CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Byzantine–Georgian wars - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"25678560-76d5-4439-98a5-ef56ba6519fb","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Byzantine–Georgian_wars","wgTitle":"Byzantine–Georgian wars","wgCurRevisionId":1255957852,"wgRevisionId":1255957852,"wgArticleId":1554041,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Georgian-language sources (ka)","Articles containing Georgian-language text","Byzantine–Georgian wars","11th century in the Byzantine Empire","11th century in the Kingdom of Georgia","11th-century conflicts"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Byzantine–Georgian_wars","wgRelevantArticleId":1554041,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q862440","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics": true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap", "ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Skylitzes._Basil_II_vs_Georgians_cropped.jpg/1200px-Skylitzes._Basil_II_vs_Georgians_cropped.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="397"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Skylitzes._Basil_II_vs_Georgians_cropped.jpg/800px-Skylitzes._Basil_II_vs_Georgians_cropped.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="265"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Skylitzes._Basil_II_vs_Georgians_cropped.jpg/640px-Skylitzes._Basil_II_vs_Georgians_cropped.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="212"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Byzantine–Georgian wars - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Byzantine–Georgian_wars rootpage-Byzantine–Georgian_wars skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian+wars" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian+wars" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian+wars" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian+wars" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine–Georgian_war_(1014–1022)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine–Georgian_war_(1014–1022)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Byzantine–Georgian war (1014–1022)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine–Georgian_war_(1014–1022)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine–Georgian_war_(1028)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine–Georgian_war_(1028)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Byzantine–Georgian war (1028)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine–Georgian_war_(1028)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgian_civil_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgian_civil_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Georgian civil wars</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Georgian_civil_wars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Georgian civil wars subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Georgian_civil_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demetrius_of_Anacopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demetrius_of_Anacopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Demetrius of Anacopia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demetrius_of_Anacopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liparit_IV_of_Kldekari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liparit_IV_of_Kldekari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Liparit IV of Kldekari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liparit_IV_of_Kldekari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Peace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgian_expedition_to_Chaldia_and_the_founding_of_the_Trebizond_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgian_expedition_to_Chaldia_and_the_founding_of_the_Trebizond_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Georgian expedition to Chaldia and the founding of the Trebizond Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgian_expedition_to_Chaldia_and_the_founding_of_the_Trebizond_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David_VI's_campaign_of_Trebizond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_VI's_campaign_of_Trebizond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>David VI's campaign of Trebizond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_VI's_campaign_of_Trebizond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trapezuntine_Civil_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trapezuntine_Civil_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Trapezuntine Civil Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trapezuntine_Civil_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Byzantine–Georgian wars</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizans-g%C3%BCrc%C3%BC_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Bizans-gürcü müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bizans-gürcü müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3-%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="بیزانس-گورجو ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیزانس-گورجو ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Византийско-грузински войни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Византийско-грузински войни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_bizantino-georgianas" title="Guerras bizantino-georgianas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerras bizantino-georgianas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88-%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="동로마-조지아 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동로마-조지아 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1-%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Բյուզանդա-վրացական պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բյուզանդա-վրացական պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_bizantino-georgiane" title="Guerre bizantino-georgiane – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerre bizantino-georgiane" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99-%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99" title="הסכסוך הביזנטי-גאורגי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסכסוך הביזנטי-גאורגי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D-%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_(1021-1023)" title="საქართველო-ბიზანტიის ომი (1021-1023) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საქართველო-ბიზანტიის ომი (1021-1023)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_bizantino-georgianas" title="Guerras bizantino-georgianas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerras bizantino-georgianas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Грузино-византийские войны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грузино-византийские войны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Византијско-грузијски ратови – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Византијско-грузијски ратови" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q862440#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars&oldid=1255957852" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars&id=1255957852&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FByzantine%25E2%2580%2593Georgian_wars"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FByzantine%25E2%2580%2593Georgian_wars"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q862440" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Byzantine–Georgian wars</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skylitzes._Basil_II_vs_Georgians_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Skylitzes._Basil_II_vs_Georgians_cropped.jpg/350px-Skylitzes._Basil_II_vs_Georgians_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Skylitzes._Basil_II_vs_Georgians_cropped.jpg/525px-Skylitzes._Basil_II_vs_Georgians_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Skylitzes._Basil_II_vs_Georgians_cropped.jpg/700px-Skylitzes._Basil_II_vs_Georgians_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1642" data-file-height="543" /></a></span><br />A miniature depicting the defeat of the Georgian king <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Georgia" title="George I of Georgia">George I</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shirimni" title="Battle of Shirimni">Battle of Shirimni</a>. