courts" title="New York county courts">County Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_district_courts" title="New York district courts">District Court</a></li> <li>New York City: <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Civil_Court" title="New York City Civil Court">Civil</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Criminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_justice_courts" title="New York justice courts">Justice courts</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <p>Specialized </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Claims" title="New York Court of Claims">Court of Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Surrogate%27s_Court" title="New York Surrogate's Court">Surrogate's Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Family_Court" title="New York Family Court">Family Court</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_York_State_Judiciary" title="Template:New York State Judiciary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_York_State_Judiciary" title="Template talk:New York State Judiciary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_York_State_Judiciary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New York State Judiciary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature" title="New York State Legislature">State Legislature</a>, the Senate <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nysenate.gov/committees/judiciary">Judiciary</a> and Assembly <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyassembly.gov/comm/?id=24">Judiciary</a> standing committees conduct <a href="/wiki/Legislative_oversight" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative oversight">legislative oversight</a>, budget advocacy, and otherwise report <a href="/wiki/Bill_(law)" title="Bill (law)">bills</a> on the judicial branch, both state and local courts.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Bar_Association" title="New York City Bar Association">City Bar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nycbar.org/member-and-career-services/committees/criminal-courts-committee">Criminal Courts Committee</a> studies the workings of the criminal courts, while the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nycbar.org/member-and-career-services/committees/criminal-justice-operations-committee">Criminal Justice Operations Committee</a> analyzes the criminal justice system more broadly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnel">Personnel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Criminal_Court&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Personnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_York_(state)#Personnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of New York (state)">Judiciary of New York (state) § Personnel</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judges">Judges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Criminal_Court&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Judges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New York City Criminal Court judges are appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">Mayor of New York City</a> to 10-year terms from a list of candidates submitted by the Mayor's Advisory Committee on the Judiciary.<sup id="cite_ref-guide1999p4_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide1999p4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-howto_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howto-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mayor's Advisory Committee is composed of up to nineteen members, all of whom are volunteers and are appointed with the Mayor's approval: the Mayor selects nine members; the Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals nominates four members; the Presiding Justices of the Appellate Divisions of the Supreme Court for the First and Second Judicial Departments each nominate two members; and deans of the law schools within New York City, on an annual rotating basis, each nominate one member.<sup id="cite_ref-howto_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howto-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Committee on the Judiciary of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Bar_Association" title="New York City Bar Association">New York City Bar Association</a>, in conjunction with the county bar association in the relevant county, investigates and evaluates the qualifications of all candidates for judicial office in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-howto_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howto-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once a judge is appointed by the Mayor to the Criminal Court, they can be transferred from one court to another by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Court_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Office of Court Administration">Office of Court Administration</a>, and after two years' service in the lower courts, they may be designated by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Administrator_of_the_Courts" title="Chief Administrator of the Courts">Chief Administrator of the Courts</a> as an Acting Supreme Court Justice with the same jurisdiction as a Supreme Court Justice upon consultation and agreement with the presiding justice of the appropriate Appellate Division.<sup id="cite_ref-selection_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-selection-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mayor may appoint 107 Criminal Court judges, but only about 73 to 74 currently work in Criminal Court: 46 of these are mayorally appointed Criminal Court judges, and the remaining 27 are Civil Court judges (some elected and some mayorally appointed) assigned to Criminal Court; the other approximately 60 mayorally appointed Criminal Court judges have been designated Acting Supreme Court judges to sit in Supreme Court hearing felony cases.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-need_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-need-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_hearing_officers">Judicial hearing officers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Criminal_Court&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Judicial hearing officers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Judicial hearing officers (JHOs) adjudicate most summons court (SAP Part) cases, assist in compliance parts in domestic violence cases, and in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court" title="New York Supreme Court">New York Supreme Court</a> monitor substance abuse program defendants, conduct pre-trial suppression hearings and make recommended findings of fact and law to sitting judges.<sup id="cite_ref-disparities_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-disparities-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCLA20113,_6_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYCLA20113,_6-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JHOs are appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Administrator_of_the_Courts" title="Chief Administrator of the Courts">Chief Administrator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCLA20116_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYCLA20116-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attorneys">Attorneys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Criminal_Court&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Attorneys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By law, the city must provide criminal representation by any combination of a public defender, legal aid society, and/or panel of qualified lawyers (pursuant to <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Laws_of_New_York" title="Consolidated Laws of New York">County Law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CNT/A18-B">Article 18-B</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Legal_Aid_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal Aid Society">Legal Aid Society</a> is contracted as the city's primary provider of <a href="/wiki/Legal_aid_in_the_United_States" title="Legal aid in the United States">criminal legal aid</a>, along with <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_County_Defender_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York County Defender Services (page does not exist)">New York County Defender Services</a> in Manhattan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Defender_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brooklyn Defender Services (page does not exist)">Brooklyn Defender Services</a> in Brooklyn, <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx_Defenders" title="The Bronx Defenders">The Bronx Defenders</a> in the Bronx, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Queens_Defenders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Queens Defenders (page does not exist)">Queens Defenders</a> in Queens, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neighborhood_Defender_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neighborhood Defender Service (page does not exist)">Neighborhood Defender Service</a> in northern Manhattan.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a comparison of relative activity in 2009, legal aid societies handled 290,251 cases of which 568 went to trial, whereas 18-B lawyers represented 42,212 defendants of which 623 went to trial.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The District Attorney does not staff the summons court (SAP Part), and the summons court proceedings are generally one of a private or court-conducted trial.<sup id="cite_ref-People_v_Vial_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-People_v_Vial-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> District attorneys are legally permitted to delegate the prosecution of petty crimes or offenses, and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">NYPD</a>'s Legal Bureau has a memorandum of understanding with the district attorneys, at least in Manhattan, allowing the NYPD to selectively prosecute summons court cases.