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<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>Bhutan: Traditions and Changes - International Association for Tibetan Studies. 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Topics covered include the exploration of early history, Buddhism and the lives of Bhutanese Buddhist saints, the changing role of local, non-Buddhist religious practitioners in today s society, traditional law and the emergence of a modern legal system, and the seasonal celebrations of an aristocratic family from central Bhutan. 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Gayley writes about the Bhutanese treasure-finder Pema Lingpa, and focuses on the process and challenges of self-legitimisation for such a spiritual practitioner, basing her analysis on Pema Lingpa\u0026#39;s\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA5","page_number":"5","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e Tibet important to the history of Bhutan is the story of the exiled prince Lha sras Gtsang ma (Figure 1, Plate 1), eldest of the three sons of emperor Khri Lde srong btsan Sad na legs (reign c. 800–817). He became the legendary\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA6","page_number":"6","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e sources became grist for the mill of later Tibetan historians who padded the account of his exile to the south in order to build their case against anti-Buddhist elements within the ruling circle. Even his name, Gtsang ma, may\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA7","page_number":"7","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e 13th century), which describes his fate in two separate passages evidently cut and pasted from earlier chronicles: (1) Khri Lde srong btsan took the throne. Khri Btsan ma, the eldest of his three sons by queen \u0026#39;Bro bza\u0026#39; Lha rgyal\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA9","page_number":"9","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearliest\u003c/b\u003e Tibetan history tying Gtsang ma to Paro is that of Nyang ral (late 12th century). It presents an unusual account of Gtsang ma\u0026#39;s activities in western Bhutan, describing his travel to a rock cave named Spyal ka in which. 10 On\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA10","page_number":"10","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e Tibetan history, perhaps telling us more about the ancient sources and how they were treated by later sectarian historians than about factual events. Nevertheless, a relic of Bon po influence on the persona of Gtsang ma still\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA11","page_number":"11","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e literary description of a site having the name Spyal [-ka] is the rare biography of the Tibetan monk Rgyal ba Lha nang pa (1164–1224) written by his disciple Che mchog rdo rje.16 Rgyal ba Lha nang pa is said to have founded a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA14","page_number":"14","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e 15thcenturies. But neither of these historical snippets concerning the Tibetan Rlangs clan fit with the chronology of Gtsang ma and, as Aris surmised, look like interpolations added to the story long before the Rgyal rigs was\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA17","page_number":"17","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEarly\u003c/b\u003e History of a. 34 Shakabpa (1976) vol. 1: 344–45. \u0026#39;di la stag lo\u0026#39;i 1434 sde gzar chen mo \u0026#39;am / phag gru nang zhig gi lo yang zer. 35 The C14 dates refer to the year when the wood stopped growing, i.e. was cut down. We may suppose\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA29","page_number":"29","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e hours of the next morning when they would be served to each individual at the Shudrel Phuensum Tshogpa (bzhugs gral phun sum tshogs pa) ceremony. By observing this ceremony our family was following a three-hundred-year-old\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA30","page_number":"30","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e as the 7th month of the Bhutanese calendar, our family\u0026#39;s merchants would go to the seven-day annual trade fair at Talung Tshongdu (Lho Rta lung tshong \u0026#39;dus), close to the lake Yamdrok (Yar \u0026#39;brog) in Tibet. Fine brick tea, rock\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA32","page_number":"32","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e mornings and we were ready to sit. rgyal (1825–1865), the father of O rgyan dbang phyug (1862–1926) who became the first king of Bhutan in 1907. The title Sku zhabs is rarely used in Bhutan where it is pronounced \u0026#39;Kusho\u0026#39;, but in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA33","page_number":"33","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e mornings and we were ready to sit for another hour or two until the end of the ceremonies. As the sun glided past the mountain top, promising a warm day, the elaborately ornate silver tea pot would appear from behind the