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1857 — Wikipédia
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mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Cette page concerne l'année <b>1857</b> (MDCCCLVII en chiffres romains) du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_gr%C3%A9gorien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier grégorien">calendrier grégorien</a>.</p> </div> </div> <p>L'année <b>1857</b> est une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e_commune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Année commune">année commune</a> qui <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9e_commune_commen%C3%A7ant_un_jeudi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Année commune commençant un jeudi">commence un jeudi</a>.</p> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive" style="width:21em"> <div class="entete" style="background-color: #C0D1E2;"> <div> <small>Chronologies</small> </div> </div> <div class="images"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Portrait-Fatma_N%27Soumer.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Description de cette image, également commentée ci-après" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Portrait-Fatma_N%27Soumer.jpg/220px-Portrait-Fatma_N%27Soumer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Portrait-Fatma_N%2527Soumer.jpg/330px-Portrait-Fatma_N%2527Soumer.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Portrait-Fatma_N%2527Soumer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="453"></a></span> </div> <div class="legend"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/11_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="11 juillet">11 juillet</a> : capture de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lalla_Fatma_N%27Soumer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lalla Fatma N'Soumer">Lalla Fatma N'Soumer</a>. </div> <table> <caption class="hidden" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"> Données clés </caption> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1854?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1854">1854</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1855?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1855">1855</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1856?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1856">1856</a> <b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">1857</a> </b> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1858?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1858">1858</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1859?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1859">1859</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1860?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1860">1860</a><br><small><b>Décennies :</b></small><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1820?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1820">1820</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1830?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1830">1830</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1840?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1840">1840</a> <b> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1850?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1850">1850</a> </b> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1860?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1860">1860</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1870?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1870">1870</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1880?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Années 1880">1880</a><br><small><b>Siècles :</b></small><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVIIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVIIe siècle">XVII<sup>e</sup></a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XVIIIe siècle">XVIII<sup>e</sup></a> <b> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIXe siècle">XIX<sup>e</sup></a> </b> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XXe siècle">XX<sup>e</sup></a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XXIe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XXIe siècle">XXI<sup>e</sup></a><br><small><b>Millénaires :</b></small><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ier_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ier millénaire av. J.-C.">-I<sup>er</sup></a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ier_mill%C3%A9naire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ier millénaire">I<sup>er</sup></a> <b> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IIe_mill%C3%A9naire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IIe millénaire">II<sup>e</sup></a> </b> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IIIe_mill%C3%A9naire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IIIe millénaire">III<sup>e</sup></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_chronologies_par_zone_g%C3%A9ographique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des chronologies par zone géographique">Chronologies géographiques</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="[afficher]/[masquer]"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Afrique&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Afrique (page inexistante)">Afrique</a> </div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Afrique_du_Sud&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Afrique du Sud (page inexistante)">Afrique du Sud</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Alg%C3%A9rie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Algérie (page inexistante)">Algérie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Angola&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Angola (page inexistante)">Angola</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_B%C3%A9nin&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Bénin (page inexistante)">Bénin</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Botswana&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Botswana (page inexistante)">Botswana</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Burkina_Faso&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Burkina Faso (page inexistante)">Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Burundi (page inexistante)">Burundi</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Cameroun&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Cameroun (page inexistante)">Cameroun</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Cap-Vert&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Cap-Vert (page inexistante)">Cap-Vert</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_R%C3%A9publique_centrafricaine&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en République centrafricaine (page inexistante)">République centrafricaine</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_aux_Comores&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 aux Comores (page inexistante)">Comores</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_R%C3%A9publique_du_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en République du Congo (page inexistante)">République du Congo</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en République démocratique du Congo (page inexistante)">République démocratique du Congo</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_C%C3%B4te_d'Ivoire&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Côte d'Ivoire (page inexistante)">Côte d'Ivoire</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_%C3%A0_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 à Djibouti (page inexistante)">Djibouti</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_%C3%89gypte&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Égypte (page inexistante)">Égypte</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_%C3%89rythr%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Érythrée (page inexistante)">Érythrée</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_%C3%89thiopie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Éthiopie (page inexistante)">Éthiopie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Gabon (page inexistante)">Gabon</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Gambie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Gambie (page inexistante)">Gambie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Ghana (page inexistante)">Ghana</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Guin%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Guinée (page inexistante)">Guinée</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Guin%C3%A9e-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Guinée-Bissau (page inexistante)">Guinée-Bissau</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Guin%C3%A9e_%C3%A9quatoriale&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Guinée équatoriale (page inexistante)">Guinée équatoriale</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Kenya (page inexistante)">Kenya</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Lesotho (page inexistante)">Lesotho</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Liberia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Liberia (page inexistante)">Liberia</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Libye&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Libye (page inexistante)">Libye</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_%C3%A0_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 à Madagascar (page inexistante)">Madagascar</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Malawi (page inexistante)">Malawi</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Mali (page inexistante)">Mali</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Mauritanie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Mauritanie (page inexistante)">Mauritanie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_%C3%A0_Maurice_(pays)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 à Maurice (pays) (page inexistante)">Maurice</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Maroc&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Maroc (page inexistante)">Maroc</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Mozambique (page inexistante)">Mozambique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Namibie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Namibie (page inexistante)">Namibie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Niger&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Niger (page inexistante)">Niger</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Nigeria (page inexistante)">Nigeria</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Ouganda&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Ouganda (page inexistante)">Ouganda</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Rwanda (page inexistante)">Rwanda</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Sahara_occidental&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Sahara occidental (page inexistante)">Sahara occidental</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_%C3%A0_Sao_Tom%C3%A9-et-Principe&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 à Sao Tomé-et-Principe (page inexistante)">Sao Tomé-et-Principe</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Sénégal (page inexistante)">Sénégal</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_aux_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 aux Seychelles (page inexistante)">Seychelles</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Sierra Leone (page inexistante)">Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Somalie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Somalie (page inexistante)">Somalie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Soudan&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Soudan (page inexistante)">Soudan</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Soudan_du_Sud&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Soudan du Sud (page inexistante)">Soudan du Sud</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Swaziland&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Swaziland (page inexistante)">Swaziland</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Tanzanie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Tanzanie (page inexistante)">Tanzanie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Tchad&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Tchad (page inexistante)">Tchad</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Togo (page inexistante)">Togo</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Tunisie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Tunisie (page inexistante)">Tunisie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Zambie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Zambie (page inexistante)">Zambie</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Zimbabwe&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Zimbabwe (page inexistante)">Zimbabwe</a></p> </div> <div class="NavEnd"> </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="[afficher]/[masquer]"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_par_pays_en_Am%C3%A9rique&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 par pays en Amérique (page inexistante)">Amérique</a> </div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_%C3%A0_Antigua-et-Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 à Antigua-et-Barbuda (page inexistante)">Antigua-et-Barbuda</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Argentine&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Argentine (page inexistante)">Argentine</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_aux_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 aux Bahamas (page inexistante)">Bahamas</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_%C3%A0_la_Barbade&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 à la Barbade (page inexistante)">Barbade</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_%C3%A0_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 à Belize (page inexistante)">Belize</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Bolivie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Bolivie (page inexistante)">Bolivie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Br%C3%A9sil&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Brésil (page inexistante)">Brésil</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_au_Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 au Canada">Canada</a> <small>(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_au_Nouveau-Brunswick?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 au Nouveau-Brunswick">Nouveau-Brunswick</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Qu%C3%A9bec&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Québec (page inexistante)">Québec</a>)</small>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Chili&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Chili (page inexistante)">Chili</a> <small>()</small>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Colombie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Colombie (page inexistante)">Colombie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Costa_Rica&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Costa Rica (page inexistante)">Costa Rica</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_%C3%A0_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 à Cuba (page inexistante)">Cuba</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_R%C3%A9publique_dominicaine&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en République dominicaine (page inexistante)">République dominicaine</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_%C3%A0_la_Dominique&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 à la Dominique (page inexistante)">Dominique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_%C3%89quateur&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Équateur (page inexistante)">Équateur</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 aux États-Unis">États-Unis</a><small> ()</small>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_%C3%A0_la_Grenade&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 à la Grenade (page inexistante)">Grenade</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Guatemala (page inexistante)">Guatemala</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Guyana (page inexistante)">Guyana</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Ha%C3%AFti&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Haïti (page inexistante)">Haïti</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Honduras&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Honduras (page inexistante)">Honduras</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Jama%C3%AFque&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Jamaïque (page inexistante)">Jamaïque</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Mexique&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Mexique (page inexistante)">Mexique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Nicaragua (page inexistante)">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_%C3%A0_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 à Panama (page inexistante)">Panama</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Paraguay&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Paraguay (page inexistante)">Paraguay</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_P%C3%A9rou&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Pérou (page inexistante)">Pérou</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_%C3%A0_Saint-Christophe-et-Ni%C3%A9v%C3%A8s&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 à Saint-Christophe-et-Niévès (page inexistante)">Saint-Christophe-et-Niévès</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_%C3%A0_Saint-Vincent-et-les-Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 à Saint-Vincent-et-les-Grenadines (page inexistante)">Saint-Vincent-et-les-Grenadines</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_%C3%A0_Sainte-Lucie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 à Sainte-Lucie (page inexistante)">Sainte-Lucie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Salvador (page inexistante)">Salvador</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Suriname&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Suriname (page inexistante)">Suriname</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_%C3%A0_Trinit%C3%A9-et-Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 à Trinité-et-Tobago (page inexistante)">Trinité-et-Tobago</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Uruguay&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Uruguay (page inexistante)">Uruguay</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Venezuela&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Venezuela (page inexistante)">Venezuela</a></p> </div> <div class="NavEnd"> </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="[afficher]/[masquer]"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_par_pays_en_Asie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 par pays en Asie (page inexistante)">Asie</a> </div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Abkhazie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Abkhazie (page inexistante)">Abkhazie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Afghanistan (page inexistante)">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Arabie_saoudite&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Arabie saoudite (page inexistante)">Arabie saoudite</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Arm%C3%A9nie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Arménie (page inexistante)">Arménie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Azerba%C3%AFdjan&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Azerbaïdjan (page inexistante)">Azerbaïdjan</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Bahre%C3%AFn&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Bahreïn (page inexistante)">Bahreïn</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Bangladesh (page inexistante)">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Bhoutan&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Bhoutan (page inexistante)">Bhoutan</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Birmanie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Birmanie (page inexistante)">Birmanie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Brunei (page inexistante)">Brunei</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Cambodge&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Cambodge (page inexistante)">Cambodge</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_dans_le_Caucase&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 dans le Caucase (page inexistante)">Caucase</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Chine&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Chine (page inexistante)">Chine</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_%C3%A0_Chypre&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 à Chypre (page inexistante)">Chypre</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Cor%C3%A9e_du_Nord&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Corée du Nord (page inexistante)">Corée du Nord</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Cor%C3%A9e_du_Sud&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Corée du Sud (page inexistante)">Corée du Sud</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_aux_%C3%89mirats_arabes_unis&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 aux Émirats arabes unis (page inexistante)">Émirats arabes unis</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_G%C3%A9orgie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Géorgie (page inexistante)">Géorgie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Inde&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Inde (page inexistante)">Inde</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Indon%C3%A9sie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Indonésie (page inexistante)">Indonésie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Irak&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Irak (page inexistante)">Irak</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Iran (page inexistante)">Iran</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Isra%C3%ABl&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Israël (page inexistante)">Israël</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Japon&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Japon (page inexistante)">Japon</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Jordanie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Jordanie (page inexistante)">Jordanie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Kazakhstan (page inexistante)">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Kirghizistan&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Kirghizistan (page inexistante)">Kirghizistan</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Kurdistan&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Kurdistan (page inexistante)">Kurdistan</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Kowe%C3%AFt&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Koweït (page inexistante)">Koweït</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Laos (page inexistante)">Laos</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Liban&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Liban (page inexistante)">Liban</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Malaisie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Malaisie (page inexistante)">Malaisie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_aux_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 aux Maldives (page inexistante)">Maldives</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Mongolie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Mongolie (page inexistante)">Mongolie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_N%C3%A9pal&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Népal (page inexistante)">Népal</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Oman (page inexistante)">Oman</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Oss%C3%A9tie_du_Sud-Alanie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Ossétie du Sud-Alanie (page inexistante)">Ossétie du Sud-Alanie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Ouzbékistan (page inexistante)">Ouzbékistan</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Pakistan (page inexistante)">Pakistan</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Palestine (page inexistante)">Palestine</a><small> ()</small>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_aux_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 aux Philippines (page inexistante)">Philippines</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_par_pays_au_Proche-Orient&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 par pays au Proche-Orient (page inexistante)">Proche-Orient</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Qatar (page inexistante)">Qatar</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Russie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Russie (page inexistante)">Russie</a><small> ()</small>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_%C3%A0_Singapour&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 à Singapour (page inexistante)">Singapour</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Sri Lanka (page inexistante)">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Syrie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Syrie (page inexistante)">Syrie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Tadjikistan&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Tadjikistan (page inexistante)">Tadjikistan</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_%C3%A0_Ta%C3%AFwan&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 à Taïwan (page inexistante)">Taïwan</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Tha%C3%AFlande&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Thaïlande (page inexistante)">Thaïlande</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Timor_oriental&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Timor oriental (page inexistante)">Timor oriental</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Turkm%C3%A9nistan&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Turkménistan (page inexistante)">Turkménistan</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Turquie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Turquie (page inexistante)">Turquie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Vi%C3%AAt_Nam&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Viêt Nam (page inexistante)">Viêt Nam</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Y%C3%A9men&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Yémen (page inexistante)">Yémen</a></p> </div> <div class="NavEnd"> </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="[afficher]/[masquer]"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Europe (page inexistante)">Europe</a> </div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Abkhazie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Abkhazie (page inexistante)">Abkhazie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Allemagne&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Allemagne (page inexistante)">Allemagne</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Albanie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Albanie (page inexistante)">Albanie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Andorre&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Andorre (page inexistante)">Andorre</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Arm%C3%A9nie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Arménie (page inexistante)">Arménie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Autriche&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Autriche (page inexistante)">Autriche</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Azerba%C3%AFdjan&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Azerbaïdjan (page inexistante)">Azerbaïdjan</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_en_Belgique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 en Belgique">Belgique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Bi%C3%A9lorussie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Biélorussie (page inexistante)">Biélorussie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Bosnie-Herz%C3%A9govine&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Bosnie-Herzégovine (page inexistante)">Bosnie-Herzégovine</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Bulgarie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Bulgarie (page inexistante)">Bulgarie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_dans_le_Caucase&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 dans le Caucase (page inexistante)">Caucase</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_%C3%A0_Chypre&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 à Chypre (page inexistante)">Chypre</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Croatie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Croatie (page inexistante)">Croatie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Danemark&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Danemark (page inexistante)">Danemark</a><small> ()</small>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Espagne&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Espagne (page inexistante)">Espagne</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Estonie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Estonie (page inexistante)">Estonie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Finlande&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Finlande (page inexistante)">Finlande</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_en_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 en France">France</a> <small>(, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_en_Lorraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 en Lorraine">Lorraine</a> et )</small>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_G%C3%A9orgie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Géorgie (page inexistante)">Géorgie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_en_Gr%C3%A8ce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 en Grèce">Grèce</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Hongrie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Hongrie (page inexistante)">Hongrie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Irlande&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Irlande (page inexistante)">Irlande</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Islande&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Islande (page inexistante)">Islande</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_en_Italie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 en Italie">Italie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Kazakhstan (page inexistante)">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Kosovo (page inexistante)">Kosovo</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Lettonie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Lettonie (page inexistante)">Lettonie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Liechtenstein (page inexistante)">Liechtenstein</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Lituanie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Lituanie (page inexistante)">Lituanie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Luxembourg (page inexistante)">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Mac%C3%A9doine_du_Nord&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Macédoine du Nord (page inexistante)">Macédoine du Nord</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_%C3%A0_Malte&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 à Malte (page inexistante)">Malte</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Moldavie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Moldavie (page inexistante)">Moldavie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_%C3%A0_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 à Monaco (page inexistante)">Monaco</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Mont%C3%A9n%C3%A9gro&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Monténégro (page inexistante)">Monténégro</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Norv%C3%A8ge&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Norvège (page inexistante)">Norvège</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Oss%C3%A9tie_du_Sud-Alanie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Ossétie du Sud-Alanie (page inexistante)">Ossétie du Sud-Alanie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_aux_Pays-Bas&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 aux Pays-Bas (page inexistante)">Pays-Bas</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Pologne&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Pologne (page inexistante)">Pologne</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Portugal (page inexistante)">Portugal</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Roumanie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Roumanie (page