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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Northumbria_and_back_to_Francia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Return to Northumbria and back to Francia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Northumbria_and_back_to_Francia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tours_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tours_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Tours and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tours_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carolingian_Renaissance_figure_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carolingian_Renaissance_figure_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Carolingian Renaissance figure and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Carolingian_Renaissance_figure_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Carolingian Renaissance figure and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Carolingian_Renaissance_figure_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mathematician" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematician"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mathematician</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematician-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Literary influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Selected works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Selected works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Didactic_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Didactic_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Didactic works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Didactic_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hagiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hagiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Hagiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hagiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ألكوين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألكوين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Алкуін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алкуін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Алкуин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алкуин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcu%C3%AD_de_York" title="Alcuí de York – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alcuí de York" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alcuin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alcuin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alcuin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkuin" title="Alkuin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alkuin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkuin" title="Alkuin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alkuin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A5%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Αλκουίνος της Υόρκης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλκουίνος της Υόρκης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuino_de_York" title="Alcuino de York – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alcuino de York" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuinus" title="Alcuinus – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alcuinus" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkuin" title="Alkuin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alkuin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آلکوئین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلکوئین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alcuin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealwyn_fan_York" title="Ealwyn fan York – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ealwyn fan York" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcu%C3%ADno_de_York" title="Alcuíno de York – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alcuíno de York" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A8%ED%80%B8" title="앨퀸 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앨퀸" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D6%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ալքուին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալքուին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkuin" title="Alkuin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alkuin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkuin" title="Alkuin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alkuin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuino_di_York" title="Alcuino di York – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alcuino di York" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F" title="אלקווין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלקווין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkuin" title="Alkuin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alkuin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin_Mtakatifu" title="Alcuin Mtakatifu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alcuin Mtakatifu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuinus" title="Alcuinus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alcuinus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alcuin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الكوين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكوين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuinus" title="Alcuinus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alcuinus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3" title="アルクィン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルクィン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkuin_av_Tours" title="Alkuin av Tours – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alkuin av Tours" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin_de_York" title="Alcuin de York – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alcuin de York" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="الکوین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الکوین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin_%C3%ABd_York" title="Alcuin ëd York – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alcuin ëd York" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkuin" title="Alkuin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alkuin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcu%C3%ADno_de_Iorque" title="Alcuíno de Iorque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alcuíno de Iorque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkuin" title="Alkuin – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Alkuin" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alcuin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Алкуин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алкуин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alcuin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkuin" title="Alkuin – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alkuin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkuin" title="Alkuin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alkuin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Алкуин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алкуин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkuin" title="Alkuin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alkuin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkuin" title="Alkuin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alkuin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkuin" title="Alkuin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alkuin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuino_ng_York" title="Alcuino ng York – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alcuino ng York" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alcuin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%97%D0%BD" title="Алкуїн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алкуїн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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poet, and teacher</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the scholar Alcuin of York. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Alcuin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Alcuin (disambiguation)">Alcuin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Alcuin of York</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg/220px-Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg/330px-Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg/440px-Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4679" data-file-height="4984" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A Carolingian manuscript, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 831</span>. <a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a> (left), with Alcuin (middle), dedicating his work to Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Odgar_of_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Odgar of Mainz">Odgar of Mainz</a> (right)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 735</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 May 804 (aged around 69)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ecgbert_of_York" title="Ecgbert of York">Ecgbert of York</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian Renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interests</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Propositiones_ad_Acuendos_Juvenes" title="Propositiones ad Acuendos Juvenes">Propositiones ad Acuendos Juvenes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaestiones_in_Genesim" title="Quaestiones in Genesim">Quaestiones in Genesim</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alcuin of York</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Flaccus Albinus Alcuinus</i>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 735 – 19 May 804) – also called <b>Ealhwine</b>, <b>Alhwin</b>, or <b>Alchoin</b> – was a scholar, clergyman, poet, and teacher from <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>. He was born around 735 and became the student of <a href="/wiki/Ecgbert_of_York" title="Ecgbert of York">Archbishop Ecgbert</a> at York. At the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, he became a leading scholar and teacher at the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian court</a>, where he remained a figure in the 780s and 790s. Before that, he was also a court chancellor in Aachen. "The most learned man anywhere to be found", according to <a href="/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard">Einhard</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Vita_Karoli_Magni" title="Vita Karoli Magni">Life of Charlemagne</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEinhard196054_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinhard196054-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 817</span>–833), he is considered among the most important intellectual architects of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian Renaissance</a>. Among his pupils were many of the dominant intellectuals of the Carolingian era. </p><p>Alcuin wrote many theological and dogmatic treatises, as well as a few grammatical works and a number of poems. In 796, he was made abbot of <a href="/wiki/Marmoutier_Abbey,_Tours" title="Marmoutier Abbey, Tours">Marmoutier Abbey</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a>, where he worked on perfecting the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a> script. He remained there until his death. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcuin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcuin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AT_13763_Roof_figures_at_the_Kunsthistorisches_Museum,_Vienna-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/AT_13763_Roof_figures_at_the_Kunsthistorisches_Museum%2C_Vienna-8.jpg/170px-AT_13763_Roof_figures_at_the_Kunsthistorisches_Museum%2C_Vienna-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/AT_13763_Roof_figures_at_the_Kunsthistorisches_Museum%2C_Vienna-8.jpg/255px-AT_13763_Roof_figures_at_the_Kunsthistorisches_Museum%2C_Vienna-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/AT_13763_Roof_figures_at_the_Kunsthistorisches_Museum%2C_Vienna-8.jpg/340px-AT_13763_Roof_figures_at_the_Kunsthistorisches_Museum%2C_Vienna-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2092" data-file-height="3826" /></a><figcaption>Alcuin, roof figure, Museum of History of Arts, Vienna.