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href="#Opposition_to_Fascism_and_Resistance_to_Nazism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Opposition to Fascism and Resistance to Nazism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_Fascism_and_Resistance_to_Nazism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prominence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_(1978–1985)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_(1978–1985)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>President (1978–1985)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President_(1978–1985)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1982_World_Cup_Final" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1982_World_Cup_Final"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>1982 World Cup Final</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1982_World_Cup_Final-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Pope_John_Paul_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Pope_John_Paul_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Relationship with Pope John Paul II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Pope_John_Paul_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Honours and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Electoral history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="ساندرو برتيني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساندرو برتيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Pertini" title="Alessandro Pertini – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alessandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Алесандра Перціні – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алесандра Перціні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Сандро Пертини – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сандро Пертини" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Pertini" title="Alessandro Pertini – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alessandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B9" title="Σάντρο Περτίνι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σάντρο Περτίνι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Pertini" title="Alessandro Pertini – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alessandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ساندرو پرتینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساندرو پرتینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9C_%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%ED%8B%B0%EB%8B%88" title="산드로 페르티니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산드로 페르티니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8_%D5%8A%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Ալեսանդրո Պերտինի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեսանդրո Պերտինի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99" title="סנדרו פרטיני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סנדרו פרטיני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ალესანდრო პერტინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალესანდრო პერტინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pertini" title="Alexander Pertini – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alexander Pertini" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Pertini" title="Alessandro Pertini – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alessandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%89" title="ساندرو برتينى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ساندرو برتينى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ساندرو پرتینی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ساندرو پرتینی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B" title="アレッサンドロ・ペルティーニ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレッサンドロ・ペルティーニ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Пертини, Алессандро – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пертини, Алессандро" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandru_Pertini" title="Sandru Pertini – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sandru Pertini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Pertini" title="Alessandro Pertini – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alessandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Сандро Пертини – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сандро Пертини" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="ซันโดร แปร์ตีนี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซันโดร แปร์ตีนี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Алессандру Пертинӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алессандру Пертинӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Pertini" title="Alessandro Pertini – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alessandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Алессандро Пертіні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алессандро Пертіні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sandro Pertini" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%B0%94%E8%92%82%E5%B0%BC" 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#f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sandro_Pertini" title="Special:EditPage/Sandro Pertini">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sandro+Pertini%22">"Sandro Pertini"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sandro+Pertini%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sandro+Pertini%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sandro+Pertini%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sandro+Pertini%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sandro+Pertini%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Sandro Pertini</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Order_of_Merit_for_Culture_and_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Order of Merit for Culture and Art">OMCA</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandro_Pertini_Official.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sandro_Pertini_Official.jpg/220px-Sandro_Pertini_Official.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sandro_Pertini_Official.jpg/330px-Sandro_Pertini_Official.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sandro_Pertini_Official.jpg/440px-Sandro_Pertini_Official.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1978</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President of Italy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 July 1978 – 29 June 1985</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Giulio Andreotti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cossiga" title="Francesco Cossiga">Francesco Cossiga</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Forlani" title="Arnaldo Forlani">Arnaldo Forlani</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Giovanni Spadolini</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Amintore_Fanfani" title="Amintore Fanfani">Amintore Fanfani</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Bettino Craxi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Leone" title="Giovanni Leone">Giovanni Leone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cossiga" title="Francesco Cossiga">Francesco Cossiga</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="List of presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">President of the Chamber of Deputies</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 June 1968 – 4 July 1976</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brunetto_Bucciarelli-Ducci" title="Brunetto Bucciarelli-Ducci">Brunetto Bucciarelli-Ducci</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Ingrao" title="Pietro Ingrao">Pietro Ingrao</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 August 1945 – 18 December 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Nenni" title="Pietro Nenni">Pietro