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id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=IP+address&returntoquery=oldid%3D1256756079" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IP_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IP_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>IP versions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IP_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subnetworks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subnetworks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Subnetworks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subnetworks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IPv4_addresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IPv4_addresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>IPv4 addresses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-IPv4_addresses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle IPv4 addresses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-IPv4_addresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subnetting_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subnetting_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Subnetting history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subnetting_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_addresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_addresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Private addresses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_addresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IPv6_addresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IPv6_addresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>IPv6 addresses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-IPv6_addresses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle IPv6 addresses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-IPv6_addresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Private_addresses_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_addresses_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Private addresses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_addresses_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IP_address_assignment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IP_address_assignment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>IP address assignment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-IP_address_assignment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle IP address assignment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-IP_address_assignment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sticky_dynamic_IP_address" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sticky_dynamic_IP_address"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sticky dynamic IP address</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sticky_dynamic_IP_address-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Address_autoconfiguration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Address_autoconfiguration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Address autoconfiguration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Address_autoconfiguration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Addressing_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Addressing_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Addressing conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Addressing_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Routing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Routing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Routing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Routing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Routing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Routing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unicast_addressing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicast_addressing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Unicast addressing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicast_addressing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadcast_addressing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcast_addressing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Broadcast addressing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadcast_addressing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multicast_addressing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multicast_addressing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Multicast addressing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multicast_addressing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anycast_addressing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anycast_addressing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Anycast addressing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anycast_addressing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geolocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geolocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Geolocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geolocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_address" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_address"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Public address</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_address-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Address_translation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Address_translation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Address translation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Address_translation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnostic_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnostic_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Diagnostic tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnostic_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">IP address</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 113 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-adres" title="IP-adres – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="IP-adres" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-Adresse" title="IP-Adresse – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="IP-Adresse" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="عنوان بروتوكول الإنترنت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عنوان بروتوكول الإنترنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreza_IP" title="Adreza IP – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Adreza IP" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adr%C3%A8ce_IP" title="Adrèce IP – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Adrèce IP" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B" title="আই পি এড্ৰেছ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আই পি এড্ৰেছ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%B1es_IP" title="Señes IP – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Señes IP" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_%C3%BCnvan%C4%B1" title="IP ünvanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="IP ünvanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آی‌پی آدرسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آی‌پی آدرسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="আইপি ঠিকানা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইপি ঠিকানা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_t%C4%93-ch%C3%AD" title="IP tē-chí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="IP tē-chí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81" title="IP-адрас – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="IP-адрас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81" title="IP-адрас – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="IP-адрас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="आईपी पता – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आईपी पता" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="IP адрес – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="IP адрес" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-Adress" title="IP-Adress – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="IP-Adress" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-adresa" title="IP-adresa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="IP-adresa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomlec%E2%80%99h_IP" title="Chomlec’h IP – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Chomlec’h IP" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adre%C3%A7a_IP" title="Adreça IP – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Adreça IP" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_adresa" title="IP adresa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="IP adresa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfeiriad_IP" title="Cyfeiriad IP – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyfeiriad IP" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetadresse" title="Internetadresse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Internetadresse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-Adresse" title="IP-Adresse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="IP-Adresse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-aadress" title="IP-aadress – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="IP-aadress" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%B8%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Διεύθυνση Διαδικτυακού Πρωτοκόλλου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διεύθυνση Διαδικτυακού Πρωτοκόλλου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_IP" title="Dirección IP – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dirección IP" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-adreso" title="IP-adreso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="IP-adreso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_helbide" title="IP helbide – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="IP helbide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="نشانی آی‌پی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نشانی آی‌پی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-adressa" title="IP-adressa – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="IP-adressa" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adresse_IP" title="Adresse IP – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Adresse IP" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoladh_IP" title="Seoladh IP – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Seoladh IP" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_adresi" title="IP adresi – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="IP adresi" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enderezo_IP" title="Enderezo IP – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Enderezo IP" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B8" title="IP એડ્રેસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="IP એડ્રેસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_%EC%A3%BC%EC%86%8C" title="IP 주소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="IP 주소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B5-%D6%83%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Այ-փի հասցեներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Այ-փի հասցեներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2" title="इंटरनेट प्रोटोकॉल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इंटरनेट प्रोटोकॉल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_broj" title="IP broj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="IP broj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adreso_IP" title="Adreso IP – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Adreso IP" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="IP address" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamat_IP" title="Alamat IP – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alamat IP" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adresse_IP" title="Adresse IP – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Adresse IP" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-tala" title="IP-tala – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="IP-tala" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirizzo_IP" title="Indirizzo IP – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Indirizzo IP" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91%D7%AA_IP" title="כתובת IP – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתובת IP" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamat_IP" title="Alamat IP – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alamat IP" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="IP-მისამართი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="IP-მისამართი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="IP адрес – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="IP адрес" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adr%C3%A8s_IP" title="Adrès IP – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Adrès IP" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navn%C3%AE%C5%9Fana_IP" title="Navnîşana IP – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Navnîşana IP" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="IP-дарек – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="IP-дарек" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B5" title="ໝາຍເລກໄອພີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໝາຍເລກໄອພີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_adrese" title="IP adrese – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="IP adrese" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_adresas" title="IP adresas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="IP adresas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-adres" title="IP-adres – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="IP-adres" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adressa_IP" title="Adressa IP – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Adressa IP" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-c%C3%ADm" title="IP-cím – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="IP-cím" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="IP-адреса – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="IP-адреса" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90.%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF._%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="ഐ.പി. വിലാസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐ.പി. വിലാസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nohoanga_kawa_ipurangi" title="Nohoanga kawa ipurangi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Nohoanga kawa ipurangi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3" title="IP-მიოწურაფუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="IP-მიოწურაფუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamat_IP" title="Alamat IP – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alamat IP" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B3" title="IP хаяг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="IP хаяг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC" title="အင်တာနက် ပရိုတိုကောလိပ်စာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အင်တာနက် ပရိုတိုကောလိပ်စာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-adres" title="IP-adres – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IP-adres" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9" title="IPアドレス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="IPアドレス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="IP-адрес – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="IP-адрес" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-adresse" title="IP-adresse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="IP-adresse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-adresse" title="IP-adresse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="IP-adresse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adre%C3%A7a_IP" title="Adreça IP – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Adreça IP" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="IP-адрес – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="IP-адрес" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-manzil" title="IP-manzil – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="IP-manzil" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਆਈਪੀ ਪਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਈਪੀ ਪਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_adr%C3%A8s" title="IP adrès – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="IP adrès" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="آی پي ادرس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آی پي ادرس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adres_IP" title="Adres IP – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Adres IP" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endere%C3%A7o_IP" title="Endereço IP – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Endereço IP" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adres%C4%83_IP" title="Adresă IP – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Adresă IP" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_tiyakuy" title="IP tiyakuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="IP tiyakuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="IP-адрес – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="IP-адрес" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81" title="IP аадырыс – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="IP аадырыс" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="IP address" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adresa_IP" title="Adresa IP – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Adresa IP" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnirizzu_IP" title="Nnirizzu IP – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nnirizzu IP" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92.%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93._%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="අයි.පී. ලිපිනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අයි.පී. ලිපිනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="IP address" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A1%D9%90_%D9%BE%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="آءِ پي ايڊريس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آءِ پي ايڊريس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adresa_IP" title="Adresa IP – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Adresa IP" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-naslov" title="IP-naslov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="IP-naslov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="ناونیشانی ئای پی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناونیشانی ئای پی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="IP адреса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="IP адреса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_adresa" title="IP adresa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="IP adresa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-osoite" title="IP-osoite – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="IP-osoite" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-adress" title="IP-adress – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="IP-adress" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="IP address" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="இணைய நெறிமுறை முகவரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இணைய நெறிமுறை முகவரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tansa_IP" title="Tansa IP – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tansa IP" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%90_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81" title="ఐ పీ అడ్రసు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఐ పీ అడ్రసు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5" title="เลขที่อยู่ไอพี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เลขที่อยู่ไอพี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_adresi" title="IP adresi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="IP adresi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0" title="IP-адреса – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="IP-адреса" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%81" title="آئی پی پتہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آئی پی پتہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indariso_IP" title="Indariso IP – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Indariso IP" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_ch%E1%BB%89_IP" title="Địa chỉ IP – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Địa chỉ IP" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E9%9A%9B%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A%E4%BD%8D%E5%9D%80" title="網際協定位址 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="網際協定位址" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP-adres" title="IP-adres – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="IP-adres" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80" title="IP地址 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="IP地址" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A1" title="IP אדרעס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="IP אדרעס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80d%C3%ADr%E1%BA%B9%CC%81%E1%BA%B9%CC%80s%C3%AC_IP" title="Àdírẹ́ẹ̀sì IP – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àdírẹ́ẹ̀sì IP" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP%E4%BD%8D%E5%9D%80" title="IP位址 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="IP位址" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_adresos" title="IP adresos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="IP adresos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80" title="IP地址 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="IP地址" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11135#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this version.