inexistante)">Roumanie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Royaume-Uni&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Royaume-Uni (page inexistante)">Royaume-Uni</a> <small>()</small>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Russie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Russie (page inexistante)">Russie</a><small> ()</small>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_%C3%A0_Saint-Marin&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 à Saint-Marin (page inexistante)">Saint-Marin</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Serbie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Serbie (page inexistante)">Serbie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Slovaquie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Slovaquie (page inexistante)">Slovaquie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Slov%C3%A9nie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Slovénie (page inexistante)">Slovénie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Su%C3%A8de&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Suède (page inexistante)">Suède</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_en_Suisse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 en Suisse">Suisse</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Tch%C3%A9quie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Tchéquie (page inexistante)">Tchéquie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Turquie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Turquie (page inexistante)">Turquie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Ukraine (page inexistante)">Ukraine</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Vatican&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Vatican (page inexistante)">Vatican</a></p> </div> <div class="NavEnd"> </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="[afficher]/[masquer]"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_par_pays_en_Oc%C3%A9anie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 par pays en Océanie (page inexistante)">Océanie</a> </div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Australie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Australie (page inexistante)">Australie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_aux_%C3%8Eles_Cook&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 aux Îles Cook (page inexistante)">Îles Cook</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_aux_%C3%89tats_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_de_Micron%C3%A9sie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 aux États fédérés de Micronésie (page inexistante)">États fédérés de Micronésie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_aux_Fidji&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 aux Fidji (page inexistante)">Fidji</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Indon%C3%A9sie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Indonésie (page inexistante)">Indonésie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_aux_%C3%8Eles_Marshall&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 aux Îles Marshall (page inexistante)">Îles Marshall</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_%C3%A0_Nauru&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 à Nauru (page inexistante)">Nauru</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_%C3%A0_Niue&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 à Niue (page inexistante)">Niue</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Nouvelle-Z%C3%A9lande&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Nouvelle-Zélande (page inexistante)">Nouvelle-Zélande</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_aux_Palaos&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 aux Palaos (page inexistante)">Palaos</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guin%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée (page inexistante)">Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_aux_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 aux Kiribati (page inexistante)">Kiribati</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_aux_%C3%8Eles_Salomon&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 aux Îles Salomon (page inexistante)">Îles Salomon</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_aux_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 aux Samoa (page inexistante)">Samoa</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_aux_Samoa_am%C3%A9ricaines&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 aux Samoa américaines (page inexistante)">Samoa américaines</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Timor_oriental&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Timor oriental (page inexistante)">Timor oriental</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_aux_Tonga&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 aux Tonga (page inexistante)">Tonga</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_aux_Tuvalu&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 aux Tuvalu (page inexistante)">Tuvalu</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_au_Vanuatu&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 au Vanuatu (page inexistante)">Vanuatu</a></p> </div> <div class="NavEnd"> </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="[afficher]/[masquer]"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_dans_les_mers_et_oc%C3%A9ans&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 dans les mers et océans (page inexistante)">Mers et océans</a> </div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_dans_la_Manche&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 dans la Manche (page inexistante)">Manche</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_mer_Baltique&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en mer Baltique (page inexistante)">Mer Baltique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_mer_des_Cara%C3%AFbes&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en mer des Caraïbes (page inexistante)">Mer des Caraïbes</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_mer_Caspienne&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en mer Caspienne (page inexistante)">Mer Caspienne</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_mer_M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en mer Méditerranée (page inexistante)">Mer Méditerranée</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_mer_du_Nord&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en mer du Nord (page inexistante)">Mer du Nord</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_mer_Noire&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en mer Noire (page inexistante)">Mer Noire</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_mer_Rouge&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en mer Rouge (page inexistante)">Mer Rouge</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_dans_l'oc%C3%A9an_Arctique&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 dans l'océan Arctique (page inexistante)">Océan Arctique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_dans_l'oc%C3%A9an_Atlantique&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 dans l'océan Atlantique (page inexistante)">Océan Atlantique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_dans_l'oc%C3%A9an_Austral&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 dans l'océan Austral (page inexistante)">Océan Austral</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_dans_l'oc%C3%A9an_Indien&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 dans l'océan Indien (page inexistante)">Océan Indien</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_dans_l'oc%C3%A9an_Pacifique&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 dans l'océan Pacifique (page inexistante)">Océan Pacifique</a></p> </div> <div class="NavEnd"> </div> </div><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_Antarctique&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en Antarctique (page inexistante)">Antarctique</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_chronologies_th%C3%A9matiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste des chronologies thématiques">Chronologies thématiques</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="[afficher]/[masquer]"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_art&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en art (page inexistante)">Art</a> </div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_en_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 en architecture">Architecture</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_en_arts_plastiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 en arts plastiques">Arts plastiques</a> <small>(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_dessin&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en dessin (page inexistante)">Dessin</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_gravure&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en gravure (page inexistante)">Gravure</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_lithographie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en lithographie (page inexistante)">Lithographie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_peinture&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en peinture (page inexistante)">Peinture</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_sculpture&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en sculpture (page inexistante)">Sculpture</a>)</small>, <small>()</small>, <small>()</small>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_en_litt%C3%A9rature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 en littérature">Littérature</a> <small>()</small>, Musique <small>(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_en_musique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 en musique">Populaire</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_en_musique_classique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 en musique classique">Classique</a>)</small>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_en_photographie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 en photographie">Photographie</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_au_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 au théâtre">Théâtre</a></p> </div> <div class="NavEnd"> </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="[afficher]/[masquer]"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_ing%C3%A9nierie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en ingénierie (page inexistante)">Ingénierie</a> </div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><small>()</small>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_en_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 en architecture">Architecture</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_dans_les_chemins_de_fer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 dans les chemins de fer">Chemins de fer</a> <small>(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Liste_des_accidents_ferroviaires_en_France_en_1857&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Liste des accidents ferroviaires en France en 1857 (page inexistante)">Accidents ferroviaires en France</a>)</small>, <small>()</small> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_dans_les_parcs_de_loisirs&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 dans les parcs de loisirs (page inexistante)">Parcs de loisirs</a></p> </div> <div class="NavEnd"> </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="[afficher]/[masquer]"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_politique&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en politique (page inexistante)">Politique</a> </div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_en_droit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 en droit">Droit</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_d%27%C3%A9lections_en_1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liste d'élections en 1857">Élections</a> et <small>()</small></p> </div> <div class="NavEnd"> </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="[afficher]/[masquer]"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_religion&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en religion (page inexistante)">Religion</a> </div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_dans_le_bouddhisme&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 dans le bouddhisme (page inexistante)">Bouddhisme</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_dans_le_christianisme&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 dans le christianisme (page inexistante)">Christianisme</a> <small>(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_dans_le_catholicisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 dans le catholicisme">Catholicisme</a>, et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_dans_le_protestantisme&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 dans le protestantisme (page inexistante)">Protestantisme</a>)</small>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_dans_l'hindouisme&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 dans l'hindouisme (page inexistante)">Hindouisme</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_dans_l'islam&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 dans l'islam (page inexistante)">Islam</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_dans_le_juda%C3%AFsme&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 dans le judaïsme (page inexistante)">Judaïsme</a></p> </div> <div class="NavEnd"> </div> </div> <div class="NavFrame" style="clear:both; margin-bottom:1em; border-style:solid; border-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;; background-color: #FFFFFF;background:none !important;margin:0;;" title="[afficher]/[masquer]"> <div class="NavHead" style="text-align:center; min-height:2.5em; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000);"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_en_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 en science">Science</a> </div> <div class="NavContent" style="margin:0; background-color:none !important;background:none !important;; color:var(--color-base, #202122); display:block; text-align:left;"> <p><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_arch%C3%A9ologie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en archéologie (page inexistante)">Archéologie</a>, <small>()</small>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_biologie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en biologie (page inexistante)">Biologie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_chimie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en chimie (page inexistante)">Chimie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_climatologie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en climatologie (page inexistante)">Climatologie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_exploration&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en exploration (page inexistante)">Exploration</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_g%C3%A9ologie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en géologie (page inexistante)">Géologie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_histoire&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en histoire (page inexistante)">Histoire</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_math%C3%A9matiques&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en mathématiques (page inexistante)">Mathématiques</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_en_pal%C3%A9ontologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="1857 en paléontologie">Paléontologie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_physique&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en physique (page inexistante)">Physique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_psychologie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en psychologie (page inexistante)">Psychologie</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_en_sant%C3%A9_et_m%C3%A9decine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 en santé et médecine">Santé et médecine</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_sociologie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en sociologie (page inexistante)">Sociologie</a></p> </div> <div class="NavEnd"> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9c%C3%A8s_en_1857&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Décès en 1857 (page inexistante)">Décès</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857_en_journalisme&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="1857 en journalisme (page inexistante)">Journalisme</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Naissance_en_1857&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Naissance en 1857 (page inexistante)">Naissance</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_en_philosophie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 en philosophie">Philosophie</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terrorisme_avant_1946?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terrorisme avant 1946">Terrorisme</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"> Calendriers </caption> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_romain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier romain">Romain</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_chinois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier chinois">Chinois</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_gr%C3%A9gorien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier grégorien">Grégorien</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_julien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier julien">Julien</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_h%C3%A9bra%C3%AFque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier hébraïque">Hébraïque</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_hindou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier hindou">Hindou</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_h%C3%A9girien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier hégirien">Hégirien</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_persan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier persan">Persan</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calendrier_r%C3%A9publicain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calendrier républicain">Républicain</a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="navbar bordered noprint" style="border-color:#CEE0F2;"><span class="plainlinks navigation-not-searchable"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D1857%26action%3Dedit">modifier</a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Ann%C3%A9es?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span></p> </div> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89v%C3%A9nements"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Événements</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Afrique"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Afrique</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Am%C3%A9rique"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Amérique</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Asie"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Asie</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Inde"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Inde</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Europe"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Europe</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Naissances_en_1857"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Naissances en 1857</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#D%C3%A9c%C3%A8s_en_1857"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Décès en 1857</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Événements"><span id=".C3.89v.C3.A9nements"></span>Événements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Événements" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/30_avril?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="30 avril">30 avril</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trieste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> : départ de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exp%C3%A9dition_du_Novara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Expédition du Novara">expédition du Novara</a> pour un voyage scientifique autour du monde (fin le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1859-08-26" data-sort-value="1859-08-26">26 août 1859</time>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Afrique">Afrique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Afrique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/8_avril?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="8 avril">8 avril</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Napoléon III">Napoléon III</a> autorise par décret la création d’un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Histoire_des_chemins_de_fer_alg%C3%A9riens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Histoire des chemins de fer algériens">réseau de chemin de fer en Algérie</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le père <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Prosper_Enfantin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin">Enfantin</a>, conseiller de l’empereur, qui effectuait un séjour en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alg%C3%A9rie_fran%C3%A7aise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Algérie française">Algérie</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1839?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1839">1839</a>, encourage les frères <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paulin_Talabot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paulin Talabot">Talabot</a>, de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Société générale">Société générale</a>, à investir dans la Colonie.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/14_avril?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="14 avril">14 avril</a> : traité entre le ministre de la Marine et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maison_R%C3%A9gis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Maison Régis">maison Régis</a>. Le gouvernement français autorise le transport de noirs « libres » dans l’embouchure du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Congo_(fleuve)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Congo (fleuve)">Congo</a> à aller travailler en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guadeloupe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> et en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martinique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> (1857-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1862?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1862">1862</a>). L’affaire est condamnée par les Britanniques<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/20_avril?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="20 avril">20 avril</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oumar_Tall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oumar Tall">Oumar Tall</a> se tourne contre le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_du_Khasso?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume du Khasso">Khasso</a>, territoire protégé par la France, et entreprend le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_du_fort_de_M%C3%A9dine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siège du fort de Médine">siège du fort de Médine</a>, sur le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal_(fleuve)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sénégal (fleuve)">Haut Sénégal</a>. Pendant quatre mois, la ville, défendue par le mulâtre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Holle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Holle">Paul Holle</a>, sept militaires européens, 22 soldats noirs, 36 matelots sénégalais et quelques auxiliaires autochtones, résiste aux assauts de 25 000 <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toucouleurs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toucouleurs">Toucouleurs</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jolly_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Jolly-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Arrival_of_Marshal_Randon_in_Algier-Ernest-Francis_Vacherot_mg_5120.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Arrival_of_Marshal_Randon_in_Algier-Ernest-Francis_Vacherot_mg_5120.jpg/220px-Arrival_of_Marshal_Randon_in_Algier-Ernest-Francis_Vacherot_mg_5120.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1713" data-file-height="1343"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 172px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Arrival_of_Marshal_Randon_in_Algier-Ernest-Francis_Vacherot_mg_5120.jpg/220px-Arrival_of_Marshal_Randon_in_Algier-Ernest-Francis_Vacherot_mg_5120.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Arrival_of_Marshal_Randon_in_Algier-Ernest-Francis_Vacherot_mg_5120.jpg/330px-Arrival_of_Marshal_Randon_in_Algier-Ernest-Francis_Vacherot_mg_5120.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Arrival_of_Marshal_Randon_in_Algier-Ernest-Francis_Vacherot_mg_5120.jpg/440px-Arrival_of_Marshal_Randon_in_Algier-Ernest-Francis_Vacherot_mg_5120.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Arrivée du maréchal Randon à Alger en 1857. Ernest Francis Vacherot. </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/17_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="17 mai">17 mai</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alg%C3%A9rie_fran%C3%A7aise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Algérie française">Algérie</a> : début d’une campagne menée par le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacques_Louis_Randon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacques Louis Randon">maréchal Randon</a> avec 40 000 hommes dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Djurdjura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Djurdjura">Djurdjura</a>, en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kabylie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kabylie">Kabylie</a><sup id="cite_ref-Montagnon_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Montagnon-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/25_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="25 mai">25 mai</a> : fondation de la ville de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dakar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dakar">Dakar</a> au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sénégal">Sénégal</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/24_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="24 juin">24 juin</a>, Algérie : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bataille_d%27Icheriden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bataille d'Icheriden">prise d’Icheriden</a> après un combat sanglant par les forces du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacques_Louis_Randon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacques Louis Randon">maréchal Randon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Montagnon_5-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Montagnon-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/27_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="27 juin">27 juin</a>, Algérie : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prise_du_col_de_Chellata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Prise du col de Chellata">prise du col de Chellata</a> par les troupes françaises de la division Maissiat<sup id="cite_ref-Carrey_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Carrey-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/30_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="30 juin">30 juin</a> : victoire française sur les Kabyles à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bataille_d%27A%C3%AFt_Aziz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bataille d'Aït Aziz">bataille d'Aït Aziz</a><sup id="cite_ref-Carrey_7-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Carrey-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/11_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="11 juillet">11 juillet</a> : le dernier réduit de la résistance kabyle au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Djurdjura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Djurdjura">Djurdjura</a> est pris d’assaut par les troupes françaises. La maraboute <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lalla_Fatma_N%27Soumer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lalla Fatma N'Soumer">Lalla Fatma N'Soumer</a> est capturée<sup id="cite_ref-Carrey1858160_8-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Carrey1858160-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Avec la soumission de la Grande <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kabylie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kabylie">Kabylie</a>, la France met fin à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conqu%C3%AAte_de_l%27Alg%C3%A9rie_par_la_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conquête de l'Algérie par la France">résistance algérienne</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/17_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="17 juillet">17 juillet</a> : les Français sont exilés de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madagascar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> à la suite de l'échec d'un complot favorisé par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Lambert_(aventurier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Lambert (aventurier)">Lambert</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean_Laborde_(aventurier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean Laborde (aventurier)">Jean Laborde</a> pour renverser la reine <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ranavalona_Ire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ranavalona Ire">Ranavalona</a> au profit de son fils <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radama_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radama II">Rakoto</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les persécutions religieuses dirigées contre les chrétiens atteignent un paroxysme : mise à mort et exils à l’île <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maurice_(pays)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maurice (pays)">Maurice</a> se multiplient. Ranavalona, par son attitude antichrétienne, s’attire l’opposition des gouvernements européens et entre en conflit avec les négociants français de la Grande Île, qu’elle expulse du territoire.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="18 juillet">18 juillet</a> : le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_du_fort_de_M%C3%A9dine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siège du fort de Médine">siège de Médine</a> est levé à la suite de l’intervention de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_Faidherbe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis Faidherbe">Louis Faidherbe</a> qui contraint le chef tidjaniste <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/El_Hadj_Omar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="El Hadj Omar">El Hadj Omar</a> à battre en retraite<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La France entreprend l’occupation du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mali?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mali">Mali</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/21_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="21 juillet">21 juillet</a> : décret de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plombi%C3%A8res-les-Bains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plombières-les-Bains">Plombières-les-Bains</a>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_Faidherbe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis Faidherbe">Louis Faidherbe</a> crée un bataillon de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tirailleurs_s%C3%A9n%C3%A9galais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tirailleurs sénégalais">tirailleurs sénégalais</a>, en majorité des esclaves rachetés à leurs maîtres contre un engagement de 12 à 14 ans<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ils seront 1 200 en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1882?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1882">1882</a>, 2 400 en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1891?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1891">1891</a>, 6 000 en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1895?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1895">1895</a>, 8 500 en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1900?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1900">1900</a>, 12 000 en 1911, 17 350 en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1914?