Nenni</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Morandi" title="Rodolfo Morandi">Rodolfo Morandi</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Parliamentary offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy)" title="Senate of the Republic (Italy)">Senate of the Republic</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: #eee"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">Ex officio</a></b></i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Senators_for_life_in_Italy" title="Senators for life in Italy">Life tenure</a></b></span><br />29 June 1985 – 24 February 1990</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />8 May 1948 – 24 June 1953<br />(<i><b><a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">Ex officio</a></b></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 June 1953 – 7 July 1978</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Genoa%E2%80%93Imperia%E2%80%93La_Spezia%E2%80%93Savona_constituency_(1946%E2%80%931994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoa–Imperia–La Spezia–Savona constituency (1946–1994)">Genoa–Imperia–La Spezia–Savona</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">Constituent Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 June 1946 – 31 January 1948</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Genoa%E2%80%93Imperia%E2%80%93La_Spezia%E2%80%93Savona_constituency_(1946%E2%80%931994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoa–Imperia–La Spezia–Savona constituency (1946–1994)">Genoa–Imperia–La Spezia–Savona</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Pertini</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1896-09-25</span>)</span>25 September 1896<br /><a href="/wiki/Stella,_Liguria" title="Stella, Liguria">Stella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 February 1990<span style="display:none">(1990-02-24)</span> (aged 93)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_Socialist_Party_(Italy,_1922)" title="Unitary Socialist Party (Italy, 1922)">PSU</a> (1924–1930)<br /><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">PSI</a> (1930–1990)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carla_Voltolina" title="Carla Voltolina">Carla Voltolina</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="8 June 1946">1946</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Genoa" title="University of Genoa">University of Genoa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Modena_and_Reggio_Emilia" title="University of Modena and Reggio Emilia">University of Modena and Reggio Emilia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Florence" title="University of Florence">University of Florence</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Firma_Pertini.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sandro Pertini's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Firma_Pertini.png/128px-Firma_Pertini.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Firma_Pertini.png/192px-Firma_Pertini.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Firma_Pertini.png/256px-Firma_Pertini.png 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="86" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alessandro</b> "<b>Sandro</b>" <b>Pertini</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Order_of_Merit_for_Culture_and_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Order of Merit for Culture and Art">OMCA</a></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[(ales)ˈsandro<span class="wrap"> </span>perˈtiːni]</a></span>; 25 September 1896 – 24 February 1990)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an Italian socialist politician and statesman who served as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President of Italy</a> from 1978 to 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandro_Pertini&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Stella,_Liguria" title="Stella, Liguria">Stella</a> (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Savona" title="Province of Savona">province of Savona</a>) as the son of a wealthy landowner, Alberto, he studied at a <a href="/wiki/Salesians_of_Don_Bosco" title="Salesians of Don Bosco">Salesian</a> college in <a href="/wiki/Varazze" title="Varazze">Varazze</a>, and completed his schooling at the Chiabrera <a href="/wiki/Lyceum" title="Lyceum">lyceum</a> (high school) in <a href="/wiki/Savona" title="Savona">Savona</a>. </p><p>His philosophy teacher was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelchi_Baratono&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adelchi Baratono (page does not exist)">Adelchi Baratono</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformist</a> socialist who contributed to his approach to socialism and probably introduced him to the inner circles of the <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Ligurian</a> labour movements. Pertini obtained a law degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Genoa" title="University of Genoa">University of Genoa</a>. </p><p>Aged 19 when Italy entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a>, Pertini opposed the war, but nonetheless enlisted in the army where he served as a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">lieutenant</a> and was decorated for bravery. After the armistice in 1918, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Unitary_Socialist_Party_(Italy,_1922)" title="Unitary Socialist Party (Italy, 1922)">Unitary Socialist Party</a>, PSU, then he settled in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> where he also graduated in <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> with a thesis entitled <i>La Cooperazione</i> ("Cooperation"; 1924). While in the city, Pertini also came into contact with people such as <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Gaetano Salvemini</a>, the brothers <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli" title="Carlo Rosselli">Carlo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nello_Rosselli" title="Nello Rosselli">Nello Rosselli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Rossi_(politician)" title="Ernesto Rossi (politician)">Ernesto Rossi</a>. Pertini was physically beaten by Fascist <a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">squads</a> on several occasions, but never lost faith in his ideals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_to_Fascism_and_Resistance_to_Nazism">Opposition to Fascism and Resistance to Nazism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandro_Pertini&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Opposition to Fascism and Resistance to Nazism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"To the most perfect dictatorship, I will always prefer an imperfect democracy.".<br />(Original: "Alla più perfetta delle dittature preferirò sempre la più imperfetta delle democrazie.".)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After the assassination of PSU leader <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Matteotti" title="Giacomo Matteotti">Giacomo Matteotti</a> by Fascists in 1924, Pertini became even more committed to the struggle against the <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> regime. In 1926, he was sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">internment</a> but managed to go into hiding. Later, together with <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli" title="Carlo Rosselli">Carlo Rosselli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Parri" title="Ferruccio Parri">Ferruccio Parri</a>, he organized and accompanied the escape to France of <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Turati" title="Filippo Turati">Filippo Turati</a>, who was the most prominent figure of the PSU. Pertini remained in the country until 1926 working as a mason. According to the Italian historian of Freemasonry <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldo_Alessandro_Mola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aldo Alessandro Mola (page does not exist)">Aldo Alessandro Mola</a>, during that period Pertini had relationships with exponents of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_Italy" title="Grand Orient of Italy">Grand Orient of Italy</a> who were in exile in France.