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pinto_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinto-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis_and_criticism">Analysis and criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Criminal_Court&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Analysis and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Court of Appeals ruled in 1991 that most people arrested must be released if they are not arraigned within 24 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-twentyfour1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twentyfour1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-twentyfour2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twentyfour2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, for the first time since 2001, the average time it took to arraign defendants fell below 24 hours in all five boroughs.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But there have been accusations of systematic trial delays,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially with regards to the <a href="/wiki/Stop-and-frisk_in_New_York_City" title="Stop-and-frisk in New York City">New York City stop-and-frisk program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-noguarantee_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noguarantee-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of more than 11,000 misdemeanor cases pending in 2012 in the Bronx, there were 300 misdemeanor trials.<sup id="cite_ref-noguarantee_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noguarantee-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bronx criminal courts were responsible for more than half of the cases in New York City's criminal courts that were over two years old, and for two-thirds of the defendants waiting for their trials in jail for more than five years.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, councilman <a href="/wiki/Rory_Lancman" title="Rory Lancman">Rory Lancman</a>, noting that only about half of the about 107 appointed Criminal Court judges currently serve because the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Administrator_of_the_Courts" title="Chief Administrator of the Courts">Chief Administrative Judge</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Court_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Office of Court Administration">Office of Court Administration</a> have transferred them to Supreme Court to hear felony cases, said major reasons for the backlogs were a shortage of judges, court officers and courtrooms; a haphazard discovery process that frustrates timely plea deal negotiations; and a speedy trial statute unique to New York that allows the parties to game the system.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-need_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-need-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board" title="Editorial board">editorial board</a> has criticized the Criminal Court judges for rarely excusing defendants from having to show up at every court appearance, as allowed by law, instead requiring them "to return to court every several weeks and spend all day waiting for their cases to be called, only to be told that the proceedings are being put off for another month ... [meaning] these defendants miss work, lose wages and in some cases their jobs."<sup id="cite_ref-Dickensian_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickensian-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New York City's use of <a href="/wiki/Remand_(detention)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remand (detention)">remand</a> (pre-trial detention) has also been criticized.<sup id="cite_ref-bail_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bail-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost without exception, New York judges only set two kinds of <a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">bail</a> at arraignment, straight cash or commercial bail bond, while other options exist such as partially secured bonds, which only require a tenth of the full amount as a <a href="/wiki/Down_payment" title="Down payment">down payment</a> to the court (and presumably refunded when redeemed), and unsecured bonds, which don't require any up front payment.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bail_is_busted_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bail_is_busted-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Criminal_Justice_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York City Criminal Justice Agency (page does not exist)">New York City Criminal Justice Agency</a> has stated that only 44 percent of defendants offered bail are released before their case concludes.<sup id="cite_ref-bail_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bail-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report by <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> found that among defendants arrested in New York City in 2008 on nonfelony charges who had bail set at $1,000 or less, 87 percent were jailed because they were unable to post the bail amount at their <a href="/wiki/Arraignment" title="Arraignment">arraignment</a>, and that 39 percent of the city's jail population consisted of pre-trial detainees who were in jail because they had not posted bail.<sup id="cite_ref-bail_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bail-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report by the <a href="/wiki/Vera_Institute_of_Justice" title="Vera Institute of Justice">Vera Institute of Justice</a> concluded that, in Manhattan, black and Latino defendants were more likely to be held in jail before trial and more likely to be offered plea bargains that include a prison sentence than whites and Asians charged with the same crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is said that excessive pre-trial detention and the accompanying systematic trial delays are used to pressure defendants to accept <a href="/wiki/Plea_bargaining_in_the_United_States" title="Plea bargaining in the United States">plea bargains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bail_is_busted_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bail_is_busted-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanBloustein201684_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmanBloustein201684-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2014 it was reported that <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>'s change to a more wealthy, more Caucasian population has had a negative effect for defendants in the criminal cases of Brooklyn, which is largely composed of minorities, and reductions in awards in civil cases. It was called the <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Brooklyn" title="Williamsburg, Brooklyn">Williamsburg</a> effect because of that neighborhood's gentrification. Brooklyn defense lawyer Julie Clark said that these new jurors are "much more trusting of police." Another lawyer, Arthur Aidala said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Now, the grand juries have more law-and-order types in there. ... People who can afford to live in Brooklyn now don't have the experience of police officers throwing them against cars and searching them. A person who just moves here from Wisconsin or Wyoming, they can't relate to [that]. It doesn't sound credible to them.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Brooklyn district attorney <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_P._Thompson" title="Kenneth P. Thompson">Kenneth P. Thompson</a> had argued that most people don't understand how summons court operates, resulting in missed court dates and automatic bench warrants; that the omission of race and ethnicity information on the summons form should be remedied, to provide statistics of summons recipients; that poor access to public defenders by indigent persons in summons courts raises serious due process concerns; and that the city needs to overhaul its summons system, to handle quality-of-life infractions better and in a timely manner.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_summons_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_summons-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Criminal_Court&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Court_of_Special_Sessions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York City Court of Special Sessions (page does not exist)">New York City Court of Special Sessions</a> was created in 1744, from a court created in 1732.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The New York County <a href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_General_Sessions" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Court of General Sessions">Court of General Sessions</a> tried felonies as a county court, whereas Bronx, Kings, Queens, and Richmond counties had a regular <a href="/wiki/New_York_County_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="New York County Court">County Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-actual-government_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actual-government-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-suggestions_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suggestions-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) In 1848 the city Police Courts or Magistrates' Courts were created, elected within six districts.