</b></p><div id="revision-info-current-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 12:02, 11 November 2024 by <a href="/wiki/User:CosmLearner" class="mw-userlink" title="User:CosmLearner" data-mw-revid="1256756079"><bdi>CosmLearner</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:CosmLearner" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:CosmLearner">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/CosmLearner" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/CosmLearner">contribs</a>)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=IP_address&diff=prev&oldid=1256756079" title="IP address">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=IP_address&direction=prev&oldid=1256756079" title="IP address">← Previous revision</a> | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Numerical label used to identify a network interface in an IP network</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>An <b>Internet Protocol address</b> (<b>IP address</b>) is a numerical label such as <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">192.0.2.1</span></span></i> that is assigned to a device connected to a <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a> that uses the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> for communication.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc760_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc760-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rfc791_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc791-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IP addresses serve two main functions: network interface <a href="/wiki/Identification_(information)" title="Identification (information)">identification</a>, and location <a href="/wiki/Network_address" title="Network address">addressing</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_version_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Protocol version 4">Internet Protocol version 4</a> (IPv4) was the first standalone specification for the IP address, and has been in use since 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc791_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc791-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IPv4 addresses are defined as a <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> number, which became too small to provide enough addresses as the internet grew, leading to <a href="/wiki/IPv4_address_exhaustion" title="IPv4 address exhaustion">IPv4 address exhaustion</a> over the 2010s. Its designated successor, <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>, uses 128 bits for the IP address, giving it a larger <a href="/wiki/Address_space" title="Address space">address space</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc1883_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc1883-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rfc2460_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2460-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rfc8200_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc8200-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/IPv6_deployment" title="IPv6 deployment">IPv6 deployment</a> has been ongoing since the mid-2000s, both IPv4 and IPv6 are still used side-by-side as of 2024. </p><p>IPv4 addresses are usually displayed in a <a href="/wiki/Human-readable" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-readable">human-readable</a> notation, but systems may use them in various different <a href="/wiki/Computer_number_format" title="Computer number format">computer number formats</a>. <a href="/wiki/CIDR_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="CIDR notation">CIDR notation</a> can also be used to designate how much of the address should be treated as a routing prefix. For example, <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">192.0.2.1</span><span style="padding-right: 1px;">/</span><span style="padding-right: 1px;">24</span></span></i> indicates that 24 <a href="/wiki/Significant_bit" class="mw-redirect" title="Significant bit">significant bits</a> of the address are the prefix, with the remaining 8 bits used for host addressing. This is equivalent to the historically used <a href="/wiki/Subnet_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Subnet mask">subnet mask</a> (in this case, <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">255.255.255.0</span></span></i>). </p><p>The IP address space is managed globally by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA) and the five <a href="/wiki/Regional_Internet_registries" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Internet registries">regional Internet registries</a> (RIRs). IANA assigns blocks of IP addresses to the RIRs, which are responsible for distributing them to <a href="/wiki/Local_Internet_registries" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Internet registries">local Internet registries</a> in their region such as <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">internet service providers</a> (ISPs) and large institutions. Some addresses are reserved for <a href="/wiki/Private_network" title="Private network">private networks</a> and are not globally unique. </p><p>Within a network, the <a href="/wiki/Network_administrator" title="Network administrator">network administrator</a> assigns an IP address to each device. Such assignments may be on a <i>static</i> (fixed or permanent) or <i>dynamic</i> basis, depending on network practices and software features. Some jurisdictions consider IP addresses to be <a href="/wiki/Personal_data" title="Personal data">personal data</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2></div> <p>An IP address serves two principal functions: it <a href="/wiki/Identification_(information)" title="Identification (information)">identifies</a> the host, or more specifically, its <a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">network interface</a>, and it provides the location of the host in the network, and thus, the capability of establishing a path to that host. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there."<sup id="cite_ref-rfc791_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc791-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Header_(computing)" title="Header (computing)">header</a> of each <a href="/wiki/Network_packet" title="Network packet">IP packet</a> contains the IP address of the sending host and that of the destination host. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IP_versions">IP versions</h2></div> <p>Two <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol#Version_history" title="Internet Protocol">versions of the Internet Protocol</a> are in common use on the Internet today. The original version of the Internet Protocol that was first deployed in 1983 in the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>, the predecessor of the Internet, is <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_version_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Protocol version 4">Internet Protocol version 4</a> (IPv4). </p><p>By the early 1990s, the rapid <a href="/wiki/IPv4_address_exhaustion" title="IPv4 address exhaustion">exhaustion of IPv4 address space</a> available for assignment to <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_providers" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet service providers">Internet service providers</a> and end-user organizations prompted the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF) to explore new technologies to expand addressing capability on the Internet. The result was a redesign of the Internet Protocol which became eventually known as <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Version_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Protocol Version 6">Internet Protocol Version 6</a> (IPv6) in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc1883_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc1883-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rfc2460_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2460-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rfc8200_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc8200-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IPv6 technology was in various testing stages until the mid-2000s when commercial production deployment commenced. </p><p>Today, these two versions of the Internet Protocol are in simultaneous use. Among other technical changes, each version defines the format of addresses differently. Because of the historical prevalence of IPv4, the generic term <i>IP address</i> typically still refers to the addresses defined by IPv4. The gap in version sequence between IPv4 and IPv6 resulted from the assignment of version 5 to the experimental <a href="/wiki/Internet_Stream_Protocol" title="Internet Stream Protocol">Internet Stream Protocol</a> in 1979, which however was never referred to as IPv5. </p><p>Other versions v1 to v9 were defined, but only v4 and v6 ever gained widespread use. v1 and v2 were names for <a href="/wiki/TCP_protocols" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP protocols">TCP protocols</a> in 1974 and 1977, as there was no separate IP specification at the time. v3 was defined in 1978, and v3.1 is the first version where TCP is separated from IP. v6 is a synthesis of several suggested versions, v6 <i>Simple Internet Protocol</i>, v7 <i>TP/IX: The Next Internet</i>, v8 <i>PIP — The P Internet Protocol</i>, and v9 <i>TUBA — Tcp & Udp with Big Addresses</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-delong2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delong2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subnetworks">Subnetworks</h2></div> <p>IP networks may be divided into <a href="/wiki/Subnetwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Subnetwork">subnetworks</a> in both <a href="/wiki/IPv4_subnetting_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="IPv4 subnetting reference">IPv4</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPv6_subnetting_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="IPv6 subnetting reference">IPv6</a>. For this purpose, an IP address is recognized as consisting of two parts: the <i>network prefix</i> in the high-order bits and the remaining bits called the <i>rest field</i>, <i>host identifier</i>, or <i>interface identifier</i> (IPv6), used for host numbering within a network.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc760_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc760-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Subnet_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Subnet mask">subnet mask</a> or <a href="/wiki/CIDR_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="CIDR notation">CIDR notation</a> determines how the IP address is divided into network and host parts. </p><p>The term <i>subnet mask</i> is only used within IPv4. Both IP versions however use the CIDR concept and notation. In this, the IP address is followed by a slash and the number (in decimal) of bits used for the network part, also called the <i>routing prefix</i>. For example, an IPv4 address and its subnet mask may be <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">192.0.2.1</span></span></i> and <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">255.255.255.0</span></span></i>, respectively. The CIDR notation for the same IP address and subnet is <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">192.0.2.1</span><span style="padding-right: 1px;">/</span><span style="padding-right: 1px;">24</span></span></i>, because the first 24 bits of the IP address indicate the network and subnet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IPv4_addresses">IPv4 addresses</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/IPv4#Addressing" title="IPv4">IPv4 § Addressing</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IPv4_address_structure_and_writing_systems-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/IPv4_address_structure_and_writing_systems-en.svg/300px-IPv4_address_structure_and_writing_systems-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/IPv4_address_structure_and_writing_systems-en.svg/450px-IPv4_address_structure_and_writing_systems-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/IPv4_address_structure_and_writing_systems-en.svg/600px-IPv4_address_structure_and_writing_systems-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1138" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Decomposition of an IPv4 address from <a href="/wiki/Dot-decimal_notation" title="Dot-decimal notation">dot-decimal notation</a> to its binary value</figcaption></figure> <p>An IPv4 address has a size of 32 bits, which limits the <a href="/wiki/Address_space" title="Address space">address space</a> to <span style="white-space:nowrap">4<span style="margin-left:0.25em">294</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">967</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">296</span></span> (2<sup>32</sup>) addresses. Of this number, some addresses are reserved for special purposes such as <a href="/wiki/Private_network" title="Private network">private networks</a> (≈18 million addresses) and <a href="/wiki/Multicast_address" title="Multicast address">multicast addressing</a> (≈270 million addresses). </p><p>IPv4 addresses are usually represented in <a href="/wiki/Dot-decimal_notation" title="Dot-decimal notation">dot-decimal notation</a>, consisting of four decimal numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots, e.g., <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">192.0.2.1</span></span></i>. Each part represents a group of 8 bits (an <a href="/wiki/Octet_(computing)" title="Octet (computing)">octet</a>) of the address.