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Skylitzes_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Skylitzes Chronicle">Skylitzes Chronicle</a></i>. George is shown as fleeing on horseback on the right and <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> holding a shield and lance on the left.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1014–1204</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Georgian regions of <a href="/wiki/Tao_(historical_region)" title="Tao (historical region)">Tao</a>-<a href="/wiki/Klarjeti" title="Klarjeti">Klarjeti</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Georgian victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Georgia loses a number of dominions, but later reconquers them under <a href="/wiki/Queen_Tamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Tamar">Queen Tamar</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/21px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/32px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg/42px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="648" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a><br /><b>Supported by</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bagratuni_flag.svg/23px-Bagratuni_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bagratuni_flag.svg/35px-Bagratuni_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bagratuni_flag.svg/46px-Bagratuni_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="412" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bagratuni_dynasty" title="Bagratuni dynasty">Kingdom of Armenia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Liparit_IV_of_Kldekari" title="Liparit IV of Kldekari">Liparit IV of Kldekari</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Anacopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius of Anacopia">Demetrius of Anacopia</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Georgia" title="George I of Georgia">George I</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Bagrat_IV_of_Georgia" title="Bagrat IV of Georgia">Bagrat IV</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Tamar_of_Georgia" title="Tamar of Georgia">Tamar the Great</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/David_Komnenos" title="David Komnenos">David Komnenos</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios I of Trebizond">Alexios I of Trebizond</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Byzantine–Georgian_wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Byzantine–Georgian wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Byzantine–Georgian wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Byzantine–Georgian wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Byzantine–Georgian_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byzantine–Georgian <br /> wars</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shirimni" title="Battle of Shirimni">Shirimni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Svindax" title="Battle of Svindax">Svindax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sasireti" title="Battle of Sasireti">Sasireti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_expedition_to_Chaldia" title="Georgian expedition to Chaldia">Expedition to Chaldia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:History of Georgia (country)">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">History of Georgia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_(Georgia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/250px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/375px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg/500px-Gerard_Mercator._Tabula_Asiae_III_%28Georgia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="428" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistoric Georgia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kartlos" title="Kartlos">Legend of Kartlos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian culture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient history of Georgia">Ancient history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Kartli" title="Aryan Kartli">Aryan Kartli</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Kingdom of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pharnavazid_dynasty" title="Pharnavazid dynasty">Pharnavazid dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Georgia in the Roman era">Georgia in the Roman era</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty_of_Iberia" title="Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia">Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_campaign_of_Pompey" title="Caucasian campaign of Pompey">Campaign of Pompey</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iberian%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Iberian–Armenian War">Iberian–Armenian War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Iberia" title="Arsacid dynasty of Iberia">Arsacid dynasty of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Sasanian Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chosroid_dynasty" title="Chosroid dynasty">Chosroid dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Georgia">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_War" title="Iberian War">Iberian War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lazic_War" title="Lazic War">Lazic War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Umayyad invasion of Georgia">Umayyad invasion of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Arab rule in Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tao_(historical_region)" title="Tao (historical region)">Duchy of Tao</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Klarjeti" title="Klarjeti">Duchy of Klarjeti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti" title="Kingdom of Hereti">Kingdom of Hereti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians" title="Kingdom of the Iberians">Kingdom of the Iberians</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iberia_(theme)" title="Iberia (theme)">Theme of Iberia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Kldekari" title="Duchy of Kldekari">Duchy of Kldekari</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Unification of the Georgian realm">Unification of the Georgian realm</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Racha" title="Duchy of Racha">Duchy of Racha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti">Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti</a><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byzantine–Georgian wars</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_Invasion" title="Great Turkish Invasion">Great Turkish Invasion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Georgian–Seljuk wars">Georgian–Seljuk wars</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Georgian Golden Age</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia_(1256%E2%80%931329)" title="Kingdom of Georgia (1256–1329)">Kingdom of Georgia (1256–1329)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Western_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Western Georgia">Kingdom of Western Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Armenia within the Kingdom of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Timurid invasions of Georgia">Timurid invasions of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Turkoman invasions of Georgia">Turkoman invasions of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aragvi" title="Duchy of Aragvi">Duchy of Aragvi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Collapse of the Georgian realm">Collapse of the Georgian realm</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern Georgia">Early modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ksani" title="Duchy of Ksani">Duchy of Ksani</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Saatabago" title="Samtskhe-Saatabago">Samtskhe-Saatabago</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Guria" title="Principality of Guria">Principality of Guria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Svaneti" title="Principality of Svaneti">Principality