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hypothesis seems unsupported by known documents from archives. On his return to Italy, he was arrested in <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, tried, and sentenced to ten years' imprisonment. </p><p>In 1935 he was interned on <a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_Island" title="Santo Stefano Island">Santo Stefano Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ventotene" title="Ventotene">Ventotene</a> (LT), <a href="/wiki/Pontine_Islands" title="Pontine Islands">Pontine Islands</a>, an island in the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a>, where he remained through Italy's entry into <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and until 1943. Although he had begun suffering from severe illness, Pertini never demanded <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardon</a>. He was released a month after <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s arrest and joined the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi German</a> occupiers and Mussolini's new regime – the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>. Arrested by the Germans, he was sentenced to death but freed by a <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisan</a> raid. Pertini then travelled north to organize partisan war as an executive member of PSI (alongside <a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Morandi" title="Rodolfo Morandi">Rodolfo Morandi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lelio_Basso" title="Lelio Basso">Lelio Basso</a>). He had a primary role in the <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> uprising of 25 April 1945, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Mussolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Mussolini">execution of Mussolini</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominence">Prominence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandro_Pertini&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prominence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war ended in Italy on 25 April 1945 and the monarchy was abolished through the <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1946 Italian constitutional referendum">1946 Italian constitutional referendum</a>, Pertini was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">Constituent Assembly</a> (<i>La Costituente</i>), the body that prepared the new republican <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Italian Constitution</a>. In the postwar era, he was a prominent member of the directive board of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> (the PSI, which the PSU had rejoined). </p><p>In spite of his intransigent attitude toward the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a>, Pertini was suspicious of many policies enforced by the PSI. He criticized all forms of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, as well as corruption in the Italian state and within the Socialist Party, where he kept an independent political position. </p><p>He was elected president of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Chamber_of_Deputies" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Chamber of Deputies">Italian Chamber of Deputies</a> in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="President_(1978–1985)"><span id="President_.281978.E2.80.931985.29"></span>President (1978–1985)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandro_Pertini&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: President (1978–1985)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sandro_Pertini" title="Special:EditPage/Sandro Pertini">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandro_Pertini6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sandro_Pertini6.jpg/220px-Sandro_Pertini6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sandro_Pertini6.jpg/330px-Sandro_Pertini6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sandro_Pertini6.jpg/440px-Sandro_Pertini6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>President Sandro Pertini in his office at <a href="/wiki/Quirinale" class="mw-redirect" title="Quirinale">Quirinale</a> palace</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Alessandro_Pertini_reviewing_troops_at_Quirinale_Palace_in_Rome,_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Alessandro_Pertini_reviewing_troops_at_Quirinale_Palace_in_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Alessandro_Pertini_reviewing_troops_at_Quirinale_Palace_in_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Alessandro_Pertini_reviewing_troops_at_Quirinale_Palace_in_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Alessandro_Pertini_reviewing_troops_at_Quirinale_Palace_in_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Alessandro_Pertini_reviewing_troops_at_Quirinale_Palace_in_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Alessandro_Pertini_reviewing_troops_at_Quirinale_Palace_in_Rome%2C_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2633" /></a><figcaption>Pertini and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> review troops at Quirinale Palace, 1982</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1978, the 81-year-old Pertini was <a href="/wiki/1978_Italian_presidential_election" title="1978 Italian presidential election">elected</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Italian Republic">President of the Italian Republic</a>, the highest office in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his advanced age, he displayed considerable energy and vigour, playing a major role in helping restore the public's faith in the government and institutions of Italy, as well as maintaining an active schedule of travelling and meeting foreign dignitaries. During the <a href="/wiki/Brigate_Rosse" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigate Rosse">Brigate Rosse</a> terrorism period of the <i><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Anni di piombo</a></i>, Pertini openly denounced the violence. He also opposed organized crime in Italy, South African apartheid, Chilean dictator <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a> and other dictatorial regimes, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandro_Pertini.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Sandro_Pertini.png/220px-Sandro_Pertini.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Sandro_Pertini.png 1.5x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Pertini in 1972 - 1976</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1981, Pertini presided over the formation of the government by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Giovanni Spadolini</a>, the first non <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democratic</a> Italian government since the time of <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a>. </p><p>In 1985, he stepped down from the presidency, becoming automatically senator for life. The only official role he accepted in his retirement was President of the "Filippo Turati" Foundation for Historical Studies of Florence inaugurated in 1985 and dedicated to recording and preserving the history of the socialist movement in Italy. In December 1988 Pertini was the first person to be awarded the <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn_Peace_Medal" title="Otto Hahn Peace Medal">Otto Hahn Peace Medal</a> in Gold by the United Nations Association of Germany (Deutsche Gesellschaft für die Vereinten Nationen, DGVN) in Berlin, "for outstanding services to peace and international understanding, especially for his political ethics and practical humanity". Pertini died in February 1990 at the age of 93 and was mourned across the nation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1982_World_Cup_Final">1982 World Cup Final</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandro_Pertini&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1982 World Cup Final"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1982_FIFA_World_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="1982 FIFA World Cup Final">1982 FIFA World Cup Final</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandro_Pertini_Spagna_1982.