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1914">1914</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/10_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="10 septembre">10 septembre</a> : un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pacte_fondamental_de_1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pacte fondamental de 1857">Pacte fondamental</a> est promulgué en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9gence_de_Tunis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Régence de Tunis">Tunisie</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Cette loi constitutionnelle (<i>al-qanûn el-asasi</i>), inspirée des chartes ottomanes de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hatt-i_Sharif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatt-i Sharif">1839</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hatti-Humayoun_de_1856?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hatti-Humayoun de 1856">1856</a>, définit les droits des Tunisiens, abolit le statut de <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dhimmi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dhimmi">dhimmi</a></i> (protégé) des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juifs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juifs">Juifs</a> qui deviennent des citoyens à part entière. Elle autorise le droit de propriété aux résidents européens. Cette charte mécontente la population.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="4 décembre">4 décembre</a> : un discours de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Livingstone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a> à Cambridge motive la création sous son patronage de la <i>Universities Mission to Central Africa</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> qui se donne pour mission l’établissement de « centres de chrétienté et de civilisation par la promotion de la vraie religion, de l’agriculture et du commerce légitime ».</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Une caravane de marchands arabo-swahilis conduit une expédition directe de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mombasa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a> au pays <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kikuyus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kikuyus">kikuyu</a>, brisant ainsi le monopole des courtiers <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kamba_(peuple_du_Kenya)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kamba (peuple du Kenya)">kamba</a> au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kenya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kenya">Kenya</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Amérique"><span id="Am.C3.A9rique"></span>Amérique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Amérique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_au_Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 au Canada">1857 au Canada</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_au_Nouveau-Brunswick?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 au Nouveau-Brunswick">1857 au Nouveau-Brunswick</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 aux États-Unis">1857 aux États-Unis</a>. </div> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/12_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="12 février">12 février</a> : la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution_du_Mexique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution du Mexique">constitution fédérale mexicaine</a> met en place un parlement unicaméral<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:James_Buchanan_inauguration_1857.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/James_Buchanan_inauguration_1857.jpg/220px-James_Buchanan_inauguration_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3889" data-file-height="3361"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 190px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/James_Buchanan_inauguration_1857.jpg/220px-James_Buchanan_inauguration_1857.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="190" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/James_Buchanan_inauguration_1857.jpg/330px-James_Buchanan_inauguration_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/James_Buchanan_inauguration_1857.jpg/440px-James_Buchanan_inauguration_1857.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="4 mars">4 mars</a> : inauguration de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Buchanan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="4 mars">4 mars</a> : début de la présidence démocrate de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Buchanan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a> (fin en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1861?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1861">1861</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Paschal_16-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Paschal-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Élu par 14 États esclavagistes et 5 États antiesclavagistes, il refuse d’intervenir sur la question de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esclavage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Esclavage">esclavage</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/6_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="6 mars">6 mars</a> : l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scott_v._Sandford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scott v. Sandford">arrêt Dred Scott</a> annule le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compromis_du_Missouri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compromis du Missouri">compromis du Missouri</a>. La Cour suprême déclare que l’esclave <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dred_Scott?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dred Scott">Dred Scott</a> ne peut ester en justice pour défendre sa liberté car il n’est pas une personne mais un bien<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1er_avril?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1er avril"><abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> avril</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mariano_Ospina_Rodr%C3%ADguez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mariano Ospina Rodríguez">Mariano Ospina Rodríguez</a> est élu <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liste_des_pr%C3%A9sidents_de_Colombie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste des présidents de Colombie">président de Colombie</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les conservateurs reviennent au pouvoir en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colombie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colombie">Colombie</a>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mariano_Ospina_Rodr%C3%ADguez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mariano Ospina Rodríguez">Mariano Ospina Rodríguez</a> chasse le libéral <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Melo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="José María Melo">José María Melo</a> et s’appuie sur l’Église catholique pour imposer le centralisme.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1er_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1er mai"><abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> mai</a> : reddition du mercenaire du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tennessee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Walker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Walker">William Walker</a>, assiégé à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rivas_(Nicaragua)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rivas (Nicaragua)">Rivas</a> depuis le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/11_avril?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="11 avril">11 avril</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guatemala?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Honduras?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salvador?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salvador">Salvador</a> forment une coalition avec l’aide de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grande-Bretagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grande-Bretagne">Grande-Bretagne</a>, pour lutter contre l’expansion de la « phalange américaine » de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Walker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Walker">William Walker</a>, un aventurier américain qui tente de s’emparer du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicaragua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>. La position géographique du pays pour la construction d’un canal en fait un objet de convoitise. Les libéraux, discrédités, sont écartés du pouvoir au Nicaragua jusqu’en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1893?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1893">1893</a>. William Walker est fusillé au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Honduras?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1860-09-12" data-sort-value="1860-09-12">12 septembre 1860</time>.</li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:1857_panic.jpeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/1857_panic.jpeg/220px-1857_panic.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="818"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 117px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/1857_panic.jpeg/220px-1857_panic.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="117" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/1857_panic.jpeg/330px-1857_panic.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/1857_panic.jpeg/440px-1857_panic.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/13_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="13 octobre">13 octobre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Panique_de_1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Panique de 1857">panique à New-York</a> </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/22_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="22 août">22 août</a> : krach boursier à New-York, qui provoque une <b><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Panique_de_1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Panique de 1857">panique financière</a></b> aux États-Unis<sup id="cite_ref-Quême_20-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Qu%C3%AAme-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/13_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="13 octobre">13 octobre</a> les banques de New York suspendent leurs paiements en espèce et ne rouvrent pas avant le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/12_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="12 décembre">12 décembre</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Dépression économique. Deux cent mille personnes se retrouvent sans emploi et des milliers d’immigrés récents tentent de repartir vers l’Europe.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/11_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="11 septembre">11 septembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massacre_de_Mountain_Meadows?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Massacre de Mountain Meadows">massacre de Mountain Meadows</a>. Un conflit entre colons <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89glise_de_J%C3%A9sus-Christ_des_saints_des_derniers_jours?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Église de Jésus-Christ des saints des derniers jours">mormons</a> et non-mormons entraîne la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_de_l%27Utah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre de l'Utah">guerre de l'Utah</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/17_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="17 décembre">17 décembre</a> : plan de Tacubaya, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pronunciamiento?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pronunciamiento">pronunciamiento</a></i> du général conservateur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Mar%C3%ADa_Zuloaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Félix María Zuloaga">Félix María Zuloaga</a> contre la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution_du_Mexique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution du Mexique">constitution mexicaine</a>. Début de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_de_R%C3%A9forme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerre de Réforme">guerre de Réforme</a> au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mexique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mexique">Mexique</a> (fin en janvier <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1861?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1861">1861</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Asie">Asie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Asie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%A9vrier_1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Février 1857">Février</a> : interdiction de la traite des esclaves noirs dans l’Empire ottoman, à l’exception du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hedjaz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hedjaz">Hedjaz</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="3 mars">3 mars</a> : le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parlement_du_Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parlement du Royaume-Uni">Parlement du Royaume-Uni</a> adopte une motion de blâme à l’encontre de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Bowring?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Bowring">John Bowring</a> et de l’amiral Seymour à la suite des incidents de 1846 en Chine ; le Premier ministre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_John_Temple?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry John Temple">Lord Palmerston</a> dissout alors la chambre des communes et obtient le soutien des électeurs pour soutenir sa <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seconde_guerre_de_l%27opium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seconde guerre de l'opium">politique belliqueuse</a>. <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Bruce_(8e_comte_d%27Elgin)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Bruce (8e comte d'Elgin)">Lord Elgin</a> est envoyé en Chine pour superviser les opérations. Il est à Canton le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2 juillet">2 juillet</a>. Le gouvernement français, invité à participer aux opérations, envoie le baron Gros qui arrive avec une escadre le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/14_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="14 octobre">14 octobre</a> dans les environs de Macao<sup id="cite_ref-Buioz_25-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Buioz-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="4 mars">4 mars</a> : la <b><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Paris_(1857)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traité de Paris (1857)">paix de Paris</a></b> met fin à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_anglo-perse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre anglo-perse">guerre anglo-perse</a>. Elle prévoit la nomination d’un nouveau gouverneur à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Herat">Herat</a> qui accepte de prononcer le prêche du vendredi (<i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khutba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khutba">khutba</a></i>) au nom du chah. Ce dernier s’engage à ne pas menacer la cité afghane et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chah">Chah</a> reconnaît l'indépendance de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afghanistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1er_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1er juin"><abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> juin</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chine">Chine</a> : victoire navale britannique sur la flotte chinoise à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bataille_de_Fatshan_Creek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bataille de Fatshan Creek">bataille de Fatshan Creek</a><sup id="cite_ref-Buioz_25-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Buioz-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2 juin">2 juin</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chine">Chine</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shi_Dakai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shi Dakai">Shi Dakai</a> se sépare de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hong_Xiuquan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hong Xiuquan">Hong Xiuquan</a> et conduit 200 000 <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_des_Taiping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolte des Taiping">rebelles Taiping</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nankin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nankin">Nankin</a> vers le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sichuan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> (1857-1863)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89t%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Été">Été</a> : révolte des Turcs du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bassin_du_Tarim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bassin du Tarim">Tarim</a> conduits par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wali_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Wali Khan (page inexistante)">Wali Khan</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali_Khan_(khoja)" class="extiw" title="en:Wali Khan (khoja)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Wali Khan (khoja) »">(en)</span></a> contre les Chinois<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Wali Khan s’empare de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kachgar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kachgar">Kachgar</a> et le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/26_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="26 août">26 août</a> fait exécuter l’explorateur allemand Adolf Schlagintweit, qu’il soupçonne d’espionnage<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Novembre_1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Novembre 1857">Novembre</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indes_orientales_n%C3%A9erlandaises?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indes orientales néerlandaises">Indes orientales néerlandaises</a> : le district de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lampung?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lampung">Lampong</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sumatra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>) est placé sous gouvernement direct néerlandais<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>30<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/23_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="23 novembre">23 novembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tokugawa_Iesada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tokugawa Iesada">Tokugawa Iesada</a> devient <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shogun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shogun">shogun</a> du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japon">Japon</a> (fin en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1858?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1858">1858</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Rathbone_31-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Rathbone-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/28_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="28 décembre">28</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/29_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="29 décembre">29 décembre</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seconde_guerre_de_l%27opium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seconde guerre de l'opium">seconde guerre de l'opium</a> : opération navale franco-anglaise sur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canton_(Chine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canton (Chine)">Canton</a>, qui est occupée<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Qing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing">Qing</a>, débordés par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_des_Taiping?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolte des Taiping">révolte des Taiping</a>, sont incapables de résister aux pressions occidentales.</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Le gouverneur de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khorasan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorasan">Khorasan</a> entraîne la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_perse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire perse">Perse</a> dans un conflit avec les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkm%C3%A8nes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkmènes">Turcomans</a> (1857-1861). Murad Mirza fait séquestrer les chefs turcomans qu’il avait convié à un banquet, puis marche sur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Merv?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Merv">Merv</a>. Sur ses traces, le gouverneur de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mashhad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, Hamza Mirza, reprend l’offensive et, malgré une nouvelle victoire à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Merv?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Merv">Merv</a>, essuie de lourdes pertes. Les prisonniers persans sont vendus comme esclave à travers toute l’Asie centrale<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>33<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tenpai_Wangchuk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tenpai Wangchuk">Tenpai Wangchuk</a> (né en 1855) est reconnu comme le huitième <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Panchen-lama?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Panchen-lama">panchen-lama</a> (fin en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1882?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1882">1882</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>34<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Inde">Inde</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Inde" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:SepoyMutiny.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/SepoyMutiny.jpg/220px-SepoyMutiny.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1066"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/SepoyMutiny.jpg/220px-SepoyMutiny.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/SepoyMutiny.jpg/330px-SepoyMutiny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/SepoyMutiny.jpg/440px-SepoyMutiny.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_des_cipayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolte des cipayes">Révolte des cipayes</a> (<i>The Indian Mutiny</i>) en Inde contre le pouvoir britannique (1857-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1858?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1858">1858</a>). Illustration contemporaine, d'après une perspective britannique. </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/22_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="22 janvier">22 janvier</a> : début de la <b><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_des_cipayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolte des cipayes">révolte des cipayes</a></b> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dum_Dum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dum Dum">Dum Dum</a> ; les premiers signes de révolte (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/26_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="26 février">26 février</a>) sont durement réprimés à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barrackpore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barrackpore">Barrackpore</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baharampur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baharampur">Berhampore</a>, au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bengale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bengale">Bengale</a>. Les Cipayes sont des soldats indiens au service des Britanniques, au nombre de 190 000. Leur révolte a été déclenchée par la distribution de cartouches enduites de graisse d’animaux tabous, qu’ils devaient mordre pour décapsuler<sup id="cite_ref-Forgues_35-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Forgues-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>35<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/24_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="24 janvier">24 janvier</a> : fondation de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Calcutta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Université de Calcutta">Université de Calcutta</a>, suivie par celles de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Mumbai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Université de Mumbai">Bombay</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="18 juillet">18 juillet</a>) et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Madras?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Université de Madras">Madras</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5 septembre">5 septembre</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>36<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/23_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="23 février">23 février</a> : soulèvement des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assam">Assamais</a> contre les Britanniques conduit par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Maniram_Dewan&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Maniram Dewan (page inexistante)">Maniram Dewan</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniram_Dewan" class="extiw" title="en:Maniram Dewan"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Maniram Dewan »">(en)</span></a> et Pioli Barua<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>37<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/9_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="9 mai">9 mai</a> : à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meerut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meerut">Meerut</a>, à 50 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, quatre-vingt-cinq cipayes sont condamnés pour avoir refusé d’utiliser les cartouches Enfield ; le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/11_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="11 mai">11</a>, les soldats libèrent leurs camarades enfermés et massacrent les officiers européens. Le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/12_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="12 mai">12</a>, les révoltés marchent sur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, massacrant les Européens et proclament <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muhammad_Bah%C3%A2dur_Sh%C3%A2h?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Bahâdur Shâh">Bahadur Shah II</a> empereur le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/13_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="13 mai">13</a>. En juin, des insurrections éclatent au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rajputana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a>, en Inde Centrale, dans la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principaut%C3%A9_de_B%C3%A9nar%C3%A8s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Principauté de Bénarès">principauté de Bénarès</a>, au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bih%C3%A2r?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihâr">Bihâr</a><sup id="cite_ref-Forgues_35-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Forgues-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>35<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_38-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Barnes-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>38<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/30_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="30 mai">30 mai</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucknow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> est prise par les insurgés, qui assiègent la résidence britannique ; elle est secourue à deux reprises, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/25_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="25 septembre">25 septembre</a> et les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/14_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="14 novembre">14</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/17_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="17 novembre">17 novembre</a>, puis évacuée le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/27_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="27 novembre">27 novembre</a><sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_38-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Barnes-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>38<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/8_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="8 juin">8 juin</a> : les Britanniques assiègent Delhi aux mains des Cipayes révoltés<sup id="cite_ref-Forgues_35-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Forgues-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>35<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/15_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="15 juillet">15 juillet</a> : victoire britannique à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bataille_d%27Aong?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bataille d'Aong">bataille d'Aong</a> sur les Cipayes révoltés dirigés par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A2n%C3%A2_S%C3%A2hib?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nânâ Sâhib">Nana Sahib</a><sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_38-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Barnes-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>38<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/27_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="27 juillet">27 juillet</a> : le chef <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rajput?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rajput">rajput</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kunwar_Singh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kunwar Singh">Kunwar Singh</a> entre dans <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arrah_(Inde)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arrah (Inde)">Arrah</a> et assiège la garnison britannique, qui est secourue le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="3 août">3 août</a> par le major Vincent Eyre ; Kunwar Singh est battu le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/12_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="12 août">12 août</a> dans son fief de Jagdispur<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>39<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/20_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="20 septembre">20 septembre</a> : les Britanniques, s’appuyant sur le sud du pays et les contingents <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sikhs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gurkhas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gurkhas">Gurkhas</a>, parviennent à reprendre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delhi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> après un siège de trois mois<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_38-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Barnes-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>38<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Europe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe"> Articles détaillés : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_en_Belgique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 en Belgique">1857 en Belgique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_en_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 en France">1857 en France</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_en_Italie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 en Italie">1857 en Italie</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857_en_Suisse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1857 en Suisse">1857 en Suisse</a>. </div> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="3 janvier">3 janvier</a> : première réunion d’un comité secret pour l’étude d’un projet de libération des serfs en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russie">Russie</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sokoloff_40-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sokoloff-40"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>40<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Des comités provinciaux de la noblesse sont chargés d’élaborer des propositions sur le thème en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9cembre_1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Décembre 1857">décembre</a>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/22_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="22 janvier">22 janvier</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russie">Russie</a> : le prince <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandre_Bariatinsky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandre Bariatinsky">Alexandre Bariatinsky</a> dirige une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guerre_du_Caucase?