of Svaneti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mingrelia" title="Principality of Mingrelia">Principality of Mingrelia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Principality of Abkhazia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia" title="Safavid Georgia">Safavid Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Childir_Eyalet" title="Childir Eyalet">Childir Eyalet</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history of Georgia">Modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Georgia within the Russian Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1832_Georgian_plot" title="1832 Georgian plot">1832 Georgian plot</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gurian_Republic" title="Gurian Republic">Gurian Republic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)_since_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Georgia (country) since 1991">Georgia since 1991</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History by topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Georgia" title="Names of Georgia">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Georgian_monarchs" title="Lists of Georgian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_states_of_Georgia" title="List of historical states of Georgia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tbilisi" title="History of Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of wars involving Georgia (country)">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgian_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Georgian battles">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Georgian_history" title="Timeline of Georgian history">Chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Byzantine-Georgian wars </b> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">ბიზანტია-საქართველოს ომები</span></span>, <span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">romanized</a>:</span> <span lang="ka-Latn" style="font-style: italic;">bizant'ia-sakartvelos omebi</span>) were a series of conflicts fought during the 11th-13th centuries over several strategic districts in the Byzantine-Georgian marchlands. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Byzantine_Empire_1045.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Map_Byzantine_Empire_1045.svg/220px-Map_Byzantine_Empire_1045.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Map_Byzantine_Empire_1045.svg/330px-Map_Byzantine_Empire_1045.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Map_Byzantine_Empire_1045.svg/440px-Map_Byzantine_Empire_1045.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Georgia during the Byzantine Empire, 1045 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>The integrity of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> itself was under serious threat after a full-scale rebellion, led by <a href="/wiki/Bardas_Skleros" title="Bardas Skleros">Bardas Skleros</a>, broke out in 976. In the urgency of a situation, Georgian prince <a href="/wiki/David_III_of_Tao" title="David III of Tao">David III of Tao</a> aided <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> and after the decisive loyalist victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pankaleia" title="Battle of Pankaleia">Battle of Pankaleia</a>, he was rewarded by lifetime rule of key imperial territories in eastern Asia Minor. However, David's rebuff of Basil in <a href="/wiki/Bardas_Phokas_the_Younger" title="Bardas Phokas the Younger">Bardas Phocas</a>’ revolt of 987 evoked <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>’s distrust of the Georgian rulers. After the failure of the revolt, David was forced to make Basil II the legatee of his extensive possessions. </p><p>This agreement destroyed a previous arrangement by which David had made his adopted son, <a href="/wiki/Bagrat_III_of_Georgia" title="Bagrat III of Georgia">Bagrat III of Georgia</a>, his heir. When David died early in 1001, Basil II added his inheritance – <a href="/wiki/Tao_(historical_region)" title="Tao (historical region)">Tao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Theodosiopolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Basiani">Phasiane</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Van" title="Lake Van">Lake Van</a> region (Apahunik) with the city of <a href="/wiki/Malazgirt" title="Malazgirt">Manzikert</a> – to the <a href="/wiki/Iberia_(theme)" title="Iberia (theme)">theme of Iberia</a>. </p><p>The following year, the Georgian prince <a href="/wiki/Gurgen_of_Iberia" title="Gurgen of Iberia">Gurgen</a>, the natural father of Bagrat III, marched to take David’s inheritance, but was thwarted by the Byzantine general <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Ouranos" title="Nikephoros Ouranos">Nikephoros Ouranos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, forcing the successor Georgian Bagratids to recognize the new rearrangement. Despite these setbacks, Bagrat was able to become the first king of the unified Georgian state in 1008. He died in 1014, and his son, <a href="/wiki/Giorgi_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Giorgi I">George I</a>, inherited a longstanding claim to those territories in Tao which were in Byzantine hands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Byzantine–Georgian_war_(1014–1022)"><span id="Byzantine.E2.80.93Georgian_war_.281014.E2.80.931022.29"></span>Byzantine–Georgian war (1014–1022)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Byzantine–Georgian war (1014–1022)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Young and ambitious, <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Georgia" title="George I of Georgia">George I</a> launched a campaign to restore the <a href="/wiki/David_III_of_Tao" title="David III of Tao">David Kuropalates</a>’ succession to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a> and captured <a href="/wiki/Tao_(historical_region)" title="Tao (historical region)">Tao</a> in 1014–1016. He also entered in an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">Al-Hakim</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>996–1021), that put <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil</a> in a difficult situation, forcing him to refrain from an acute response to George's offensive. Beyond that, the Byzantines were at that time involved in a relentless war with the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">Bulgar Empire</a>, limiting their actions to the west. But as soon as <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_conquest_of_Bulgaria" title="Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria">Bulgaria was conquered</a> in 1018, and Al-Hakim was no longer alive, Basil led his army against Georgia. After a failed first attempt, preparations for a larger-scale campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a> were set in train, beginning with the re-fortification of <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Theodosiopolis</a>. In the autumn of 1021 Basil, at the head of a large <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_army" title="Byzantine army">army</a> reinforced by the <a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guards</a>, attacked the <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Armenian</a> allies, recovering <a href="/wiki/Phasiane_(historical_region)" title="Phasiane (historical region)">Phasiane</a> and pushing on beyond the frontiers of <a href="/wiki/Tao_(historical_region)" title="Tao (historical region)">Tao</a> into inner Georgia. King <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Georgia" title="George I of Georgia">George</a> burned the city of <a href="/wiki/Oltu" title="Oltu">Oltisi</a> to keep it out of the enemy's hands and retreated to <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6le" title="Göle">Kola</a>. A bloody <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shirimni" title="Battle of Shirimni">battle was fought near the village Shirimni</a> at the Lake Palakazio (now <a href="/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r" title="Çıldır">Çildir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>) on September 11 and the emperor won a costly victory, forcing George I to retreat northwards into his kingdom. Plundering