<sup id="cite_ref-IBM_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases of technical writing,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (May 2018)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> IPv4 addresses may be presented in various <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octal" title="Octal">octal</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Binary_numeral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary numeral system">binary</a> representations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subnetting_history">Subnetting history</h3></div> <p>In the early stages of development of the Internet Protocol, the network number was always the highest order octet (most significant eight bits). Because this method allowed for only 256 networks, it soon proved inadequate as additional networks developed that were independent of the existing networks already designated by a network number. In 1981, the addressing specification was revised with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Classful_network" title="Classful network">classful network</a> architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc791_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc791-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Classful network design allowed for a larger number of individual network assignments and fine-grained subnetwork design. The first three bits of the most significant octet of an IP address were defined as the <i>class</i> of the address. Three classes (<i>A</i>, <i>B</i>, and <i>C</i>) were defined for universal <a href="/wiki/Unicast" title="Unicast">unicast</a> addressing. Depending on the class derived, the network identification was based on octet boundary segments of the entire address. Each class used successively additional octets in the network identifier, thus reducing the possible number of hosts in the higher order classes (<i>B</i> and <i>C</i>). The following table gives an overview of this now-obsolete system. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Historical classful network architecture </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Class </th> <th>Leading <br />bits </th> <th>Size of <i>network <br />number</i> bit field </th> <th>Size of <i>rest</i><br />bit field </th> <th>Number<br />of networks </th> <th>Number of addresses<br />per network </th> <th>Start address </th> <th>End address </th></tr> <tr> <th>A </th> <td>0 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>128 (2<sup>7</sup>) </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap">16<span style="margin-left:0.25em">777</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">216</span></span> (2<sup>24</sup>) </td> <td>0.0.0.0 </td> <td>127.255.255.255 </td></tr> <tr> <th>B </th> <td>10 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>16 </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap">16<span style="margin-left:0.25em">384</span></span> (2<sup>14</sup>) </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap">65<span style="margin-left:0.25em">536</span></span> (2<sup>16</sup>) </td> <td>128.0.0.0 </td> <td>191.255.255.255 </td></tr> <tr> <th>C </th> <td>110 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>8 </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap">2<span style="margin-left:0.25em">097</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">152</span></span> (2<sup>21</sup>) </td> <td>256 (2<sup>8</sup>) </td> <td>192.0.0.0 </td> <td>223.255.255.255 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Classful network design served its purpose in the startup stage of the Internet, but it lacked <a href="/wiki/Scalability" title="Scalability">scalability</a> in the face of the rapid expansion of networking in the 1990s. The class system of the address space was replaced with <a href="/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" title="Classless Inter-Domain Routing">Classless Inter-Domain Routing</a> (CIDR) in 1993. CIDR is based on variable-length subnet masking (VLSM) to allow allocation and routing based on arbitrary-length prefixes. Today, remnants of classful network concepts function only in a limited scope as the default configuration parameters of some network software and hardware components (e.g. netmask), and in the technical jargon used in network administrators' discussions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_addresses">Private addresses</h3></div> <p>Early network design, when global end-to-end connectivity was envisioned for communications with all Internet hosts, intended that IP addresses be globally unique. However, it was found that this was not always necessary as private networks developed and public address space needed to be conserved. </p><p>Computers not connected to the Internet, such as factory machines that communicate only with each other via <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a>, need not have globally unique IP addresses. Today, such private networks are widely used and typically connect to the Internet with <a href="/wiki/Network_address_translation" title="Network address translation">network address translation</a> (NAT), when needed. </p><p>Three non-overlapping ranges of IPv4 addresses for private networks are reserved.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc1918_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc1918-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These addresses are not routed on the Internet and thus their use need not be coordinated with an IP address registry. Any user may use any of the reserved blocks. Typically, a network administrator will divide a block into subnets; for example, many <a href="/wiki/Residential_gateway" title="Residential gateway">home routers</a> automatically use a default address range of <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">192.168.0.0</span></span></i> through <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">192.168.0.255</span></span></i> (<i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">192.168.0.0</span><span style="padding-right: 1px;">/</span><span style="padding-right: 1px;">24</span></span></i>). </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Reserved private IPv4 network ranges<sup id="cite_ref-rfc1918_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc1918-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th><a href="/wiki/CIDR" class="mw-redirect" title="CIDR">CIDR</a> block</th> <th>Address range</th> <th>Number of<br />addresses</th> <th><i><a href="/wiki/Classful" class="mw-redirect" title="Classful">Classful</a></i> description </th></tr> <tr> <td>24-bit block</td> <td>10.0.0.0/8</td> <td>10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255</td> <td align="right"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007167772160000000♠"></span>16<span style="margin-left:.25em;">777</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">216</span></span></td> <td>Single Class A </td></tr> <tr> <td>20-bit block</td> <td>172.16.0.0/12</td> <td>172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255</td> <td align="right"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006104857600000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:.25em;">048</span><span style="margin-left:.25em;">576</span></span></td> <td>Contiguous range of 16 Class B blocks </td></tr> <tr> <td>16-bit block</td> <td>192.168.0.0/16</td> <td>192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255</td> <td align="right"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004655360000000000♠"></span>65<span style="margin-left:.25em;">536</span></span></td> <td>Contiguous range of 256 Class C blocks </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IPv6_addresses">IPv6 addresses</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/IPv6_address" title="IPv6 address">IPv6 address</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ipv6_address.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ipv6_address.svg/300px-Ipv6_address.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ipv6_address.svg/450px-Ipv6_address.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ipv6_address.svg/600px-Ipv6_address.