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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prelude and early moves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude_and_early_moves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_at_Athens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_at_Athens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Debate at Athens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_at_Athens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attack_on_Sphacteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attack_on_Sphacteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Attack on Sphacteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attack_on_Sphacteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrender_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrender_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Surrender and aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrender_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Битка при Сфактерия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Сфактерия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Sfakterie" title="Bitva u Sfakterie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Sfakterie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Sphakteria" title="Schlacht von Sphakteria – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht von Sphakteria" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μάχη της Πύλου και της Σφακτηρίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάχη της Πύλου και της Σφακτηρίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Esfacteria" title="Batalla de Esfacteria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Esfacteria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Sphact%C3%A9rie" title="Bataille de Sphactérie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Sphactérie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Sfacteria_(425_a.C.)" title="Battaglia di Sfacteria (425 a.C.) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Sfacteria (425 a.C.)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Sphacteria" title="Slag bij Sphacteria – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Sphacteria" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Sfakteria" title="Slaget ved Sfakteria – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Sfakteria" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_d%27Esfacteria" title="Batalha d'Esfacteria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Batalha d'Esfacteria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_o_Sfakteri%C4%99" title="Bitwa o Sfakterię – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa o Sfakterię" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Esfact%C3%A9ria" title="Batalha de Esfactéria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Esfactéria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Битва на острове Сфактерия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва на острове Сфактерия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Битка код Сфактерије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Сфактерије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Sfakterije" title="Bitka kod Sfakterije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Sfakterije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஸ்ப்பாக்ட்டீரியா சமர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஸ்ப்பாக்ட்டீரியா சமர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Битва при Сфактерії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва при Сфактерії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Sphacteria" 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</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">425 BCE battle between Athens and Sparta, part of the Peloponnesian War</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the battle during the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sphacteria_(1825)" title="Battle of Sphacteria (1825)">Battle of Sphacteria (1825)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Sphacteria</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_sphacteria.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Battle_of_sphacteria.png/300px-Battle_of_sphacteria.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="473" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Battle_of_sphacteria.png/450px-Battle_of_sphacteria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Battle_of_sphacteria.png/600px-Battle_of_sphacteria.png 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="1122" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>425 BC</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Sphacteria" title="Sphacteria">Sphacteria</a>, a small island at the entrance to the bay of <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athenian</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes_(general)" title="Demosthenes (general)">Demosthenes</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cleon" title="Cleon">Cleon</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Epitadas <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a><br /> Hippagretas<br />Styphon</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 3,000+ soldiers,<br />8,000 lightly armed rowers</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 440</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Few</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 148 killed,<br />Remainder captured</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Peloponnesian_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Peloponnesian War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Peloponnesian_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Peloponnesian War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Peloponnesian_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Peloponnesian War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peloponnesian_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War"><span class="wrap">Peloponnesian War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sybota" title="Battle of Sybota"><i>Sybota</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Potidaea" title="Battle of Potidaea"><i>Potidaea</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spartolos" title="Battle of Spartolos">Spartolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhium" title="Battle of Rhium">Rhium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naupactus" title="Battle of Naupactus">Naupactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Plataea" title="Siege of Plataea">Plataea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mytilenean_revolt" title="Mytilenean