screen\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA39","page_number":"39","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEarly\u003c/b\u003e History of a Himalayan Kingdom. New Delhi: Vikas. Choden, K. In press. Chilli and Cheese: Food and Society in Bhutan. Bangkok: White Lotus. Dorje, R. 1985. Food in Tibetan Life. London: Prospect Books, 45–48. Education Division\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA51","page_number":"51","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e 18th centuries. The subject is much more extensive, and one will obtain a clearer picture if one consults the vast amount of documents available, for example, in the Lhasa Archives and various repositories in Bhutan, from which we\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA54","page_number":"54","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e 1980s there used to at least five mediums to conduct the festival. But today there are just two and most recently the festival had to be conducted by a pochu and once by a neljorma, as the organisers could not find a pawo. This is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA72","page_number":"72","snippet_text":"... Rome herstelt door Innocent den X. Amsterdam. Wessels, Cornelius. 1924. \u003cb\u003eEarly\u003c/b\u003e Jesuit Travellers in Central Asia 1603-1721. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. KA THOG PA BSOD NAMS RGYAL MTSHAN (1466–1540) AND THE 72 GEORGE VAN DRIEM."},{"page_id":"PA74","page_number":"74","snippet_text":"... pa in Bhutan compare also Aris 1994: 23, “The Kathogpa school of eastern Tibet operated from within the Nyingmapa and established an \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e branch in Bhutan”. 4 For biographical data on Dbu \u0026#39;od Ye shes \u0026#39;bum[pa] 74 FRANZ-KARL EHRHARD."},{"page_id":"PA75","page_number":"75","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e abbots of Ka thog was already travelling to the south; see ibid.: 22.1–4. 5 See Bya bral Rin po che (as in note 1): fol. 44a/1–4 (...mkhas grub jñānaketu\u0026#39;i slob ma nyag rong bzhag bla ye shes \u0026#39;bum pa zhes mkhas btsun grub pa\u0026#39;i yon\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA77","page_number":"77","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearliest\u003c/b\u003e and most prolific writers of literature concerning hidden valleys; see his Sbas yul \u0026#39;bras mo ljongs kyi gnas yig bsdus pa in Rare Texts of the dPal-spungs Tradition, Gangtok: Sherab Gyaltsen, 1981, 374.5. For the different\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA78","page_number":"78","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e reference to the \u0026#39;toponym\u0026#39; (sa ming) \u0026#39;Nyag rong\u0026#39;; see Tsering 1993: 43, note 7. 9 For the seven-year study period with the Great Ācārya Nam mkha\u0026#39; dpal, see the autobiography (as in note 7): 60.2–65.5. The list of further teachers\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA86","page_number":"86","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e treasure-discoverer active in Bhutan; see Ehrhard 1997a: 341, 350, note 12. After these findings, a meeting of the master from Chu bzang with Chos rje Ka thog pa Bsod nams rgyal mtshan is recorded in the text. Another disciple of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA89","page_number":"89","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e morning, at a time of great unrest, as before [when the local deities] appeared, [deities,] this time countless ones, came together, including [Jo bo] Brag skyes, Khyung bdud and Sho nag rga bo, and they [all] displayed their\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA94","page_number":"94","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEarly\u003c/b\u003e History of a Himalayan Kingdom. Warminster and New Delhi: Aris \u0026amp; Phillips. —— 1986a. Sources for the History of Bhutan (Wiener Studien zur Tibetologie und Buddhismuskunde, 14). Vienna: Arbeitskreis für Tibetische und Buddhistische\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA97","page_number":"97","snippet_text":"... life. He notes only the gradual movement from the \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e years of the \u0026#39;treasure hunt\u0026#39; toward the later years of maining patronage through HOLLY GAYLEY—Patterns in the Ritual Dissemination of Padma Gling pa\u0026#39;s Treasures."},{"page_id":"PA98","page_number":"98","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e career is also notable, culminating in his gter ma discovery at Bsam yas Mchims phu. The second pattern is a centripetal process of consolidation. It includes the large-scale gatherings held later in Padma gling pa\u0026#39;s life, which\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA99","page_number":"99","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEARLY\u003c/b\u003e CAREER The conjunction of the discovery and dissemination process is one of the most conspicuous and intriguing features of Padma gling pa\u0026#39;s \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e career.8 Here the discovery and dissemination of gter ma operate in tandem, with\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA100","page_number":"100","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e