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1910 both city courts were reconstituted after the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Greater_New_York" title="City of Greater New York">city's consolidation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court of Special Sessions tried misdemeanors like other cities' <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_police_courts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York police courts (page does not exist)">police courts</a>, and the Magistrates' Courts tried petty criminal cases.<sup id="cite_ref-actual-government_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actual-government-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Criminal Court was established effective 1 September 1962 by the New York City Criminal Court Act of the <a href="/wiki/173rd_New_York_State_Legislature" title="173rd New York State Legislature">173rd New York State Legislature</a> and Governor <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a>, replacing the City Magistrates' Courts and the Court of Special Sessions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECriminal_Court_Act_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECriminal_Court_Act-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The work and personnel of the New York County Court of General Sessions, and the County Court in Bronx, Kings, Queens, and Richmond counties, were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court" title="New York Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a>.) </p><p>In 1969–1970, extrajudicial <a href="/wiki/Administrative_court" title="Administrative court">administrative courts</a> were created to offload a large volume of cases from the Criminal Court: the state DMV <a href="/wiki/Traffic_Violations_Bureau" title="Traffic Violations Bureau">Traffic Violations Bureau</a> (TVB), which adjudicates non-parking <a href="/wiki/Traffic_court" title="Traffic court">traffic violations</a>, and the city DOF <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Parking_Violations_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Parking Violations Bureau">Parking Violations Bureau</a>, which adjudicates parking violations.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the state had created Narcotics Parts (N Parts) in the city's Supreme Court in 1971,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1993 the Criminal Court implemented its first <a href="/wiki/Problem-solving_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Problem-solving court">problem-solving court</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Community_Court" title="Midtown Community Court">Midtown Community Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manhattan_courthouse">Manhattan courthouse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Criminal_Court&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Manhattan courthouse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Criminal Courthouse building is a 17-story <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a>-style building at 100 Centre Street in lower Manhattan designed by Wiley Corbett and Charles B. Meyers, and constructed from 1938-41. It was built on the site of the 1894 Criminal Courthouse and the original <a href="/wiki/The_Tombs" title="The Tombs">Tombs</a> prison.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Criminal_Court&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1980's sitcom <i><a href="/wiki/Night_Court" title="Night Court">Night Court</a></i> was inspired by the evening court sessions held in the Criminal Courthouse building in Manhattan from 5:00 pm to 1:00 am; however, the exterior of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_County_Courthouse" title="New York County Courthouse">New York County Courthouse</a> is shown in the show's opening sequence. </p><p>Tourists sometimes view the evening sessions from the public galleries.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Criminal_Court&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Civil_Court" title="New York City Civil Court">New York City Civil Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_York_City" title="Government of New York City">Government of New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_New_York_(state)" title="Law of New York (state)">Law of New York (state)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Criminal_Court&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-guide1999p4-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guide1999p4_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide1999p4_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023432/http://nycourts.gov/reports/ctstrct99.pdf"><i>The New York State Courts: An Introductory Guide</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Court_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Office of Court Administration">New York State Office of Court Administration</a>. 2000. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/68710274">68710274</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nycourts.gov/reports/ctstrct99.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+York+State+Courts%3A+An+Introductory+Guide&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=New+York+State+Office+of+Court+Administration&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F68710274&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnycourts.gov%2Freports%2Fctstrct99.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023432/http://nycourts.gov/reports/ctstrct99.pdf"><i>The New York State Courts: An Introductory Guide</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Court_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Office of Court Administration">New York State Office of Court Administration</a>. 2010. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/668081412">668081412</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nycourts.gov/reports/ctstrct99.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+York+State+Courts%3A+An+Introductory+Guide&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=New+York+State+Office+of+Court+Administration&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F668081412&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnycourts.gov%2Freports%2Fctstrct99.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York City Criminal Court Act § <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CRC/20">20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-administration-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-administration_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-administration_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycourts.gov/admin/execofficers.shtml">"Administration of The Unified Court System"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Court_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Office of Court Administration">New York State Office of Court Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Administration+of+The+Unified+Court+System&rft.pub=New+York+State+Office+of+Court+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycourts.gov%2Fadmin%2Fexecofficers.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYCBA_and_NYCLA1993_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNYCBA_and_NYCLA1993">NYCBA and NYCLA 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twentyfour1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twentyfour1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twentyfour1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Parading+of+Suspects+Is+Evolving+Tradition%3B+Halted+After+a+Judge%27s+Ruling%2C+%27Perp+Walks%27+Are+Likely+to+Be+Revived%E2%80%94in+Some+Form&rft.date=1999-02-27&rft.aulast=Harden&rft.aufirst=Blaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F02%2F27%2Fnyregion%2Fparading-suspects-evolving-tradition-halted-after-judge-s-ruling-perp-walks-are.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_history_story-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_history_story_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2011" class="citation news cs1">Roberts, Sam (May 19, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/05/19/the-pros-cons-and-checkered-history-of-the-perp-walk">"An American Rite: Suspects on Parade (Bring a Raincoat)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Problem+Solving+Courts+Overview&rft.pub=New+York+State+Office+of+Court+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycourts.gov%2Fcourts%2Fproblem_solving%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycourts.gov/courts/nyc/criminal/specialprojects.shtml">"New York City Criminal Court - Special Projects"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Court_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Office of Court Administration">New York State Office of Court Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2014</span>. <q>The Midtown Community Court, part of the Criminal Court of the City of New York, arraigns defendants who are arrested in Times Square, Clinton and Chelsea areas of the city and charged with any non-felony offense.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+York+City+Criminal+Court+-+Special+Projects&rft.pub=New+York+State+Office+of+Court+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycourts.gov%2Fcourts%2Fnyc%2Fcriminal%2Fspecialprojects.