</figcaption></figure> <p>Alcuin was born in <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, presumably sometime in the 730s. Virtually nothing is known of his parents, family background, or origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullough2004164_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullough2004164-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In common hagiographical fashion, the <i>Vita Alcuini</i> asserts that Alcuin was "of noble English stock", and this statement has usually been accepted by scholars. Alcuin's own work only mentions such collateral kinsmen as Wilgils, father of the missionary saint <a href="/wiki/Willibrord" title="Willibrord">Willibrord</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Beornrad_(archbishop_of_Sens)" title="Beornrad (archbishop of Sens)">Beornrad</a> (also spelled Beornred), abbot of Echternach and bishop of Sens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullough2004146–47,_165_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullough2004146–47,_165-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willibrord, Alcuin and Beornrad were all related by blood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayr-Harting2016212_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayr-Harting2016212-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton2001219_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001219-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his <i>Life</i> of St Willibrord, Alcuin writes that Wilgils, called a <i>paterfamilias</i>, had founded an oratory and church at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Humber" title="Humber">Humber</a>, which had fallen into Alcuin's possession by inheritance. Because in early Anglo-Latin writing <i>paterfamilias</i> ("head of a family, householder") usually referred to a <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/Churl" title="Churl">ceorl</a></i></span> ("churl"), <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Bullough" title="Donald A. Bullough">Donald A. Bullough</a> suggests that Alcuin's family was of <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">cierlisc</i></span> ("churlish") status: i.e., free but subordinate to a noble lord, and that Alcuin and other members of his family rose to prominence through beneficial connections with the aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullough2004146–47,_165_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullough2004146–47,_165-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If so, Alcuin's origins may lie in the southern part of what was formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Deira" title="Deira">Deira</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullough2004165_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullough2004165-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="York">York</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcuin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The young Alcuin came to the <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">cathedral church</a> of York during the golden age of Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Ecgbert,_Archbishop_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecgbert, Archbishop of York">Ecgbert</a> and his brother, the Northumbrian King <a href="/wiki/Eadberht_of_Northumbria" title="Eadberht of Northumbria">Eadberht</a>. Ecgbert had been a disciple of the <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Venerable Bede</a>, who urged him to raise York to an <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric">archbishopric</a>. King Eadberht and Archbishop Ecgbert oversaw the re-energising and reorganisation of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_of_England" title="History of the Church of England">English church</a>, with an emphasis on reforming the clergy and on the tradition of learning that Bede had begun. Ecgbert was devoted to Alcuin, who thrived under his tutelage.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The York school was renowned as a centre of learning in the liberal arts, literature, and science, as well as in religious matters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchison2006_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchison2006-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From here, Alcuin drew inspiration for the school he would lead at the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> court. He revived the school with the <a href="/wiki/Trivium_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivium (education)">trivium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">quadrivium</a> disciplines,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns1907_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1907-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> writing a <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a> on the trivium, while his student <a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Hraban</a> wrote one on the quadrivium. </p><p>Alcuin graduated to become a teacher during the 750s. His ascendancy to the headship of the York school, the ancestor of <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_School,_York" title="St Peter's School, York">St Peter's School</a>, began after <a href="/wiki/Ethelbert_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethelbert of York">Aelbert</a> became Archbishop of York in 767. Around the same time, Alcuin became a <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> in the church. He was never ordained a priest. Though no real evidence shows that he took monastic vows, he lived as if he had. </p><p>In 781, King <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfwald_I_of_Northumbria" title="Ælfwald I of Northumbria">Elfwald</a> sent Alcuin to Rome to petition the pope for official confirmation of York's status as an archbishopric and to confirm the election of the new archbishop, <a href="/wiki/Eanbald_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Eanbald I">Eanbald I</a>. On his way home, he met Charlemagne (whom he had met once before), this time in the Italian city of <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcuin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Charlemagne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Scholasticism" title="Category:Scholasticism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0 0.2em 0.4em; font-size:120%; line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0 0 1.0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval-university.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Medieval-university.jpg/100px-Medieval-university.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Medieval-university.jpg/150px-Medieval-university.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Medieval-university.jpg 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="161" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cee0f2; background: none; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cee0f2; background: none; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Major works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cur_Deus_Homo" title="Cur Deus Homo">Cur Deus Homo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Grammatica" title="Summa Grammatica">Summa Grammatica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sum_of_Logic" title="Sum of Logic">Summa logicae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus#Work" title="Duns Scotus">Opus Oxoniense</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Libri_Quattuor_Sententiarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Libri Quattuor Sententiarum">Libri Quattuor Sententiarum</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cee0f2; background: none; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Precursors</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alcuin of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cee0f2; background: none; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a> ("Doctor Marianus")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a> ("Doctor Scholasticus")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a> ("The Master")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> ("The Commentator")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> ("Rabbi Moses")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a> ("Doctor Universalis")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> ("Doctor Angelicus")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a> ("Doctor Seraphicus")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a> ("Doctor Subtilis")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a> ("Doctor Invincibilis")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a> ("Doctor Eximius")</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cee0f2; background: none; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan Order">Franciscan Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_scholasticism" title="Protestant scholasticism">Protestant scholasticism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">Problem of universals</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoscholastic_writing" title="Protoscholastic writing">Protoscholastic writing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scholasticism" title="Template:Scholasticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scholasticism" title="Template talk:Scholasticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scholasticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scholasticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Alcuin's intellectual curiosity allowed him to be reluctantly persuaded to join Charlemagne's court. He joined an illustrious group of scholars whom Charlemagne had gathered around him, the mainsprings of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian Renaissance</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Pisa" title="Peter of Pisa">Peter of Pisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paulinus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paulinus II">Paulinus of Aquileia</a>, Rado, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Fulrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Fulrad">Abbot Fulrad</a>. Alcuin would later write, "the Lord was calling me to the service of King Charles". </p><p>Alcuin became master of the <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne%27s_Palace_in_Aachen" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlemagne's Palace in Aachen">Palace</a> School of Charlemagne in <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Urbs Regale</i></span>) in 782.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns1907_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1907-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had been founded by the king's ancestors as a place for the education of the royal children (mostly in manners and the ways of the court). However, Charlemagne wanted to include the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">liberal arts</a>, and most importantly, the study of religion. From 782 to 790, Alcuin taught Charlemagne himself, his sons <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Hunchback" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepin the Hunchback">Pepin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis</a>, as well as young men sent to be educated at court, and the young clerics attached to the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Chapel_in_Aachen" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine Chapel in Aachen">palace chapel</a>. Bringing with him from York his assistants Pyttel, Sigewulf, and Joseph, Alcuin revolutionised the educational standards of the Palace School, introducing Charlemagne to the liberal arts and creating a personalised atmosphere of scholarship and learning, to the extent that the institution came to be known as the 'school of Master Albinus'. </p><p>In this role as adviser, he took issue with the emperor's policy of forcing pagans to be baptised on pain of death, arguing, "Faith is a free act of the will, not a forced act. We must appeal to the conscience, not compel it by violence. You can force people to be baptised, but you cannot force them to believe." His arguments seem to have prevailed – Charlemagne abolished the death penalty for paganism in 797.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham200052_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham200052-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charlemagne gathered the best men of every land in his court, and became far more than just the king at the centre. It seems that he made many of these men his closest friends and counsellors. They referred to him as 'David', a reference to the Biblical king <a href="/wiki/David_(biblical_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="David (biblical king)">David</a>. Alcuin soon found himself on intimate terms with Charlemagne and the other men at court, where pupils and masters were known by affectionate and jesting nicknames.