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class=\"markdown-body entry-content container-lg\" itemprop=\"text\"\u003e\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePEP: 377\nTitle: Allow __enter__() methods to skip the statement body\nAuthor: Alyssa Coghlan \u0026lt;\u003ca href=\"mailto:ncoghlan@gmail.com\"\u003encoghlan@gmail.com\u003c/a\u003e\u0026gt;\nStatus: Rejected\nType: Standards Track\nCreated: 08-Mar-2009\nPython-Version: 2.7, 3.1\nPost-History: 08-Mar-2009\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-abstract\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eAbstract\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-abstract\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Abstract\" href=\"#abstract\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis PEP proposes a backwards compatible mechanism that allows \u003ccode\u003e__enter__()\u003c/code\u003e\nmethods to skip the body of the associated \u003ccode\u003ewith\u003c/code\u003e statement. The lack of\nthis ability currently means the \u003ccode\u003econtextlib.contextmanager\u003c/code\u003e decorator\nis unable to fulfil its specification of being able to turn arbitrary\ncode into a context manager by moving it into a generator function\nwith a yield in the appropriate location. One symptom of this is that\n\u003ccode\u003econtextlib.nested\u003c/code\u003e will currently raise \u003ccode\u003eRuntimeError\u003c/code\u003e in\nsituations where writing out the corresponding nested \u003ccode\u003ewith\u003c/code\u003e\nstatements would not \u003ca href=\"#id5\" id=\"user-content-id1\"\u003e[1]\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe proposed change is to introduce a new flow control exception\n\u003ccode\u003eSkipStatement\u003c/code\u003e, and skip the execution of the \u003ccode\u003ewith\u003c/code\u003e\nstatement body if \u003ccode\u003e__enter__()\u003c/code\u003e raises this exception.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-pep-rejection\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ePEP Rejection\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-pep-rejection\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: PEP Rejection\" href=\"#pep-rejection\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis PEP was rejected by Guido \u003ca href=\"#id7\" id=\"user-content-id2\"\u003e[4]\u003c/a\u003e as it imposes too great an increase\nin complexity without a proportional increase in expressiveness and\ncorrectness. In the absence of compelling use cases that need the more\ncomplex semantics proposed by this PEP the existing behaviour is\nconsidered acceptable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-proposed-change\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eProposed Change\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-proposed-change\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Proposed Change\" href=\"#proposed-change\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe semantics of the \u003ccode\u003ewith\u003c/code\u003e statement will be changed to include a\nnew \u003ccode\u003etry\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003eexcept\u003c/code\u003e/\u003ccode\u003eelse\u003c/code\u003e block around the call to \u003ccode\u003e__enter__()\u003c/code\u003e.\nIf \u003ccode\u003eSkipStatement\u003c/code\u003e is raised by the \u003ccode\u003e__enter__()\u003c/code\u003e method, then\nthe main section of the \u003ccode\u003ewith\u003c/code\u003e statement (now located in the \u003ccode\u003eelse\u003c/code\u003e\nclause) will not be executed. To avoid leaving the names in any \u003ccode\u003eas\u003c/code\u003e\nclause unbound in this case, a new \u003ccode\u003eStatementSkipped\u003c/code\u003e singleton\n(similar to the existing \u003ccode\u003eNotImplemented\u003c/code\u003e singleton) will be\nassigned to all names that appear in the \u003ccode\u003eas\u003c/code\u003e clause.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe components of the \u003ccode\u003ewith\u003c/code\u003e statement remain as described in \u003ca href=\"http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0343\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 343\u003c/a\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003ewith EXPR as VAR:\n BLOCK\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAfter the modification, the \u003ccode\u003ewith\u003c/code\u003e statement semantics would\nbe as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003emgr = (EXPR)\nexit = mgr.__exit__ # Not calling it yet\ntry:\n value = mgr.