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guerre du Caucase">expédition en Tchétchénie</a>, dans le Caucase contre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chamil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chamil">Chamil</a> (1857-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1859?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1859">1859</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>41<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/26_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="26 janvier">26 janvier</a> : création de la Société des chemins de fer russes<sup id="cite_ref-Sokoloff_40-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sokoloff-40"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>40<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%A9vrier_1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Février 1857">Février</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mars_1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mars 1857">mars</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principaut%C3%A9s_danubiennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principautés danubiennes">Principautés danubiennes</a> : formation à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ia%C8%99i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iași">Iași</a> et à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bucarest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bucarest">Bucarest</a> des « Comités électoraux de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principaut%C3%A9s_unies_de_Moldavie_et_de_Valachie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principautés unies de Moldavie et de Valachie">Union</a> » pour préparer les élections des divans ad hoc<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>42<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/26_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="26 mai">26 mai</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric-Guillaume_IV_de_Prusse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frédéric-Guillaume IV de Prusse">Frédéric-Guillaume IV de Prusse</a> renonce à sa suzeraineté sur le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canton_de_Neuch%C3%A2tel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canton de Neuchâtel">canton de Neuchâtel</a> après l’échec du coup d’État de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1856?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1856">1856</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>43<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1er_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1er juillet"><abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> juillet</a> : <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kolokol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kolokol">Kolokol</a></i> (<i>la Cloche</i>), périodique publié à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Londres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Londres">Londres</a> par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandre_Herzen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandre Herzen">Herzen</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nikola%C3%AF_Ogarev?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nikolaï Ogarev">Ogarev</a>, porte-parole de l’opposition russe<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>44<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/19_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="19 juillet">19 juillet</a> : élections en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principaut%C3%A9_de_Moldavie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principauté de Moldavie">Moldavie</a>. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a>, rejointe par la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russie">Russie</a>, la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_de_Prusse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume de Prusse">Prusse</a> et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_de_Sardaigne_(1720-1861)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume de Sardaigne (1720-1861)">Sardaigne</a>, proteste auprès de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantinople?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> en raison de graves irrégularités contre les partisans de l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principaut%C3%A9s_unies_de_Moldavie_et_de_Valachie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principautés unies de Moldavie et de Valachie">Union des principautés</a> et les élections sont annulées<sup id="cite_ref-Ollier_45-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ollier-45"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>45<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/20_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="20 juillet">20 juillet</a> : le cabinet <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Justinus_van_der_Brugghen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Justinus van der Brugghen">van der Brugghen</a> fait difficilement adopter une loi sur la liberté de l’enseignement aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pays-Bas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pays-Bas">Pays-Bas</a><sup id="cite_ref-Buioz1857523_46-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Buioz1857523-46"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>46<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/6_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="6 août">6</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/11_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="11 août">11 août</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>47<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> : une nouvelle crise internationale concernant les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principaut%C3%A9s_danubiennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principautés danubiennes">Principautés danubiennes</a> est écartée à l’entrevue d’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osborne_House?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osborne House">Osborne</a> entre la reine <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victoria_du_Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria du Royaume-Uni">Victoria</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Napoléon III">Napoléon III</a>. La <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_ottoman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire ottoman">Porte</a> s’incline et de nouvelles élections ont lieu<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>48<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/31_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="31 août">31 août</a> : le roi <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victor-Emmanuel_II_d%27Italie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor-Emmanuel II d'Italie">Victor-Emmanuel II de Sardaigne</a> inaugure le début des travaux du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tunnel_ferroviaire_du_Fr%C3%A9jus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tunnel ferroviaire du Fréjus">tunnel du Fréjus</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massif_du_Mont-Cenis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Massif du Mont-Cenis">mont-Cenis</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>49<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Divanul_Ad-Hoc,_1857.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Divanul_Ad-Hoc%2C_1857.jpg/220px-Divanul_Ad-Hoc%2C_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="530"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 179px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Divanul_Ad-Hoc%2C_1857.jpg/220px-Divanul_Ad-Hoc%2C_1857.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Divanul_Ad-Hoc%2C_1857.jpg/330px-Divanul_Ad-Hoc%2C_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Divanul_Ad-Hoc%2C_1857.jpg/440px-Divanul_Ad-Hoc%2C_1857.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Ouverture du divan ad hoc de Bucarest. </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/10_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="10 septembre">10 septembre</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principaut%C3%A9_de_Moldavie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principauté de Moldavie">Moldavie</a>) et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/26_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="26 septembre">26 septembre</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principaut%C3%A9_de_Valachie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principauté de Valachie">Valachie</a>) : victoire des unionistes dans les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principaut%C3%A9s_danubiennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principautés danubiennes">provinces roumaines</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ollier_45-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Ollier-45"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>45<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Moldaves et Valaques se prononcent à une écrasante majorité pour l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principaut%C3%A9s_unies_de_Moldavie_et_de_Valachie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principautés unies de Moldavie et de Valachie">union</a>. Ce résultat satisfait <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Napoléon III">Napoléon III</a>, favorable aux nationalités, mais contrarie la Porte, qui souhaitait exercer un protectorat après la mise à l’écart de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Russie">Russie</a>, et inquiète l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_d%27Autriche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire d'Autriche">Autriche</a>, qui se défie toujours des aspirations nationales, susceptibles de la déstabiliser.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Octobre_1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Octobre 1857">Octobre</a> : la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Panique_de_1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Panique de 1857">crise financière américaine</a> atteint le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume-Uni">Royaume-Uni</a><sup id="cite_ref-Quême_20-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Qu%C3%AAme-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La faillite du système bancaire, qui débute aux <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a>, s’étend à la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grande-Bretagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grande-Bretagne">Grande-Bretagne</a>, puis à l’Europe. Récession économique : à l’accroissement de la production d’or dans le monde fait suite une diminution des profits dans l’exploitation des mines, puis dans celle des chemins de fer.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/9_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="9 septembre">9 septembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Loi_Moyano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loi Moyano">loi d’instruction publique</a> en Espagne. Enseignement primaire obligatoire<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>50<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Auffahrt_Kaiser_und_K%C3%B6nige_25.September_1857.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Auffahrt_Kaiser_und_K%C3%B6nige_25.September_1857.jpg/220px-Auffahrt_Kaiser_und_K%C3%B6nige_25.September_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="812"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Auffahrt_Kaiser_und_K%C3%B6nige_25.September_1857.jpg/220px-Auffahrt_Kaiser_und_K%C3%B6nige_25.September_1857.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Auffahrt_Kaiser_und_K%C3%B6nige_25.September_1857.jpg/330px-Auffahrt_Kaiser_und_K%C3%B6nige_25.September_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Auffahrt_Kaiser_und_K%C3%B6nige_25.September_1857.jpg/440px-Auffahrt_Kaiser_und_K%C3%B6nige_25.September_1857.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/25_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="25 septembre">25</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/27_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="27 septembre">27 septembre</a> : entrevue de Stuttgart. </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/25_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="25 septembre">25</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/27_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="27 septembre">27 septembre</a> : rencontre entre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandre_II_de_Russie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre II de Russie">Alexandre II de Russie</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_III?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Napoléon III">Napoléon III</a> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stuttgart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>. Rapprochement franco-russe contre l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_d%27Autriche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire d'Autriche">Autriche</a> (1857-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1862?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1862">1862</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Sokoloff_40-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sokoloff-40"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>40<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/23_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="23 octobre">23 octobre</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portugal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> : à l’occasion de l’épidémie de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C3%A8vre_jaune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fièvre jaune">fièvre jaune</a>, le gouvernement fait venir de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a> les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C5%93urs_de_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sœurs de Saint Vincent de Paul">sœurs de la charité</a>, ce qui provoque une vive réaction anticléricale. Elles sont expulsées en 1862<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-51"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>51<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/29_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="29 octobre">29 octobre</a> : le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helmuth_Karl_Bernhard_von_Moltke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke">général von Moltke</a> dirige l’<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_%C3%A9tat-major_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand état-major général">état-major prussien</a><sup id="cite_ref-Grossman_52-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Grossman-52"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>52<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> après la mort de Karl von Reyher le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/7_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="7 octobre">7 octobre</a>.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="18 novembre">18 novembre</a> : à 14 h 45, l’explosion de la poudrière <i>(Pulverturm)</i>, à Mayence, fait 153 morts et au moins 500 blessés<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>53<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Elle détruit 57 maisons situées à proximité, et endommage gravement l’église Saint-Étienne.</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5 décembre">5 décembre</a> : Fondation de la société d'étudiants <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stella_Valdensis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stella Valdensis">Stella Valdensis</a> à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lausanne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suisse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suisse">Suisse</a>) dont seront membres d'illustres ingénieurs et scientifique.</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/20_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="20 décembre">20 décembre</a> : décret ordonnant la démolition des fortifications de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vienne_(Autriche)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vienne (Autriche)">Vienne</a>, qui sont remplacées par un grand boulevard, la <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ring_(Vienne)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ring (Vienne)">Ringstraße</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>54<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> </ul> <p><br></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Naissances_en_1857"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Naissance_en_1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catégorie:Naissance en 1857">Naissances en 1857</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Naissances en 1857" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="4 janvier">4 janvier</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89mile_Cohl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Émile Cohl">Émile Cohl</a>, considéré comme l'un des inventeurs du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dessin_anim%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dessin animé">dessin animé</a> († <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/20?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="20">20</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Janvier">janvier</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title=")">1938</a>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/6_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="6 janvier">6 janvier</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kate_Edger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kate Edger">Kate Edger</a>, universitaire <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%A9o-Z%C3%A9landaise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Néo-Zélandaise">néo-zélandaise</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1935-05-06" data-sort-value="1935-05-06">6 mai 1935</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/8_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="8 janvier">8 janvier</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89douard_Cabane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Édouard Cabane">Édouard Cabane</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († vers <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1942?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1942">1942</a>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/17_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="17 janvier">17 janvier</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilhelm_Kienzl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilhelm Kienzl">Wilhelm Kienzl</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compositeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compositeur">compositeur</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_d%27Autriche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire d'Autriche">autrichien</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1941-10-03" data-sort-value="1941-10-03">3 octobre 1941</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/21_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="21 janvier">21 janvier</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auguste_Pr%C3%A9vot-Val%C3%A9ri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auguste Prévot-Valéri">Auguste Prévot-Valéri</a>, peintre français († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1930-08-05" data-sort-value="1930-08-05">5 août 1930</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/23_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="23 janvier">23 janvier</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrija_Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrija Mohorovičić">Andrija Mohorovičić</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sismologue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sismologue">sismologue</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Croatie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Croatie">croate</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1936-12-18" data-sort-value="1936-12-18">18 décembre 1936</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/25_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="25 janvier">25 janvier</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gabriel_Desrivi%C3%A8res?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gabriel Desrivières">Gabriel Desrivières</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1931-10-01" data-sort-value="1931-10-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> octobre 1931</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/26_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="26 janvier">26 janvier</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antonio_Herrera_Toro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antonio Herrera Toro">Antonio Herrera Toro</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%A9n%C3%A9zu%C3%A9la?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vénézuéla">vénézuélien</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1914-06-26" data-sort-value="1914-06-26">26 juin 1914</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/27_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="27 janvier">27 janvier</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raffaele_Tafuri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raffaele Tafuri">Raffaele Tafuri</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italie">italien</a> († <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1929?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1929">1929</a>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/30_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="30 janvier">30 janvier</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gustav_Helsted?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gustav Helsted">Gustav Helsted</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organiste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organiste">organiste</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compositeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compositeur">compositeur</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danemark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danemark">danois</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1924-03-01" data-sort-value="1924-03-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> mars 1924</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/31_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="31 janvier">31 janvier</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri-Camille_Danger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri-Camille Danger">Henri-Camille Danger</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1937?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1937">1937</a>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2 février">2 février</a> : <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simon_Holl%C3%B3sy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simon Hollósy">Simon Hollósy</a>, peintre hongrois († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1918-05-08" data-sort-value="1918-05-08">8 mai 1918</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_Rondel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri Rondel">Henri Rondel</a>, peintre français († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1919-05-28" data-sort-value="1919-05-28">28 mai 1919</time>).</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5 février">5 février</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Schaan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Schaan">Paul Schaan</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1924-05-27" data-sort-value="1924-05-27">27 mai 1924</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/7_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="7 février">7 février</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Chaperon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eugène Chaperon">Eugène Chaperon</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Illustrateur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Illustrateur">illustrateur</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1938-12-27" data-sort-value="1938-12-27">27 décembre 1938</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/8_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="8 février">8 février</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Victor_Pierre_M%C3%A9nard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Victor Pierre Ménard">Victor Pierre Ménard</a>, peintre français († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1938-07-17" data-sort-value="1938-07-17">17 juillet 1938</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/10_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="10 février">10 février</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Pember_Reeves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Pember Reeves">William Pember Reeves</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Personnalit%C3%A9_politique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Personnalité politique">homme politique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diplomatie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diplomatie">diplomate</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historien">historien</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Po%C3%A8te?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poète">poète</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouvelle-Z%C3%A9lande?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouvelle-Zélande">néo-zélandais</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1932-05-15" data-sort-value="1932-05-15">15 mai 1932</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/11_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="11 février">11 février</a> : <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hans_Bohrdt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hans Bohrdt">Hans Bohrdt</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_germanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confédération germanique">allemand</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1945-12-19" data-sort-value="1945-12-19">19 décembre 1945</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maurice_Bompard_(peintre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maurice Bompard (peintre)">Maurice Bompard</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1935-04-30" data-sort-value="1935-04-30">30 avril 1935</time>).</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/15_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="15 février">15 février</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koyama_Sh%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koyama Shōtarō">Koyama Shōtarō</a>, peintre japonais († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1916-01-07" data-sort-value="1916-01-07">7 janvier 1916</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="18 février">18 février</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_Klinger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max Klinger">Max Klinger</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sculpteur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sculpteur">sculpteur</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graphiste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Graphiste">graphiste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Symbolisme_(art)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Symbolisme (art)">symboliste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_germanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confédération germanique">allemand</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1920-07-05" data-sort-value="1920-07-05">5 juillet 1920</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/21_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="21 février">21 février</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jules_de_Trooz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jules de Trooz">Jules de Trooz</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Personnalit%C3%A9_politique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Personnalité politique">homme politique</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgique">belge</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1907-12-31" data-sort-value="1907-12-31">31 décembre 1907</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/22_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="22 février">22 février</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Baden-Powell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Baden-Powell">Robert Baden-Powell</a>, fondateur du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scoutisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scoutisme">scoutisme</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1941-01-08" data-sort-value="1941-01-08">8 janvier 1941</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/26_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="26 février">26 février</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89mile_Cou%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Émile Coué">Émile Coué</a>, inventeur de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9thode_Cou%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Méthode Coué">méthode</a> qui portera son nom († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1926-07-02" data-sort-value="1926-07-02">2 juillet 1926</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/28_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="28 février">28 février</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gustave_Kerker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gustave Kerker">Gustave Kerker</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compositeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compositeur">compositeur</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chef_d%27orchestre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chef d'orchestre">chef d'orchestre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_germanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confédération germanique">allemand</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1923-06-29" data-sort-value="1923-06-29">29 juin 1923</time>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="3 mars">3 mars</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfred_Bruneau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfred Bruneau">Alfred Bruneau</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compositeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compositeur">compositeur</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chef_d%27orchestre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chef d'orchestre">chef d'orchestre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1934-06-15" data-sort-value="1934-06-15">15 juin 1934</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/16_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="16 mars">16 mars</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jenny_Zillhardt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jenny Zillhardt">Jenny Zillhardt</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">française</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1939-02" data-sort-value="1939-02">février 1939</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="18 mars">18 mars</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fritz_Reiss?