the country on his way, Basil withdrew to winter at <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trebizond</a>. </p><p>Several attempts to negotiate the conflict went in vain and, in the meantime, George received reinforcements from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti">Kakhetians</a>, and allied himself with the Byzantine commanders <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Phokas_Barytrachelos" title="Nikephoros Phokas Barytrachelos">Nicephorus Phocas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Xiphias" title="Nikephoros Xiphias">Nicephorus Xiphias</a> in their abortive insurrection in the emperor's rear. In December, George's ally, the Armenian king <a href="/wiki/Senekerim-Hovhannes_Artsruni" title="Senekerim-Hovhannes Artsruni">Senekerim</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vaspurakan" title="Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a>, being harassed by the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Turks</a>, surrendered his kingdom to the emperor. During the spring of 1022, Basil launched a final offensive, winning a crushing victory over the Georgians at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Svindax" title="Battle of Svindax">Svindax</a>. Menaced both by land and sea, King George <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_treaty_of_1022" title="Byzantine–Georgian treaty of 1022">handed over</a> <a href="/wiki/Tao_(historical_region)" title="Tao (historical region)">Tao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phasiane_(historical_region)" title="Phasiane (historical region)">Phasiane</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6le" title="Göle">Kola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardahan" title="Ardahan">Artaan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Javakheti" title="Javakheti">Javakheti</a>, and left his infant son <a href="/wiki/Bagrat_IV_of_Georgia" title="Bagrat IV of Georgia">Bagrat</a> a hostage in Basil's hands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Byzantine–Georgian_war_(1028)"><span id="Byzantine.E2.80.93Georgian_war_.281028.29"></span>Byzantine–Georgian war (1028)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Byzantine–Georgian war (1028)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after <a href="/wiki/Bagrat_IV_of_Georgia" title="Bagrat IV of Georgia">Bagrat IV</a>'s ascension to the throne, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a> sent in an army to take over the key city-fortress of <a href="/wiki/Ardanu%C3%A7" title="Ardanuç">Artanuji</a> on behalf of the Georgian Bagratid prince Demetrius, son of <a href="/wiki/Gurgen_of_Klarjeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurgen of Klarjeti">Gurgen of Klarjeti</a>, who had been dispossessed by Bagrat IV's grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Bagrat_III_of_Georgia" title="Bagrat III of Georgia">Bagrat III</a>, of his patrimonial fief at Artanuji early in the 1010s. Several Georgians nobles defected to the Byzantines, but Bagrat's loyal subjects put up a stubborn fight.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Byzantines overran the Georgian borderlands and besieged <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Kldekari" title="Duchy of Kldekari">Kldekari</a>, a key fortress in <a href="/wiki/Trialeti" title="Trialeti">Trialeti</a> province, but failed to take it and marched back on the region <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eav%C5%9Fat" title="Şavşat">Shavsheti</a>. The local bishop Saba of Tbeti organized a successful defense of the area forcing the Byzantines to change their tactics. </p><p>The emperor Constantine VIII then sent <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Anacopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius of Anacopia">Demetrius of Anacopia</a>, an exiled Georgian prince, who was considered by many as a legitimate pretender to the throne, to take a Georgian crown by force. Constantine's death in 1028 rendered the Byzantine invasion abortive, and, in 1030, the <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_dowager" title="Queen dowager">queen dowager</a> <a href="/wiki/Mariam_of_Vaspurakan" title="Mariam of Vaspurakan">Mariam</a> paid a visit to the new emperor <a href="/wiki/Romanos_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanos III">Romanos III</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1028–1034). She negotiated a peace treaty, and returned with the high Byzantine title of <a href="/wiki/Kouropalates" title="Kouropalates">Curopalates</a> for Bagrat in 1032. Mariam also brought him a Byzantine princess Helena as wife. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Georgian_civil_wars">Georgian civil wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Georgian civil wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demetrius_of_Anacopia">Demetrius of Anacopia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Demetrius of Anacopia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgian_ambassadors_presenting_gifts_to_Emperor_Romanos_Argyros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Georgian_ambassadors_presenting_gifts_to_Emperor_Romanos_Argyros.jpg/300px-Georgian_ambassadors_presenting_gifts_to_Emperor_Romanos_Argyros.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Georgian_ambassadors_presenting_gifts_to_Emperor_Romanos_Argyros.jpg/450px-Georgian_ambassadors_presenting_gifts_to_Emperor_Romanos_Argyros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Georgian_ambassadors_presenting_gifts_to_Emperor_Romanos_Argyros.jpg/600px-Georgian_ambassadors_presenting_gifts_to_Emperor_Romanos_Argyros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2085" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>Georgian ambassadors presenting gifts to emperor Romanos III. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Skylitzes_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Skylitzes Chronicle">Skylitzes Chronicle</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1033, the royal court faced another dynastic trouble, this time with Bagrat's half-brother <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Anacopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius of Anacopia">Demetrius of Anacopia</a>, a son of George I of his second marriage with <a href="/wiki/Alda_of_Alania" title="Alda of Alania">Alda of Alania</a>. Demetrius and Alda lived in <a href="/wiki/New_Athos" title="New Athos">Anacopia</a>, a fortress in <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Tskhumi" title="Duchy of Tskhumi">Abkhazia</a>, which had been bequeathed to them by the late king George I. The efforts by Bagrat's mother <a href="/wiki/Mariam_of_Vaspurakan" title="Mariam of Vaspurakan">Mariam</a> to win Demetrius's loyalty to the crown went in vain. Threatened by Bagrat, Alda defected to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a> and surrendered Anacopia to the emperor <a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III</a> in 1033,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who honored her son Demetrius with the rank of <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">magistros</a></i>. According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Georgian_Chronicles" title="The Georgian Chronicles">The Georgian Chronicles</a></i>: King Bagrat defeated a united army of his opponents and then besieged Anacopia, then he went back, leaving Otago Chachasdze and his army to take charge of the fortress. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liparit_IV_of_Kldekari">Liparit IV of Kldekari</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Liparit IV of Kldekari"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1038 <a href="/wiki/Liparit_IV,_Duke_of_Kldekari" class="mw-redirect" title="Liparit IV, Duke of Kldekari">Liparit IV</a>, Duke of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Kldekari" title="Duchy of Kldekari">Kldekari</a> was on the verge of capturing the Georgian city of <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, which had been under the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> sway for centuries; but fearing his growing power the Georgian nobles thwarted the plan and persuaded the king to make peace with the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">emir of Tbilisi</a>. As a result, Liparit turned into a sworn enemy of Bagrat and began actively cooperating with foreign powers for vengeance. In 1039, he pledged his support to Bagrat's half-brother <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Anacopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius of Anacopia">Demetrius of Anacopia</a> who returned to Georgia with a Byzantine army to seize the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-DMA4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMA4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pretenders enjoyed numerous successes against the royal armies, despite their efforts to take a key fortress <a href="/wiki/Ateni_(Georgia)" title="Ateni (Georgia)">Ateni</a> went in vain, Liparit and the Byzantines won a major victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sasireti" title="Battle of Sasireti">Battle of Sasireti</a>, where Bagrat suffered a crushing defeat and was forced to withdraw from his eastern possessions to take refuge in the western Georgian highlands.<sup id="cite_ref-DMA4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMA4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Demetrius died unexpectedly in 1042. Alda, with Demetrius's son David, fled to her native <a href="/wiki/Alania" title="Alania">Alania</a>. Liparit continued the struggle against Bagrat and became a major champion of the Byzantine influence in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-DMA4_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMA4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bagrat appealing to the emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine IX">Constantine IX</a>, it was arranged, through the Byzantine mediation, that Liparit should receive nearly a half of the realm (south of the <a href="/wiki/Mtkvari_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mtkvari River">Mtkvari River</a>) only as a dutiful subject to the king of Georgia. Thus, in the period of 1045–1048, Liparit IV, Duke of Trialeti, <a href="/wiki/Argveti" title="Argveti">Argveti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kvemo_Kartli" title="Kvemo Kartli">Lower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meskheti" title="Meskheti">Upper Iberia</a>, Prince-Constable of Georgia, became the most powerful person in the kingdom. Not without a good reason, the Arab chronicler <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Athir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn al-Athir">Ibn al-Athir</a> calls him "king of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Abasgians</a> [i.e. Georgians]." Liparit, called Liparites by Byzantine writers, was at the same time a Byzantine dignitary with the prestigious rank of <a href="/wiki/Magister_officiorum" title="Magister officiorum">magistros</a> (and possibly also <a href="/wiki/Kouropalates" title="Kouropalates">curopalates</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Blaum_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blaum-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Seljuk campaigns in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> in 1048, Liparit, who had been fighting on the Byzantine side, was captured at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kapetron" title="Battle of Kapetron">Battle of Kapetron</a>. Bagrat took advantage of this, and returned to his eastern possessions. The king's fortunes were quickly reversed, however, upon Liparit's return from captivity in 1049 or 1051.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebellious duke forced Bagrat to flee to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> where he was kept, as a result of Liparit's intrigues, for three years. In the absence of Bagrat (1050–1053), Liparit was an effective ruler of Georgia; he even installed Bagrat's son <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Georgia" title="George II of Georgia">George II</a> as king and declared himself a regent. After Bagrat's return in 1053, Liparit again warred against him. Eventually, in 1060, he was arrested by his followers and surrendered to the king, who forced him into a monastery under the name of Anton. Liparit died shortly thereafter at Constantinople and was reburied to his patrimonial monastery at <a href="/wiki/Katskhi_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Katskhi monastery">Katskhi</a> in Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-DMA4_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMA4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace">Peace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Peace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second half of the 11th century was marked by the strategically significant invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuq Turks</a>, who by the end of the 1040s had succeeded in building a vast empire including most of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a>. The Seljuk threat prompted the Georgian and Byzantine governments to seek a closer cooperation. To secure the alliance, Bagrat's daughter <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Alania" title="Maria of Alania">Maria</a> married, at some point between 1066 and 1071, to the Byzantine co-emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Ducas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Georgian_expedition_to_Chaldia_and_the_founding_of_the_Trebizond_Empire">Georgian expedition to Chaldia and the founding of the Trebizond Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Georgian expedition to Chaldia and the founding of the Trebizond Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fourth_Crusade_and_foundation_of_the_Latin_Empire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fourth_Crusade_and_foundation_of_the_Latin_Empire.png/220px-Fourth_Crusade_and_foundation_of_the_Latin_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fourth_Crusade_and_foundation_of_the_Latin_Empire.png/330px-Fourth_Crusade_and_foundation_of_the_Latin_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Fourth_Crusade_and_foundation_of_the_Latin_Empire.png/440px-Fourth_Crusade_and_foundation_of_the_Latin_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="4211" data-file-height="2183" /></a><figcaption>The path of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> and the political situation of what once was the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in 1204 AD.</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the territorial losses to <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a>, the Georgian kings succeeded in retaining their independence and in uniting most of the Georgian lands into a single state. Many of the territories ceded to the empire were conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuk Turks</a> towards the 1070s-1080s, securing the <a href="/wiki/Iberia_(theme)" title="Iberia (theme)">theme of Iberia</a> by the help of Byzantine governor, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Pakourianos" title="Gregory Pakourianos">Gregory Pakourianos</a>, who began to evacuate the region shortly after the disaster inflicted by the Seljuks on the Byzantine army at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Manzikert</a>. On this occasion, <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Georgia" title="George II of Georgia">George II of Georgia</a> was bestowed with the Byzantine title of <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></i>, granted the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a> and put in charge of the Imperial Eastern limits. </p><p>Relations between the two Christian monarchies were then generally peaceful except for the episode of 1204, when Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a> seized a sizable donation of the then Georgian regent <a href="/wiki/Tamar_of_Georgia" title="Tamar of Georgia">Queen Tamar</a>, that was meant for the monks of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>. Infuriated by this action, Tamar used this hostile act as a pretext for her expansion along the southwestern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, populated by a large Georgian-speaking population.