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmot-Buxton192293_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot-Buxton192293-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcuin himself was known as 'Albinus' or 'Flaccus'. While at <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, Alcuin bestowed pet names upon his pupils – derived mainly from <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Eclogues" title="Eclogues">Eclogues</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaeger199938_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaeger199938-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, "He loved Charlemagne and enjoyed the king's esteem, but his letters reveal that his fear of him was as great as his love."<sup id="cite_ref-EB_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death of Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Adrian I</a>, Alcuin was commissioned by Charlemagne to compose an epitaph for Adrian. The epitaph was inscribed on black stone quarried at Aachen and carried to Rome where it was set over Adrian's tomb in the south transept of St Peter's basilica just before Charlemagne's coronation in the basilica on Christmas Day 800.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Northumbria_and_back_to_Francia">Return to Northumbria and back to Francia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcuin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Return to Northumbria and back to Francia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 790, Alcuin returned from the court of Charlemagne to England, to which he had remained attached. He dwelt there for some time, but Charlemagne then invited him back to help in the fight against the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Adoptionism" title="Spanish Adoptionism">Adoptionist</a> heresy, which was at that time making great progress in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, the old capital of the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> and still a major city for the Christians under <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Islamic rule in Spain</a>. He is believed to have had contacts with <a href="/wiki/Beatus_of_Li%C3%A9bana" title="Beatus of Liébana">Beatus of Liébana</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Kingdom of Asturias</a>, who fought against Adoptionism. At the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Frankfurt" title="Council of Frankfurt">Council of Frankfurt</a> in 794, Alcuin upheld the orthodox doctrine against the views expressed by <a href="/wiki/Felix,_Bishop_of_Urgel" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix, Bishop of Urgel">Felix of Urgel</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Heresiarch" title="Heresiarch">heresiarch</a> according to the Catholic Encyclopaedia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns1907_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1907-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having failed during his stay in Northumbria to influence King <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_I_of_Northumbria" title="Æthelred I of Northumbria">Æthelred</a> in the conduct of his reign, Alcuin never returned home. </p><p>He was back at Charlemagne's court by at least mid-792, writing a series of letters to Æthelred, to Hygbald, Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelhard" title="Æthelhard">Æthelhard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> in the succeeding months, dealing with the <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> attack on Lindisfarne in July 793. These letters and Alcuin's poem on the subject, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">"De clade Lindisfarnensis monasterii"</i></span>, provide the only significant contemporary account of these events. In his description of the Viking attack, he wrote: "Never before has such terror appeared in Britain. Behold the church of <a href="/wiki/St_Cuthbert" class="mw-redirect" title="St Cuthbert">St Cuthbert</a>, splattered with the blood of God's priests, robbed of its ornaments."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tours_and_death">Tours and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcuin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tours and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Alcuin of York</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg/220px-Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg/330px-Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg/440px-Raban-Maur_Alcuin_Otgar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4679" data-file-height="4984" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">Deacon, Scholar, Abbot of Tours</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, as a blessed<br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-forerunner_org_uk_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forerunner_org_uk-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20 May</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 796, Alcuin was in his 60s. He hoped to be free from court duties and upon the death of Abbot Itherius of Saint Martin at Tours, Charlemagne put <a href="/wiki/Marmoutier_Abbey,_Tours" title="Marmoutier Abbey, Tours">Marmoutier Abbey</a> into Alcuin's care, with the understanding that he should be available if the king ever needed his counsel. There, he encouraged the work of the monks on the beautiful <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a> script, ancestor of modern Roman typefaces using a mixture of upper- and lower-case letters.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColish199967_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColish199967-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latin <a href="/wiki/Paleography" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleography">paleography</a> in the eighth century leaves little room for a single origin of the script, and sources contradict his importance as no proof has been found of his direct involvement in the creation of the script.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carolingian minuscule was already in use before Alcuin arrived in Francia.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most likely he was responsible for copying and preserving the script<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while at the same time restoring the purity of the form.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alcuin died on 19 May 804, some 10 years before the emperor, and was buried at St. Martin's Church under an epitaph that partly read:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuckett1951305_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuckett1951305-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Dust, worms, and ashes now ...<br /> Alcuin my name, wisdom I always loved,<br /> Pray, reader, for my soul. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>The majority of details on Alcuin's life come from his letters and poems. Also, autobiographical sections are in Alcuin's poem on York and in the <i>Vita Alcuini</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a> written for him at Ferrières in the 820s, possibly based in part on the memories of Sigwulf, one of Alcuin's pupils. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carolingian_Renaissance_figure_and_legacy">Carolingian Renaissance figure and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcuin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Carolingian Renaissance figure and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematician">Mathematician</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcuin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mathematician"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Propositiones_ad_acuendos_juvenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Propositiones ad acuendos juvenes">Propositiones ad acuendos juvenes</a></div> <p>The collection of mathematical and logical word problems entitled <i>Propositiones ad acuendos juvenes</i> ("Problems to Sharpen Youths")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlcuinn.d._25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlcuinn.d.-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is sometimes attributed to Alcuin.<sup id="cite_ref-Peterson-2005_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-2005-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2005354–62_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2005354–62-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 799 letter to Charlemagne, the scholar claimed to have sent "certain figures of arithmetic for the joy of cleverness",<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which some scholars have identified with the <i>Propositiones.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJullienPerelman1994482–83_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJullienPerelman1994482–83-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text contains about 53 mathematical word problems (with solutions), in no particular pedagogical order. Among the most famous of these problems are: four that involve <a href="/wiki/River_crossing_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="River crossing problem">river crossings</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Jealous_husbands_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Jealous husbands problem">problem of three anxious brothers</a>, each of whom has an unmarried sister whom he cannot leave alone with either of the other men lest she be defiled<sup id="cite_ref-3-brothers_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3-brothers-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Problem 17); the <a href="/wiki/Fox,_goose_and_bag_of_beans_puzzle" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox, goose and bag of beans puzzle">problem of the wolf, goat, and cabbage</a> (Problem 18); and the problem of "the two adults and two children where the children weigh half as much as the adults" (Problem 19). <a href="/wiki/Alcuin%27s_sequence" title="Alcuin's sequence">Alcuin's sequence</a> is the solution to one of the problems of that book. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_influence">Literary influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcuin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Literary influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alcuin made the abbey school into a model of excellence and many students flocked to it. He had many manuscripts copied using outstandingly beautiful <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, the Carolingian minuscule based on round and legible <a href="/wiki/Uncial" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncial">uncial</a> letters. He wrote many letters to his English friends, to <a href="/wiki/Arno_of_Salzburg" title="Arno of Salzburg">Arno, bishop of Salzburg</a> and above all to Charlemagne. These letters (of which 311 are extant) are filled mainly with pious meditations, but they form an important source of information as to the literary and social conditions of the time and are the most reliable authority for the history of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a> age. Alcuin trained the numerous monks of the abbey in piety, and in the midst of these pursuits, he died. </p><p>Alcuin is the most prominent figure of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian Renaissance</a>, in which three main periods have been distinguished: in the first of these, up to the arrival of Alcuin at the court, the Italians occupy a central place; in the second, Alcuin and the English are dominant; in the third (from 804), the influence of <a href="/wiki/Theodulf_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Theodulf of Orléans">Theodulf the Visigoth</a> is preponderant. </p><p>Alcuin also developed manuals used in his educational work – a <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> and works on <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dialectics" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectics">dialectics</a>. These are written in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a>, and in two of them the interlocutors are Charlemagne and Alcuin. He wrote several <a href="/wiki/Theological" class="mw-redirect" title="Theological">theological</a> treatises: a <i>De fide Trinitatis</i>, and commentaries on the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPage190915_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage190915-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcuin is credited with inventing the first known <a href="/wiki/Question_mark" title="Question mark">question mark</a>, though it did not resemble the modern symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruss200376_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruss200376-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alcuin transmitted to the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> the knowledge of Latin culture, which had existed in Anglo-Saxon England. A number of his works still exist. Besides some graceful epistles in the style of <a href="/wiki/Venantius_Fortunatus" title="Venantius Fortunatus">Venantius Fortunatus</a>, he wrote some long poems, and notably he is the author of a history (in verse) of the church at York, <i>Versus de patribus, regibus et sanctis Eboracensis ecclesiae</i>. At the same time, he is noted for making one of the only explicit comments on <a href="/wiki/Old_English_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English poetry">Old English poetry</a> surviving from the early Middle Ages, in a letter to one Speratus, the bishop of an unnamed English <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">see</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Unwona" title="Unwona">Unwona</a> of Leicester): <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">"verba Dei legantur in sacerdotali convivio: ibi decet lectorem audiri, non citharistam; sermones patrum, non carmina gentilium. Quid <a href="/wiki/Hinieldus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinieldus">Hinieldus</a> cum Christo?"