king, Sindhu Rāja— appears \u0026#39;in person\u0026#39; to guide him to the cache.11 Later in his career, Padma gling pa stakes claim to another focal point of. 9 Padma gling pa does not use this contracted version of gdul zhing, but he does use\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA102","page_number":"102","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEarly\u003c/b\u003e on, since the distances were short, Padma gling pa only mentions a few such roadside empowerments.17 As Padma gling pa\u0026#39;s discoveries take place farther afield, the frequency of such single day events become a primary mode of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA104","page_number":"104","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e discoveries in Bumthang give way to a subsequent series in Lho brag, at that time the axis of political power in the region,29 and culminate in his discovery at Bsam yas Mchims phu, the symbolic centre of the Padmasambhava lore\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA108","page_number":"108","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e career as the first in Lho brag to accept him as a genuine gter ston and who continues to be a loyal supporter as his career unfolds. See Lo rgyus rin chen spung ba (PLTC Vol. 8: 11–24). 44 Padma gling pa notes that this prophecy\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA112","page_number":"112","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e treasures, but rather a different temple situated one day\u0026#39;s journey south of Bya dkar. See The Treasure Revealer of Bhutan: Pemalingpa, the Terma Tradition and its Critics (1995: 52). Next, in the monkey month, Padma gling pa is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA116","page_number":"116","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEarly\u003c/b\u003e History of a Himalayan Kingdom. Warminster: Aris \u0026amp; Phillips Ltd. —— 1988a. New light on an old clan of Bhutan: the Smyos-rabs of bla-ma gSang-nags. In H. Uebach and J. Panglung (eds) Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the Fourth\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA118","page_number":"118","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEarly\u003c/b\u003e History of Bhutan\u0026#39;. Paro: National Museum of Bhutan. Olschak, B. 1979. Ancient Bhutan: a Study on \u003cb\u003eEarly\u003c/b\u003e Buddhism in the Himalayas. Zurich: Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research. Orofino, G. 1991. The Tibetan myth of the hidden\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA119","page_number":"119","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e 20th century: Preliminary data. In A. McKay (ed.) Tibet and Her Neighbours. Proceedings of the History of Tibet Conference St Andrews University 2001. London: Hansjörg Mayer, 91–106. Ramble, C. 1995. Gaining ground\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA129","page_number":"129","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e the next morning they start on the journey. The pilgrims are sent off by the neighbours, relatives and well-wishers who stay behind. They gather in a wide plain not far from the village where a small chorten stands. Ara known as\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA139","page_number":"139","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e 20th century. Indrabhūti is especially revered because he is the deity of the territory (gnas po) of O rgyan chos gling. All are now considered to be local deities and at the same time make up the \u0026#39;khor or \u0026#39;entourage\u0026#39; of Mgon po\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA147","page_number":"147","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e, about 11 o\u0026#39;clock, and the lay-practitioners who started the ceremony in the temple around 1:30 a.m. have finished it. Around midday, animals arrive: a bull, a cow, a yak and a \u0026#39;bri led by the O rgyan chos gling cattle herder\u0026#39;s\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA160","page_number":"160","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e as the seventeenth century suggesting that this function has a well established history in Bhutanese legal practice.7 In contrast to barmi who act as mediators, jabmi appear to share the same features as ngotsap who act as legal\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA164","page_number":"164","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e 1990s to transform the jabmi from non-formal legal actors into formal legal actors, with official recognition. This may prove to be important for the further transformation of the status of jabmi in the future. Chapter 3 of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA169","page_number":"169","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eearly\u003c/b\u003e 1990s. In Scotland for example, where the oldest legal association in the world is found, it was not until 1873 that the requirements for admission as a solicitor were settled.24 The General Council of Solicitors was not formed\u0026nbsp;..."}],"search_query_escaped":"early"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>