revolt">1st Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tanagra_(426_BC)" title="Battle of Tanagra (426 BC)">Tanagra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_campaign" title="Aetolian campaign">Aetolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olpae" title="Battle of Olpae">Olpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idomene" title="Battle of Idomene">Idomene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pylos" title="Battle of Pylos">Pylos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sphacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megara" title="Battle of Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delium" title="Battle of Delium">Delium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amphipolis" title="Battle of Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mantinea_(418_BC)" title="Battle of Mantinea (418 BC)">Mantinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hysiae_(417_BC)" title="Battle of Hysiae (417 BC)">Hysiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orneae" title="Battle of Orneae">Orneae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Melos" title="Siege of Melos">Melos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Sicilian Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Syme" title="Battle of Syme">Syme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eretria" title="Battle of Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynossema" title="Battle of Cynossema">Cynossema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abydos" title="Battle of Abydos">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cyzicus" title="Battle of Cyzicus">Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Notium" title="Battle of Notium">Notium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mytilene_(406_BC)" title="Battle of Mytilene (406 BC)">2nd Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Arginusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aegospotami" title="Battle of Aegospotami">Aegospotami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Sphacteria</b> was a land battle of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a>, fought in 425 BC between <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pylos" title="Battle of Pylos">Battle of Pylos</a> and subsequent peace negotiations, which failed, a number of Spartans were stranded on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sphacteria" title="Sphacteria">Sphacteria</a>. An Athenian force under <a href="/wiki/Cleon" title="Cleon">Cleon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes_(general)" title="Demosthenes (general)">Demosthenes</a> attacked and forced them to surrender. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sphacteria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the wake of the failed peace negotiations, Demosthenes initially attempted to starve out the Spartans on Sphacteria, but was unable to blockade the island tightly enough. In Athens there was concern that the approach of winter would necessitate abandoning the blockade, unless the impasse was swiftly broken. The politician Cleon took out reinforcements from Athens and joined forces with Demosthenes, and the Athenians launched an assault on Sphacteria. Landing in great force on a weakly defended point, the Athenians swamped the beachfront defenses and moved inland, harassing the Spartans by using bows and spears, whenever they attempted to come to grips with the Athenian <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplites</a>. The Spartans retreated to the northern end of the island and dug in behind their fortifications, but when the <a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenian</a> general Comon succeeded in bringing his troops through seemingly impassable terrain into their rear, the Spartans surrendered. </p><p>The capture of over 292 hoplites (120 of which were Spartans) by Athens radically shifted the balance of power in the war. Athens threatened to execute its prisoners if Sparta invaded <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>, and the annual invasions which had occurred since the war's declaration were thus halted.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athens, meanwhile, with increased prestige and confidence, went on to pursue the war with more vigor and initiative for several years, returning to the negotiating table only after a string of defeats had eroded its position. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude_and_early_moves">Prelude and early moves</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sphacteria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prelude and early moves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pylos" title="Battle of Pylos">Battle of Pylos</a>, which resulted in the isolation of over 400 Spartan soldiers on the island of Sphacteria, Sparta sued for peace, and, after arranging an armistice at Pylos by surrendering the ships of the Peloponnesian fleet as security, sent an embassy to Athens to negotiate a settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These negotiations, however, proved fruitless, and with the news of their failure the armistice came to an end; the Athenians, however, refused to return the Peloponnesian ships, alleging that assaults had been made against their fortifications during the truce.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hostilities resumed immediately, with the Athenians guarding the island night and day against attempts at rescue or resupply. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Demosthenes_(general)" title="Demosthenes (general)">Demosthenes</a>, commanding the force at Pylos, initially planned to starve the Spartans out rather than attack them, but as time wore on it became clear that the Spartans would be able to hold out for longer than anticipated.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By offering freedom to <a href="/wiki/Helot" class="mw-redirect" title="Helot">Helots</a> and monetary rewards to free men who would volunteer to carry food across to the island, the Spartans were able to bring in a small but critical stream of food. Some of these men reached the island by approaching from the seaward side at night during rough weather; others swam underwater towing bags of food. The Athenians, meanwhile, found themselves frequently short on rations, and the entire force was forced to depend on a single spring for its fresh water. In these adverse circumstances, the Athenians began to doubt that they could resolve the issue by siege before winter forced them to lift their blockade.