</i></span> ("Let God's words be read at the episcopal dinner-table. It is right that a reader should be heard, not a harpist, patristic discourse, not pagan song. What has <a href="/wiki/Ingeld" title="Ingeld">Ingeld</a> to do with Christ?").<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcuin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alcuin is honoured in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">Church of England</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">Episcopal Church</a> on 20 May the first available day after the day of his death (as <a href="/wiki/Dunstan" title="Dunstan">Dunstan</a> is celebrated on 19 May).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alcuin is also venerated as a Saint by <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> Christians in the British Isles and Ireland. The Orthodox Fellowship of St John the Baptist publishes a liturgical calendar that is widely used in that region, and this calendar includes a feast for St Alcuin.<sup id="cite_ref-forerunner_org_uk_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forerunner_org_uk-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alcuin_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcuin College">Alcuin College</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Colleges_of_the_University_of_York" title="Colleges of the University of York">colleges of the University of York</a>, is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2020, Alcuin was the subject of the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> programme <i><a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcuin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a complete census of Alcuin's works, see Marie-Hélène Jullien and Françoise Perelman, eds., <i>Clavis scriptorum latinorum medii aevi: Auctores Galliae 735–987. Tomus II: Alcuinus.</i> Turnhout: Brepols, 1999. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcuin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Carmina</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Ernst_D%C3%BCmmler" title="Ernst Dümmler">Ernst Dümmler</a>, MGH <i>Poetae Latini aevi Carolini</i> I. Berlin: Weidmann, 1881. 160–351. <ul><li>Godman, Peter, tr., <i>Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance</i>. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1985. 118–149.</li> <li>Stella, Francesco, tr., comm., <i>La poesia carolingia</i>, Firenze: Le Lettere, 1995, pp. 94–96, 152–61, 266–67, 302–307, 364–371, 399–404, 455–457, 474–477, 503–507.</li> <li>Isbell, Harold, tr.. <i>The Last Poets of Imperial Rome</i>. Baltimore: Penguin, 1971.</li></ul></li> <li>Poem on York, <i>Versus de patribus, regibus et sanctis Euboricensis ecclesiae</i>, ed. and tr. Peter Godman, <i>The Bishops, Kings, and Saints of York.</i> Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982.</li> <li><i>De clade Lindisfarnensis monasterii</i>, "On the destruction of the monastery of Lindisfarne" (<i>Carmen</i> 9, ed. Dümmler, pp. 229–235).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letters">Letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcuin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of Alcuin's letters, over 310 have survived. </p> <ul><li><i>Epistolae</i>, ed. Ernst Dümmler, MGH <i>Epistolae</i> IV.2. Berlin: Weidmann, 1895. 1–493.</li> <li>Jaffé, Philipp, Ernst Dümmler, and W. Wattenbach, eds. <i>Monumenta Alcuiniana</i>. Berlin: Weidmann, 1873. 132–897.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Robert_Chase" title="Colin Robert Chase">Chase, Colin</a>, ed. <i>Two Alcuin Letter-books</i>. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1975. <ul><li>Allott, Stephen, tr. <i>Alcuin of York, c. AD 732 to 804. His life and letters</i>. York: William Sessions, 1974.</li> <li>Sturgeon, Thomas G., tr. <i>The Letters of Alcuin: Part One, the Aachen Period (762–796)</i>. Harvard University PhD thesis, 1953.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Didactic_works">Didactic works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcuin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Didactic works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_grammatica#Alcuin's_Ars_Grammatica" title="Ars grammatica">Ars grammatica</a></i>. PL 101: 854–902.</li> <li><i>De orthographia</i>, ed. H. Keil, <i>Grammatici Latini</i> VII, 1880. 295–312; ed. Sandra Bruni, <i>Alcuino de orthographia</i>. Florence: SISMEL, 1997.</li> <li><i>De dialectica</i>. PL 101: 950–976.</li> <li><i>Disputatio regalis et nobilissimi juvenis Pippini cum Albino scholastico</i> "Dialogue of Pepin, the Most Noble and Royal Youth, with the Teacher Albinus", ed. L. W. Daly and W. Suchier, <i>Altercatio Hadriani Augusti et Epicteti Philosophi</i>. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1939. 134–146; ed. Wilhelm Wilmanns, "Disputatio regalis et nobilissimi juvenis Pippini cum Albino scholastico". <i>Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum</i> 14 (1869): 530–555, 562.</li> <li><i>Disputatio de rhetorica et de virtutibus sapientissimi regis Carli et Albini magistri</i>, ed. and tr. Wilbur Samuel Howell, <i>The Rhetoric of Alcuin and Charlemagne.</i> New York: Russell and Russell, 1965 (1941); ed. C. Halm, <i>Rhetorici Latini Minores</i>. Leipzig: Teubner, 1863. 523–550.</li> <li><i>De virtutibus et vitiis</i> (moral treatise dedicated to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Count_Wido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Count Wido (page does not exist)">Count Wido</a> of Brittany, 799–800). PL 101: 613–638 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/04z/z_0735-0804__Alcuinus__De_Virtutibus_Et_Vitiis_Liber_Ad_Widonem_Comitem__MLT.pdf.html">transcript available online</a>). A new critical edition is being prepared for the <i>Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Medievalis</i>.</li> <li><i>De animae ratione (ad Eulaliam virginem)</i> (written for Gundrada, Charlemagne's cousin). PL 101: 639–650.</li> <li><i>De Cursu et Saltu Lunae ac Bissexto</i>, astronomical treatise. PL 101: 979–1002.</li> <li>(?) <i><a href="/wiki/Propositiones_ad_Acuendos_Juvenes" title="Propositiones ad Acuendos Juvenes">Propositiones ad acuendos iuvenes</a></i>, ed. Menso Folkerts, "Die alteste mathematische Aufgabensammlung in lateinischer Sprache: Die Alkuin zugeschriebenen <i>Propositiones ad acuendos iuvenes</i>; Überlieferung, Inhalt, Kritische Edition", in <i>idem</i>, <i>Essays on Early Medieval Mathematics: The Latin Tradition.</i> Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theology">Theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcuin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Compendium in Canticum Canticorum</i>: Alcuino, <i>Commento al Cantico dei cantici – con i commenti anonimi Vox ecclesie e Vox antique ecclesie</i>, ed. Rossana Guglielmetti, Firenze, SISMEL 2004</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaestiones_in_Genesim" title="Quaestiones in Genesim">Quaestiones in Genesim</a></i>. PL 100: 515–566.</li> <li><i>De Fide Sanctae Trinitatis et de Incarnatione Christi; Quaestiones de Sancta Trinitate</i>, ed. E. Knibbs and E. Ann Matter (Corpus Christianorum – Continuatio Mediaevalis 249: Brepols, 2012)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hagiography">Hagiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcuin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hagiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Vita II Vedastis episcopi Atrebatensis</i>. Revision of the earlier <i>Vita Vedastis</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jonas_of_Bobbio" title="Jonas of Bobbio">Jonas of Bobbio</a>. <i>Patrologia Latina</i> 101: 663–682.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richarius" title="Richarius">Vita Richarii confessoris Centulensis</a></i>. Revision of an earlier anonymous life. MGH Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum 4: 381–401.</li> <li><i>Vita Willibrordi archiepiscopi Traiectensis</i>, ed. W. Levison, <i>Passiones vitaeque sanctorum aevi Merovingici</i>. MGH Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum 7: 81–141.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcuin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/48px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/64px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Propositiones_ad_Acuendos_Juvenes" title="Propositiones ad Acuendos Juvenes">Propositiones ad Acuendos Juvenes</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carolingian_period" title="Category:Carolingian period">Category: Carolingian period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correctory" title="Correctory">Correctory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Vindobonensis_795" title="Codex Vindobonensis 795">Codex Vindobonensis 795</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcuin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcuin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayr-Harting2016">Mayr-Harting 2016</a>, p. 207 asserts Charlemagne met Alcuin – for the second time – at Parma in 781. <a href="#CITEREFStory2005">Story 2005</a>, p. 137 reports that Alcuin had previously been sent to Charlemagne by Ethelbert.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A more skeptical attitude toward Alcuin's authorship of this text and others is taken by <a href="#CITEREFGorman2002">Gorman 2002</a>, pp. 101–30 </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcuin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200131084858/https://www.lexico.com/definition/alcuin">"Alcuin"</a>. <i>Lexico</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/alcuin">the original</a> on 31 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico&rft.atitle=Alcuin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Falcuin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEinhard196054-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEinhard196054_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEinhard1960">Einhard 1960</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullough2004164-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullough2004164_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBullough2004">Bullough 2004</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullough2004146–47,_165-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullough2004146–47,_165_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullough2004146–47,_165_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBullough2004">Bullough 2004</a>, pp. 146–47, 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayr-Harting2016212-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayr-Harting2016212_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayr-Harting2016">Mayr-Harting 2016</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStenton2001219-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStenton2001219_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStenton2001">Stenton 2001</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullough2004165-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullough2004165_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBullough2004">Bullough 2004</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayr-Harting "Ecgberht" <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchison2006-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchison2006_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHutchison2006">Hutchison 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1907-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns1907_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns1907_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns1907_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns1907">Burns 1907</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeedham200052-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeedham200052_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeedham2000">Needham 2000</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmot-Buxton192293-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmot-Buxton192293_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmot-Buxton1922">Wilmot-Buxton 1922</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaeger199938-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaeger199938_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaeger1999">Jaeger 1999</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alcuin">"Alcuin | Anglo-Saxon scholar"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. 