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sandro_Pertini_Spagna_1982.jpg/220px-Sandro_Pertini_Spagna_1982.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sandro_Pertini_Spagna_1982.jpg/330px-Sandro_Pertini_Spagna_1982.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Sandro_Pertini_Spagna_1982.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dino_Zoff" title="Dino Zoff">Dino Zoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franco_Causio" title="Franco Causio">Franco Causio</a>, Sandro Pertini and <a href="/wiki/Enzo_Bearzot" title="Enzo Bearzot">Enzo Bearzot</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pertini attended the <a href="/wiki/1982_FIFA_World_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="1982 FIFA World Cup Final">1982 World Cup Final</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> for a match between <a href="/wiki/Italy_national_football_team" title="Italy national football team">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany_national_football_team" title="Germany national football team">West Germany</a> just two days after the fourth anniversary of his inauguration. After Italy scored their third goal, he wagged his finger to either the German delegation or <a href="/wiki/Spanish_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish monarchy">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Carlos I of Spain">Juan Carlos I</a>, and said "they [the German team] will not catch us any more".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Memorable images from the event are Pertini standing on his chair at Santiago Bernabeu stadium, exulting in the Italian victory, and the card game on the return flight, between the president and three team members (trainer Bearzot and players Causio and Zoff), the world cup trophy next to them on the table. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Rossi" title="Paolo Rossi">Paolo Rossi</a>, Italy's and the tournament's top scorer, later said: "I remember that when he welcomed us at the <a href="/wiki/Quirinal_Palace" title="Quirinal Palace">Presidential Palace</a> after our win, he rose and said: 'This is my best day as President.'"<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_Pope_John_Paul_II">Relationship with Pope John Paul II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandro_Pertini&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relationship with Pope John Paul II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandro_Pertini_con_Giovanni_Paolo_II_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sandro_Pertini_con_Giovanni_Paolo_II_2.jpg/220px-Sandro_Pertini_con_Giovanni_Paolo_II_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sandro_Pertini_con_Giovanni_Paolo_II_2.jpg/330px-Sandro_Pertini_con_Giovanni_Paolo_II_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sandro_Pertini_con_Giovanni_Paolo_II_2.jpg/440px-Sandro_Pertini_con_Giovanni_Paolo_II_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1918" data-file-height="1251" /></a><figcaption>President Sandro Pertini and Pope John Paul II on a secret skiing trip on Mt. <a href="/wiki/Adamello" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamello">Adamello</a>, on 16 June 1984</figcaption></figure> <p>Sandro Pertini had a close friendship with Pope <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a>, with whom he met often both for official and private occasions, and had frequent phone conversations. In "Accanto a Giovanni Paolo II", he is known to have referred to his mother looking over him in heaven, moved that her atheist son was friends with the Pope. </p><p>On 13 May 1981, he went to the <a href="/wiki/Gemelli_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemelli Hospital">Gemelli Hospital</a> as soon as he heard that the Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_assassination_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope John Paul II assassination attempt">had been shot</a>, and stayed until late in the night when he was told that the Pope was not in danger anymore. He recalled the event later that year in the annual <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a> Presidential Address to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian People">Italian People</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandro_Pertini&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Honours and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1986, he received the <a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_Award#Freedom_Medal" title="Four Freedoms Award">Freedom medal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 October 1979, President of Yugoslavia <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a> awarded Pertini the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Yugoslav_Great_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Yugoslav Great Star">Order of the Yugoslav Great Star</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandro_Pertini&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1975 film <i><a href="/wiki/Last_Days_of_Mussolini" title="Last Days of Mussolini">Last Days of Mussolini</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Lizzani" title="Carlo Lizzani">Carlo Lizzani</a>, there is a character inspired by Pertini, performed by <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Graziani" title="Sergio Graziani">Sergio Graziani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Pazienza" title="Andrea Pazienza">Andrea Pazienza</a> created the comic book series <i>Il Partigiano Pert</i> ("The Partisan Pert"), a comedy strip portraying Pertini during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> with the same cartoonist as his helper.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pertini has been mentioned in some verses of several Italian songs, as in <i>Sotto la pioggia</i> ("under the rain", 1982) by <a href="/wiki/Antonello_Venditti" title="Antonello Venditti">Antonello Venditti</a>, <i>Babbo Rock</i> ("Daddy Rock", 1982) by the <a href="/wiki/Skiantos" title="Skiantos">Skiantos</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Italiano" title="L'Italiano">L'Italiano</a></i> ("The Italian", 1983) by <a href="/wiki/Toto_Cutugno" title="Toto Cutugno">Toto Cutugno</a>, <i>Caro Presidente</i> ("Dear President", 1984) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniele_Shook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniele Shook (page does not exist)">Daniele Shook</a>, <i>Pertini Dance</i> (1984) by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=S.C.O.R.T.A.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S.C.O.R.T.A. (page does not exist)">S.C.O.R.T.A.