__enter__()\nexcept SkipStatement:\n VAR = StatementSkipped\n # Only if \"as VAR\" is present and\n # VAR is a single name\n # If VAR is a tuple of names, then StatementSkipped\n # will be assigned to each name in the tuple\nelse:\n exc = True\n try:\n try:\n VAR = value # Only if \"as VAR\" is present\n BLOCK\n except:\n # The exceptional case is handled here\n exc = False\n if not exit(*sys.exc_info()):\n raise\n # The exception is swallowed if exit() returns true\n finally:\n # The normal and non-local-goto cases are handled here\n if exc:\n exit(None, None, None)\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWith the above change in place for the \u003ccode\u003ewith\u003c/code\u003e statement semantics,\n\u003ccode\u003econtextlib.contextmanager()\u003c/code\u003e will then be modified to raise\n\u003ccode\u003eSkipStatement\u003c/code\u003e instead of \u003ccode\u003eRuntimeError\u003c/code\u003e when the underlying\ngenerator doesn't yield.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-rationale-for-change\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRationale for Change\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-rationale-for-change\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Rationale for Change\" href=\"#rationale-for-change\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eCurrently, some apparently innocuous context managers may raise\n\u003ccode\u003eRuntimeError\u003c/code\u003e when executed. This occurs when the context\nmanager's \u003ccode\u003e__enter__()\u003c/code\u003e method encounters a situation where\nthe written out version of the code corresponding to the\ncontext manager would skip the code that is now the body\nof the \u003ccode\u003ewith\u003c/code\u003e statement. Since the \u003ccode\u003e__enter__()\u003c/code\u003e method\nhas no mechanism available to signal this to the interpreter,\nit is instead forced to raise an exception that not only\nskips the body of the \u003ccode\u003ewith\u003c/code\u003e statement, but also jumps over\nall code until the nearest exception handler. This goes against\none of the design goals of the \u003ccode\u003ewith\u003c/code\u003e statement, which was to\nbe able to factor out arbitrary common exception handling code\ninto a single context manager by putting into a generator\nfunction and replacing the variant part of the code with a\n\u003ccode\u003eyield\u003c/code\u003e statement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSpecifically, the following examples behave differently if\n\u003ccode\u003ecmB().__enter__()\u003c/code\u003e raises an exception which \u003ccode\u003ecmA().__exit__()\u003c/code\u003e\nthen handles and suppresses:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003ewith cmA():\n with cmB():\n do_stuff()\n# This will resume here without executing \"do_stuff()\"\n\n@contextlib.contextmanager\ndef combined():\n with cmA():\n with cmB():\n yield\n\nwith combined():\n do_stuff()\n# This will raise a RuntimeError complaining that the context\n# manager's underlying generator didn't yield\n\nwith contextlib.nested(cmA(), cmB()):\n do_stuff()\n# This will raise the same RuntimeError as the contextmanager()\n# example (unsurprising, given that the nested() implementation\n# uses contextmanager())\n\n# The following class based version shows that the issue isn't\n# specific to contextlib.contextmanager() (it also shows how\n# much simpler it is to write context managers as generators\n# instead of as classes!)\nclass CM(object):\n def __init__(self):\n self.cmA = None\n self.cmB = None\n\n def __enter__(self):\n if self.cmA is not None:\n raise RuntimeError(\"Can't re-use this CM\")\n self.cmA = cmA()\n self.cmA.__enter__()\n try:\n self.cmB = cmB()\n self.cmB.__enter__()\n except:\n self.cmA.__exit__(*sys.exc_info())\n # Can't suppress in __enter__(), so must raise\n raise\n\n def __exit__(self, *args):\n suppress = False\n try:\n if self.cmB is not None:\n suppress = self.cmB.__exit__(*args)\n except:\n suppress = self.cmA.__exit__(*sys.exc_info()):\n if not suppress:\n # Exception has changed, so reraise explicitly\n raise\n else:\n if suppress:\n # cmB already suppressed the exception,\n # so don't pass it to cmA\n suppress = self.cmA.__exit__(None, None, None):\n else:\n suppress = self.cmA.__exit__(*args):\n return suppress\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWith the proposed semantic change in place, the contextlib based examples\nabove would then \"just work\", but the class based version would need\na small adjustment to take advantage of the new semantics:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cpre\u003eclass CM(object):\n def __init__(self):\n self.cmA = None\n self.cmB = None\n\n def __enter__(self):\n if self.cmA is not None:\n raise RuntimeError(\"Can't re-use this CM\")\n self.cmA = cmA()\n self.cmA.__enter__()\n try:\n self.cmB = cmB()\n self.cmB.__enter__()\n except:\n if self.cmA.