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debate_at_Athens">Debate at Athens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sphacteria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Debate at Athens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This downturn of fortunes was the source of much concern at Athens, the decision to reject Sparta's peace offer became an item of much popular regret.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noting this turn of popular opinion, <a href="/wiki/Cleon" title="Cleon">Cleon</a>, who had been the principal advocate of rejecting the peace offer, claimed that the reports brought back from the scene must be inaccurate. When <a href="/wiki/Nicias" title="Nicias">Nicias</a>, a political opponent of his and a <a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a> for that year, proposed to send a commission, with Cleon among its members, to verify the reports from Pylos, Cleon attacked him for proposing to waste time that should have been spent attacking. Nicias countered this rhetorical thrust by offering to stand aside as a general, and allow Cleon to take command of an expeditionary force to Pylos. Although he had no authority to make this offer, the assembly, caught up in the enthusiasm of the moment, went along with him, urging Cleon to back up his words with action.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cleon was probably aware that an attack was already being planned at Pylos, as he was likely to have been in communication with Demosthenes,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but once he realized that Nicias's offer was more than a rhetorical ploy he attempted to back down from his challenge. The crowd, however, refused to permit this, and Cleon was eventually compelled to accept command. Reassuming the bold attitude he had taken at the start of the debate, Cleon proclaimed that, with the force he had been given, he would either kill or capture the Spartans within twenty days. Naming Demosthenes as his partner in command, he set out from Athens with a force composed of Athenian sailors and ships carrying allied <a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">peltasts</a> and archers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attack_on_Sphacteria">Attack on Sphacteria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sphacteria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Attack on Sphacteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Demosthenes had already been planning an attack on Sphacteria, as the difficulty of the circumstances his men were in had led him to doubt the viability of a prolonged siege. Moreover, a fire on the island, ignited by Spartan sailors lighting a fire to cook a meal away from the crowded confines of Pylos, had denuded the island of vegetation and allowed Demosthenes to examine both the contours of the island and the number and disposition of the defenders.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeing that only thirty Spartans were detailed to guard the southern end of the island, away from Pylos, Demosthenes landed his 800 hoplites on both the seaward and landward sides of the island one night. The Spartan garrison, thinking that the Athenian ships were only mooring in their usual nightly watch posts, was caught off guard and massacred. At dawn, the remainder of the Athenian force streamed ashore; these included some 2,000 light troops (<a href="/wiki/Psiloi" title="Psiloi">psiloi</a>) and archers (<a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">toxotai</a>) and some 8,000 rowers from the fleet, armed with whatever weapons could be found.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spartans, under their commander Epitadas, attempted to come to grips with the Athenian hoplites and push their enemies back into the sea, but Demosthenes detailed his lightly armed troops, in companies of about 200 men, to occupy high points and harass the enemy with missile fire whenever they approached. When the Spartans rushed at their tormentors, the light troops, unencumbered by heavy hoplite armor, were easily able to run to safety; dust and ash from the recent fire, stirred up by the commotion, further contributed to the Spartans' predicament by obscuring their attackers from their sight. Unable to make any headway, the Spartans withdrew in some confusion to the northern end of the island, where they dug in behind their fortifications and hoped to hold out. A stalemate took hold for some time, with the Athenians trying unsuccessfully to dislodge the Spartans from their strong positions. At this point, the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Messenia" title="Messenia">Messenian</a> detachment in the Athenian force, Comon, approached Demosthenes and asked that he be given troops with which to move through the seemingly impassable terrain along the island's shore. His request was granted, and Comon led his men into the Spartan rear through a route that had been left unguarded on account of its roughness. When he emerged with his force, the Spartans, in disbelief, abandoned their defenses; the Athenians seized the approaches to the fort, and the Spartan force stood on the brink of annihilation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surrender_and_aftermath">Surrender and aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sphacteria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Surrender and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At this point, Cleon and Demosthenes declined to push the attack further, preferring to take as many Spartans as they could prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Athenian herald offered the Spartans a chance to surrender, and the Spartans, throwing down their shields, agreed at last to negotiate. Cleon and Demosthenes met with the Spartan commander Styphon (Styphon had initially been the third in command, but Epitadas had been killed and his first successor was severely wounded and had been left for dead). Styphon requested to send a herald to the mainland to seek advice; the Athenians refused to allow any of the trapped men to leave, but permitted as many heralds from the mainland as were desired to pass back and forth. Several messengers did so, the last of whom left Styphon with the message "The Spartans order you to make your decision yourselves, so long as you do nothing dishonorable."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Styphon and his men, with no hope of victory or escape, surrendered. Of the 440 Spartans who had crossed over to Sphacteria, 292 survived to surrender; of these, 120 were men of the elite <a href="/wiki/Spartiate" title="Spartiate">Spartiate</a> class. </p><p>"The outcome," Donald Kagan has observed, "shook the Greek world."