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201353-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201353_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201353_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnnual_Report2013">Annual Report 2013</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakesWinstone2013" class="citation book cs1">Pakes, Francis; Winstone, Jane (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gm1Y2YP4cngC&pg=PA1977">"Community justice: the smell of fresh bread"</a>. <i>Community Justice: Issues for probation and criminal justice</i>. <a href="/wiki/Willan_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Willan Publishing">Willan Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84392-128-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84392-128-8"><bdi>978-1-84392-128-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Community+justice%3A+the+smell+of+fresh+bread&rft.btitle=Community+Justice%3A+Issues+for+probation+and+criminal+justice&rft.pub=Willan+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84392-128-8&rft.aulast=Pakes&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft.au=Winstone%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGm1Y2YP4cngC%26pg%3DPA1977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201347-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201347_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201347_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201347_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnnual_Report2013">Annual Report 2013</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201318–19-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201318–19_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnnual_Report2013">Annual Report 2013</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201342-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201342_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201342_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201342_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnual_Report201342_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnnual_Report2013">Annual Report 2013</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-admin-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-admin_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-admin_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycourts.gov/admin/directory.shtml">"Court Administration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Court_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Office of Court Administration">New York State Office of Court Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Court+Administration+-+Local+Administrators&rft.pub=New+York+State+Office+of+Court+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycourts.gov%2Fadmin%2Flocal-admin.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNYS_Executive_Department1962" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Executive_Department" title="New York State Executive Department">NYS Executive Department</a> (24 April 1962), "Form B-201 Budget Report on Bills", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nysl.ptfs.com/aw-server/rest/product/purl/NYSL/i/9846988c-9b0c-4fda-9dbf-d70ff2b40466"><i>New York State bill jackets - L-1962-CH-0697</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Library" title="New York State Library">New York State Library</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Form+B-201+Budget+Report+on+Bills&rft.btitle=New+York+State+bill+jackets+-+L-1962-CH-0697&rft.pub=New+York+State+Library&rft.date=1962-04-24&rft.au=NYS+Executive+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnysl.ptfs.com%2Faw-server%2Frest%2Fproduct%2Fpurl%2FNYSL%2Fi%2F9846988c-9b0c-4fda-9dbf-d70ff2b40466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNYS_Senate_Standing_Committee_on_Judiciary2024" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Senate" title="New York State Senate">NYS Senate Standing Committee on Judiciary</a> (21 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nysenate.gov/open-data/2023-judiciary-committee-annual-report">2023 Judiciary Committee Annual Report</a> (Report). New York State Senate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=2023+Judiciary+Committee+Annual+Report&rft.pub=New+York+State+Senate&rft.date=2024-02-21&rft.au=NYS+Senate+Standing+Committee+on+Judiciary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nysenate.gov%2Fopen-data%2F2023-judiciary-committee-annual-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNYS_Assembly_Standing_Committee_on_Judicary2022" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">NYS Assembly Standing Committee on Judicary</a> (15 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyassembly.gov/annualreports/?sec=story&story=107750">2022 Annual Report of the New York State Standing Committee on Judiciary</a> (Report). New York State Assembly.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=2022+Annual+Report+of+the+New+York+State+Standing+Committee+on+Judiciary&rft.pub=New+York+State+Assembly&rft.date=2022-12-15&rft.au=NYS+Assembly+Standing+Committee+on+Judicary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyassembly.gov%2Fannualreports%2F%3Fsec%3Dstory%26story%3D107750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-howto-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-howto_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-howto_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-howto_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_City_Bar_Association_Special_Committee_to_Encourage_Judicial_Service2012" class="citation book cs1"><a 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York City Criminal Court Act § 22(2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-selection-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-selection_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_City_Bar_Association_Council_on_Judicial_Administration2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Bar_Association" title="New York City Bar Association">New York City Bar Association</a> Council on Judicial Administration (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.nycbar.org/pdf/report/uploads/20072672-GuidetoJudicialSelectionMethodsinNewYork.pdf"><i>Judicial Selection Methods in the State of New York: A Guide to Understanding and Getting Involved in the Selection Process</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a 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class="citation news cs1">Trangle, Sarina (March 1, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cityandstateny.com/articles/politics/new-york-city/council-presses-de-blasio-administration-to-reduce-delays-in-criminal-court.html">"Council presses de Blasio administration to reduce delays in criminal court"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/City_%26_State" title="City & State">City & State</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=City+%26+State&rft.atitle=Council+presses+de+Blasio+administration+to+reduce+delays+in+criminal+court&rft.date=2016-03-01&rft.aulast=Trangle&rft.aufirst=Sarina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcityandstateny.com%2Farticles%2Fpolitics%2Fnew-york-city%2Fcouncil-presses-de-blasio-administration-to-reduce-delays-in-criminal-court.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-need-59"><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Chronic+Bronx+Court+Delays+Deny+Defendants+Due+Process%2C+Suit+Says&rft.date=2016-05-10&rft.aulast=Weiser&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=McKinley+Jr.%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F05%2F11%2Fnyregion%2Fchronic-bronx-court-delays-deny-defendants-due-process-suit-says.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bail-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bail_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bail_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bail_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuettner2013" class="citation news cs1">Buettner, Russ (5 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/06/nyregion/judge-jonathan-lippman-seeks-to-overhaul-bail-process.html">"Top Judge Says Bail in New York Isn't Safe or Fair"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Top+Judge+Says+Bail+in+New+York+Isn%27t+Safe+or+Fair&rft.date=2013-02-05&rft.aulast=Buettner&rft.aufirst=Russ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F02%2F06%2Fnyregion%2Fjudge-jonathan-lippman-seeks-to-overhaul-bail-process.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Procedure_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Procedure Law">Criminal Procedure Law</a> § 520.10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bail_is_busted-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bail_is_busted_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bail_is_busted_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinto2012" class="citation news cs1">Pinto, Nick (25 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.villagevoice.com/news/bail-is-busted-how-jail-really-works-6434704">"Bail is Busted: How Jail Really Works"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Village+Voice&rft.atitle=Bail+is+Busted%3A+How+Jail+Really+Works&rft.date=2012-04-25&rft.aulast=Pinto&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.villagevoice.com%2Fnews%2Fbail-is-busted-how-jail-really-works-6434704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Editorial_Board2015" class="citation news cs1">The Editorial Board (10 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/10/opinion/trapped-by-new-yorks-bail-system.html">"Trapped by New York's Bail System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Trapped+by+New+York%27s+Bail+System&rft.date=2015-07-10&rft.au=The+Editorial+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F07%2F10%2Fopinion%2Ftrapped-by-new-yorks-bail-system.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/12/03/new-york-city-bail-penalizes-poor">"New York City: Bail Penalizes the Poor: Thousands Accused of Minor Crimes Spend Time in Pretrial Detention"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights 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title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-718-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-718-5"><bdi>978-1-56432-718-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Price+of+Freedom%3A+Bail+and+Pretrial+Detention+of+Low+Income+Nonfelony+Defendants+in+New+York+City&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-56432-718-5&rft.aulast=Fellner&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnode%2F94581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinley_Jr.2014" class="citation news cs1">McKinley Jr., James C. (8 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/09/nyregion/09race.html">"Study Finds Racial Disparity in Criminal Prosecutions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Study+Finds+Racial+Disparity+in+Criminal+Prosecutions&rft.date=2014-07-08&rft.aulast=McKinley+Jr.