</a>, <i>Pertini Is A Genius, Mirinzini Is Not Famous</i> (2007) by the <a href="/wiki/Ex-Otago" title="Ex-Otago">Ex-Otago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandro_Pertini&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:65%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"> <tbody><tr> <th width="12%">Election </th> <th width="25%">House </th> <th width="35%">Constituency </th> <th width="5%" colspan="2">Party </th> <th width="12%">Votes </th> <th width="12%">Result </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_general_election" title="1946 Italian general election">1946</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">Constituent Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genoa%E2%80%93Imperia%E2%80%93La_Spezia%E2%80%93Savona_constituency_(1946%E2%80%931994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoa–Imperia–La Spezia–Savona constituency (1946–1994)">Genoa–Imperia–La Spezia–Savona</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ED2855"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">PSIUP</a> </td> <td>27,870 </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/23px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <b>Elected</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1953_Italian_general_election" title="1953 Italian general election">1953</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genoa%E2%80%93Imperia%E2%80%93La_Spezia%E2%80%93Savona_constituency_(1946%E2%80%931994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoa–Imperia–La Spezia–Savona constituency (1946–1994)">Genoa–Imperia–La Spezia–Savona</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ED2855"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">PSI</a> </td> <td>22,802 </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/23px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <b>Elected</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1958_Italian_general_election" title="1958 Italian general election">1958</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genoa%E2%80%93Imperia%E2%80%93La_Spezia%E2%80%93Savona_constituency_(1946%E2%80%931994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoa–Imperia–La Spezia–Savona constituency (1946–1994)">Genoa–Imperia–La Spezia–Savona</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ED2855"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">PSI</a> </td> <td>19,966 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/23px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <b>Elected</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1963_Italian_general_election" title="1963 Italian general election">1963</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genoa%E2%80%93Imperia%E2%80%93La_Spezia%E2%80%93Savona_constituency_(1946%E2%80%931994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoa–Imperia–La Spezia–Savona constituency (1946–1994)">Genoa–Imperia–La Spezia–Savona</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ED2855"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">PSI</a> </td> <td>22,579 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/23px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <b>Elected</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1968_Italian_general_election" title="1968 Italian general election">1968</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genoa%E2%80%93Imperia%E2%80%93La_Spezia%E2%80%93Savona_constituency_(1946%E2%80%931994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoa–Imperia–La Spezia–Savona constituency (1946–1994)">Genoa–Imperia–La Spezia–Savona</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ED2855"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">PSI</a> </td> <td>24,235 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/23px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <b>Elected</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1972_Italian_general_election" title="1972 Italian general election">1972</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genoa%E2%80%93Imperia%E2%80%93La_Spezia%E2%80%93Savona_constituency_(1946%E2%80%931994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoa–Imperia–La Spezia–Savona constituency (1946–1994)">Genoa–Imperia–La Spezia–Savona</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ED2855"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">PSI</a> </td> <td>53,657 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/23px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <b>Elected</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1976_Italian_general_election" title="1976 Italian general election">1976</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">Chamber of Deputies</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genoa%E2%80%93Imperia%E2%80%93La_Spezia%E2%80%93Savona_constituency_(1946%E2%80%931994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoa–Imperia–La Spezia–Savona constituency (1946–1994)">Genoa–Imperia–La Spezia–Savona</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#ED2855"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">PSI</a> </td> <td>35,506 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/15px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/23px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <b>Elected</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandro_Pertini&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As a member of the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">Constituent Assembly of Italy</a>, he was automatically nominated senator.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFerrarováFerrarováPospíšilová2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferrarová, E.; Ferrarová, M.; Pospíšilová, V. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HF7qCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA307"><i>Italština pro samouky a věčné začátečníky</i></a> (in Czech). p. 387. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-266-0745-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-266-0745-8"><bdi>978-80-266-0745-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ital%C5%A1tina+pro+samouky+a+v%C4%9B%C4%8Dn%C3%A9+za%C4%8D%C3%A1te%C4%8Dn%C3%ADky&rft.pages=387&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-80-266-0745-8&rft.aulast=Ferrarov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Ferrarov%C3%A1%2C+M.&rft.au=Posp%C3%AD%C5%A1ilov%C3%A1%2C+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHF7qCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandro+Pertini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alessandro-Pertini">"Alessandro Pertini"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. 21 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Alessandro+Pertini&rft.date=2023-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAlessandro-Pertini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandro+Pertini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frasimania.it/frasi-sandro-pertini/">Frasi di Sandro Pertini</a> <i>Frasimania.it</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aldo Mola, <i>Storia della massoneria italiana Dalle origini ai nostri giorni</i>, Milan. Bompiani, 1992, pp. 782-783. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/463003899">463003899</a>, FRBNF38774140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">With the ardor of those who drove merchants from the temple, Speaker Pertini ordered to drive away the "whips" from the aisle, accelerating the outcome of the presidential election in 1971 : <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuonomo2015" class="citation journal cs1">Buonomo, Giampiero (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120801002834/http://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89427056">"Il rugby e l'immortalità del nome"</a>. <i>L'Ago e Il Filo</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89427056">the original</a> on 1 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Ago+e+Il+Filo&rft.atitle=Il+rugby+e+l%27immortalit%C3%A0+del+nome&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Buonomo&rft.aufirst=Giampiero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fprojects%23%21%2Fproject%2F89427056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandro+Pertini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pertini.it/eng_bio.htm">"Associazione Nazionale Sandro Pertini"</a>. <i>pertini.