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fritz Reiss">Fritz Reiss</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lithographe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithographe">lithographe</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Illustrateur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Illustrateur">illustrateur</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_germanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confédération germanique">allemand</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1915-02-27" data-sort-value="1915-02-27">27 février 1915</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/21_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="21 mars">21 mars</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alice_Henry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alice Henry">Alice Henry</a>, militante pour les droits des femmes, syndicaliste († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1943-02-14" data-sort-value="1943-02-14">14 février 1943</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/22_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="22 mars">22 mars</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_Doumer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Doumer">Paul Doumer</a>, futur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Président de la République française">président de la République française</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1932-05-07" data-sort-value="1932-05-07">7 mai 1932</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/23_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="23 mars">23 mars</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alphonse_Osbert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alphonse Osbert">Alphonse Osbert</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Symbolisme_(art)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Symbolisme (art)">symboliste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1939-08-11" data-sort-value="1939-08-11">11 août 1939</time>).</li> <li><time class="nowrap" datetime="03-23" data-sort-value="03-23">23 mars</time> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_Duzas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Léopold Duzas">Léopold Duzas</a>, artiste lyrique <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A9nor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ténor">ténor</a> français.(<abbr class="abbr" title="mort le">†</abbr> <time class="nowrap" datetime="1918-08-24" data-sort-value="1918-08-24">24 août 1918</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/29_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="29 mars">29 mars</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mathurin_Janssaud?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mathurin Janssaud">Mathurin Janssaud</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1940-01-27" data-sort-value="1940-01-27">27 janvier 1940</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/31_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="31 mars">31 mars</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89douard_Rod?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Édouard Rod">Édouard Rod</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89crivain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Écrivain">écrivain</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suisse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suisse">suisse</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1910-01-29" data-sort-value="1910-01-29">29 janvier 1910</time>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/6_avril?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="6 avril">6 avril</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfred_de_Richemont?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfred de Richemont">Alfred de Richemont</a>, peintre et illustrateur français († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1911-01-25" data-sort-value="1911-01-25">25 janvier 1911</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/12_avril?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="12 avril">12 avril</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auguste_Morisot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auguste Morisot">Auguste Morisot</a>, peintre, vitrailliste et décorateur français († <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1951?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1951">1951</a>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/25_avril?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="25 avril">25 avril</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Terront?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Terront">Charles Terront</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyclisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cyclisme">coureur cycliste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1932-10-31" data-sort-value="1932-10-31">31 octobre 1932</time>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1er_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1er mai"><abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> mai</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_van_Gogh_(n%C3%A9gociant_en_art)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Théodore van Gogh (négociant en art)">Théo Van Gogh</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/March%C3%A9_de_l%27art?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marché de l'art">négociant d'art</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pays-Bas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pays-Bas">néerlandais</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1891-01-25" data-sort-value="1891-01-25">25 janvier 1891</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2 mai">2 mai</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georges_William_Thornley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georges William Thornley">Georges William Thornley</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lithographie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lithographie">lithographe</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Impressionnisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Impressionnisme">impressionniste</a> puis <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Postimpressionnisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Postimpressionnisme">postimpressionniste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1935-08-31" data-sort-value="1935-08-31">31 août 1935</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/6_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="6 mai">6 mai</a> : <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emilio_Borsa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emilio Borsa">Emilio Borsa</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sc%C3%A8ne_de_genre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scène de genre">genre</a> et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peinture_de_paysage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peinture de paysage">paysages</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italie">italien</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1931-10-11" data-sort-value="1931-10-11">11 octobre 1931</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frank_Bramley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frank Bramley">Frank Bramley</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angleterre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angleterre">anglais</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1915-08-09" data-sort-value="1915-08-09">9 août 1915</time>).</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/12_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="12 mai">12 mai</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emilio_Boggio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emilio Boggio">Emilio Boggio</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aquarelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aquarelle">aquarelliste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Impressionnisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Impressionnisme">impressionniste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%A9n%C3%A9zu%C3%A9la?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vénézuéla">vénézuélien</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1920-06-07" data-sort-value="1920-06-07">7 juin 1920</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/19_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="19 mai">19 mai</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%A9onie_de_Bazelaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Léonie de Bazelaire">Léonie de Bazelaire</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Femme_de_lettres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Femme de lettres">femme de lettres</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">française</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1926-07-23" data-sort-value="1926-07-23">23 juillet 1926</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/24_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="24 mai">24 mai</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_H%C3%A9risson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="René Hérisson">René Hérisson</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Po%C3%A8te?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poète">poète</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peinture_animali%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peinture animalière">animalier</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1940-01-04" data-sort-value="1940-01-04">4 janvier 1940</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/31_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="31 mai">31 mai</a> : Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, futur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pape?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pape">pape</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pie_XI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pie XI">Pie XI</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1922-02-06" data-sort-value="1922-02-06">6 février 1922</time>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2 juin">2 juin</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_Elgar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compositeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compositeur">compositeur</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume-Uni">britannique</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1934-02-23" data-sort-value="1934-02-23">23 février 1934</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="4 juin">4 juin</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barbara_Baynton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barbara Baynton">Barbara Baynton</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Femme_de_lettres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Femme de lettres">femme de lettres</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australie">australienne</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1929-05-28" data-sort-value="1929-05-28">28 mai 1929</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5 juin">5 juin</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Moreau-Vauthier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Moreau-Vauthier">Charles Moreau-Vauthier</a>, peintre, historien de l'art et écrivain français († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1924-10-03" data-sort-value="1924-10-03">3 octobre 1924</time>)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/6_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="6 juin">6 juin</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandre_Liapounov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandre Liapounov">Alexandre Liapounov</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Math%C3%A9maticien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mathématicien">mathématicien</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_russe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire russe">russe</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1918-11-03" data-sort-value="1918-11-03">3 novembre 1918</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/16_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="16 juin">16 juin</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yamashita_Rin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yamashita Rin">Yamashita Rin</a>, peintre d'icônes pour l'église orthodoxe du Japon († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1919-01-26" data-sort-value="1919-01-26">26 janvier 1919</time>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5 juillet">5 juillet</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clara_Zetkin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clara Zetkin">Clara Zetkin</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Professeur_(enseignant)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Professeur (enseignant)">enseignante</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Journaliste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Journaliste">journaliste</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Personnalit%C3%A9_politique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Personnalité politique">femme politique</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marxisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marxisme">marxiste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_germanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confédération germanique">allemande</a>, figure historique du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%A9minisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Féminisme">féminisme</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1933-06-20" data-sort-value="1933-06-20">20 juin 1933</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/8_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="8 juillet">8 juillet</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rudolf_Dellinger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rudolf Dellinger">Rudolf Dellinger</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compositeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compositeur">compositeur</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chef_d%27orchestre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chef d'orchestre">chef d'orchestre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_germanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confédération germanique">allemand</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1910-09-24" data-sort-value="1910-09-24">24 septembre 1910</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="18 juillet">18 juillet</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferdinand_de_B%C3%A9hagle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferdinand de Béhagle">Ferdinand de Béhagle</a>, marchand et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Explorateur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorateur">explorateur</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1899-09" data-sort-value="1899-09">septembre 1899</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/23_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="23 juillet">23 juillet</a> : <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandre_Clarys?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandre Clarys">Alexandre Clarys</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peinture_animali%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peinture animalière">peintre animalier</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgique">belge</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1920-02-11" data-sort-value="1920-02-11">11 février 1920</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julien_D%C3%A9jardin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julien Déjardin">Julien Déjardin</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peinture_de_paysage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peinture de paysage">paysagiste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1906-10-02" data-sort-value="1906-10-02">2 octobre 1906</time>).</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/30_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="30 juillet">30 juillet</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adolphe_Willette?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolphe Willette">Adolphe Willette</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Illustrateur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Illustrateur">illustrateur</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Affichiste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Affichiste">affichiste</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lithographie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lithographie">lithographe</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caricaturiste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Caricaturiste">caricaturiste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1926-02-04" data-sort-value="1926-02-04">4 février 1926</time>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1er_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1er août"><abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> août</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emilia_Chanks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emilia Chanks">Emilia Chanks</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume-Uni">anglo</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_russe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire russe">russe</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1936-01-13" data-sort-value="1936-01-13">13 janvier 1936</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/6_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="6 août">6 août</a>: <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_Wilhelm_Allers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian Wilhelm Allers">Christian Wilhelm Allers</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Illustrateur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Illustrateur">illustrateur</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dessinateur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dessinateur">dessinateur</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_germanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confédération germanique">allemand</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1915-10-19" data-sort-value="1915-10-19">19 octobre 1915</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carl_Bantzer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carl Bantzer">Carl Bantzer</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_germanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confédération germanique">allemand</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1941-12-19" data-sort-value="1941-12-19">19 décembre 1941</time>).</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/8_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="8 août">8 août</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Chaminade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cécile Chaminade">Cécile Chaminade</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compositrice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Compositrice">compositrice</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pianiste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pianiste">pianiste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">française</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1944-04-13" data-sort-value="1944-04-13">13 avril 1944</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/15_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="15 août">15 août</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armand_Hubert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armand Hubert">Armand Hubert</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Personnalit%C3%A9_politique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Personnalité politique">homme politique</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgique">belge</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1940-10-01" data-sort-value="1940-10-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> octobre 1940</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/20_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="20 août">20 août</a> : <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Carroll_(homme_politique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Carroll (homme politique)">James Carroll</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Personnalit%C3%A9_politique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Personnalité politique">homme politique</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nouvelle-Z%C3%A9lande?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nouvelle-Zélande">néo-zélandais</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1926-10-18" data-sort-value="1926-10-18">18 octobre 1926</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Song_Py%C5%8Fngjun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Song Pyŏngjun">Song Pyŏngjun</a>, homme politique coréen († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1925-02-01" data-sort-value="1925-02-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> février 1925</time>).</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/27_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="27 août">27 août</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raymond_All%C3%A8gre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raymond Allègre">Raymond Allègre</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1933?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1933">1933</a>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5 septembre">5 septembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantin_Tsiolkovski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantin Tsiolkovski">Constantin Tsiolkovski</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scientifique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scientifique">scientifique</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_russe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire russe">russe</a>, père de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astronautique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astronautique">astronautique</a> moderne († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1935-09-19" data-sort-value="1935-09-19">19 septembre 1935</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/9_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="9 septembre">9 septembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pompeo_Mariani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pompeo Mariani">Pompeo Mariani</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italie">italien</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1927-01-25" data-sort-value="1927-01-25">25 janvier 1927</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/12_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="12 septembre">12 septembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Hendrik_Breitner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Hendrik Breitner">George Hendrik Breitner</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pays-Bas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pays-Bas">néerlandais</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1923-06-05" data-sort-value="1923-06-05">5 juin 1923</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/15_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="15 septembre">15 septembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Howard_Taft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, futur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_des_%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Président des États-Unis">président des États-Unis</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1930-03-08" data-sort-value="1930-03-08">8 mars 1930</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/21_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="21 septembre">21 septembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Terrus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Étienne Terrus">Étienne Terrus</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1922-06-22" data-sort-value="1922-06-22">22 juin 1922</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/22_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="22 septembre">22 septembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89mile_Pichot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Émile Pichot">Émile Pichot</a>, peintre français († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1936-01-12" data-sort-value="1936-01-12">12 janvier 1936</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/25_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="25 septembre">25 septembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Trag%C3%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="José Tragó">José Tragó</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compositeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compositeur">compositeur</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9dagogie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pédagogie">pédagogue</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espagne">espagnol</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1934-01-03" data-sort-value="1934-01-03">3 janvier 1934</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/29_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="29 septembre">29 septembre</a> : <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giuseppe_Mentessi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giuseppe Mentessi">Giuseppe Mentessi</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italie">italien</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1931-06-14" data-sort-value="1931-06-14">14 juin 1931</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Lawrence_Vail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eugène Lawrence Vail">Eugène Lawrence Vail</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">franco</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="États-Unis">américain</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1934-12-25" data-sort-value="1934-12-25">25 décembre 1934</time>).</li> </ul></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/6_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="6 octobre">6 octobre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sergue%C3%AF_Svetoslavski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sergueï Svetoslavski">Sergueï Svetoslavski</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peinture_de_paysage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peinture de paysage">paysagiste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_russe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire russe">russe</a> puis <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_des_r%C3%A9publiques_socialistes_sovi%C3%A9tiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques">soviétique</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1931-09-19" data-sort-value="1931-09-19">19 septembre 1931</time>).</li> <li><time class="nowrap" datetime="10-08" data-sort-value="10-08">8 octobre</time> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Octave_Gallice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Octave Gallice">Octave Gallice</a>, cavalier français d'attelage (<abbr class="abbr" title="mort le">†</abbr> <time class="nowrap" datetime="1906-06-18" data-sort-value="1906-06-18">18 juin 1906</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/9_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="9 octobre">9 octobre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Bernier_(avocat)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Bernier (avocat)">Charles Bernier</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Avocat_(m%C3%A9tier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Avocat (métier)">avocat</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aquarelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aquarelle">aquarelliste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1936-02-09" data-sort-value="1936-02-09">9 février 1936</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/11_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="11 octobre">11 octobre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_Cain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri Cain">Henri Cain</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dramaturge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dramaturge">dramaturge</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Librettiste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Librettiste">librettiste</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romancier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romancier">romancier</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gravure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gravure">graveur</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1937-11-21" data-sort-value="1937-11-21">21 novembre 1937</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/25_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="25 octobre">25 octobre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-%C3%89mile_Buland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-Émile Buland">Jean-Émile Buland</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gravure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gravure">graveur</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lithographie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lithographie">lithographe</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Illustrateur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Illustrateur">illustrateur</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1938-02-10" data-sort-value="1938-02-10">10 février 1938</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/28_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="28 octobre">28 octobre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ary_Renan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ary Renan">Ary Renan</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Symbolisme_(art)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Symbolisme (art)">symboliste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1900-08-04" data-sort-value="1900-08-04">4 août 1900</time>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1er_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1er novembre"><abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> novembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dar%C3%ADo_de_Regoyos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Darío de Regoyos">Darío de Regoyos</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espagne">espagnol</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1913-10-29" data-sort-value="1913-10-29">29 octobre 1913</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="3 novembre">3 novembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferdinand_Puyau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferdinand Puyau">Ferdinand Puyau</a>, écrivain et avocat français († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1947-01-06" data-sort-value="1947-01-06">6 janvier 1947</time>)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/6_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="6 novembre">6 novembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tony_Tollet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tony Tollet">Tony Tollet</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1953-01-25" data-sort-value="1953-01-25">25 janvier 1953</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/17_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="17 novembre">17 novembre</a> : <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Babinski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Babinski">Joseph Babinski</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neurologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neurologie">neurologue</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">franco</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pologne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pologne">polonais</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1932-10-29" data-sort-value="1932-10-29">29 octobre 1932</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eva_Bonnier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eva Bonnier">Eva Bonnier</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peinture_de_paysage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peinture de paysage">paysagiste</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peinture_de_portrait?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peinture de portrait">portraitiste</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philanthropie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philanthropie">philanthrope</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Su%C3%A8de?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suède">suédoise</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1909-01-15" data-sort-value="1909-01-15">15 janvier 1909</time>).