__exit__(*sys.exc_info()):\n # Suppress the exception, but don't run\n # the body of the with statement either\n raise SkipStatement\n raise\n\n def __exit__(self, *args):\n suppress = False\n try:\n if self.cmB is not None:\n suppress = self.cmB.__exit__(*args)\n except:\n suppress = self.cmA.__exit__(*sys.exc_info()):\n if not suppress:\n # Exception has changed, so reraise explicitly\n raise\n else:\n if suppress:\n # cmB already suppressed the exception,\n # so don't pass it to cmA\n suppress = self.cmA.__exit__(None, None, None):\n else:\n suppress = self.cmA.__exit__(*args):\n return suppress\n\u003c/pre\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThere is currently a tentative suggestion \u003ca href=\"#id6\" id=\"user-content-id3\"\u003e[3]\u003c/a\u003e to add import-style syntax to\nthe \u003ccode\u003ewith\u003c/code\u003e statement to allow multiple context managers to be included in\na single \u003ccode\u003ewith\u003c/code\u003e statement without needing to use \u003ccode\u003econtextlib.nested\u003c/code\u003e. In\nthat case the compiler has the option of simply emitting multiple \u003ccode\u003ewith\u003c/code\u003e\nstatements at the AST level, thus allowing the semantics of actual nested\n\u003ccode\u003ewith\u003c/code\u003e statements to be reproduced accurately. However, such a change\nwould highlight rather than alleviate the problem the current PEP aims to\naddress: it would not be possible to use \u003ccode\u003econtextlib.contextmanager\u003c/code\u003e to\nreliably factor out such \u003ccode\u003ewith\u003c/code\u003e statements, as they would exhibit exactly\nthe same semantic differences as are seen with the \u003ccode\u003ecombined()\u003c/code\u003e context\nmanager in the above example.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-performance-impact\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ePerformance Impact\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-performance-impact\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Performance Impact\" href=\"#performance-impact\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eImplementing the new semantics makes it necessary to store the references\nto the \u003ccode\u003e__enter__\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003e__exit__\u003c/code\u003e methods in temporary variables instead\nof on the stack. This results in a slight regression in \u003ccode\u003ewith\u003c/code\u003e statement\nspeed relative to Python 2.6/3.1. However, implementing a custom\n\u003ccode\u003eSETUP_WITH\u003c/code\u003e opcode would negate any differences between the two\napproaches (as well as dramatically improving speed by eliminating more\nthan a dozen unnecessary trips around the eval loop).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-reference-implementation\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eReference Implementation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-reference-implementation\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Reference Implementation\" href=\"#reference-implementation\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePatch attached to Issue 5251 \u003ca href=\"#id5\" id=\"user-content-id4\"\u003e[1]\u003c/a\u003e. That patch uses only existing opcodes\n(i.e. no \u003ccode\u003eSETUP_WITH\u003c/code\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-acknowledgements\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-acknowledgements\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Acknowledgements\" href=\"#acknowledgements\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eJames William Pye both raised the issue and suggested the basic outline of\nthe solution described in this PEP.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-references\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eReferences\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-references\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: References\" href=\"#references\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable frame=\"void\" id=\"user-content-id5\" rules=\"none\"\u003e\n\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e[1]\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003cem\u003e(\u003ca href=\"#id1\"\u003e1\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"#id4\"\u003e2\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e Issue 5251: contextlib.nested inconsistent with nested with statements\n(\u003ca href=\"http://bugs.python.org/issue5251\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttp://bugs.python.org/issue5251\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable frame=\"void\" id=\"user-content-id6\" rules=\"none\"\u003e\n\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id3\"\u003e[3]\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eImport-style syntax to reduce indentation of nested with statements\n(\u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-ideas/2009-March/003188.