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pertini.it&rft.atitle=Associazione+Nazionale+Sandro+Pertini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpertini.it%2Feng_bio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandro+Pertini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KQ_44XtcXGM"><span class="plainlinks">Video on Pertini exulting at the Italian team's victory</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emagazine.credit-suisse.com/app/article/index.cfm?fuseaction=OpenArticle&aoid=153576&coid=40693&lang=EN">Article on emagazine.credit-suisse.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130119224852/http://emagazine.credit-suisse.com/app/article/index.cfm?fuseaction=OpenArticle&aoid=153576&coid=40693&lang=EN">Archived</a> 19 January 2013 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/ex-presidenti/Pertini/documenti/per_disc_31dic_81.htm">"Presidential Address of New Year's Eve 1981"</a>. The official website of the Presidency of the Italian Republic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+Address+of+New+Year%27s+Eve+1981&rft.pub=The+official+website+of+the+Presidency+of+the+Italian+Republic.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quirinale.it%2Fqrnw%2Fstatico%2Fex-presidenti%2FPertini%2Fdocumenti%2Fper_disc_31dic_81.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandro+Pertini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair1986" class="citation web cs1">Blair, William G. (5 March 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/05/world/palme-is-named-a-recipient-of-an-fdr-freedom-medal.html">"PALME IS NAMED A RECIPIENT OF AN F.D.R. FREEDOM MEDAL"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=PALME+IS+NAMED+A+RECIPIENT+OF+AN+F.D.R.+FREEDOM+MEDAL&rft.date=1986-03-05&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F03%2F05%2Fworld%2Fpalme-is-named-a-recipient-of-an-fdr-freedom-medal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandro+Pertini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr/pvpages/pvpages/viewPage/?pv_page_id=606566">"Svečana večera u čast Pertinija"</a>. <i>Slobodna Dalmacija</i> (10738): 12. 12 October 1979.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slobodna+Dalmacija&rft.atitle=Sve%C4%8Dana+ve%C4%8Dera+u+%C4%8Dast+Pertinija&rft.issue=10738&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1979-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr%2Fpvpages%2Fpvpages%2FviewPage%2F%3Fpv_page_id%3D606566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandro+Pertini" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laprovinciadicomo.it/stories/cultura-e-spettacoli/54044_lizzani_pertini_mi_scrisse_che_al_duce_non_spar_audisio/">"Lizzani: Pertini wrote to me that Audisio didn't shoot the <i>Duce</i>"</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/La_Provincia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Provincia">La Provincia</a></i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lastoriasiamonoi.rai.it/puntate/il-partigiano-pert/641/default.aspx">"Il Partigiano Pert"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121229080533/http://www.lastoriasiamonoi.rai.it/puntate/il-partigiano-pert/641/default.aspx">Archived</a> 29 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (lastoriasiamonoi.rai.it)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slumberland.it/contenuto.php?id=177">"Pertini, the partisan president in the amazing comics of Andrea Pazienza"</a> (slumberland.it)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andreapazienza.it/paz-l-artista/fumettografia/15-pertini.html">"Pertini" on andreapazienza.it</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204085702/http://www.andreapazienza.it/paz-l-artista/fumettografia/15-pertini.html">Archived</a> 4 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orrorea33giri.com/le-5-migliori-canzoni-dedicate-a-sandro-pertini/">"The 5 best songs dedicated to Sandro Pertini"</a> (orrorea33giri.com)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quotidianpost.it/sandro-pertini-presidente-sempre-personaggio-storico-ed-uomo/">"Sandro Pertini, our president ever, historical figure and man"</a> (quotidianpost.it)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandro_Pertini&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" class="extiw" title="commons:Sandro Pertini"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Sandro Pertini</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pertini.it/eng_bio.htm">A biography of Pertini from the <i>Associazione Nazionale Sandro Pertini</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fondazionepertini.it"><i>Fondazione Sandro Pertini</i></a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Nenni" title="Pietro Nenni">Pietro Nenni</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Secretary of the Italian Socialist Party</a></span> </b><br />1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Matteo_Lombardo" title="Ivan Matteo Lombardo">Ivan Matteo Lombardo</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Brunetto_Bucciarelli-Ducci" title="Brunetto Bucciarelli-Ducci">Brunetto Bucciarelli-Ducci</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)" title="List of presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)">President of the Chamber of Deputies</a> </b><br />1968–1976 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Ingrao" title="Pietro Ingrao">Pietro Ingrao</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Leone" title="Giovanni Leone">Giovanni Leone</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President of Italy</a> </b><br />1978–1985 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cossiga" title="Francesco Cossiga">Francesco Cossiga</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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Gioberti">Gioberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Pareto" title="Lorenzo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Dionigi_Pinelli" title="Pier Dionigi Pinelli">Pinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbano_Rattazzi" title="Urbano Rattazzi">Rattazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Bon_Compagni_di_Mombello" title="Carlo Bon Compagni di Mombello">Bon Compagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cadorna" title="Carlo Cadorna">Cadorna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Bon_Compagni_di_Mombello" title="Carlo Bon Compagni di Mombello">Bon Compagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbano_Rattazzi" title="Urbano Rattazzi">Rattazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Lanza" title="Giovanni Lanza">Lanza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:11pt;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urbano_Rattazzi" title="Urbano Rattazzi">Rattazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Tecchio" title="Sebastiano Tecchio">Tecchio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Cassinis" title="Giovanni Battista Cassinis">Cassinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriano_Mari" title="Adriano Mari">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Lanza" title="Giovanni Lanza">Lanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Biancheri" title="Giuseppe Biancheri">Biancheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Crispi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Cairoli" title="Benedetto Cairoli">Cairoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Farini" title="Domenico Farini">Farini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Coppino" title="Michele Coppino">Coppino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Farini" title="Domenico Farini">Farini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Coppino" title="Michele Coppino">Coppino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Biancheri" title="Giuseppe Biancheri">Biancheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Zanardelli" title="Giuseppe Zanardelli">Zanardelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Biancheri" title="Giuseppe Biancheri">Biancheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Villa" title="Tommaso