</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="18 novembre">18 novembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanhope_Forbes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanhope Forbes">Stanhope Forbes</a>, peintre de genre britannique († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1947-03-02" data-sort-value="1947-03-02">2 mars 1947</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/25_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="25 novembre">25 novembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Narcisse_Faucon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Narcisse Faucon">Narcisse Faucon</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Journaliste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Journaliste">journaliste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († ?).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/26_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="26 novembre">26 novembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nikolaus_Sz%C3%A9csen_von_Temerin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nikolaus Szécsen von Temerin">Nikolaus Szécsen von Temerin</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diplomate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diplomate">diplomate</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_d%27Autriche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire d'Autriche">autrichien</a> d'origine <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_de_Hongrie_(1718-1867)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume de Hongrie (1718-1867)">hongroise</a>, actif pendant la période <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autriche-Hongrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autriche-Hongrie">austro-hongroise</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1926-05-18" data-sort-value="1926-05-18">18 mai 1926</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/30_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="30 novembre">30 novembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Dauphin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eugène Dauphin">Eugène Dauphin</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1930-01-27" data-sort-value="1930-01-27">27 janvier 1930</time>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="4 décembre">4 décembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Francisco_da_Rocha_Pombo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="José Francisco da Rocha Pombo">José Francisco da Rocha Pombo</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Journaliste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Journaliste">journaliste</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Avocat_(m%C3%A9tier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Avocat (métier)">avocat</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Personnalit%C3%A9_politique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Personnalité politique">homme politique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Professeur_des_universit%C3%A9s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Professeur des universités">professeur</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historien">historien</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89crivain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Écrivain">écrivain</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Br%C3%A9sil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brésil">brésilien</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1933-06-26" data-sort-value="1933-06-26">26 juin 1933</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/7_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="7 décembre">7 décembre</a> : <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Conrad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89crivain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Écrivain">écrivain</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pologne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pologne">polonais</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1924-08-03" data-sort-value="1924-08-03">3 août 1924</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uroš Predić">Uroš Predić</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9alisme_(peinture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réalisme (peinture)">réaliste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Principaut%C3%A9_de_Serbie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Principauté de Serbie">serbe</a> puis <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rative_socialiste_de_Yougoslavie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="République fédérative socialiste de Yougoslavie">yougoslave</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1953-02-11" data-sort-value="1953-02-11">11 février 1953</time>).</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/8_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="8 décembre">8 décembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89mile_Belot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Émile Belot">Émile Belot</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ing%C3%A9nieur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ingénieur">ingénieur</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1944-01-20" data-sort-value="1944-01-20">20 janvier 1944</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/10_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="10 décembre">10 décembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89douard_L%C3%A9v%C3%AAque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Édouard Lévêque">Édouard Lévêque</a>, industriel, peintre et photographe français († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1936-12-26" data-sort-value="1936-12-26">26 décembre 1936</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/12_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="12 décembre">12 décembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_%C3%89douard_Fournier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis Édouard Fournier">Louis Édouard Fournier</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Illustrateur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Illustrateur">illustrateur</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1917-04-10" data-sort-value="1917-04-10">10 avril 1917</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/15_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="15 décembre">15 décembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Rojas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cristóbal Rojas">Cristóbal Rojas</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%A9n%C3%A9zu%C3%A9la?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vénézuéla">vénézuélien</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1890-11-08" data-sort-value="1890-11-08">8 novembre 1890</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="18 décembre">18 décembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89douard_Lo%C3%ABvy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Édouard Loëvy">Édouard Loëvy</a>, peintre et illustrateur franco-polonais († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1910-12-20" data-sort-value="1910-12-20">20 décembre 1910</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/23_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="23 décembre">23 décembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georges_Picard_(peintre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georges Picard (peintre)">Georges Picard</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Architecture_d%27int%C3%A9rieur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Architecture d'intérieur">décorateur</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Illustrateur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Illustrateur">illustrateur</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1943?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1943">1943</a>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/26_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="26 décembre">26 décembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berthe_Art?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berthe Art">Berthe Art</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgique">belge</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1934-02-27" data-sort-value="1934-02-27">27 février 1934</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/29_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="29 décembre">29 décembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_Abel-Truchet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis Abel-Truchet">Louis Abel-Truchet</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Affichiste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Affichiste">affichiste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1918-09-09" data-sort-value="1918-09-09">9 septembre 1918</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/30_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="30 décembre">30 décembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sylvio_Lazzari?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sylvio Lazzari">Sylvio Lazzari</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compositeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compositeur">compositeur</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> d'origine <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autriche-Hongrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autriche-Hongrie">autrichienne</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1944-06-10" data-sort-value="1944-06-10">10 juin 1944</time>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Date inconnue : <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alphonse_Benquet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alphonse Benquet">Alphonse Benquet</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sculpteur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sculpteur">sculpteur</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1933?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1933">1933</a>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Bougourd?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cécile Bougourd">Cécile Bougourd</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">française</a> († <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1941?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1941">1941</a>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barbara_Steel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barbara Steel">Barbara Steel</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suffragette?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suffragette">suffragette</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cosse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Écosse">écossaise</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1943-12-22" data-sort-value="1943-12-22">22 décembre 1943</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Chiffonny?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Chiffonny">Joseph Chiffonny</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1923?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1923">1923</a>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jules-Edmond_Cuisinier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jules-Edmond Cuisinier">Jules-Edmond Cuisinier</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gravure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gravure">graveur</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1917?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1917">1917</a>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Achille_Granchi-Taylor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Achille Granchi-Taylor">Achille Granchi-Taylor</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Illustrateur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Illustrateur">illustrateur</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1921-08-17" data-sort-value="1921-08-17">17 août 1921</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luigi_Morgari?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luigi Morgari">Luigi Morgari</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italie">italien</a> († <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1935?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1935">1935</a>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nitaboh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nitaboh">Nitaboh</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Personnage_historique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Personnage historique">personnage historique</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japon">japonais</a> († <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1928?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1928">1928</a>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Achille_Peretti_(artiste)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Achille Peretti (artiste)">Achille Peretti</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sculpteur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sculpteur">sculpteur</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anarchisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anarchisme">anarchiste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italie">italien</a> († <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1923?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1923">1923</a>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_Vignet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri Vignet">Henri Vignet</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9coration_(art)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Décoration (art)">décorateur</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiquaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antiquaire">antiquaire</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musicien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musicien">musicien</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naturaliste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naturaliste">naturaliste</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> († <time class="nowrap" datetime="1920-12-25" data-sort-value="1920-12-25">25 décembre 1920</time>).</li> </ul></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Décès_en_1857"><span id="D.C3.A9c.C3.A8s_en_1857"></span><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:D%C3%A9c%C3%A8s_en_1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catégorie:Décès en 1857">Décès en 1857</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Décès en 1857" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5 janvier">5 janvier</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gregorio_Ar%C3%A1oz_de_Lamadrid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid">Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Militaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Militaire">militaire</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Personnalit%C3%A9_politique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Personnalité politique">homme politique</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vice-royaut%C3%A9_du_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vice-royauté du Río de la Plata">espagnol</a> puis <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argentine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argentine">argentin</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1795-11-21" data-sort-value="1795-11-21">21 novembre 1795</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/14_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="14 janvier">14 janvier</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Christian_Carl_Gravenhorst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johann Ludwig Christian Carl Gravenhorst">Johann Ludwig Christian Carl Gravenhorst</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zoologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zoologie">zoologiste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_germanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confédération germanique">allemand</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1777-11-14" data-sort-value="1777-11-14">14 novembre 1777</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/19_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="19 janvier">19 janvier</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franz_Limmer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franz Limmer">Franz Limmer</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compositeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compositeur">compositeur</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_d%27Autriche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire d'Autriche">autrichien</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1808-10-02" data-sort-value="1808-10-02">2 octobre 1808</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/21_janvier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="21 janvier">21 janvier</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franz_Kr%C3%BCger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franz Krüger">Franz Krüger</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_de_Prusse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume de Prusse">prussien</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1797-09-10" data-sort-value="1797-09-10">10 septembre 1797</time>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/6_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="6 février">6 février</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_Wilhelm_von_Faber_du_Faur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian Wilhelm von Faber du Faur">Christian Wilhelm von Faber du Faur</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juriste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juriste">juriste</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Militaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Militaire">militaire</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_germanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confédération germanique">allemand</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1780-08-18" data-sort-value="1780-08-18">18 août 1780</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/7_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="7 février">7 février</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_de_M%C3%A9rode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Félix de Mérode">Félix de Mérode</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Personnalit%C3%A9_politique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Personnalité politique">homme politique</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgique">belge</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1791-02-13" data-sort-value="1791-02-13">13 février 1791</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18_f%C3%A9vrier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="18 février">18 février</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Louis_Pierrot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-Louis Pierrot">Jean-Louis Pierrot</a>, général, aristocrate et noble haïtien avant d'être président à vie d'Haïti (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1761-12-19" data-sort-value="1761-12-19">19 décembre 1761</time>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/7_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="7 mars">7 mars</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Johann_Jenisch_(fils)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Johann Jenisch (fils)">Martin Johann Jenisch</a> (fils), <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marchand_(commerce)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marchand (commerce)">marchand</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Personnalit%C3%A9_politique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Personnalité politique">homme politique</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_germanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confédération germanique">allemand</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1793-04-12" data-sort-value="1793-04-12">12 avril 1793</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/16_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="16 mars">16 mars</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marius_Engali%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marius Engalière">Marius Engalière</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1824-08-08" data-sort-value="1824-08-08">8 août 1824</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/20_mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="20 mars">20 mars</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ours-Pierre-Armand_Petit-Dufr%C3%A9noy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ours-Pierre-Armand Petit-Dufrénoy">Pierre-Armand Dufrénoy</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9ologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géologie">géologue</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Min%C3%A9ralogie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minéralogie">minéralogiste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1792-09-05" data-sort-value="1792-09-05">5 septembre 1792</time>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5_avril?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5 avril">5 avril</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Souchon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="François Souchon">François Souchon</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> (° <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1787?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1787">1787</a>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/7_avril?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="7 avril">7 avril</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antoine_Clapisson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antoine Clapisson">Antoine Clapisson</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compositeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compositeur">compositeur</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corniste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corniste">corniste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1779-11-13" data-sort-value="1779-11-13">13 novembre 1779</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/9_avril?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="9 avril">9 avril</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antonio_Mar%C3%ADa_Esquivel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antonio María Esquivel">Antonio María Esquivel</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peinture_romantique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peinture romantique">romantique</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portrait?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portrait">portraitiste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Espagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espagne">espagnol</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1806-03-08" data-sort-value="1806-03-08">8 mars 1806</time>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2 mai">2 mai</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfred de Musset">Alfred de Musset</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Po%C3%A8te?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poète">poète</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dramaturge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dramaturge">dramaturge</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1810-12-11" data-sort-value="1810-12-11">11 décembre 1810</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/16_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="16 mai">16 mai</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vassili_Tropinine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vassili Tropinine">Vassili Tropinine</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_russe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire russe">russe</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1776-03-30" data-sort-value="1776-03-30">30 mars 1776</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/23_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="23 mai">23 mai</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustin_Louis_Cauchy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustin Louis Cauchy">Augustin Louis Cauchy</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Math%C3%A9maticien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mathématicien">mathématicien</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1789-08-21" data-sort-value="1789-08-21">21 août 1789</time>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/21_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="21 juin">21 juin</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_Jacques_Th%C3%A9nard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis Jacques Thénard">Louis Jacques Thénard</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chimiste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chimiste">chimiste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1777-05-04" data-sort-value="1777-05-04">4 mai 1777</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/30_juin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="30 juin">30 juin</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alcide_Dessalines_d%27Orbigny?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alcide Dessalines d'Orbigny">Alcide Dessalines d'Orbigny</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naturaliste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naturaliste">naturaliste</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Explorateur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorateur">explorateur</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pal%C3%A9ontologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paléontologie">paléontologue</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1802-09-06" data-sort-value="1802-09-06">6 septembre 1802</time>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/16_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="16 juillet">16 juillet</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre_Jean_de_B%C3%A9ranger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Jean de Béranger">Pierre Jean de Béranger</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Po%C3%A8te?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poète">poète</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chansonnier_(humoriste)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chansonnier (humoriste)">chansonnier</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1780-08-19" data-sort-value="1780-08-19">19 août 1780</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/25_juillet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="25 juillet">25 juillet</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carl_Czerny?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carl Czerny">Carl Czerny</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compositeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compositeur">compositeur</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pianiste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pianiste">pianiste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empire_d%27Autriche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empire d'Autriche">autrichien</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1791-02-21" data-sort-value="1791-02-21">21 février 1791</time>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="3 août">3 août</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eugène Sue">Eugène Sue</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romancier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romancier">romancier</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a>, à Annecy-le-Vieux (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1804-01-26" data-sort-value="1804-01-26">26 janvier 1804</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/12_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="12 août">12 août</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Conybeare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Conybeare">William Conybeare</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9ologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Géologie">géologue</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pal%C3%A9ontologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paléontologie">paléontologue</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume-Uni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume-Uni">britannique</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1787-06-07" data-sort-value="1787-06-07">7 juin 1787</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/23_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="23 août">23 août</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Koch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carl Ludwig Koch">Carl Ludwig Koch</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naturaliste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naturaliste">naturaliste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_germanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confédération germanique">allemand</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1778-09-21" data-sort-value="1778-09-21">21 septembre 1778</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/24_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="24 août">24 août</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Julius_Ahlborn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="August Wilhelm Julius Ahlborn">August Wilhelm Julius Ahlborn</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_germanique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confédération germanique">allemand</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1796-10-11" data-sort-value="1796-10-11">11 octobre 1796</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/30_ao%C3%BBt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="30 août">30 août</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Woutherus_Mol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Woutherus Mol">Woutherus Mol</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pays-Bas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pays-Bas">néerlandais</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1785-03-21" data-sort-value="1785-03-21">21 mars 1785</time>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5 septembre">5 septembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auguste_Comte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philosophe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philosophe">philosophe</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> et fondateur de l'école positiviste, à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paris">Paris</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1798-01-19" data-sort-value="1798-01-19">19 janvier 1798</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/11_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="11 septembre">11 septembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ambroise_Louis_Garneray?