<sup id="cite_ref-Mikaberidze,_A._(2015)._7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikaberidze,_A._(2015).-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tamar's ambitions were aided by the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>, which eventually fractured the Byzantine Empire. </p><p>A Georgian army under the command of <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios I of Trebizond">Alexios</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Komnenos" title="David Komnenos">David Komnenos</a> attacked the Byzantines from the east in late March or early April 1204. According to Georgian chronicles the expedition took eight days, it reached Trebizond via <a href="/wiki/Lazistan" title="Lazistan">Lazona</a> and seized <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trebizond</a> in April. The local commander <a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">doux</a> Nikephoros Palaiologos, did not put up an effective defence against the Georgian forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Eastmond,_A._(2017)._8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eastmond,_A._(2017).-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 13, 1204, <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Constantinople fell</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a>, where they established the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a>. According to medieval sources, newly incorporated territories were given to Alexios and David Komnenos, where they founded a pro-Georgian state, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a>. Alexios was proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">emperor</a>, while David was appointed <a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a>. Some scholars believe that the new state was subject to Georgia, at least in the first years of its existence, at the beginning of the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following year, David Komnenos commanded the Georgian troops in a successful campaign that resulted in the conquest of territories between Trebizond and <a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea Pontica</a>, while Alexios defeated the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuks</a> and recaptured <a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinaion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalybes" title="Chalybes">Chalybia</a>. </p><p>Tamar's political involvement in the Fourth Crusade, her exploitation of the Byzantine decline, and military campaigns, decisively expanded the Kingdom of Georgia's influence and number of tributaries, turning her kingdom into one of the most powerful Christian states at the time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="David_VI's_campaign_of_Trebizond"><span id="David_VI.27s_campaign_of_Trebizond"></span>David VI's campaign of Trebizond</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: David VI's campaign of Trebizond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trebizond_(1282)" title="Siege of Trebizond (1282)">Siege of Trebizond (1282)</a></div> <p>In the second half of the 13th century, when the political integrity of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a> was broken and the state was divided into two kingdoms, Georgian influence in the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> began to decline, and pro-<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> tendencies appeared in separate groups of the ruling circles of <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trebizond</a>. This resulted in a struggle for political hegemony in the Empire of Trebizond between the Georgian and Byzantine parties that lasted for years. In 1281, a coup took place in Trebizond, organized by the Georgian party. <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Trebizond" title="John II of Trebizond">Emperor John II</a>, who became the son-in-law of the royal house of the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Palaiologos" title="Palaiologos">Palaiologos</a>, was deposed from the throne and even captured. Then he was released from prison, but he was not allowed to stay in Trebizond, and the deposed king went to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. In 1282, during <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Trebizond" title="John II of Trebizond">John's</a> absence from Trebizond, his relative, <a href="/wiki/David_VI_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="David VI of Georgia">King David VI Narin of Georgia</a> (David I of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a>), tried to restore <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a> influence in the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Trebizond_(1282)" title="Siege of Trebizond (1282)">besieged</a> the capital. After the failure of the siege, the Georgian army occupied several provinces of the empire,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the historical <a href="/wiki/Lazistan" title="Lazistan">Chaneti</a> (Lazeti), and helped John's sister <a href="/wiki/Theodora_of_Trebizond" title="Theodora of Trebizond">Theodora</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Trebizond" title="Manuel I of Trebizond">Manuel I</a> and his second wife <a href="/wiki/Rusudan_of_Georgia,_Empress_of_Trebizond" title="Rusudan of Georgia, Empress of Trebizond">Rusudan</a>, to seize power, though soon in 1285 John II returned to the empire and regained power, and Queen Theodora took refuge in Georgia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trapezuntine_Civil_Wars">Trapezuntine Civil Wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Trapezuntine Civil Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Magnificent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/George_Magnificent.jpg/170px-George_Magnificent.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/George_Magnificent.jpg/255px-George_Magnificent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/George_Magnificent.jpg/340px-George_Magnificent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption>Monument to George V in <a href="/wiki/Akhaltsikhe" title="Akhaltsikhe">Akhaltsikhe</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the subsequent Trepizuntine civil war the Greek party, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> mercenaries were opposed by the local nobles, who considered themselves the patriotic champions of native rights. The opposition persuaded <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Trebizond" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna of Trebizond">Anna</a>, called Anachoutlou, the elder daughter of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_of_Trebizond" title="Alexios II of Trebizond">Alexios II of Trebizond</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgian</a> wife <a href="/wiki/Jiajak_Jaqeli" title="Jiajak Jaqeli">Jiajak Jaqeli</a>, to quit her monastic dress and escape to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazia_(theme)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lazia (theme) (page does not exist)">Lazia</a>, where she was crowned empress and gained control over the region, and all the native Laz and the Tzan people,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recognised her as the legal heir to the throne for being nearest legitimate heir of her brother <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Trebizond" title="Basil of Trebizond">Basil</a>. </p><p>On July 17, 1341, Anna entered Trebizond triumphantly, followed by <a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz</a> warriors of the Georgian King <a href="/wiki/George_V_of_Georgia" title="George V of Georgia">George V</a> (1314–1346) as well as by Trapezuntine Laz of the <a href="/wiki/Bandon_(Byzantine_Empire)" title="Bandon (Byzantine Empire)">bandon</a> of Greater Lazia, and ascended to the throne. She was crowned empress, supported, on the one hand, by the <a href="/wiki/Amytzantarioi" title="Amytzantarioi">Amytzantarios</a> family and, on the other, by the Laz, the Tzan<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in general, the people of the provinces of the Empire of Trebizond. The prevalence of the indigenous Amytzantarioi after Anna's ascension to the throne had provoked continuous attempts by the opposing Scholarioi to overthrow her with the support of other noble families. </p><p>The conflicts between the aristocratic families of Trebizond marked the reign of Anna, who was continuously under the threat of being deposed by the Scholarios family, as well as other aristocratic circles related to Constantinople. The attempts of the Scholarios family were supported by Constantinople, which was disappointed with the fall of Eirene Palaiologina and the ascent of Anna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_III_of_Tao" title="David III of Tao">David III of Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberia_(theme)" title="Iberia (theme)">Iberia (theme)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/basilii.htm">Roman Emperors: Basil II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, Catherine (2005), <i>Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976–1025)</i>, p. 482. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-927968-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-927968-3">0-19-927968-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alemany, Agusti (2000). <i>Sources of the Alans: A Critical Compilation</i>, p. 222. Brill Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11442-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11442-4">90-04-11442-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DMA4-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DMA4_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMA4_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMA4_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DMA4_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Bedrosian, "Liparit IV Orbēlean", p. 586. In: Joseph Reese Strayer (1983), <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Dictionary of the Middle Ages">Dictionary of the Middle Ages</a></i>. Scribner, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-16760-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-16760-3">0-684-16760-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blaum-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blaum_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul A. Blaum (2005). Diplomacy gone to seed: a history of Byzantine foreign relations, A.D. 1047-57. <i>International Journal of Kurdish Studies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0SBL/is_18/ai_n13826854/pg_7">(Online version)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080430042558/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0SBL/is_18/ai_n13826854/pg_7">Archived</a> 2008-04-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seibt, Werner (2001). Liparites als „byzantinischer“ Familienname in der Komnenenzeit. In: Dedicatio. Ist'oriul-pilologiuri dziebani (= Festschrift Mariam Lortkipanidze). Tbilisi: 123-131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaranadze2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Karanadze, Maia (2007). "ახალი ქრონოლოგიური ცნობა ბაღვაშთა ფეოდალური სახლის შესახებ" [New chronological information on the feudal house of Baghvashi]. <i>Mravaltavi: Philological and Historical Researches</i> (in Georgian). <b>22</b>: 315–319. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1987-7943">1987-7943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mravaltavi%3A+Philological+and+Historical+Researches&rft.atitle=%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98+%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98+%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90+%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%97%E1%83%90+%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98+%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%91&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=315-319&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1987-7943&rft.aulast=Karanadze&rft.aufirst=Maia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByzantine%E2%80%93Georgian+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mikaberidze,_A._(2015).-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mikaberidze,_A._(2015)._7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mikaberidze, A. (2015). Historical dictionary of Georgia. 2nd ed. Lanham, MD, United States: ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD, p.634.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eastmond,_A._(2017).-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eastmond,_A._(2017)._8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eastmond, A. (2017). Art and Identity in Thirteenth-Century Byzantium: Hagia Sophia and the Empire of Trebizond (Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies). 1st ed. Routledge, p .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vasiliev, A.A., “The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond 1204-1222”, Speculum 11 (1936), pp. 3-37·</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(historian)" title="William Miller (historian)">William Miller</a>, <i>Trebizond: The last Greek Empire of the Byzantine Era: 1204–1461</i>, 1926 (Chicago: Argonaut, 1969), p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryer, A., ‘Some notes on the Laz and the Tzan (1) (2)’, in People and Settlement in Anatolia and the Caucasus, 800–1900 (VR, London 1988), pp. 161–168, 174-195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the historical background of the Laz and the Tzan, see Bryer, A., “Some notes on the Laz and the Tzan (1) (2)”, in Bryer, A., People and Settlement in Anatolia and the Caucasus, 800–1900 (VR, London 1988), pp. 161–168 (=1), 174–195 (=2). They were native inhabitants of the northeastern Pontos, descending from the Colchians and the Macrones. They used to meddle in the political affairs of the Empire of Trebizond.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kingdom_of_Georgia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#B20000; color: #FFDEAD;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kingdom_of_Georgia_topics" title="Template:Kingdom of Georgia topics"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #FFDEAD">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kingdom_of_Georgia_topics" title="Template talk:Kingdom of Georgia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #FFDEAD">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom_of_Georgia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom of Georgia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #FFDEAD">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kingdom_of_Georgia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFDEAD">Kingdom of Georgia</span></a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B20000; color: #FFDEAD;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)#Medieval_Georgia" title="History of Georgia (country)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Unification of the Georgian realm">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Collapse of the Georgian realm">Fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of the Kingdom of Georgia (page does not exist)">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia#Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Georgian Golden Age</a></li> <li>Split (1258–1330) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Western_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Western Georgia">Kingdom of Western Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Eastern_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Eastern Georgia">Kingdom of Eastern Georgia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B20000; color: #FFDEAD;;width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B20000; color: #FFDEAD;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Capitals: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a> (1008–1122)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> (1122–1490)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeristavo" title="Saeristavo">Duchies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Georgian Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Armenian_polities_within_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Armenian polities within the Kingdom of Georgia (page does not exist)">List of Marcher