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-ideas/2009-March/003188.html\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable frame=\"void\" id=\"user-content-id7\" rules=\"none\"\u003e\n\n\u003ctbody valign=\"top\"\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"#id2\"\u003e[4]\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd\u003eGuido's rejection of the PEP\n(\u003ca href=\"https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2009-March/087263.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2009-March/087263.html\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003ca name=\"user-content-copyright\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCopyright\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-copyright\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Copyright\" href=\"#copyright\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 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__enter__() methods to skip the statement body Author: Alyssa Coghlan <<a href="mailto:ncoghlan@gmail.com">ncoghlan@gmail.com</a>> Status: Rejected Type: Standards Track Created: 08-Mar-2009 Python-Version: 2.7, 3.1 Post-History: 08-Mar-2009</p> <a name="user-content-abstract"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Abstract</h2><a id="user-content-abstract" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Abstract" href="#abstract"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This PEP proposes a backwards compatible mechanism that allows <code>__enter__()</code> methods to skip the body of the associated <code>with</code> statement. The lack of this ability currently means the <code>contextlib.contextmanager</code> decorator is unable to fulfil its specification of being able to turn arbitrary code into a context manager by moving it into a generator function with a yield in the appropriate location. One symptom of this is that <code>contextlib.nested</code> will currently raise <code>RuntimeError</code> in situations where writing out the corresponding nested <code>with</code> statements would not <a href="#id5" id="user-content-id1">[1]</a>.</p> <p dir="auto">The proposed change is to introduce a new flow control exception <code>SkipStatement</code>, and skip the execution of the <code>with</code> statement body if <code>__enter__()</code> raises this exception.</p> <a name="user-content-pep-rejection"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">PEP Rejection</h2><a id="user-content-pep-rejection" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: PEP Rejection" href="#pep-rejection"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This PEP was rejected by Guido <a href="#id7" id="user-content-id2">[4]</a> as it imposes too great an increase in complexity without a proportional increase in expressiveness and correctness. In the absence of compelling use cases that need the more complex semantics proposed by this PEP the existing behaviour is considered acceptable.</p> <a name="user-content-proposed-change"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Proposed Change</h2><a id="user-content-proposed-change" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Proposed Change" href="#proposed-change"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The semantics of the <code>with</code> statement will be changed to include a new <code>try</code>/<code>except</code>/<code>else</code> block around the call to <code>__enter__()</code>. If <code>SkipStatement</code> is raised by the <code>__enter__()</code> method, then the main section of the <code>with</code> statement (now located in the <code>else</code> clause) will not be executed. To avoid leaving the names in any <code>as</code> clause unbound in this case, a new <code>StatementSkipped</code> singleton (similar to the existing <code>NotImplemented</code> singleton) will be assigned to all names that appear in the <code>as</code> clause.</p> <p dir="auto">The components of the <code>with</code> statement remain as described in <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0343" rel="nofollow">PEP 343</a>:</p> <pre>with EXPR as VAR: BLOCK </pre> <p dir="auto">After the modification, the <code>with</code> statement semantics would be as follows:</p> <pre>mgr = (EXPR) exit = mgr.__exit__ # Not calling it yet try: value = mgr.__enter__() except SkipStatement: VAR = StatementSkipped # Only if "as VAR" is present and # VAR is a single name # If VAR is a tuple of names, then StatementSkipped # will be assigned to each name in the tuple else: exc = True try: try: VAR = value # Only if "as VAR" is present BLOCK except: # The exceptional case is handled here exc = False if not exit(*sys.exc_info()): raise # The exception is swallowed if exit() returns true finally: # The normal and non-local-goto cases are handled here if exc: exit(None, None, None) </pre> <p dir="auto">With the above change in place for the <code>with</code> statement semantics, <code>contextlib.contextmanager()</code> will then be modified to raise <code>SkipStatement</code> instead of <code>RuntimeError</code> when the underlying generator doesn't yield.