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ambroise Louis Garneray">Ambroise Louis Garneray</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corsaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corsaire">corsaire</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peintre_de_la_Marine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Peintre de la Marine">peintre de la Marine</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dessin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dessin">dessinateur</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gravure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gravure">graveur</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89crivain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Écrivain">écrivain</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1783-02-19" data-sort-value="1783-02-19">19 février 1783</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/22_septembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="22 septembre">22 septembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Dwernicki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Józef Dwernicki">Józef Dwernicki</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Général">général</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pologne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pologne">polonais</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1779-03-19" data-sort-value="1779-03-19">19 mars 1779</time>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18_octobre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="18 octobre">18 octobre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karol_Kurpi%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karol Kurpiński">Karol Kurpiński</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compositeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compositeur">compositeur</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chef_d%27orchestre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chef d'orchestre">chef d'orchestre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Royaume_du_Congr%C3%A8s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Royaume du Congrès">polonais</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1785-03-06" data-sort-value="1785-03-06">6 mars 1785</time>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5 novembre">5 novembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustin_Aubert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustin Aubert">Augustin Aubert</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1781-01-23" data-sort-value="1781-01-23">23 janvier 1781</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/11_novembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="11 novembre">11 novembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Abbatucci_(ministre)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Pierre Abbatucci (ministre)">Jacques Abbatucci</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homme_d%27%C3%89tat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homme d'État">homme d'État</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ministre_de_la_Justice_(France)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ministre de la Justice (France)">ministre de la Justice</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1791-12-21" data-sort-value="1791-12-21">21 décembre 1791</time>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1er_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1er décembre"><abbr class="abbr" title="Premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> décembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benoit_Mozin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benoit Mozin">Benoit Mozin</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musicien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musicien">musicien</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compositeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compositeur">compositeur</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1769-03-21" data-sort-value="1769-03-21">21 mars 1769</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/11_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="11 décembre">11 décembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Castil-Blaze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Castil-Blaze">Castil-Blaze</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Critique_musical?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Critique musical">critique musical</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compositeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compositeur">compositeur</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1784-12-01" data-sort-value="1784-12-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> décembre 1784</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/21_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="21 décembre">21 décembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herman_Henry_op_der_Heyden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman Henry op der Heyden">Herman Henry op der Heyden</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pays-Bas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pays-Bas">néerlandais</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1813-04-03" data-sort-value="1813-04-03">3 avril 1813</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/23_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="23 décembre">23 décembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Achille_Dev%C3%A9ria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Achille Devéria">Achille Devéria</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artiste_peintre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artiste peintre">peintre</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1800-02-06" data-sort-value="1800-02-06">6 février 1800</time>).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/24_d%C3%A9cembre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="24 décembre">24 décembre</a> : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Cazot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Félix Cazot">Félix Cazot</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compositeur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compositeur">compositeur</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9dagogie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pédagogie">pédagogue</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">français</a> (° <time class="nowrap" datetime="1790-04-06" data-sort-value="1790-04-06">6 avril 1790</time>).</li> </ul> <ul> <li>Date précise inconnue : <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/August%C3%ADnos_Kapod%C3%ADstrias?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustínos Kapodístrias">Augustínos Kapodístrias</a>, homme d'État grec (° 1778).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manuel_Moreno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manuel Moreno">Manuel Moreno</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Personnalit%C3%A9_politique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Personnalité politique">homme politique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diplomatie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diplomatie">diplomate</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scientifique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scientifique">scientifique</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vice-royaut%C3%A9_du_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vice-royauté du Río de la Plata">espagnol</a> puis <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argentine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argentine">argentin</a> (° 1782).</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Vicu%C3%B1a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="José Joaquín Vicuña">José Joaquín Vicuña</a>, militaire et homme politique chilien (° 1786).</li> </ul></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:36em; column-count:2;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Charton1860"><span class="ouvrage" id="Édouard_Charton1860">Édouard Charton, <cite class="italique">Le Tour du monde : nouveau journal des voyages</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 1, Libraire de L. Hachette, <time>1860</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Ddno9AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA34">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Tour+du+monde&rft.pub=Libraire+de+L.+Hachette&rft.stitle=nouveau+journal+des+voyages&rft.aulast=Charton&rft.aufirst=%C3%89douard&rft.date=1860&rft.volume=1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="1857"><cite class="italique">Journal du palais : présentant la jurisprudence de la Cour de Cassation et des Cours d'Appel de Paris et des départements</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 1, <time>1857</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DHihHAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA446">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+du+palais+%3A+pr%C3%A9sentant+la+jurisprudence+de+la+Cour+de+Cassation+et+des+Cours+d%27Appel+de+Paris+et+des+d%C3%A9partements&rft.date=1857&rft.volume=1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="D.Lara2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Oruno_D.Lara2009">Oruno D.Lara, <cite class="italique">Guadeloupe : faire face à l'histoire</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_L%27Harmattan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions L'Harmattan">Éditions L'Harmattan</a>, <time>2009</time>, 74 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-296-22609-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-296-22609-8"><span class="nowrap">978-2-296-22609-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D0mSK6u7JIfAC%26pg%3DPA44">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guadeloupe&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+L%27Harmattan&rft.stitle=faire+face+%C3%A0+l%27histoire&rft.aulast=D.Lara&rft.aufirst=Oruno&rft.date=2009&rft.tpages=74&rft.isbn=978-2-296-22609-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Jolly-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Jolly_4-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jolly1996"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean_Jolly1996">Jean Jolly, <cite class="italique">Histoire du continent africain : du <abbr class="abbr" title="17ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle à 1939</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 2, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_L%27Harmattan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions L'Harmattan">Éditions L'Harmattan</a>, <time>1996</time>, 236 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7384-4688-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7384-4688-6"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7384-4688-6</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DfJrGDReJzOUC%26pg%3DPA67">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+continent+africain&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+L%27Harmattan&rft.stitle=du+%3Cabbr+class%3D%22abbr%22+title%3D%2217%E1%B5%89+si%C3%A8cle%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22romain%22%3EXVII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3A72%25%22%3Ee%3C%2Fsup%3E%3C%2Fabbr%3E%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle+%C3%A0+1939&rft.aulast=Jolly&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.date=1996&rft.volume=2&rft.tpages=236&rft.isbn=978-2-7384-4688-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Montagnon-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Montagnon_5-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Montagnon_5-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Montagnon"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pierre_Montagnon">Pierre Montagnon, <cite class="italique">L'Armée d'Afrique : De 1830 à l’indépendance de l’Algérie</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Groupe_Flammarion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Groupe Flammarion">Éditions Flammarion</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7564-0793-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7564-0793-7"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7564-0793-7</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DtJ0PschXmfkC%26pg%3DPAPT49">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Arm%C3%A9e+d%27Afrique+%3A+De+1830+%C3%A0+l%E2%80%99ind%C3%A9pendance+de+l%E2%80%99Alg%C3%A9rie&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Flammarion&rft.aulast=Montagnon&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.isbn=978-2-7564-0793-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Saint-Martin1989"><span class="ouvrage" id="Yves-Jean_Saint-Martin1989">Yves-Jean Saint-Martin, <cite class="italique">Le Sénégal sous le second Empire : naissance d'un empire colonial (1850-1871)</cite>, Karthala éditions, <time>1989</time>, 671 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-86537-201-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-86537-201-0"><span class="nowrap">978-2-86537-201-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DLm75eX1NxccC%26pg%3DPA395">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal+sous+le+second+Empire&rft.pub=Karthala+%C3%A9ditions&rft.stitle=naissance+d%27un+empire+colonial+%281850-1871%29&rft.aulast=Saint-Martin&rft.aufirst=Yves-Jean&rft.date=1989&rft.tpages=671&rft.isbn=978-2-86537-201-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Carrey-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Carrey_7-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Carrey_7-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Carrey1858"><span class="ouvrage" id="Émile_Carrey1858">Émile Carrey, <cite class="italique">Récits de Kabylie : campagne de 1857</cite>, M. Lévy, <time>1858</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D9LaPjz173RgC%26pg%3DPA212">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C3%A9cits+de+Kabylie&rft.pub=M.+L%C3%A9vy&rft.stitle=campagne+de+1857&rft.aulast=Carrey&rft.aufirst=%C3%89mile&rft.date=1858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Carrey1858160-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Carrey1858160_8-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Carrey1858">Carrey 1858</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 160. </span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Linon-ChiponGuennoc2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sophie_Linon-ChiponJean-François_Guennoc2005">Sophie Linon-Chipon et Jean-François Guennoc, <cite class="italique">Transhumances divines : récit de voyage et religion</cite>, Presses Paris Sorbonne, <time>2005</time>, 374 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-84050-366-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-84050-366-8"><span class="nowrap">978-2-84050-366-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dxl9A4IDLD00C%26pg%3DPAPT216">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transhumances+divines&rft.pub=Presses+Paris+Sorbonne&rft.stitle=r%C3%A9cit+de+voyage+et+religion&rft.aulast=Linon-Chipon&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft.au=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Guennoc&rft.date=2005&rft.tpages=374&rft.isbn=978-2-84050-366-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mody_Cissoko1988"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sékéné_Mody_Cissoko1988">Sékéné Mody Cissoko, <cite class="italique">Le Khasso face à l'Empire toucouleur et à la France dans le Haut-Sénégal, 1854-1890</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_L%27Harmattan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions L'Harmattan">L'Harmattan</a>, <time>1988</time>, 351 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7384-0133-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7384-0133-5"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7384-0133-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DhBEnPtpe-R8C%26pg%3DPA86">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Khasso+face+%C3%A0+l%27Empire+toucouleur+et+%C3%A0+la+France+dans+le+Haut-S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal%2C+1854-1890&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.au=S%C3%A9k%C3%A9n%C3%A9+Mody+Cissoko&rft.date=1988&rft.tpages=351&rft.isbn=978-2-7384-0133-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sy2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="Yaya_Sy2010">Yaya Sy, <cite class="italique">Les légitimations de l'esclavage et de la colonisation des Nègres</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_L%27Harmattan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions L'Harmattan">Éditions L'Harmattan</a>, <time>2010</time>, 456 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-296-24850-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-296-24850-2"><span class="nowrap">978-2-296-24850-2</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DYQkOFffJAH0C%26pg%3DPA46">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+l%C3%A9gitimations+de+l%27esclavage+et+de+la+colonisation+des+N%C3%A8gres&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+L%27Harmattan&rft.aulast=Sy&rft.aufirst=Yaya&rft.date=2010&rft.tpages=456&rft.isbn=978-2-296-24850-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Abun-Nasr1987"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jamil_M._Abun-Nasr1987">Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, <cite class="italique">A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <time>1987</time>, 455 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-521-33767-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-521-33767-0"><span class="nowrap">978-0-521-33767-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DjdlKbZ46YYkC%26pg%3DPA277">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Maghrib+in+the+Islamic+period&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.aulast=Abun-Nasr&rft.aufirst=Jamil+M.&rft.date=1987&rft.tpages=455&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33767-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hardiman2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_Hardiman2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> David Hardiman, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Healing Bodies, Saving Souls : Medical Missions in Asia and Africa</cite>, Amsterdam, Rodopi, <time>2006</time>, 348 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-90-420-2106-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-90-420-2106-8"><span class="nowrap">978-90-420-2106-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D6hX1ycCAZJcC%26pg%3DPA195">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Healing+Bodies%2C+Saving+Souls&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.stitle=Medical+Missions+in+Asia+and+Africa&rft.aulast=Hardiman&rft.aufirst=David&rft.date=2006&rft.tpages=348&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2106-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hayes1997"><span class="ouvrage" id="Charles_Hayes1997">Charles Hayes, <cite class="italique">Oserian : place of peace (a century of the Kenya story)</cite>, Rima Publications, <time>1997</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DbN4tAQAAIAAJ%26dq%3D1857%26pg%3DPA9">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oserian+%3A+place+of+peace+%28a+century+of+the+Kenya+story%29&rft.pub=Rima+Publications&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="W.._Duckett1873"><span class="ouvrage" id="M._W.._Duckett1873">M. W.. Duckett, <cite class="italique">Dictionnaire de la conversation et de la lecture</cite>, Firmin Didot, <time>1873</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D2vcGKLFEnm0C%26pg%3DPA651">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+la+conversation+et+de+la+lecture&rft.pub=Firmin+Didot&rft.au=M.+W..+Duckett&rft.date=1873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Paschal-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Paschal_16-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Paschal1868"><span class="ouvrage" id="George_Washington_Paschal1868">George Washington <span class="nom_auteur">Paschal</span>, <cite class="italique">The Constitution of the United States Defined and Carefully Annotated</cite>, W.H. & O.H. Morrison, <time>1868</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dwxo6AQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA163">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+the+United+States+Defined+and+Carefully+Annotated&rft.pub=W.H.+%26+O.H.+Morrison&rft.aulast=Paschal&rft.aufirst=George+Washington&rft.date=1868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="1990"><cite class="italique">La Cour suprême des États-Unis, 1789-1989</cite>, Presses Paris Sorbonne, <time>1990</time>, 182 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-904315-74-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-904315-74-9"><span class="nowrap">978-2-904315-74-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DKoDHPSsweHcC%26pg%3DPA53">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Cour+supr%C3%AAme+des+%C3%89tats-Unis%2C+1789-1989&rft.pub=Presses+Paris+Sorbonne&rft.date=1990&rft.tpages=182&rft.isbn=978-2-904315-74-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gómez_Serrano2001"><span class="ouvrage" id="Laureano_Gómez_Serrano2001">Laureano Gómez Serrano, <cite class="italique">El control constitucional en Colombia : evolución histórica</cite>, UNAB, <time>2001</time>, 250 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-958-96821-9-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-958-96821-9-7"><span class="nowrap">978-958-96821-9-7</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DoJ4w8IuUlfMC%26pg%3DPA76">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+control+constitucional+en+Colombia&rft.pub=UNAB&rft.stitle=evoluci%C3%B3n+hist%C3%B3rica&rft.au=Laureano+G%C3%B3mez+Serrano&rft.date=2001&rft.tpages=250&rft.isbn=978-958-96821-9-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Boman2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Patrick_Boman2007">Patrick Boman, <cite class="italique">Boulevard de la flibuste : Nicaragua 1850-1860</cite>, Paris, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ginkgo_%C3%A9diteur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ginkgo éditeur">Ginkgo Éditeur</a>, <time>2007</time>, 301 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-84679-054-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-84679-054-3"><span class="nowrap">978-2-84679-054-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DlpTH2gZI_eQC%26pg%3DPA169">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boulevard+de+la+flibuste&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Ginkgo+%C3%89diteur&rft.stitle=Nicaragua+1850-1860&rft.aulast=Boman&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.date=2007&rft.tpages=301&rft.isbn=978-2-84679-054-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Quême-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Qu%C3%AAme_20-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Qu%C3%AAme_20-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Quême2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Philippe_Quême2011">Philippe Quême, <cite class="italique">Monnaie bien public ou "banque-casino" ? : Finance mondiale versus éthique et utilité sociale</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_L%27Harmattan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions L'Harmattan">Éditions L'Harmattan</a>, <time>2011</time>, 400 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-296-47429-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-296-47429-1"><span class="nowrap">978-2-296-47429-1</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DWiZQQ3jKjj4C%26pg%3DPA31">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monnaie+bien+public+ou+%22banque-casino%22+%3F+%3A+Finance+mondiale+versus+%C3%A9thique+et+utilit%C3%A9+sociale&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+L%27Harmattan&rft.aulast=Qu%C3%AAme&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft.date=2011&rft.tpages=400&rft.isbn=978-2-296-47429-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Markham2002"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jerry_W._Markham2002">Jerry W. Markham, <cite class="italique">A Financial History of the United States : From Christopher Columbus to the Robber Barons (1492-1900)</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 1, M.E. Sharpe, <time>2002</time>, 1936 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-7656-0730-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-7656-0730-0"><span class="nowrap">978-0-7656-0730-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DUazpff00Y5EC%26pg%3DPA201">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Financial+History+of+the+United+States+%3A+From+Christopher+Columbus+to+the+Robber+Barons+%281492-1900%29&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.aulast=Markham&rft.aufirst=Jerry+W.&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=1&rft.tpages=1936&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0730-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Chase2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Randal_S._Chase2012">Randal S. Chase, <cite class="italique">Church History Study Guide : Latter-Day Prophets Since 1844</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 3, Plain & Precious Publishing, <time>2012</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-937901-06-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-937901-06-6"><span class="nowrap">978-1-937901-06-6</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DOvnSO8VKD0EC%26pg%3DPA100">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+History+Study+Guide&rft.pub=Plain+%26+Precious+Publishing&rft.stitle=Latter-Day+Prophets+Since+1844&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Randal+S.&rft.date=2012&rft.volume=3&rft.isbn=978-1-937901-06-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gomez2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sergio_Orlando_Gomez2003">Sergio Orlando <span class="nom_auteur">Gomez</span>, <cite class="italique">Historia de Mexico/ History of Mexico : Texto de consulta para educacion media superior</cite>, Editorial Limusa, <time>2003</time>, 200 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-968-18-5740-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-968-18-5740-0"><span class="nowrap">978-968-18-5740-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DkfbYNu4PCgEC%26pg%3DPA165">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+Mexico%2F+History+of+Mexico&rft.pub=Editorial+Limusa&rft.stitle=Texto+de+consulta+para+educacion+media+superior&rft.aulast=Gomez&rft.aufirst=Sergio+Orlando&rft.date=2003&rft.tpages=200&rft.isbn=978-968-18-5740-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="HamiltonSalmon2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Keith_HamiltonPatrick_Salmon2009">Keith Hamilton et Patrick Salmon, <cite class="italique">Slavery, Diplomacy and Empire : Britain and the Suppression of the Slave Trade, 1807-1975</cite>, Sussex Academic Press, <time>2009</time>, 229 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-84519-298-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-84519-298-3"><span class="nowrap">978-1-84519-298-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DA1S_tb_Adq4C%26pg%3DPA103">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery%2C+Diplomacy+and+Empire+%3A+Britain+and+the+Suppression+of+the+Slave+Trade%2C+1807-1975&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Patrick+Salmon&rft.date=2009&rft.tpages=229&rft.isbn=978-1-84519-298-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Buioz-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Buioz_25-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Buioz_25-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Buioz1857"><span class="ouvrage" id="François_Buioz1857">François Buioz, <cite class="italique">Annuaire des deux mondes : histoire générale des divers états ; année 1850-1866/67</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 7, Bureau de l'Annuaire des deux mondes, <time>1857</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D057P7UVh4x0C%26pg%3DPA910">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annuaire+des+deux+mondes+%3A+histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+des+divers+%C3%A9tats+%3B+ann%C3%A9e+1850-1866%2F67&rft.pub=Bureau+de+l%27Annuaire+des+deux+mondes&rft.aulast=Buioz&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.date=1857&rft.volume=7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Samwer1860"><span class="ouvrage" id="Charles_Samwer1860">Charles Samwer, <cite class="italique">Nouveau Recueil général de traités, conventions et autres transactions remarquables</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 16, Gottingue, Librairie de Dieterich, <time>1860</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DgIXIgJM4SlEC%26pg%3DPA114">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nouveau+Recueil+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+de+trait%C3%A9s%2C+conventions+et+autres+transactions+remarquables&rft.place=Gottingue&rft.pub=Librairie+de+Dieterich&rft.aulast=Samwer&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.date=1860&rft.volume=16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Yeung2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="King-To_Yeung2007">King-To Yeung, <cite class="italique">Suppressing Rebels, Managing Bureaucrats : State-building During the Taiping Rebellion, 1850-1864</cite>, ProQuest, <time>2007</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-549-69943-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-549-69943-9"><span class="nowrap">978-0-549-69943-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D333-MGhPQFcC%26pg%3DPA168">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suppressing+Rebels%2C+Managing+Bureaucrats+%3A+State-building+During+the+Taiping+Rebellion%2C+1850-1864&rft.pub=ProQuest&rft.aulast=Yeung&rft.aufirst=King-To&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-549-69943-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Adle2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Chahryar_Adle2005">Chahryar Adle, <cite class="italique">History of civilizations of Central Asia. Towards the Contemporary Period : From the Mid-nineteenth to the End of the Twentieth Century</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 6, UNESCO, <time>2005</time>, 1033 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-92-3-103985-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-92-3-103985-0"><span class="nowrap">978-92-3-103985-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DXPfcfF8LRWQC%26pg%3DPA380">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+civilizations+of+Central+Asia.+Towards+the+Contemporary+Period+%3A+From+the+Mid-nineteenth+to+the+End+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.aulast=Adle&rft.aufirst=Chahryar&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=6&rft.tpages=1033&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103985-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="K._G._Saur_Verlag_GmbH_&_Company2005">K. G. Saur Verlag GmbH & Company, <cite class="italique">Dictionary of German Biography (DGB) : Plett-Schmidseder</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 8, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>, <time>2005</time>, 752 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-3-11-096630-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-3-11-096630-5"><span class="nowrap">978-3-11-096630-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DJkoK_108xJkC%26pg%3DPAPT722">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+German+Biography+%28DGB%29&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.stitle=Plett-Schmidseder&rft.aucorp=K.+G.+Saur+Verlag+GmbH+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=8&rft.tpages=752&rft.isbn=978-3-11-096630-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="BenoitPain1989"><span class="ouvrage" id="Daniel_BenoitMarc_Pain1989">Daniel Benoit et Marc Pain, <cite class="italique">Transmigration et migrations spontanées en Indonésie : Propinsi Lampung</cite>, IRD Editions, <time>1989</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dzl4YIr1aFSsC%26pg%3DPA42">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transmigration+et+migrations+spontan%C3%A9es+en+Indon%C3%A9sie&rft.pub=IRD+Editions&rft.stitle=Propinsi+Lampung&rft.aulast=Benoit&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Marc+Pain&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Rathbone-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Rathbone_31-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rathbone"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jim_Rathbone"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Jim <span class="nom_auteur">Rathbone</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">James Mitose and the Path of Kenpo</cite>, LeAnn Rathbone <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-60702-961-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-60702-961-8"><span class="nowrap">978-1-60702-961-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DB84li2uZtAIC%26pg%3DPAPT57">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 57<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Mitose+and+the+Path+of+Kenpo&rft.pub=LeAnn+Rathbone&rft.aulast=Rathbone&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.pages=57&rft.isbn=978-1-60702-961-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Anquetil1857"><span class="ouvrage" id="L._P._Anquetil1857">L. P. Anquetil, <cite class="italique">Histoire de France depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la révolution de 1789</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 6, Legrand, Troussel et Pomey, <time>1857</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DsA4PAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA475">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+France+depuis+les+temps+les+plus+recul%C3%A9s+jusqu%27%C3%A0+la+r%C3%A9volution+de+1789&rft.pub=Legrand%2C+Troussel+et+Pomey&rft.aulast=Anquetil&rft.aufirst=L.+P.