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spartans, it had been supposed, would never surrender. Now, with Spartiate hostages in their hands, the Athenians issued an ultimatum; any invasion of <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a> would lead to the execution of their prisoners. For the first time since the beginning of the war, the Athenians could farm their crops securely. At Pylos, a Messenian garrison was installed, and these men, launching raids into country that had once been their home, did significant damage to the Spartans and instigated the desertion of numerous <a href="/wiki/Helot" class="mw-redirect" title="Helot">Helots</a>. At Athens, Cleon, his seemingly mad promise fulfilled, was the man of the hour; he was granted meals at the state's expense in the prytaneum (the same reward granted to Olympic champions), and most scholars see his hand in the legislation of the following months, the most prominent item of which was an increased levy of tribute on the <a href="/wiki/Athenian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian empire">empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sphacteria had changed the nature of the war. The next few years would see a newly aggressive Athens, and it would take a string of Athenian reverses to diffuse the impetus that the surrenders had given and bring the two sides to the table to negotiate the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Nicias" title="Peace of Nicias">Peace of Nicias</a> in 421 BC. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> says it was only with victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mantinea_(418_BC)" title="Battle of Mantinea (418 BC)">battle of Mantinea in 418 BC</a> that Sparta “did away with all the reproaches that had been levelled against them by the Hellenes, whether for cowardice, because of the disaster on the island, or for incompetence and lack of resolution on other occasions.”<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sphacteria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> "<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">History of the Peloponnesian War</a>", <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>, (c) 1954, p289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thucydides, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War/Book_4#4:16" class="extiw" title="s:History of the Peloponnesian War/Book 4">4.16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For all details of events immediately after the end of the truce, see Thucydides, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War/Book_4#4:23" class="extiw" title="s:History of the Peloponnesian War/Book 4">4.23</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unless otherwise noted, all details of the siege are drawn from Thucydides, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War/Book_4#4:26" class="extiw" title="s:History of the Peloponnesian War/Book 4">4.26</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thucydides, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War/Book_4#4:27" class="extiw" title="s:History of the Peloponnesian War/Book 4">4.27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unless otherwise noted, all details of the debate at Athens and its results are drawn from Thucydides, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War/Book_4#4:27" class="extiw" title="s:History of the Peloponnesian War/Book 4">4.27-29</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kagan, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i>, 149-150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kagan, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i>, 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unless otherwise noted, all details of the battle are drawn from Thucydides, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War/Book_4#4:29" class="extiw" title="s:History of the Peloponnesian War/Book 4">4.29-36</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kagan, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i>, 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unless otherwise noted, all details of the surrender and aftermath are drawn from Thucydides, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War/Book_4#4:37" class="extiw" title="s:History of the Peloponnesian War/Book 4">4.37-41</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thucydides, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War/Book_4#4:38" class="extiw" title="s:History of the Peloponnesian War/Book 4">4.38</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kagan, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i>, 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kagan, <i>The Peloponnesian War</i>, 152-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThucydides1954" class="citation book cs1">Thucydides (1954). <i>History of the Peloponnesian war</i>. Penguin classics. p. 395. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140440393" title="Special:BookSources/9780140440393"><bdi>9780140440393</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Peloponnesian+war&rft.pages=395&rft.pub=Penguin+classics&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=9780140440393&rft.au=Thucydides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Sphacteria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sphacteria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Kagan" title="Donald Kagan">Kagan, Donald</a>. <i>The Peloponnesian War</i> (Penguin Books, 2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-03211-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-03211-5">0-670-03211-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThucydides" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:History of the Peloponnesian War"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War"><i>History of the Peloponnesian War</i> </a></span>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Crawley" title="Richard Crawley">Richard Crawley</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Peloponnesian+War&rft.au=Thucydides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Sphacteria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Sphacteria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/ps-pz/pylos/sphacteria.html">Livius.org: Pylos/Sphacteria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130707140217/http://www.livius.org/ps-pz/pylos/sphacteria.html">Archived</a> 2013-07-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176416#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2018001176">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="bitva u Sfaktérie (425 př. 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