&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F07%2F09%2Fnyregion%2F09race.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonnerman2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Gonnerman, Jennifer (6 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/10/06/law-3">"Before the Law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Before+the+Law&rft.date=2014-10-06&rft.aulast=Gonnerman&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2014%2F10%2F06%2Flaw-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2014/10/1/accused_of_stealing_a_backpack_high">"Accused of Stealing a Backpack, High School Student Jailed for Nearly Three Years Without Trial"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i>. 1 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democracy+Now%21&rft.atitle=Accused+of+Stealing+a+Backpack%2C+High+School+Student+Jailed+for+Nearly+Three+Years+Without+Trial&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2014%2F10%2F1%2Faccused_of_stealing_a_backpack_high&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooklyn_Defender_Services2015" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Defender_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brooklyn Defender Services (page does not exist)">Brooklyn Defender Services</a> (8 August 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bds.org/wp-content/uploads/BDS-MOS-S5988-A8296-Kaliefs-Law2.pdf"><i>Memorandum of Support: S5988 (Squadron) / A7841 (Aubry) 'Kalief's Law'<span></span></i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <q>It is an open secret that prosecutors use pre-trial detention to extract plea agreements involving admissions of guilt from defendants.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorandum+of+Support%3A+S5988+%28Squadron%29+%2F+A7841+%28Aubry%29+%27Kalief%27s+Law%27&rft.date=2015-08-08&rft.au=Brooklyn+Defender+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbds.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FBDS-MOS-S5988-A8296-Kaliefs-Law2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmanBloustein201684-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanBloustein201684_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeldmanBloustein2016">Feldman & Bloustein 2016</a>, p. 84.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFFeldmanBloustein2016 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaul2014" class="citation news cs1">Saul, Josh (16 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2014/06/16/brooklyn-gentrification-is-changing-juries-who-decide-cases/">"When Brooklyn juries gentrify, defendants lose"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Post&rft.atitle=When+Brooklyn+juries+gentrify%2C+defendants+lose&rft.date=2014-06-16&rft.aulast=Saul&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnypost.com%2F2014%2F06%2F16%2Fbrooklyn-gentrification-is-changing-juries-who-decide-cases%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.319510021585399?urlappend=%3Bseq=387">"An Act for the Speedy Punishing & Releasing Such persons from Imprisonment as Shall Commit any Criminal Offences in the City and County of New York under the Degree of Grand Larceny"</a>. <i>The Colonial Laws of New York from the Year 1664 to the Revolution</i>. Vol. 3. 1894. pp. 379–381. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fumn.319510021585399">2027/umn.319510021585399</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/28028259">28028259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Act+for+the+Speedy+Punishing+%26+Releasing+Such+persons+from+Imprisonment+as+Shall+Commit+any+Criminal+Offences+in+the+City+and+County+of+New+York+under+the+Degree+of+Grand+Larceny&rft.btitle=The+Colonial+Laws+of+New+York+from+the+Year+1664+to+the+Revolution&rft.pages=379-381&rft.date=1894&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fumn.319510021585399&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F28028259&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fumn.319510021585399%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span> Chapter 767 of Livingston & Smith and Van Schaack, enacted 1 September 1744.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_City_Board_of_Aldermen1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Aldermen" title="New York City Board of Aldermen">New York City Board of Aldermen</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0vpEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA793"><i>Proceedings of the Board of Aldermen of the City of New York from January 2 to March 28, 1911</i></a>. Vol. 1. p. 793.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Board+of+Aldermen+of+the+City+of+New+York+from+January+2+to+March+28%2C+1911&rft.pages=793&rft.date=1911&rft.au=New+York+City+Board+of+Aldermen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0vpEAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-actual-government-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-actual-government_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-actual-government_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoynton1918" class="citation book cs1">Boynton, Frank David (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/actualgovernmen00boyngoog"><i>Actual Government of New York: A Manual of the Local, Municipal, State and Federal Government for Use in Public and Private Schools of New York State</i></a>. Ginn and Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/actualgovernmen00boyngoog/page/n92">68</a>–71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Actual+Government+of+New+York%3A+A+Manual+of+the+Local%2C+Municipal%2C+State+and+Federal+Government+for+Use+in+Public+and+Private+Schools+of+New+York+State&rft.pages=68-71&rft.pub=Ginn+and+Company&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Boynton&rft.aufirst=Frank+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Factualgovernmen00boyngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suggestions-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suggestions_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YocoAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA127">"Suggestions for Relieving Congestion in the Criminal Courts of New York City"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Criminal_Law_and_Criminology" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology">The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology</a></i>. Vol. 13: May 1922–February 1923. <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University_Press" title="Northwestern University Press">Northwestern University Press</a>. 1922. pp. 127–135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Suggestions+for+Relieving+Congestion+in+the+Criminal+Courts+of+New+York+City&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+Criminal+Law+and+Criminology&rft.pages=127-135&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYocoAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b4375252?urlappend=%3Bseq=261">"An Act in relation to Justices and Police Courts in the city of New York"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_New_York" title="Laws of New York">Laws of New York</a></i>. Vol. <a href="/wiki/71st_New_York_State_Legislature" title="71st New York State Legislature">71st sess.</a> 1848. pp. 249–252. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.b4375252">2027/uc1.b4375252</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0892-287X">0892-287X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Act+in+relation+to+Justices+and+Police+Courts+in+the+city+of+New+York&rft.btitle=Laws+of+New+York&rft.pages=249-252&rft.date=1848&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuc1.b4375252&rft.issn=0892-287X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fuc1.b4375252%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span> Chapter 153, enacted 30 March 1848, effective immediately.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b4375313?urlappend=%3Bseq=786">"Inferior Criminal Courts Act of the City of New York"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_New_York" title="Laws of New York">Laws of New York</a></i>. Vol. <a href="/wiki/133rd_New_York_State_Legislature" title="133rd New York State Legislature">133rd sess.</a>: II. 1910. pp. 1774–1821. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.b4375313">2027/uc1.b4375313</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0892-287X">0892-287X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Inferior+Criminal+Courts+Act+of+the+City+of+New+York&rft.btitle=Laws+of+New+York&rft.pages=1774-1821&rft.date=1910&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuc1.b4375313&rft.issn=0892-287X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fuc1.b4375313%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span> Chapter 659, enacted 25 June 1910, effective immediately.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECriminal_Court_Act-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECriminal_Court_Act_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCriminal_Court_Act">Criminal Court Act</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNYS_Executive_Department1969" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Executive_Department" title="New York State Executive Department">NYS Executive Department</a> (26 May 1969), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nysl.ptfs.com/aw-server/rest/product/purl/NYSL/i/3d9b99cb-1a1d-48f2-9f70-b0bfcb2cb822"><i>New York State bill jackets - L-1969-CH-1074</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Library" title="New York State Library">New York State Library</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+State+bill+jackets+-+L-1969-CH-1074&rft.pub=New+York+State+Library&rft.date=1969-05-26&rft.au=NYS+Executive+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnysl.ptfs.com%2Faw-server%2Frest%2Fproduct%2Fpurl%2FNYSL%2Fi%2F3d9b99cb-1a1d-48f2-9f70-b0bfcb2cb822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman2008" class="citation book cs1">Zimmerman, Joseph F. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunypress.edu/p-4596-the-government-and-politics-of-.aspx"><i>The Government and Politics of New York State</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7435-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7435-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-7435-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Government+and+Politics+of+New+York+State&rft.pages=232&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7435-8&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunypress.edu%2Fp-4596-the-government-and-politics-of-.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b4378133?urlappend=%3Bseq=1361">Chapter 462</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_New_York" title="Laws of New York">Laws of 1971</a>, volume 2, pages 1341–1344, enacted 17 June 1971.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaye2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Kaye" title="Judith Kaye">Kaye, Judith</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NTCbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64"><i>Judith S. Kaye in Her Own Words: Reflections on Life and the Law, with Selected Judicial Opinions and Articles</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. pp. 64–66, 451. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438474816" title="Special:BookSources/9781438474816"><bdi>9781438474816</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2018033290">2018033290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judith+S.+Kaye+in+Her+Own+Words%3A+Reflections+on+Life+and+the+Law%2C+with+Selected+Judicial+Opinions+and+Articles&rft.pages=64-66%2C+451&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2018033290&rft.isbn=9781438474816&rft.aulast=Kaye&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNTCbDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyc.gov/site/dcas/business/dcasmanagedbuildings/manhattan-criminal-courthouse.page#:~:text=The%20Criminal%20Courthouse%20was%20designed,and%20the%20old%20Tombs%20prison.">"Manhattan Criminal Courthouse - Department of Citywide Administrative Services"</a>. <i>www.nyc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nyc.gov&rft.atitle=Manhattan+Criminal+Courthouse+-+Department+of+Citywide+Administrative+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyc.gov%2Fsite%2Fdcas%2Fbusiness%2Fdcasmanagedbuildings%2Fmanhattan-criminal-courthouse.page%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Criminal%2520Courthouse%2520was%2520designed%2Cand%2520the%2520old%2520Tombs%2520prison.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thetab.com/us/2016/07/21/night-court-weirdest-tourist-attraction-38740">"night court is the weirdest tourist attraction in NYC, and the world"</a>. <i>The Tab US</i>. 2016-07-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tab+US&rft.atitle=night+court+is+the+weirdest+tourist+attraction+in+NYC%2C+and+the+world&rft.date=2016-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthetab.com%2Fus%2F2016%2F07%2F21%2Fnight-court-weirdest-tourist-attraction-38740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbc.com/nbc-insider/is-night-court-real">"Is Night Court a Real Thing?"</a>. <i>NBC Insider Official Site</i>. 2023-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+Insider+Official+Site&rft.atitle=Is+Night+Court+a+Real+Thing%3F&rft.date=2023-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbc.com%2Fnbc-insider%2Fis-night-court-real&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Criminal_Court&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCriminal_Court_Act" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b4378119?urlappend=%3Bseq=504">"The New York City Criminal Court Act"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_New_York" title="Laws of New York">Laws of New York</a></i>. Vol. <a href="/wiki/173rd_New_York_State_Legislature" title="173rd New York State Legislature">185th sess.</a>: III. 1962. pp. 3266–3291. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.b4378119">2027/uc1.b4378119</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0892-287X">0892-287X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+New+York+City+Criminal+Court+Act&rft.btitle=Laws+of+New+York&rft.pages=3266-3291&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuc1.b4378119&rft.issn=0892-287X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fuc1.b4378119%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span> Chapter 697, enacted 24 April 1962, effective 1 September 1962. Senate Bill, Introductory Number 3716, Printed Number 4674.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnual_Report2013" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycourts.gov/COURTS/nyc/criminal/2013%20Annual%20Report%20FINAL%2072214.pdf"><i>Criminal Court of the City of New York: Annual Report 2013</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Office of the Chief Clerk of New York City Criminal Court. July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Court+of+the+City+of+New+York%3A+Annual+Report+2013&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Chief+Clerk+of+New+York+City+Criminal+Court&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycourts.gov%2FCOURTS%2Fnyc%2Fcriminal%2F2013%2520Annual%2520Report%2520FINAL%252072214.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNYCBA_and_NYCLA1993" class="citation book cs1">Joint Committee of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Bar_Association" title="New York City Bar Association">Association of the Bar of the City of New York</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_County_Lawyers%27_Association" title="New York County Lawyers' Association">New York County Lawyers' Association</a> (c. 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycourts.gov/litigants/crimjusticesyshandbk.shtml"><i>Criminal Justice System Handbook</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Unified_Court_System" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Unified Court System">New York State Unified Court System</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/669176295">669176295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+System+Handbook&rft.pub=New+York+State+Unified+Court+System&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F669176295&rft.au=Joint+Committee+of+the+Association+of+the+Bar+of+the+City+of+New+York+and+the+New+York+County+Lawyers%27+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycourts.gov%2Flitigants%2Fcrimjusticesyshandbk.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNYCLA2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/New_York_County_Lawyers%27_Association" title="New York County Lawyers' Association">New York County Lawyers' Association</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MzNvAwAAQBAJ"><i>New York City Criminal Courts Manual</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_County_Lawyers%27_Association" title="New York County Lawyers' Association">New York County Lawyers' Association</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-105-20162-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-105-20162-2"><bdi>978-1-105-20162-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+City+Criminal+Courts+Manual&rft.pub=New+York+County+Lawyers%27+Association&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-105-20162-2&rft.au=New+York+County+Lawyers%27+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMzNvAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+York+City+Criminal+Court" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_City_Criminal_Court&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nycbar.org/get-legal-help/">Legal Referral Service</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Lawyer_referral_service" title="Lawyer referral service">lawyer referral service</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Bar_Association" title="New York City Bar Association">New York City Bar Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycourts.gov/courts/nyc/criminal/">New York City Criminal Court</a> official webpage on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Unified_Court_System" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Unified Court System">New York State Unified Court System</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://a073-ils-web.nyc.gov/inmatelookup/pages/home/home.jsf">Inmate Lookup Service</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Correction" title="New York City Department of Correction">NYCDOC</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Comptroller" title="New York City Comptroller">Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Council" title="New York City Council">City Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough President">Borough Presidents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_borough_presidents_of_New_York_City" title="List of borough presidents of New York City">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent organs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Correction" title="New York City Board of Correction">Board of Correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Elections" title="New York City Board of Elections">Board of Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Civil_Court" title="New York City Civil Court">Civil Court</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Independent_Budget_Office" title="New