12 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Alcuin+%26%23124%3B+Anglo-Saxon+scholar&rft.date=2024-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAlcuin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStory2023" class="citation book cs1">Story, Joanna (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hMq8EAAAQBAJ"><i>Charlemagne and Rome: Alcuin and the Epitaph of Pope Hadrian I</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920634-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920634-6"><bdi>978-0-19-920634-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charlemagne+and+Rome%3A+Alcuin+and+the+Epitaph+of+Pope+Hadrian+I&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920634-6&rft.aulast=Story&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhMq8EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley-Holland1999" class="citation book cs1">Crossley-Holland, Kevin (24 June 1999). <i>The Anglo-Saxon World: An Anthology</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192835475" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192835475"><bdi>978-0192835475</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+World%3A+An+Anthology&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999-06-24&rft.isbn=978-0192835475&rft.aulast=Crossley-Holland&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forerunner_org_uk-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forerunner_org_uk_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forerunner_org_uk_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forerunner.org.uk/what-we-do/calendar/">"Publication: Calendar"</a>. 29 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Publication%3A+Calendar&rft.date=2014-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforerunner.org.uk%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fcalendar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColish199967-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColish199967_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColish1999">Colish 1999</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDales2013" class="citation book cs1">Dales, Douglas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YNDYDwAAQBAJ&q=Carolingian+minuscule+alcuin&pg=PP143"><i>Alcuin II: Theology and Thought</i></a>. ISD LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-227-90087-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-227-90087-1"><bdi>978-0-227-90087-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcuin+II%3A+Theology+and+Thought&rft.pub=ISD+LLC&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-227-90087-1&rft.aulast=Dales&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYNDYDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DCarolingian%2Bminuscule%2Balcuin%26pg%3DPP143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMckitterick2018" class="citation book cs1">Mckitterick, Rosamond (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N_6rDwAAQBAJ&q=Carolingian+minuscule+alcuin&pg=PT167"><i>The Frankish Kingdoms Under the Carolingians 751-987</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-87247-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-87247-4"><bdi>978-1-317-87247-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Frankish+Kingdoms+Under+the+Carolingians+751-987&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-317-87247-4&rft.aulast=Mckitterick&rft.aufirst=Rosamond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN_6rDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DCarolingian%2Bminuscule%2Balcuin%26pg%3DPT167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen2018" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, James (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GHl0DwAAQBAJ&q=Carolingian+minuscule+alcuin&pg=PT35"><i>Hist West Educ:Civil Europe V2</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50096-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-50096-1"><bdi>978-1-136-50096-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist+West+Educ%3ACivil+Europe+V2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-136-50096-1&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGHl0DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DCarolingian%2Bminuscule%2Balcuin%26pg%3DPT35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison2009" class="citation book cs1">Morison, Stanley (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-G2tQVnPiCAC&q=Carolingian+minuscule+alcuin&pg=PA255"><i>Selected Essays On the History of Letter-forms in Manuscript and Print</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-18316-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-18316-1"><bdi>978-0-521-18316-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Essays+On+the+History+of+Letter-forms+in+Manuscript+and+Print&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-18316-1&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-G2tQVnPiCAC%26q%3DCarolingian%2Bminuscule%2Balcuin%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuckett1951305-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuckett1951305_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuckett1951">Duckett 1951</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlcuinn.d.-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlcuinn.d._25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlcuinn.d.">Alcuin n.d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson-2005-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peterson-2005_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maa.org/mathland/mathtrek_11_21_05.html">"Ivars Peterson's MathTrek Nov 21, 2005"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ivars+Peterson%27s+MathTrek+Nov+21%2C+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maa.org%2Fmathland%2Fmathtrek_11_21_05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2005354–62-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2005354–62_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2005">Atkinson 2005</a>, pp. 354–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Epistola</i> 172, MGH <i>Epistolae</i> 4.2: 285: "aliquas figuras arithmeticae subtilitatis laetitiae causa"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJullienPerelman1994482–83-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJullienPerelman1994482–83_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJullienPerelman1994">Jullien & Perelman 1994</a>, p. 482–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3-brothers-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3-brothers_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://logica.ugent.be/albrecht/alcuin.pdf">"Latin title and English text of the problem"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+title+and+English+text+of+the+problem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flogica.ugent.be%2Falbrecht%2Falcuin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage190915-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPage190915_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPage1909">Page 1909</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruss200376-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruss200376_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTruss2003">Truss 2003</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald A. Bullough, "What has Ingeld to do with Lindisfarne?", <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i>, 22 (1993), 93–125 (p. 93 for the Latin [quoted from <i>Epistolae Karolini Aevi II</i>, ed. by E. Dummler, <i>Monumenta Germaniae Historica</i>, Epistula 4 (Berlin, 1895), p. 183 (no. 12)]; p. 124 for the translation); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0263675100004336">10.1017/S0263675100004336</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220330082808/http://www.churchintouraine.org/?page_id=2">"Why Alcuin – Church in Touraine"</a>. <i>www.churchintouraine.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchintouraine.org/?page_id=2">the original</a> on 30 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.churchintouraine.org&rft.atitle=Why+Alcuin+%E2%80%93+Church+in+Touraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchintouraine.org%2F%3Fpage_id%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bEq7DwAAQBAJ"><i>Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018</i></a>. Church Publishing, Inc. 17 December 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-235-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-235-4"><bdi>978-1-64065-235-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lesser+Feasts+and+Fasts+2018&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2019-12-17&rft.isbn=978-1-64065-235-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbEq7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYork" class="citation web cs1">York, University of. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.york.ac.uk/colleges/alcuin/">"Alcuin - Alcuin, University of York"</a>. <i>University of York</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+York&rft.atitle=Alcuin+-+Alcuin%2C+University+of+York&rft.aulast=York&rft.aufirst=University+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.york.ac.uk%2Fcolleges%2Falcuin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000dqy8">"BBC Radio 4 - In Our Time, Alcuin"</a>. <i>BBC</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+Radio+4+-+In+Our+Time%2C+Alcuin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fm000dqy8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcuin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcuinn.d." class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alcuin (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/X/LAT0602.HTM"><i>Propositiones Alcuini Doctoris Caroli Magni Imperatoris ad Acuendes Juvenes</i></a> [<i>Propositions of Alcuin, A Teacher of Emperor Charlemagne, for Sharpening Youths</i>] (in Latin).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Propositiones+Alcuini+Doctoris+Caroli+Magni+Imperatoris+ad+Acuendes+Juvenes&rft.au=Alcuin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FX%2FLAT0602.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Allott, Stephen. <i>Alcuin of York, his life and letters</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900657-21-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-900657-21-9">0-900657-21-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Atkinson, Leigh (2005). "When the Pope was a Mathematician". <i>The College Mathematics Journal</i>. <b>36</b> (5): 354–362. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07468342.2005.11922149">10.1080/07468342.2005.11922149</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0746-8342">0746-8342</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121602358">121602358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+College+Mathematics+Journal&rft.atitle=When+the+Pope+was+a+Mathematician&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=354-362&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121602358%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0746-8342&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07468342.2005.11922149&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Leigh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoswell2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Boswell" title="John Boswell">Boswell, John</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3kzgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA254"><i>Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-34536-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-34536-9"><bdi>978-0-226-34536-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%2C+Social+Tolerance%2C+and+Homosexuality%3A+Gay+People+in+Western+Europe+from+the+Beginning+of+the+Christian+Era+to+the+Fourteenth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-226-34536-9&rft.aulast=Boswell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3kzgCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromell2002" class="citation book cs1">Bromell, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zLWTqBmifh0C&pg=PA16">"Alcuin"</a>. In Aldrich, Robert; Wotherspoon, Garry (eds.). <i>Who's who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to World War II</i>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15983-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15983-8"><bdi>978-0-415-15983-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alcuin&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+in+Gay+and+Lesbian+History%3A+From+Antiquity+to+World+War+II&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15983-8&rft.aulast=Bromell&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzLWTqBmifh0C%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne1908" class="citation book cs1">Browne, G.F. (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alcuinyorklectu01browgoog"><i>Alcuin of York</i></a>. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcuin+of+York&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Society+for+Promoting+Christian+Knowledge&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=G.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falcuinyorklectu01browgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullough2004" class="citation book cs1">Bullough, Donald A (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5F0AAAAIAAJ"><i>Alcuin: Achievement and Reputation</i></a>. Being Part of the Ford Lectures Delivered in Oxford in Hilary Term 1980. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12865-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12865-1"><bdi>978-90-04-12865-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcuin%3A+Achievement+and+Reputation&rft.series=Being+Part+of+the+Ford+Lectures+Delivered+in+Oxford+in+Hilary+Term+1980&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12865-1&rft.aulast=Bullough&rft.aufirst=Donald+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY5F0AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullough2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bullough, Donald (2010) [2004]. "Alcuin (c. 740–804)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F298">10.1093/ref:odnb/298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alcuin+%28c.+740%E2%80%93804%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F298&rft.aulast=Bullough&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Burns, James Aloysius (1907). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Alcuin"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Alcuin">"Alcuin" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alcuin&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=James+Aloysius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2009" class="citation book cs1">Clark, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m19Gbl6VKQUC&pg=PA79"><i>Between Medieval Men: Male Friendship and Desire in Early Medieval English Literature</i></a>. Oxford: OUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156788-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156788-9"><bdi>978-0-19-156788-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Medieval+Men%3A+Male+Friendship+and+Desire+in+Early+Medieval+English+Literature&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-156788-9&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm19Gbl6VKQUC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColish1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Colish" title="Marcia Colish">Colish, Marcia L.</a> (1999). <i>Medieval Foundations of the Western Intellectual Tradition, 400–1400</i>. The Yale Intellectual History of the West. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300078527" title="Special:BookSources/9780300078527"><bdi>9780300078527</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Foundations+of+the+Western+Intellectual+Tradition%2C+400%E2%80%931400&rft.series=The+Yale+Intellectual+History+of+the+West&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780300078527&rft.aulast=Colish&rft.aufirst=Marcia+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoon2011" class="citation book cs1">Coon, Lynda L. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mndRCyKkWt0C&pg=PA18"><i>Dark Age Bodies: Gender and Monastic Practice in the Early Medieval West</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0491-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0491-9"><bdi>978-0-8122-0491-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Age+Bodies%3A+Gender+and+Monastic+Practice+in+the+Early+Medieval+West&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0491-9&rft.aulast=Coon&rft.aufirst=Lynda+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmndRCyKkWt0C%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dales, Douglas J. 'Accessing Alcuin: A Master Bibliography' (James Clarke & Co., Cambridge, 2013), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0227901977" title="Special:BookSources/978-0227901977">978-0227901977</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDales2012" class="citation book cs1">Dales, Douglas (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V5kABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91"><i>Alcuin: His Life and Legacy</i></a>. James Clarke & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-227-17346-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-227-17346-6"><bdi>978-0-227-17346-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcuin%3A+His+Life+and+Legacy&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Co&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-227-17346-6&rft.aulast=Dales&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV5kABAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalesWilliams2013" class="citation book cs1">Dales, Douglas; <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Williams, Rowan</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gpsABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA228">"Ch. 24 The Poet at Work"</a>. <i>Alcuin: Theology and Thought</i>. James Clarke & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-227-17394-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-227-17394-7"><bdi>978-0-227-17394-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+24+The+Poet+at+Work&rft.btitle=Alcuin%3A+Theology+and+Thought&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Co&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-227-17394-7&rft.aulast=Dales&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.au=Williams%2C+Rowan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgpsABAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Diem, Albrecht, 'The Emergence of Monastic Schools. The Role of Alcuin', in: Luuk A. J. R. Houwen and Alasdair A. McDonald (eds.), <i>Alcuin of York. Scholar at the Carolingian Court</i>, Groningen 1998 (Germania Latina, vol. 3), pp. 27–44.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuckett1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Duckett" title="Eleanor Duckett">Duckett, Eleanor Shipley</a> (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWWcAAAAMAAJ"><i>Alcuin, Friend of Charlemagne: His World & His Work</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-208-00070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-208-00070-5"><bdi>978-0-208-00070-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcuin%2C+Friend+of+Charlemagne%3A+His+World+%26+His+Work&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=978-0-208-00070-5&rft.aulast=Duckett&rft.aufirst=Eleanor+Shipley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfWWcAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Duckett, Eleanor Shipley. <i>Carolingian Portraits</i>, (1962)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinhard1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Einhard" title="Einhard">Einhard</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ixFni5sydQMC&pg=PA54"><i>The Life of Charlemagne</i></a>. Ann Arbor paperbacks. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06035-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06035-1"><bdi>978-0-472-06035-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Charlemagne&rft.series=Ann+Arbor+paperbacks&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-472-06035-1&rft.au=Einhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DixFni5sydQMC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllsberg2016" class="citation book cs1">Ellsberg, Robert (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=osC5DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA286"><i>Blessed Among Us: Day by Day with Saintly Witnesses</i></a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-4745-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-4745-5"><bdi>978-0-8146-4745-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blessed+Among+Us%3A+Day+by+Day+with+Saintly+Witnesses&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-4745-5&rft.aulast=Ellsberg&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DosC5DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrantzen1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_Frantzen" title="Allen Frantzen">Frantzen, Allen J.</a> (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beforeclosetsame00fran"><i>Before the Closet: Same-Sex Love from "Beowulf" to "Angels in America"</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beforeclosetsame00fran/page/198">198</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-26092-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-26092-1"><bdi>978-0-226-26092-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+the+Closet%3A+Same-Sex+Love+from+%22Beowulf%22+to+%22Angels+in+America%22&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-226-26092-1&rft.aulast=Frantzen&rft.aufirst=Allen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeforeclosetsame00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ganshof, F.L. <i>The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-48227-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-48227-5">0-582-48227-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaskoin1966" class="citation book cs1">Gaskoin, Charles Jacinth Bellairs (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sTM9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA133"><i>Alcuin: His Life and His Work</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. GGKEY:9CL47HJX2L5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcuin%3A+His+Life+and+His+Work&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Gaskoin&rft.aufirst=Charles+Jacinth+Bellairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsTM9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Godman, Peter. <i>Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-1768-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7156-1768-0">0-7156-1768-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorman2002" class="citation journal cs1">Gorman, Michael (2002). "Alcuin before Migne". <i>Revue Bénédictine</i>. <b>112</b> (1–2): 101–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.RB.5.100616">10.1484/J.RB.5.100616</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-0893">0035-0893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dictine&rft.atitle=Alcuin+before+Migne&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=101-130&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.RB.5.100616&rft.issn=0035-0893&rft.aulast=Gorman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadleySingmaster1992" class="citation journal cs1">Hadley, John; Singmaster, David (1992). "Problems to Sharpen the Young". <i>The Mathematical Gazette</i>. <b>76</b> (475): 102–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3620384">10.2307/3620384</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3620384">3620384</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125835186">125835186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mathematical+Gazette&rft.atitle=Problems+to+Sharpen+the+Young&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=475&rft.pages=102-126&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A125835186%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3620384%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3620384&rft.aulast=Hadley&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Singmaster%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchison2006" class="citation web cs1">Hutchison, Fred (1 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060602171225/http://www.renewamerica.us/analyses/060601hutchison.htm">"A cure for the educational crisis: Learn from the extraordinary educational heritage of the West"</a>. <i>RenewAmerica</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.renewamerica.us/analyses/060601hutchison.htm">the original</a> on 2 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RenewAmerica&rft.atitle=A+cure+for+the+educational+crisis%3A+Learn+from+the+extraordinary+educational+heritage+of+the+West&rft.date=2006-06-01&rft.aulast=Hutchison&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.renewamerica.us%2Fanalyses%2F060601hutchison.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaeger1991" class="citation journal cs1">Jaeger, C. Stephen (1991). "L'Amour des Rois: Structure Sociale D'Une Forme de Sensibilité Aristocratique". <i>Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 547–571. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fahess.1991.278964">10.3406/ahess.1991.278964</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0395-2649">0395-2649</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161706219">161706219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales.+Histoire%2C+Sciences+Sociales&rft.atitle=L%27Amour+des+Rois%3A+Structure+Sociale+D%27Une+Forme+de+Sensibilit%C3%A9+Aristocratique&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=547-571&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161706219%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0395-2649&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fahess.1991.278964&rft.aulast=Jaeger&rft.aufirst=C.+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaeger1999" class="citation book cs1">Jaeger, C. Stephen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VC9vLpHlYY4C&pg=PR9"><i>Ennobling Love: In Search of a Lost Sensibility</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1691-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1691-1"><bdi>0-8122-1691-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ennobling+Love%3A+In+Search+of+a+Lost+Sensibility&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8122-1691-1&rft.aulast=Jaeger&rft.aufirst=C.+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVC9vLpHlYY4C%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJullienPerelman1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jullien, Marie-Hélène; Perelman, Françoise, eds. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oDQEoQEACAAJ"><i>Clavis scriptorum Latinorum Medii Aevi: auctores Galliae, 735-987</i></a> (in Latin). Vol. Tomus II: Alcuinus. Turnhout: Brepols. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/610811296">610811296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clavis+scriptorum+Latinorum+Medii+Aevi%3A+auctores+Galliae%2C+735-987&rft.place=Turnhout&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F610811296&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoDQEoQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiersch1880" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Liersch, Karl (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mgh.de/bibliothek/opac/?wa72ci_url=/cgi-bin/mgh/regsrchindex.pl?wert%3Dgedichte+theodulfs,+bischofs+von+orleans&recnums=195542&index=1&db=opac"><i>Die Gedichte Theodulfs, Bischofs von Orleans</i></a> (in German). Halle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Gedichte+Theodulfs%2C+Bischofs+von+Orleans&rft.place=Halle&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Liersch&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mgh.de%2Fbibliothek%2Fopac%2F%3Fwa72ci_url%3D%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmgh%2Fregsrchindex.pl%3Fwert%253Dgedichte%2Btheodulfs%2C%2Bbischofs%2Bvon%2Borleans%26recnums%3D195542%26index%3D1%26db%3Dopac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Lorenz, Frederick. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofalcuin00lorerich">The life of Alcuin</a></i> (Thomas Hurst, 1837).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayr-Harting2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Mayr-Harting" title="Henry Mayr-Harting">Mayr-Harting, Henry</a> (2016). "Alcuin, Charlemagne and the problem of sanctions". In Baxter, Stephen; <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Karkov" title="Catherine Karkov">Karkov, Catherine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Janet_Nelson" title="Janet Nelson">Nelson, Janet L.</a>; Pelteret, David (eds.). <i>Early Medieval Studies in Memory of Patrick Wormald</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754663317" title="Special:BookSources/978-0754663317"><bdi>978-0754663317</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alcuin%2C+Charlemagne+and+the+problem+of+sanctions&rft.btitle=Early+Medieval+Studies+in+Memory+of+Patrick+Wormald&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0754663317&rft.aulast=Mayr-Harting&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McGuire, Brian P. <i>Friendship, and Community: The Monastic Experience</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87907-895-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87907-895-2">0-87907-895-2</a></li> <li>Murphy, Richard E. <i>Alcuin of York: De Virtutibus et Vitiis, Virtues and Vices.</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9966967-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9966967-0-8">978-0-9966967-0-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Needham, N. R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SYP8SAAACAAJ"><i>2,000 Years of Christ's Power</i></a>. Vol. Part Two: The Middle Ages. Grace Publications Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-946462-56-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-946462-56-8"><bdi>978-0-946462-56-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2%2C000+Years+of+Christ%27s+Power&rft.pub=Grace+Publications+Trust&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-946462-56-8&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=N.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSYP8SAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage1909" class="citation book cs1">Page, Rolph Barlow (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersofalcuin00pagerich"><i>The Letters of Alcuin</i></a>. New York: Forest Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Alcuin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Forest+Press&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Rolph+Barlow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flettersofalcuin00pagerich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stehling, Thomas. <i>Medieval Latin Love Poems of Male Love and Friendship</i>.</li> <li>Stella, Francesco, "Alkuins Dichtung" in <i>Alkuin von York und die geistige Grundlegung Europas </i>, Sankt Gallen, Verlag am Klosterhof, 2010, pp. 107–28.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenton2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stenton" title="Frank Stenton">Stenton, F.M.</a> (2001). <i>Anglo-Saxon England</i> (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192801395" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192801395"><bdi>978-0192801395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Saxon+England&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0192801395&rft.aulast=Stenton&rft.aufirst=F.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStory2005" class="citation book cs1">Story, Joanna (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vTbvq_8HFPUC&pg=PA137"><i>Charlemagne: Empire and Society</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719070891" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719070891"><bdi>978-0719070891</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charlemagne%3A+Empire+and+Society&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0719070891&rft.aulast=Story&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvTbvq_8HFPUC%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Throop, Priscilla, trans. <i>Alcuin: His Life; On Virtues and Vices; Dialogue with Pepin</i> (Charlotte, VT: MedievalMS, 2011)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruss2003" class="citation book cs1">Truss, Lynne (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eatsshootsleav00trus"><i>Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation</i></a></span>. Profile Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86197-612-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86197-612-3"><bdi>978-1-86197-612-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eats%2C+Shoots+%26+Leaves%3A+The+Zero+Tolerance+Approach+to+Punctuation&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86197-612-3&rft.aulast=Truss&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Featsshootsleav00trus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fleming_West" title="Andrew Fleming West">West, Andrew Fleming</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alcuinriseofchri00westiala">Alcuin and the Rise of the Christian Schools</a></i> (C. Scribner's Sons, 1912) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-1635-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8371-1635-X">0-8371-1635-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmot-Buxton1922" class="citation book cs1">Wilmot-Buxton, E.M. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/alcuin__00wilm#page/92/mode/2up"><i>Alcuin</i></a>. New York: P.J. Kenedy & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcuin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=P.J.+Kenedy+%26+Sons&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Wilmot-Buxton&rft.aufirst=E.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Falcuin__00wilm%23page%2F92%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Alcuin" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Alcuin">Alcuin</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alcuin&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Alcuin" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Alcuin">Alcuin</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 1. 1907.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alcuin&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Alcuin" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Alcuin">Alcuin</a>". <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work">The New Student's Reference Work</a></i>. Vol. 1. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alcuin&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Short_Biographical_Dictionary_of_English_Literature/Alcuin_or_Ealhwine" class="extiw" title="s:A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Alcuin or Ealhwine">Alcuin or Ealhwine</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/A_Short_Biographical_Dictionary_of_English_Literature" title="A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature">A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature</a></i>, 1910 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alcuin+or+Ealhwine&rft.btitle=A+Short+Biographical+Dictionary+of+English+Literature&rft.date=1910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Alcuin" class="extiw" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Alcuin">Alcuin</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 1. 1885.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alcuin&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.date=1885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcuin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Alcuin" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Alcuin">Alcuin</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Latin <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="la" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Scriptor:Alcuinus" class="extiw" title="s:la:Scriptor:Alcuinus">Alcuinus</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alcuin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Alcuin">Alcuin</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pase.ac.uk/jsp/persons/CreatePersonFrames.jsp?personKey=1142">Alcuin 1</a> at <a href="/wiki/Prosopography_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England">Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://logica.ugent.be/albrecht/alcuin.pdf">Alcuin's book, <i>Problems for the Quickening of the Minds of the Young</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205163439/http://www.bu.edu/english/levine/alcend.htm">Introduction to Alcuin's writings by Robert Levine and Whitney Bolton</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alcuinsociety.com/"><i>The Alcuin Society</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofyork.org.uk/timeline/anglo-saxon"><i>Anglo-Saxon York on History of York site</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081118194921/http://www.corpuschristianorum.org/series/cccm_preparation.html">Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis: new critical editions in preparation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121204163129/http://kaali.linguist.jussieu.fr/CGL/index.jsp">Corpus Grammaticorum Latinorum: complete texts and full bibliography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502224321/http://cristoraul.com/ENGLISH/readinghall/GalleryofHistory/ALCUIN/Alcuin-Door.html">The Life of Alcuin by Frederick Lorenz</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Alcuin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alcuin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Alcuin%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Alcuin%22%29%20OR%20%28%22740-804%22%20AND%20Alcuin%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Alcuin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1121">Works by Alcuin</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D118502026">Literature by and about Alcuin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library" title="German National Library">German National Library</a> catalogue</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/entity/118502026">Works by and about Alcuin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Digitale_Bibliothek" title="Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek">Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek</a> (German Digital Library)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geschichtsquellen.de/repPers_118502026.html">"Alcuin"</a>. <i>Repertorium "Historical Sources of the German Middle Ages" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Geschichtsquellen des deutschen Mittelalters</i></span>)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Repertorium+%22Historical+Sources+of+the+German+Middle+Ages%22+%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22German-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22de%22%3EGeschichtsquellen+des+deutschen+Mittelalters%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+German-language+text%29&rft.atitle=Alcuin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geschichtsquellen.de%2FrepPers_118502026.