Villa">Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Zanardelli" title="Giuseppe Zanardelli">Zanardelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Biancheri" title="Giuseppe Biancheri">Biancheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Zanardelli" title="Giuseppe Zanardelli">Zanardelli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Chinaglia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Chinaglia (page does not exist)">Chinaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Colombo" title="Giuseppe Colombo">Colombo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niccol%C3%B2_Gallo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niccolò Gallo (page does not exist)">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Villa" title="Tommaso Villa">Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Biancheri" title="Giuseppe Biancheri">Biancheri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Marcora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Marcora (page does not exist)">Marcora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Biancheri" title="Giuseppe Biancheri">Biancheri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Marcora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giuseppe Marcora (page does not exist)">Marcora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando" title="Vittorio Emanuele Orlando">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_De_Nicola" title="Enrico De Nicola">De Nicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Rocco" title="Alfredo Rocco">Rocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Casertano" title="Antonio Casertano">Casertano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giuriati" title="Giovanni Giuriati">Giurati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Ciano" title="Costanzo Ciano">Ciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Grandi" title="Dino Grandi">Grandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando" title="Vittorio Emanuele Orlando">Orlando</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Sforza" title="Carlo Sforza">Sforza</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Council of Italy (page does not exist)">N.C.</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:11pt;"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Saragat" title="Giuseppe Saragat">Saragat</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">C.A.</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Terracini" title="Umberto Terracini">Terracini</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">C.A.</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gronchi" title="Giovanni Gronchi">Gronchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Leone" title="Giovanni Leone">Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunetto_Bucciarelli-Ducci" title="Brunetto Bucciarelli-Ducci">Bucciarelli-Ducci</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pertini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Ingrao" title="Pietro Ingrao">Ingrao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilde_Iotti" title="Nilde Iotti">Iotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Luigi_Scalfaro" title="Oscar Luigi Scalfaro">Scalfaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano" title="Giorgio Napolitano">Napolitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Pivetti" title="Irene Pivetti">Pivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Violante" title="Luciano Violante">Violante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Ferdinando_Casini" title="Pier Ferdinando Casini">Casini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausto_Bertinotti" title="Fausto Bertinotti">Bertinotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Fini" title="Gianfranco Fini">Fini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Boldrini" title="Laura Boldrini">Boldrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Fico" title="Roberto Fico">Fico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Fontana" title="Lorenzo Fontana">Fontana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italian_Socialist_Party282" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#ED2855; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Template:Italian Socialist Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Template talk:Italian Socialist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italian Socialist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italian_Socialist_Party282" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Italian Socialist Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ED2855; color:white;;width:1%"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Secretary</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Dell%27Avalle" title="Carlo Dell'Avalle">Carlo Dell'Avalle</a> (1892–1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Turati" title="Filippo Turati">Filippo Turati</a> (1895–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Ferri_(criminologist)" title="Enrico Ferri (criminologist)">Enrico Ferri</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Dell%27Avalle" title="Carlo Dell'Avalle">Carlo Dell'Avalle</a> (1896–1898)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfredo_Bertesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfredo Bertesi (page does not exist)">Alfredo Bertesi</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrico_Bertini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrico Bertini (page does not exist)">Enrico Bertini</a> (1899–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savino_Varazzani" title="Savino Varazzani">Savino Varazzani</a> (1900–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Ferri_(criminologist)" title="Enrico Ferri (criminologist)">Enrico Ferri</a> (1904–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oddino_Morgari" title="Oddino Morgari">Oddino Morgari</a> (1906–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeo_Ciotti" title="Pompeo Ciotti">Pompeo Ciotti</a> (1908–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costantino_Lazzari" title="Costantino Lazzari">Costantino Lazzari</a> (1912–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egidio_Gennari" title="Egidio Gennari">Egidio Gennari</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costantino_Lazzari" title="Costantino Lazzari">Costantino Lazzari</a> (1918–1919)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arturo_Vella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arturo Vella (page does not exist)">Arturo Vella</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Bombacci" title="Nicola Bombacci">Nicola Bombacci</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egidio_Gennari" title="Egidio Gennari">Egidio Gennari</a> (1920–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bacci" title="Giovanni Bacci">Giovanni Bacci</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domenico_Fioritto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domenico Fioritto (page does not exist)">Domenico Fioritto</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito_Oro_Nobili" title="Tito Oro Nobili">Tito Oro Nobili</a> (1923–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olindo_Vernocchi" title="Olindo Vernocchi">Olindo Vernocchi</a> (1925–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Coccia" title="Ugo Coccia">Ugo Coccia</a> (1930–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Nenni" title="Pietro Nenni">Pietro Nenni</a> (1933–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Saragat" title="Giuseppe Saragat">Giuseppe Saragat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oddino_Morgari" title="Oddino Morgari">Oddino Morgari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Tasca" title="Angelo Tasca">Angelo Tasca</a> (1939–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Romita" title="Giuseppe Romita">Giuseppe Romita</a> (1942–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Nenni" title="Pietro