</p> <a name="user-content-rationale-for-change"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Rationale for Change</h2><a id="user-content-rationale-for-change" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Rationale for Change" href="#rationale-for-change"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Currently, some apparently innocuous context managers may raise <code>RuntimeError</code> when executed. This occurs when the context manager's <code>__enter__()</code> method encounters a situation where the written out version of the code corresponding to the context manager would skip the code that is now the body of the <code>with</code> statement. Since the <code>__enter__()</code> method has no mechanism available to signal this to the interpreter, it is instead forced to raise an exception that not only skips the body of the <code>with</code> statement, but also jumps over all code until the nearest exception handler. This goes against one of the design goals of the <code>with</code> statement, which was to be able to factor out arbitrary common exception handling code into a single context manager by putting into a generator function and replacing the variant part of the code with a <code>yield</code> statement.</p> <p dir="auto">Specifically, the following examples behave differently if <code>cmB().__enter__()</code> raises an exception which <code>cmA().__exit__()</code> then handles and suppresses:</p> <pre>with cmA(): with cmB(): do_stuff() # This will resume here without executing "do_stuff()" @contextlib.contextmanager def combined(): with cmA(): with cmB(): yield with combined(): do_stuff() # This will raise a RuntimeError complaining that the context # manager's underlying generator didn't yield with contextlib.nested(cmA(), cmB()): do_stuff() # This will raise the same RuntimeError as the contextmanager() # example (unsurprising, given that the nested() implementation # uses contextmanager()) # The following class based version shows that the issue isn't # specific to contextlib.contextmanager() (it also shows how # much simpler it is to write context managers as generators # instead of as classes!) class CM(object): def __init__(self): self.cmA = None self.cmB = None def __enter__(self): if self.cmA is not None: raise RuntimeError("Can't re-use this CM") self.cmA = cmA() self.cmA.__enter__() try: self.cmB = cmB() self.cmB.__enter__() except: self.cmA.__exit__(*sys.exc_info()) # Can't suppress in __enter__(), so must raise raise def __exit__(self, *args): suppress = False try: if self.cmB is not None: suppress = self.cmB.__exit__(*args) except: suppress = self.cmA.__exit__(*sys.exc_info()): if not suppress: # Exception has changed, so reraise explicitly raise else: if suppress: # cmB already suppressed the exception, # so don't pass it to cmA suppress = self.cmA.__exit__(None, None, None): else: suppress = self.cmA.__exit__(*args): return suppress </pre> <p dir="auto">With the proposed semantic change in place, the contextlib based examples above would then "just work", but the class based version would need a small adjustment to take advantage of the new semantics:</p> <pre>class CM(object): def __init__(self): self.cmA = None self.cmB = None def __enter__(self): if self.cmA is not None: raise RuntimeError("Can't re-use this CM") self.cmA = cmA() self.cmA.__enter__() try: self.cmB = cmB() self.cmB.__enter__() except: if self.cmA.__exit__(*sys.exc_info()): # Suppress the exception, but don't run # the body of the with statement either raise SkipStatement raise def __exit__(self, *args): suppress = False try: if self.cmB is not None: suppress = self.cmB.__exit__(*args) except: suppress = self.cmA.__exit__(*sys.exc_info()): if not suppress: # Exception has changed, so reraise explicitly raise else: if suppress: # cmB already suppressed the exception, # so don't pass it to cmA suppress = self.cmA.__exit__(None, None, None): else: suppress = self.cmA.__exit__(*args): return suppress </pre> <p dir="auto">There is currently a tentative suggestion <a href="#id6" id="user-content-id3">[3]</a> to add import-style syntax to the <code>with</code> statement to allow multiple context managers to be included in a single <code>with</code> statement without needing to use <code>contextlib.nested</code>. In that case the compiler has the option of simply emitting multiple <code>with</code> statements at the AST level, thus allowing the semantics of actual nested <code>with</code> statements to be reproduced accurately. However, such a change would highlight rather than alleviate the problem the current PEP aims to address: it would not be possible to use <code>contextlib.contextmanager</code> to reliably factor out such <code>with</code> statements, as they would exhibit exactly the same semantic differences as are seen with the <code>combined()</code> context manager in the above example.