&rft.date=1857&rft.volume=6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sykes2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Percy_Sykes2013">Percy Sykes, <cite class="italique">A History Of Persia</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 2, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Routledge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <time>2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-136-52597-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-136-52597-1"><span class="nowrap">978-1-136-52597-1</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D7fADAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA358">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+Of+Persia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Percy&rft.date=2013&rft.volume=2&rft.isbn=978-1-136-52597-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Morlet2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="René_Morlet2011">René Morlet, <cite class="italique">Le bouddhisme tibétain et ses grands maîtres réincarnés</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_L%27Harmattan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions L'Harmattan">Éditions L'Harmattan</a>, <time>2011</time>, 412 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-296-46754-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-296-46754-5"><span class="nowrap">978-2-296-46754-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D6sXTB8u7yg4C%26pg%3DPA229">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+bouddhisme+tib%C3%A9tain+et+ses+grands+ma%C3%AEtres+r%C3%A9incarn%C3%A9s&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+L%27Harmattan&rft.aulast=Morlet&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft.date=2011&rft.tpages=412&rft.isbn=978-2-296-46754-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Forgues-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Forgues_35-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Forgues_35-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Forgues_35-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Daurand_Forgues1861"><span class="ouvrage" id="Emile_Daurand_Forgues1861">Emile Daurand Forgues, <cite class="italique">La révolte des cipayes : épisodes et récits de la vie Anglo-Indienne</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hachette_Livre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hachette Livre">L. Hachette</a>, <time>1861</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DCmcOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA6">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+r%C3%A9volte+des+cipayes+%3A+%C3%A9pisodes+et+r%C3%A9cits+de+la+vie+Anglo-Indienne&rft.pub=L.+Hachette&rft.au=Emile+Daurand+Forgues&rft.date=1861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ṭikekara2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="Aruṇa_Ṭikekara2006">Aruṇa Ṭikekara, <cite class="italique">The Cloister's Pale : A Biography of the University of Mumbai</cite>, Popular Prakashan, <time>2006</time>, 357 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-81-7991-293-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-81-7991-293-5"><span class="nowrap">978-81-7991-293-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Ddz9wl5vvKCAC%26pg%3DPA16">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cloister%27s+Pale&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.stitle=A+Biography+of+the+University+of+Mumbai&rft.aulast=%E1%B9%ACikekara&rft.aufirst=Aru%E1%B9%87a&rft.date=2006&rft.tpages=357&rft.isbn=978-81-7991-293-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bhattacharjee1993"><span class="ouvrage" id="Arun_Bhattacharjee1993">Arun Bhattacharjee, <cite class="italique">Assam in Indian Independence</cite>, Mittal Publications, <time>1993</time>, 157 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-81-7099-476-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-81-7099-476-3"><span class="nowrap">978-81-7099-476-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DhTgxJ9Izl4UC%26pg%3DPA13">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assam+in+Indian+Independence&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.aulast=Bhattacharjee&rft.aufirst=Arun&rft.date=1993&rft.tpages=157&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-476-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Barnes-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Barnes_38-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Barnes_38-1">b</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Barnes_38-2">c</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Barnes_38-3">d</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Fremont-Barnes2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gregory_Fremont-Barnes2007">Gregory Fremont-Barnes, <cite class="italique">The Indian Mutiny 1857-58</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osprey_Publishing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>, <time>2007</time>, 96 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-84603-209-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-84603-209-7"><span class="nowrap">978-1-84603-209-7</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DDVoNNeKsKmgC%26pg%3DPA12">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Mutiny+1857-58&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.aulast=Fremont-Barnes&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.date=2007&rft.tpages=96&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-209-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Forrest2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="George_W._Forrest2006">George W. Forrest, <cite class="italique">A History of the Indian Mutiny, 1857-58</cite>, Asian Educational Services, <time>2006</time>, 1576 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-81-206-1999-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-81-206-1999-9"><span class="nowrap">978-81-206-1999-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DVDmS9noPkbkC%26pg%3DPAPR37">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Indian+Mutiny%2C+1857-58&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.aulast=Forrest&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rft.date=2006&rft.tpages=1576&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1999-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Sokoloff-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sokoloff_40-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sokoloff_40-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sokoloff_40-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sokoloff1993"><span class="ouvrage" id="Georges_Sokoloff1993">Georges Sokoloff, <cite class="italique">La Puissance pauvre : Une histoire de la Russie de 1815 à nos jours</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Librairie_Arth%C3%A8me_Fayard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Librairie Arthème Fayard">Fayard</a>, <time>1993</time>, 948 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-213-64767-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-213-64767-8"><span class="nowrap">978-2-213-64767-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DBFR9w-U1DToC%26pg%3DPAPT804">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Puissance+pauvre&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.stitle=Une+histoire+de+la+Russie+de+1815+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.aulast=Sokoloff&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.date=1993&rft.tpages=948&rft.isbn=978-2-213-64767-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="1858"><cite class="italique">Annuaire des deux mondes : histoire générale des divers états</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 8, Bureau de la Revue des Deux Mondes, <time>1858</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DRcNSAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA668">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annuaire+des+deux+mondes&rft.pub=Bureau+de+la+Revue+des+Deux+Mondes&rft.stitle=histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+des+divers+%C3%A9tats&rft.date=1858&rft.volume=8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Castellan2002"><span class="ouvrage" id="Georges_Castellan2002">Georges Castellan, <cite class="italique">Histoire du peuple roumain</cite>, Armeline, <time>2002</time>, 388 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-910878-19-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-910878-19-1"><span class="nowrap">978-2-910878-19-1</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DkBtpAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3D1857%26pg%3DPA133">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+peuple+roumain&rft.pub=Armeline&rft.aulast=Castellan&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.date=2002&rft.tpages=388&rft.isbn=978-2-910878-19-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="WheatonLawrence1869"><span class="ouvrage" id="Henry_WheatonWilliam_Beach_Lawrence1869">Henry Wheaton et William Beach <span class="nom_auteur">Lawrence</span>, <cite class="italique">Commentaire sur les éléments du droit international et sur l'histoire des progrès du droit des gens</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 2, Leipzig, Brockhaus, <time>1869</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DJgtOAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA185">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentaire+sur+les+%C3%A9l%C3%A9ments+du+droit+international+et+sur+l%27histoire+des+progr%C3%A8s+du+droit+des+gens&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Brockhaus&rft.aulast=Wheaton&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+William+Beach&rft.date=1869&rft.volume=2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mervaud1984"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michel_Mervaud1984">Michel Mervaud, <cite class="italique">Socialisme et liberté : la pensée et l'action de Nicolas Ogarev, 1813-1877</cite>, Publication Univ Rouen Havre, <time>1984</time>, 596 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-87775-850-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-87775-850-5"><span class="nowrap">978-2-87775-850-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DPZAzT6tpt3gC%26pg%3DPA9">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialisme+et+libert%C3%A9+%3A+la+pens%C3%A9e+et+l%27action+de+Nicolas+Ogarev%2C+1813-1877&rft.pub=Publication+Univ+Rouen+Havre&rft.aulast=Mervaud&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.date=1984&rft.tpages=596&rft.isbn=978-2-87775-850-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Ollier-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ollier_45-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Ollier_45-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ollier2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sylvain_Ollier2013">Sylvain Ollier, <cite class="italique">L'observation internationale des élections dans la région de l'OSCE : Contribution à l'étude de l'effectivité du contrôle électoral international</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_L%27Harmattan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions L'Harmattan">Éditions L'Harmattan</a>, <time>2013</time>, 496 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-336-32626-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-336-32626-9"><span class="nowrap">978-2-336-32626-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DjbT_AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27observation+internationale+des+%C3%A9lections+dans+la+r%C3%A9gion+de+l%27OSCE+%3A+Contribution+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9tude+de+l%27effectivit%C3%A9+du+contr%C3%B4le+%C3%A9lectoral+international&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+L%27Harmattan&rft.aulast=Ollier&rft.aufirst=Sylvain&rft.date=2013&rft.tpages=496&rft.isbn=978-2-336-32626-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Buioz1857523-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Buioz1857523_46-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Buioz1857">Buioz 1857</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 523. </span></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lesur1861">Lesur, <cite class="italique">Annuaire historique universel pour 1857</cite>, Paris, A. Thoisnier-Desplaces, <time>1861</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DYzw_KrZfB_MC%26pg%3DPA154">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annuaire+historique+universel+pour+1857&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=A.+Thoisnier-Desplaces&rft.au=Lesur&rft.date=1861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2011"><cite class="italique">La politique extérieure de Napoléon III</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_L%27Harmattan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions L'Harmattan">Éditions L'Harmattan</a>, <time>2011</time>, 226 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-296-47173-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-296-47173-3"><span class="nowrap">978-2-296-47173-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DiCJOzcQNLIkC%26pg%3DPA176">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+politique+ext%C3%A9rieure+de+Napol%C3%A9on+III&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+L%27Harmattan&rft.date=2011&rft.tpages=226&rft.isbn=978-2-296-47173-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Richard1866">Richard, <cite class="italique">Guide du voyageur en France</cite>, Libr. de L. Hachette et Cie., <time>1866</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DVOq9zMSzxcsC%26pg%3DPA146">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+du+voyageur+en+France&rft.pub=Libr.+de+L.+Hachette+et+Cie.&rft.au=Richard&rft.date=1866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="1867"><cite class="italique">Revue de l'instruction publique de la littérature et des sciences en France et dans les pays étrangers</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hachette_Livre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hachette Livre">Hachette</a>, <time>1867</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DfUiwkZYfqEMC%26pg%3DPA322">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revue+de+l%27instruction+publique+de+la+litt%C3%A9rature+et+des+sciences+en+France+et+dans+les+pays+%C3%A9trangers&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=1867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-51">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="1863"><cite class="italique">Question des Sœurs de la charité en Portugal (1857-1862)</cite>, Lisbonne, Imp. de la Société typographique franco-portugaise, <time>1863</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DGKwDAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA57">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Question+des+S%C5%93urs+de+la+charit%C3%A9+en+Portugal+%281857-1862%29&rft.place=Lisbonne&rft.pub=Imp.+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+typographique+franco-portugaise&rft.date=1863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Grossman-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Grossman_52-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Grossman2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mark_Grossman2007">Mark Grossman, <cite class="italique">World Military Leaders : A Biographical Dictionary</cite>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infobase_Publishing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>, <time>2007</time>, 414 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-8160-7477-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-8160-7477-8"><span class="nowrap">978-0-8160-7477-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DQSJoaugn2h8C%26pg%3DPA221">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Military+Leaders&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.stitle=A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.date=2007&rft.tpages=414&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7477-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://berufsfeuerwehr-mainz.de/stadt_mainz/geschichte.htm">Site des pompiers de Mayence</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1857?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hajós2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Géza_Hajós2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : allemand">(de)</abbr> Géza Hajós, <cite class="italique" lang="de">Stadtparks in der österreichischen Monarchie 1765-1918 : Studien zur bürgerlichen Entwicklung des urbanen Grüns in Österreich, Ungarn, Kroatien, Slowenien und Krakau aus europäischer Perspektive</cite>, Vienne, Böhlau Verlag Wien, <time>2007</time>, 230 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-3-205-77638-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-3-205-77638-3"><span class="nowrap">978-3-205-77638-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DKqWtnww7wRAC%26pg%3DPA55">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stadtparks+in+der+%C3%B6sterreichischen+Monarchie+1765-1918&rft.place=Vienne&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau+Verlag+Wien&rft.stitle=Studien+zur+b%C3%BCrgerlichen+Entwicklung+des+urbanen+Gr%C3%BCns+in+%C3%96sterreich%2C+Ungarn%2C+Kroatien%2C+Slowenien+und+Krakau+aus+europ%C3%A4ischer+Perspektive&rft.aulast=Haj%C3%B3s&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9za&rft.date=2007&rft.tpages=230&rft.isbn=978-3-205-77638-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A1857"></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://data.bnf.fr/date/1857/">L’année 1857</a> sur le site de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a></li> <li>Thoisnier Desplaces et C.L. Lesur, <i>Annuaire historique universel pour 1857</i>, Paris, 1861 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.fr/books/edition/Annuaire_historique_universel_ou_Histoir/YF8MAAAAYAAJ?hl%3Dfr%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3DC.L.%2BLesur,%2BAnnuaire%2Bhistorique%2Buniversel%2Bpour%2B1827,%26pg%3DRA1-PA230%26printsec%3Dfrontcover">[1]</a></li> </ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Ann%C3%A9es_1850?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail des années 1850"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pendule_de_Foucault_au_musee_des_arts_et_metiers.jpg/32px-Pendule_de_Foucault_au_musee_des_arts_et_metiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pendule_de_Foucault_au_musee_des_arts_et_metiers.jpg/32px-Pendule_de_Foucault_au_musee_des_arts_et_metiers.jpg" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="32" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pendule_de_Foucault_au_musee_des_arts_et_metiers.jpg/48px-Pendule_de_Foucault_au_musee_des_arts_et_metiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pendule_de_Foucault_au_musee_des_arts_et_metiers.jpg/64px-Pendule_de_Foucault_au_musee_des_arts_et_metiers.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Ann%C3%A9es_1850?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Années 1850">Portail des années 1850</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail du XIXe siècle"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Journal-des-chemins-de-fer-image-titre.png/48px-Journal-des-chemins-de-fer-image-titre.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="280"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 48px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Journal-des-chemins-de-fer-image-titre.png/48px-Journal-des-chemins-de-fer-image-titre.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="48" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Journal-des-chemins-de-fer-image-titre.png/72px-Journal-des-chemins-de-fer-image-titre.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Journal-des-chemins-de-fer-image-titre.png/96px-Journal-des-chemins-de-fer-image-titre.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:XIXe siècle">Portail du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:%C3%89poque_contemporaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail du monde contemporain"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg/18px-Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg/18px-Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="18" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg/27px-Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg/36px-Hannover_Gehry-Tower.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:%C3%89poque_contemporaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Époque contemporaine">Portail du monde contemporain</a></span> </span></li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1857?uselang%3Dfr">1857</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> <li class="wikisource"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Cat%25C3%25A9gorie:1857" class="extiw" title="s:Catégorie:1857">1857</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikisource</span></span></li> </ul> </div><!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5695644f9d‐hwn4n Cached time: 20241128010012 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.246 seconds Real time usage: 1.481 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 11392/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 367692/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 84665/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 25/100 Expensive parser function count: 46/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 75963/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.398/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6371376/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1105.238 1 -total 28.53% 315.291 1 Modèle:Références 24.32% 268.780 1 Modèle:Palette_Années 23.87% 263.871 1 Modèle:Méta_infobox_navigation 21.98% 242.965 51 Modèle:Ouvrage 16.05% 177.422 3 Modèle:Méta_infobox_navigation/Liste 15.46% 170.816 15 Modèle:Trim 15.26% 168.702 31 Modèle:Multiparamètres 14.97% 165.489 133 Modèle:Date 10.48% 115.792 1 Modèle:Palette_Années/Géographique --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key frwiki:pcache:3941:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20241128010012 and revision id 219048165. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </section> </div><!-- MobileFormatter took 0.045 seconds --><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D1857%26oldid%3D219048165">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1857&oldid=219048165</a> ». </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=1857&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Jamain" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1727682859"> <span>Dernière modification le 30 septembre 2024, à 08:54</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Langues</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – abkhaze" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhaze" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_%25E1%258A%25A5.%25E1%258A%25A4.%25E1%258A%25A0." title="1857 እ.ኤ.አ. – amharique" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1857 እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DB%25B1%25DB%25B8%25DB%25B5%25DB%25B7_(%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C)" title="۱۸۵۷ (میلادی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۸۵۷ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_%25D0%25B9%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB" title="1857 йыл – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="1857 йыл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – balinais" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – bavarois" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A7%25A7%25E0%25A7%25AE%25E0%25A7%25AB%25E0%25A7%25AD" title="১৮৫৭ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৮৫৭" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BF_%25E0%25A7%25A7%25E0%25A7%25AE%25E0%25A7%25AB%25E0%25A7%25AD" title="মারি ১৮৫৭ – bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মারি ১৮৫৭" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857." title="1857. – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1857." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_ni%25C3%25A8ng" title="1857 nièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1857 nièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_%25D1%2588%25D0%25BE" title="1857 шо – tchétchène" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="1857 шо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tchétchène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25A1%25D9%25A8%25D9%25A5%25D9%25A7" title="١٨٥٧ – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٨٥٧" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – tatar de Crimée" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tatar de Crimée" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – kachoube" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kachoube" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DB%25B1%25DB%25B8%25DB%25B5%25DB%25B7" title="۱۸۵۷ – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۱۸۵۷" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – féroïen" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="féroïen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – francoprovençal" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="francoprovençal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – frioulan" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="frioulan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857%25E5%25B9%25B4" title="1857年 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1857年" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857-ngi%25C3%25A8n" title="1857-ngièn – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="1857-ngièn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A5%25A7%25E0%25A5%25AE%25E0%25A5%25AB%25E0%25A5%25AD" title="१८५७ – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१८५७" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – hindi fidjien" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi fidjien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857." title="1857. – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1857." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – haut-sorabe" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="haut-sorabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_(almanak_gregoryen)" title="1857 (almanak gregoryen) – créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="1857 (almanak gregoryen)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6" title="1857 թուական – arménien occidental" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="1857 թուական" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="arménien occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857%25E5%25B9%25B4" title="1857年 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1857年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_%25D0%25B6%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB" title="1857 жыл – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="1857 жыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B3%25A7%25E0%25B3%25AE%25E0%25B3%25AB%25E0%25B3%25AD" title="೧೮೫೭ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="೧೮೫೭" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857%25EB%2585%2584" title="1857년 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1857년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B6%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB" title="1857 джыл – karatchaï balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="1857 джыл" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karatchaï balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joohr_1857" title="Joohr 1857 – kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Joohr 1857" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857-%25D3%25A7%25D0%25B4_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE" title="1857-ӧд во – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1857-ӧд во" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_%25D0%25B9%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581" title="1857 йис – lezghien" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="1857 йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_m." title="1857 m. – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1857 m." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857._gads" title="1857. gads – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1857. gads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A5%25A7%25E0%25A5%25AE%25E0%25A5%25AB%25E0%25A5%25AD" title="१८५७ – maïthili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="१८५७" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maïthili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – mokcha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2587.%25E0%25A4%25B8._%25E0%25A5%25A7%25E0%25A5%25AE%25E0%25A5%25AB%25E0%25A5%25AD" title="इ.स. १८५७ – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स. १८५७" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_%25D0%25B8" title="1857 и – mari occidental" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="1857 и" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mari occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2581%2581%25E1%2581%2588%25E1%2581%2585%25E1%2581%2587" title="၁၈၅၇ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၈၅၇" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5" title="1857 ие – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1857 ие" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DB%25B1%25DB%25B8%25DB%25B5%25DB%25B7" title="۱۸۵۷ – mazandérani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۱۸۵۷" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandérani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – napolitain" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%2588_%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%2582_%25E0%25A5%25A7%25E0%25A5%25AE%25E0%25A5%25AB%25E0%25A5%25AD" title="ई सं १८५७ – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ई सं १८५७" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – sotho du Nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AD%25A7%25E0%25AD%25AE%25E0%25AD%25AB%25E0%25AD%25AD" title="୧୮୫୭ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୧୮୫୭" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857-%25C3%25A6%25D0%25BC_%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7" title="1857-æм аз – ossète" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1857-æм аз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossète" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A5%25A7%25E0%25A5%25AE%25E0%25A5%25AB%25E0%25A5%25AD" title="१८५७ – pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="१८५७" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_iya" title="1857 iya – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="1857 iya" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – aroumain" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aroumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4" title="1857 год – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1857 год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – sarde" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sarde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857%25D8%25B9" title="1857ع – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="1857ع" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – same du Nord" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="same du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – cingalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – same d’Inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="same d’Inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – silésien" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8_1857" title="Соли 1857 – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соли 1857" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%259E.%25E0%25B8%25A8._2400" title="พ.ศ. 2400 – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พ.ศ. 2400" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – turkmène" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB" title="1857 ел – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1857 ел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="1857 ар – oudmourte" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="1857 ар" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="oudmourte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857%25D8%25A1" title="1857ء – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1857ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – vénitien" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vénitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – flamand occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamand occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – wallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="wallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857%25E5%25B9%25B4" title="1857年 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1857年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_nienz" title="1857 nienz – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="1857 nienz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857" title="1857 – zélandais" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="1857" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zélandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857%25E5%25B9%25B4" title="1857年 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1857年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%2585%25AB%25E4%25BA%2594%25E4%25B8%2583%25E5%25B9%25B4" title="一八五七年 – chinois littéraire" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="一八五七年" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chinois littéraire" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_n%25C3%25AE" title="1857 nî – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1857 nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857%25E5%25B9%25B4" title="1857年 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1857年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div 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