York City Independent Budget Office">Independent Budget Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_agencies" title="List of New York City agencies">Departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_for_the_Aging" title="New York City Department for the Aging">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Buildings" title="New York City Department of Buildings">Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Administration_for_Children%27s_Services" title="New York City Administration for Children's Services">Children's Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_City_Planning" title="New York City Department of City Planning">City Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Citywide_Administrative_Services" title="New York City Department of Citywide Administrative Services">Citywide Administrative Services</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_City_Record" title="The City Record">The City Record</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Consumer_and_Worker_Protection" title="New York City Department of Consumer and Worker Protection">Consumer and Worker Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Correction" title="New York City Department of Correction">Correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Cultural_Affairs" title="New York City Department of Cultural Affairs">Cultural Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Design_and_Construction" title="New York City Department of Design and Construction">Design & Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Education" title="New York City Department of Education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Board of Education">Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_School_Chancellor" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City School Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Emergency_Management" title="New York City Emergency Management">Emergency Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Environmental_Protection" title="New York City Department of Environmental Protection">Environmental Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Finance" title="New York City Department of Finance">Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Sheriff%27s_Office" title="New York City Sheriff's Office">Sheriff's Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Fire_Department" title="New York City Fire Department">Fire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Fire_Commissioner" title="New York City Fire Commissioner">Commissioner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Health_and_Mental_Hygiene" title="New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene">Health & Mental Hygiene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Health_of_the_City_of_New_York" title="Commissioner of Health of the City of New York">Commissioner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Homeless_Services" title="New York City Department of Homeless Services">Homeless Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Housing_Preservation_and_Development" title="New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development">Housing Preservation & Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Human_Resources_Administration" title="New York City Human Resources Administration">Human Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Investigation" title="New York City Department of Investigation">Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Landmarks_Preservation_Commission" title="New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission">Landmarks Preservation Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Law_Department" title="New York City Law Department">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Mayor%27s_Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="New York City Mayor's Office of Management and Budget">Management and Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation" title="New York City Department of Parks and Recreation">Parks & Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Commissioner" title="New York City Police Commissioner">Commissioner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Probation" title="New York City Department of Probation">Probation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Records_and_Information_Services" title="New York City Department of Records and Information Services">Records & Information Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Sanitation" title="New York City Department of Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Small_Business_Services" title="New York City Department of Small Business Services">Small Business Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Office_of_Technology_and_Innovation" title="New York City Office of Technology and Innovation">Technology and Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Transportation" title="New York City Department of Transportation">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Youth_%26_Community_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Department of Youth & Community Development">Youth & Community Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Office_of_Administrative_Trials_and_Hearings" title="New York City Office of Administrative Trials and Hearings">Office of Administrative Trials and Hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Business_Integrity_Commission" title="New York City Business Integrity Commission">Business Integrity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Conflicts_of_Interest_Board" title="New York City Conflicts of Interest Board">Conflicts of Interest Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Economic_Development_Corporation" title="New York City Economic Development Corporation">Economic Development Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Chief_Medical_Examiner_of_the_City_of_New_York" title="Office of Chief Medical Examiner of the City of New York">Office of Chief Medical Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Health_and_Hospitals_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation">Health & Hospitals Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Housing_Authority" title="New York City Housing Authority">Housing Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%27s_Office_of_Film,_Theatre_%26_Broadcasting" title="Mayor's Office of Film, Theatre & Broadcasting">Mayor's Office of Film, Theatre & Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NYC_Media" title="NYC Media">NYC Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_School_Construction_Authority" title="New York City School Construction Authority">New York City School Construction Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Taxi_and_Limousine_Commission" title="New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission">Taxi & Limousine Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City" title="Boroughs of New York City">Five boroughs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Community_boards" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_boards_of_New_York_City" title="Community boards of New York City">Community boards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_boards_of_the_Bronx" title="Community boards of the Bronx">The Bronx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_boards_of_Brooklyn" title="Community boards of Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_boards_of_Manhattan" title="Community boards of Manhattan">Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_boards_of_Queens" title="Community boards of Queens">Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_boards_of_Staten_Island" title="Community boards of Staten Island">Staten Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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style="background:#FF6600; color: #FFFFFF;;width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City" title="History of New York City">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_York_City" title="Timeline of New York City">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighborhoods_in_New_York_City" title="Neighborhoods in New York City">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_ethnic_enclaves" title="New York City ethnic enclaves">ethnic enclaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_New_York_City" title="Architecture of New York City">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco_architecture_of_New_York_City" title="Art Deco architecture of New York City">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings,_sites,_and_monuments_in_New_York_City" title="List of buildings, sites, and monuments in New York City">monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_New_York_City" title="List of tallest buildings in New York City">skyscrapers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_New_York_City" title="List of people from New York City">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_New_York_City" title="Media in New York City">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_York_City" title="Economy of New York City">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_based_in_New_York_City" title="List of companies based in New York City">companies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_York_City" title="Geography of New York City">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_New_York_City" title="Climate of New York City">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_New_York_City" title="Flags of New York City">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_New_York_City" title="Environmental issues in New York 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NYC_Logo_Wolff_Olins.