</p> <a name="user-content-performance-impact"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Performance Impact</h2><a id="user-content-performance-impact" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Performance Impact" href="#performance-impact"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Implementing the new semantics makes it necessary to store the references to the <code>__enter__</code> and <code>__exit__</code> methods in temporary variables instead of on the stack. This results in a slight regression in <code>with</code> statement speed relative to Python 2.6/3.1. However, implementing a custom <code>SETUP_WITH</code> opcode would negate any differences between the two approaches (as well as dramatically improving speed by eliminating more than a dozen unnecessary trips around the eval loop).</p> <a name="user-content-reference-implementation"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Reference Implementation</h2><a id="user-content-reference-implementation" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Reference Implementation" href="#reference-implementation"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Patch attached to Issue 5251 <a href="#id5" id="user-content-id4">[1]</a>. That patch uses only existing opcodes (i.e. no <code>SETUP_WITH</code>).</p> <a name="user-content-acknowledgements"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Acknowledgements</h2><a id="user-content-acknowledgements" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Acknowledgements" href="#acknowledgements"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">James William Pye both raised the issue and suggested the basic outline of the solution described in this PEP.</p> <a name="user-content-references"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">References</h2><a id="user-content-references" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: References" href="#references"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table frame="void" id="user-content-id5" rules="none"> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td>[1]</td><td><em>(<a href="#id1">1</a>, <a href="#id4">2</a>)</em> Issue 5251: contextlib.nested inconsistent with nested with statements (<a href="http://bugs.python.org/issue5251" rel="nofollow">http://bugs.python.org/issue5251</a>)</td></tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table frame="void" id="user-content-id6" rules="none"> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td><a href="#id3">[3]</a></td><td>Import-style syntax to reduce indentation of nested with statements (<a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-ideas/2009-March/003188.html" rel="nofollow">https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-ideas/2009-March/003188.html</a>)</td></tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table frame="void" id="user-content-id7" rules="none"> <tbody valign="top"> <tr><td><a href="#id2">[4]</a></td><td>Guido's rejection of the PEP (<a href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2009-March/087263.html" rel="nofollow">https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2009-March/087263.html</a>)</td></tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <a name="user-content-copyright"></a> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Copyright</h2><a id="user-content-copyright" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Copyright" href="#copyright"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This document has been placed in the public domain.</p> </article></div><button hidden=""></button></section></div></div></div> <!-- --> <!-- --> </div></div></div><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0"></div></div></div></div></div><div id="find-result-marks-container" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 cCoXib"></div><button hidden="" data-testid="" data-hotkey-scope="read-only-cursor-text-area"></button><button hidden=""></button></div> <!-- --> <!-- --> <script type="application/json" id="__PRIMER_DATA_:R0:__">{"resolvedServerColorMode":"day"}</script></div> </react-app> </turbo-frame> </div> </turbo-frame> </main> </div> </div> <footer class="footer pt-8 pb-6 f6 color-fg-muted p-responsive" role="contentinfo" > <h2 class='sr-only'>Footer</h2> <div 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