Nenni">Pietro Nenni</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sandro Pertini</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Morandi" title="Rodolfo Morandi">Rodolfo Morandi</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Matteo_Lombardo" title="Ivan Matteo Lombardo">Ivan Matteo Lombardo</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelio_Basso" title="Lelio Basso">Lelio Basso</a> (1947–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Jacometti" title="Alberto Jacometti">Alberto Jacometti</a> (1948–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Nenni" title="Pietro Nenni">Pietro Nenni</a> (1949–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_De_Martino" title="Francesco De Martino">Francesco De Martino</a> (1963–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Tanassi" title="Mario Tanassi">Mario Tanassi</a> (1966–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Ferri" title="Mauro Ferri">Mauro Ferri</a> (1968–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_De_Martino" title="Francesco De Martino">Francesco De Martino</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Mancini" title="Giacomo Mancini">Giacomo Mancini</a> (1970–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_De_Martino" title="Francesco De Martino">Francesco De Martino</a> (1972–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Bettino Craxi</a> (1976–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Benvenuto" title="Giorgio Benvenuto">Giorgio Benvenuto</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottaviano_Del_Turco" title="Ottaviano Del Turco">Ottaviano Del Turco</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdo_Spini" title="Valdo Spini">Valdo Spini</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ED2855; color:white;;width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Workers%27_Party" title="Italian Workers' Party">Italian Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Revolutionary_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Revolutionary Socialist Party">Italian Revolutionary Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani" title="Fasci Siciliani">Fasci Siciliani</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avanti!_(newspaper)" title="Avanti! (newspaper)">Avanti!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critica_Sociale" title="Critica Sociale">Critica Sociale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Italy)" title="Red Guards (Italy)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Revolutionary_Marxist_Centre" title="International Revolutionary Marxist Centre">Maximalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism#Socialism" title="Reformism">Reformist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Division over World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee" title="National Liberation Committee">National Liberation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craxism" title="Craxism">Craxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Sigonella" title="Naval Air Station Sigonella">Sigonella incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_Ambrosiano" title="Banco Ambrosiano">Banco Ambrosiano scandal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ED2855; color:white;;width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Reformist_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Reformist Socialist Party">Italian Reformist Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a> / <a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Party" title="International Communist Party">International Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_Socialist_Party_(Italy,_1922)" title="Unitary Socialist Party (Italy, 1922)">Unitary Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Maximalist Italian Socialist Party">Maximalist Italian Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_(Italy)" title="Socialist Unity (Italy)">Socialist Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Democratic Socialist Party">Italian Democratic Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialists" title="Italian Socialists">Italian Socialists</a> / <a href="/wiki/Italian_Democratic_Socialists" title="Italian Democratic Socialists">Italian Democratic Socialists</a> / <a href="/wiki/Socialist_League_(Italy)" title="Socialist League (Italy)">Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Federation_(Italy)" title="Labour Federation (Italy)">Labour Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformist_Socialist_Party" title="Reformist Socialist Party">Reformist Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Italy,_1996)" title="Socialist Party (Italy, 1996)">Socialist Party</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Italian_Socialist_Party" title="New Italian Socialist Party">New Italian Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party_(2007)" title="Italian Socialist Party (2007)">Italian Socialist Party (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia">Forza Italia</a> <small>(social-democrats faction)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_is_Freedom_%E2%80%93_The_Daisy" title="Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy">Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy</a> <small>(social-democrats faction)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ED2855; color:white;;width:1%">Alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Front_(Italy)" title="Popular Democratic Front (Italy)">Popular Democratic Front</a> (1947-1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_centre-left" title="Organic centre-left">Organic centre-left</a> (1962-1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Socialist_Party_(Italy)" title="Unified Socialist Party (Italy)">Unified Socialist Party</a> (1966-1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentapartito" title="Pentapartito">Pentapartito</a></i> (1981-1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Progressives" title="Alliance of Progressives">Alliance of Progressives</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1233#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3023" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1233#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3023" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1233#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121193161">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7407265">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/33643/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtcDFFHQc9WCYq3y4JkXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120135639">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79039970">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120376519">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120376519">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pertini, Sandro"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV003985">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35986439">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=uk2012689631&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1069017">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/79433">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071755721">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000074075&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000160655">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/89046">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14362728">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05375598?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1173942">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="PERTINI, Alessandro"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alessandro-pertini_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/120135639.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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