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wordmark of New York"><img alt="Wordmark of New York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/NYC_Logo_Wolff_Olins.svg/60px-NYC_Logo_Wolff_Olins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/NYC_Logo_Wolff_Olins.svg/90px-NYC_Logo_Wolff_Olins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/NYC_Logo_Wolff_Olins.svg/120px-NYC_Logo_Wolff_Olins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="29" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FF6600; color: #FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City" title="Boroughs of New York City"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Boroughs</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a> (Bronx County)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> (Kings County)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> (New York County)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a> (Queens County)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a> (Richmond County)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FF6600; color: #FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_York_City" title="Government of New York City"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Government</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_mayoral_elections" title="New York City mayoral elections">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Council" title="New York City Council">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_president" title="Borough president">Borough presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_boards_of_New_York_City" title="Community boards of New York City">Community Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_York_City" title="Politics of New York City">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_agencies" title="List of New York City agencies">City agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilets_in_New_York_City" title="Toilets in New York City">Toilets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FF6600; color: #FFFFFF;;width:1%">Emergency services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_New_York_City" title="List of hospitals in New York City">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Fire_Department" title="New York City Fire Department">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_New_York_City" title="Crime in New York City">crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_New_York_City" title="Law enforcement in New York City">law enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Emergency_Management" title="New York City Emergency Management">Emergency Management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FF6600; color: #FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_New_York_City" title="Transportation in New York City"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Transportation</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transportation_in_New_York_City" title="History of transportation in New York City">History</a></li> <li>Entities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Transportation" title="New York City Department of Transportation">DOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Transportation" title="New York City Board of Transportation">former BOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_Zero_(New_York_City)" title="Vision Zero (New York City)">Vision Zero Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey" title="Port Authority of New York and New Jersey">Port Authority</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Metropolitan Transportation Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">Subway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTA_Regional_Bus_Operations" title="MTA Regional Bus Operations">Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Railway" title="Staten Island Railway">Staten Island Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road" title="Long Island Rail Road">Long Island Rail Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad" title="Metro-North Railroad">Metro-North Railroad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PATH_(rail_system)" title="PATH (rail system)">PATH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_and_tunnels_in_New_York_City" title="List of bridges and tunnels in New York City">Bridges and tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Streets_in_New_York_City" title="Category:Streets in New York City">Streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_New_York_metropolitan_area" title="Aviation in the New York metropolitan area">Airports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport" title="LaGuardia Airport">LaGuardia Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark_Liberty_International_Airport" title="Newark Liberty International Airport">Newark Liberty International Airport</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FF6600; color: #FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_York_City" title="Culture of New York City"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Culture</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_arts_organizations" title="New York City arts organizations">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_about_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Books about New York City">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardens_in_New_York_City" title="Community gardens in New York City">Community gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_York_City" title="Cuisine of New York City">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">Dialect</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_markets_in_New_York_City" title="Farmers' markets in New York City">Farmers' markets</a></li> <li>Libraries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Public_Library" title="Brooklyn Public Library">Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York (Manhattan, the Bronx, Staten Island)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens_Public_Library" title="Queens Public Library">Queens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_and_cultural_institutions_in_New_York_City" title="List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_City" title="Music of New York City">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicknames_of_New_York_City" title="Nicknames of New York City">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Apple" title="Big Apple">Big Apple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_borough" title="Sixth borough">"Sixth borough"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_New_York_metropolitan_area" title="Sports in the New York metropolitan area">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_New_York_City" title="Traditional games of New York City">Traditional games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_New_York_City" title="Tourism in New York City">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_gardens" title="List of New York City gardens">gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_New_York_City_landmarks" title="Lists of New York City landmarks">landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_in_New_York_City" title="List of parks in New York City">parks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FF6600; color: #FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_York_City" title="Education in New York City"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Education</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Education" title="New York City Department of Education">Dept. of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_elementary_schools_in_New_York_City" title="List of public elementary schools in New York City">Elementary schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high_schools_in_New_York_City" title="List of high schools in New York City">High schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_New_York_City" title="List of colleges and universities in New York City">Colleges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FF6600; color: #FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City" title="History of New York City"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">History</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_York_City" title="Timeline of New York City">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(prehistory%E2%80%931664)" title="History of New York City (prehistory–1664)">Prehistory-1664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1665%E2%80%931783)" title="History of New York City (1665–1783)">1665–1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1784%E2%80%931854)" title="History of New York City (1784–1854)">1784–1854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1855%E2%80%931897)" title="History of New York City (1855–1897)">1855–1897</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York City in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bronx" title="West Bronx">Annexed District (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bronx" title="East Bronx">East Bronx expansion (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Greater_New_York" title="City of Greater New York">1898 expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1898%E2%80%931945)" title="History of New York City (1898–1945)">1898–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1946%E2%80%931977)" title="History of New York City (1946–1977)">1946–1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1978%E2%80%93present)" title="History of New York City (1978–present)">1978–present</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11 terror attacks</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant (2020–2021)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_Day_(New_York_City)" title="Moving Day (New York City)">Moving Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FF6600; 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