Lords</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Shirvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Shirvan">Georgian Shirvan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasranids" title="Kasranids">Kasranids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khevi_(territorial_unit)" title="Khevi (territorial unit)">Khevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khevisberi" title="Khevisberi">Khevisberi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B20000; color: #FFDEAD;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B20000; color: #FFDEAD;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_feudalism" title="Georgian feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagrationi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagrationi">Royal dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepe_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mepe (title)">Monarch</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgian_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Georgian monarchs">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darbazi_(State_Council)" title="Darbazi (State Council)">State Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_officials_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Court officials of the Kingdom of Georgia">Court officials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eristavi" title="Eristavi">Duke</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mtavari" title="Mtavari">Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aznauri" title="Aznauri">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_Georgian_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medieval Georgian law (page does not exist)">Code of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regulations_of_the_Georgian_Royal_Court" title="Regulations of the Georgian Royal Court">Regulations of the Georgian Royal Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Nobility of Georgia (country)">Nobility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B20000; color: #FFDEAD;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Georgian army</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monaspa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monaspa (page does not exist)">Royal guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roki_Spa" title="Roki Spa">Mercenaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Georgia_(country)#United_Kingdom" title="List of wars involving Georgia (country)">Conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine-Georgian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine-Georgian wars">Byzantine-Georgian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian-Seljuk_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian-Seljuk wars">Georgian-Seljuk wars</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwarezmid_invasions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khwarezmid invasions (page does not exist)">Khwarezmid invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timur%27s_invasions_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Timur's invasions of Georgia">Timurid invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_incursions_into_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen incursions into Georgia">Turkmen invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_civil_war_of_1463-1491" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian civil war of 1463-1491">Civil war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B20000; color: #FFDEAD;;width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_Georgian_coinage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medieval Georgian coinage (page does not exist)">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_Georgian_economy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medieval Georgian economy (page does not exist)">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B20000; color: #FFDEAD;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Academies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikalto_academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikalto academy">Ikalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelati_Monastery" title="Gelati Monastery">Gelati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_Georgian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medieval Georgian literature (page does not exist)">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Georgian script</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_Georgian_royal_charters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medieval Georgian royal charters (page does not exist)">Royal charters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Georgia (country)">Architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B20000; color: #FFDEAD;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_the_Georgian_Orthodox_Church#Catholicos-Patriarchs_of_Georgia_(1010–1811)" title="List of heads of the Georgian Orthodox Church">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ruisi-Urbnisi" title="Council of Ruisi-Urbnisi">Council of Ruisi-Urbnisi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#B20000; color: #FFDEAD;"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Category:Kingdom of Georgia"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFDEAD">Category</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine–Georgian_wars&oldid=1255957852">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine–Georgian_wars&oldid=1255957852</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Category:Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine–Georgian wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:11th_century_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:11th century in the Byzantine Empire">11th century in the Byzantine Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:11th_century_in_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Category:11th century in the Kingdom of Georgia">11th century in the Kingdom of Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:11th-century_conflicts" title="Category:11th-century conflicts">11th-century conflicts</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Georgian-language_sources_(ka)" title="Category:CS1 Georgian-language sources (ka)">CS1 Georgian-language sources (ka)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Georgian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Georgian-language text">Articles containing Georgian-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 November 2024, at 13:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ttbpv","wgBackendResponseTime":131,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.543","walltime":"0.695","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2299,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":64458,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7538,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":20,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":43481,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 566.328 1 -total"," 25.20% 142.734 1 Template:Lang-ka"," 25.10% 142.176 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.10% 136.458 1 Template:Language_with_name"," 23.71% 134.286 1 Template:Lang"," 16.08% 91.072 1 Template:Campaignbox_Byzantine–Georgian_wars"," 15.80% 89.473 1 Template:Campaignbox"," 10.76% 60.916 1 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.57% 59.846 1 Template:Kingdom_of_Georgia_topics"," 10.19% 57.720 1 Template:Country_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.340","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":13669262,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-68fccdd5b5-2xjqt","timestamp":"20241121191901","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Byzantine\u2013Georgian wars","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q862440","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q862440","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-02-28T13:13:18Z","dateModified":"2024-11-07T13:29:40Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/12\/Skylitzes._Basil_II_vs_Georgians_cropped.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>