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlcuin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienA/Alkuin.htm">Alcuin</a>" in the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%96kumenisches_Heiligenlexikon" title="Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon">Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Template:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Catholic philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/70px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/105px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/140px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="963" /></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/70px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/105px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg 1.5x, 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">Universals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic realism">Augustinian realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotistic_realism" title="Scotistic realism">Scotistic realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">Theological intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntarism_(philosophy)" title="Voluntarism (philosophy)">Theological voluntarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Malebranche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Occam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Ratzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Wojtyła</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actus_essendi" title="Actus essendi">Actus Essendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actus_primus" title="Actus primus">Actus primus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actus_purus" title="Actus purus">Actus purus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aevum" title="Aevum">Aevum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Cartesian dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehellenization_of_Christianity" title="Dehellenization of Christianity">Dehellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentia" title="Differentia">Differentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputation" title="Disputation">Disputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">Divine illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_truth" title="Double truth">Double truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_demon" title="Evil demon">Evil demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_distinction" title="Formal distinction">Formal distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_many_angels_can_dance_on_the_head_of_a_pin%3F" title="How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?">Head of a pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_unius_libri" title="Homo unius libri">Homo unius libri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">Infused righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori#In_Europe_from_the_Medieval_era_to_the_Victorian_era" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_axiom" title="Peripatetic axiom">Peripatetic axiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of double effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque viae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment_(Scheler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ressentiment (Scheler)">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rota_Fortunae" title="Rota Fortunae">Rota Fortunae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratification_of_emotional_life_(Scheler)" title="Stratification of emotional life (Scheler)">Stratification of emotional life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_argument" title="Trademark argument">Trademark argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univocity_of_being" title="Univocity of being">Univocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medieval_philosophers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Template:Medieval Philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Template talk:Medieval Philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval_Philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medieval Philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medieval_philosophers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alcuin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">11–12th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Saint_Victor" title="Richard of Saint Victor">Richard of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander of Hales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Chartres" title="Bernard of Chartres">Bernard of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Dominicus Gundissalinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_la_Porr%C3%A9e" title="Gilbert de la Porrée">Gilbert de la Porrée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Lille" title="Alain de Lille">Alain de Lille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">13–14th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scot" title="Michael Scot">Michael Scot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitello" title="Vitello">Vitello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peckham" title="John Peckham">John Peckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Peregrinus_de_Maricourt" title="Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt">Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Fontaines" title="Godfrey of Fontaines">Godfrey of Fontaines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durandus_of_Saint-Pour%C3%A7ain" title="Durandus of Saint-Pourçain">Durandus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Aureolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus Aureolus">Petrus Aureolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Jean Buridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Inghen" title="Marsilius of Inghen">Marsilius of Inghen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Nicole Oresme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Saxony_(philosopher)" title="Albert of Saxony (philosopher)">Albert of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesc_Eiximenis" title="Francesc Eiximenis">Francesc Eiximenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ferrer" title="Vincent Ferrer">Vincent Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Venice" title="Paul of Venice">Paul of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambertus_de_Monte" title="Lambertus de Monte">Lambertus de Monte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hennon" title="John Hennon">John Hennon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Medieval" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Israeli_ben_Solomon" title="Isaac Israeli ben Solomon">Isaac Israeli ben Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol" title="Solomon ibn Gabirol">Solomon ibn Gabirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Halevi" title="Judah Halevi">Judah Halevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Daud" title="Abraham ibn Daud">Abraham ibn Daud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersonides" title="Gersonides">Gersonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasdai_Crescas" title="Hasdai Crescas">Hasdai Crescas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albo" title="Joseph Albo">Joseph Albo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Nazzam" title="Ibrahim al-Nazzam">al-Nazzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi (Alkindus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Ikhwan al-Safa' (Brethren of Purity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bishr_Matta_ibn_Yunus" title="Abu Bishr Matta ibn Yunus">Matta ibn Yunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Masarra" title="Ibn Masarra">Ibn Masarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_Abd_al-Jabbar" title="Al-Qadi Abd al-Jabbar">Abd al-Jabbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hassan_al-Amiri" title="Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri">Al-Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Sijistani" title="Abu Sulayman Sijistani">Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh">Miskawayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">al-Kirmani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">High</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Ibn Sina (Avicenna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali (Algazel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī">Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Quzat_Hamadani" title="Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Ibn Rushd (Averroes)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.2em;text-align:center;">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sab%27in" title="Ibn Sab'in">Ibn Sab'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi">Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Din_Hamadani" title="Rashid al-Din Hamadani">Rashid al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">al-Qazwini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi" title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi">Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athir_al-Din_al-Abhari" title="Athir al-Din al-Abhari">Athir al-Din al-Abhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance philosophy</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Catholic_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Template talk:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Catholic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Catholic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Catholic_theology" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">History of Catholic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Key figures</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Antipope Novatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John of Ruusbroec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/96533523">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/14487/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Alcuinus, Flaccus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118502026">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50042175">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120306790">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120306790">BnF 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href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/280">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068824955">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90199308">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000547281&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=89284">Greece</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=160894">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/gdsvvgl03rjdm29">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810694670905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/27627">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007257393105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523281606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14200872">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00800801?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:alcuin-of-york.">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500114373">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/ff72ce32-9229-4099-ac28-5d18056b5082">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/f0355">BMLO</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/785496">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118502026.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118502026">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028479289">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6g16h4s">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/41000894">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcuin&oldid=1256674181">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcuin&oldid=1256674181</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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