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Decomposition of an IPv6 address from <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a> representation to its binary value</figcaption></figure> <p>In IPv6, the address size was increased from 32 bits in IPv4 to 128 bits, thus providing up to 2<sup>128</sup> (approximately <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7038340299999999999♠"></span>3.403<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>38</sup></span>) addresses. This is deemed sufficient for the foreseeable future. </p><p>The intent of the new design was not to provide just a sufficient quantity of addresses, but also redesign routing in the Internet by allowing more efficient aggregation of subnetwork routing prefixes. This resulted in slower growth of <a href="/wiki/Routing_table" title="Routing table">routing tables</a> in routers. The smallest possible individual allocation is a subnet for 2<sup>64</sup> hosts, which is the square of the size of the entire IPv4 Internet. At these levels, actual address utilization ratios will be small on any IPv6 network segment. The new design also provides the opportunity to separate the addressing infrastructure of a network segment, i.e. the local administration of the segment's available space, from the addressing prefix used to route traffic to and from external networks. IPv6 has facilities that automatically change the routing prefix of entire networks, should the global connectivity or the <a href="/wiki/Routing_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Routing policy">routing policy</a> change, without requiring internal redesign or manual renumbering. </p><p>The large number of IPv6 addresses allows large blocks to be assigned for specific purposes and, where appropriate, to be aggregated for efficient routing. With a large address space, there is no need to have complex address conservation methods as used in CIDR. </p><p>All modern desktop and enterprise server operating systems include native support for <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a>, but it is not yet widely deployed in other devices, such as residential networking routers, <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">voice over IP</a> (VoIP) and multimedia equipment, and some <a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">networking hardware</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_addresses_2">Private addresses</h3></div> <p>Just as IPv4 reserves addresses for private networks, blocks of addresses are set aside in IPv6. In IPv6, these are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Unique_local_address" title="Unique local address">unique local addresses</a> (ULAs). The routing prefix <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">fc00::</span><span style="padding-right: 1px;">/</span><span style="padding-right: 1px;">7</span></span></i> is reserved for this block,<sup id="cite_ref-rfc4193_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc4193-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is divided into two <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">/</span><span style="padding-right: 1px;">8</span></span></i> blocks with different implied policies. The addresses include a 40-bit <a href="/wiki/Pseudorandom_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudorandom number">pseudorandom number</a> that minimizes the risk of address collisions if sites merge or packets are misrouted. </p><p>Early practices used a different block for this purpose (<i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">fec0::</span></span></i>), dubbed site-local addresses.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc3513_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3513-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the definition of what constituted a <i>site</i> remained unclear and the poorly defined addressing policy created ambiguities for routing. This address type was abandoned and must not be used in new systems.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc3879_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3879-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Addresses starting with <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">fe80::</span></span></i>, called <a href="/wiki/Link-local_address" title="Link-local address">link-local addresses</a>, are assigned to interfaces for communication on the attached link. The addresses are automatically generated by the operating system for each network interface. This provides instant and automatic communication between all IPv6 hosts on a link. This feature is used in the lower layers of IPv6 network administration, such as for the <a href="/wiki/Neighbor_Discovery_Protocol" title="Neighbor Discovery Protocol">Neighbor Discovery Protocol</a>. </p><p>Private and link-local address prefixes may not be routed on the public Internet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IP_address_assignment">IP address assignment <span class="anchor" id="Dynamic_IP"></span><span class="anchor" id="Static_IP"></span></h2></div> <p>IP addresses are assigned to a host either dynamically as they join the network, or persistently by configuration of the host hardware or software. Persistent configuration is also known as using a <b>static IP address</b>. In contrast, when a computer's IP address is assigned each time it restarts, this is known as using a <b>dynamic IP address</b>. </p><p>Dynamic IP addresses are assigned by network using <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol</a> (DHCP).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DHCP is the most frequently used technology for assigning addresses. It avoids the administrative burden of assigning specific static addresses to each device on a network. It also allows devices to share the limited address space on a network if only some of them are online at a particular time. Typically, dynamic IP configuration is enabled by default in modern desktop operating systems. </p><p>The address assigned with DHCP is associated with a <i>lease</i> and usually has an expiration period. If the lease is not renewed by the host before expiry, the address may be assigned to another device. Some DHCP implementations attempt to reassign the same IP address to a host, based on its <a href="/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">MAC address</a>, each time it joins the network. A network administrator may configure DHCP by allocating specific IP addresses based on MAC address. </p><p>DHCP is not the only technology used to assign IP addresses dynamically. <a href="/wiki/Bootstrap_Protocol" title="Bootstrap Protocol">Bootstrap Protocol</a> is a similar protocol and predecessor to DHCP. <a href="/wiki/Dialup" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialup">Dialup</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Broadband_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadband networks">broadband networks</a> use dynamic address features of the <a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">Point-to-Point Protocol</a>. </p><p>Computers and equipment used for the network infrastructure, such as routers and mail servers, are typically configured with static addressing. </p><p>In the absence or failure of static or dynamic address configurations, an operating system may assign a link-local address to a host using stateless address autoconfiguration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sticky_dynamic_IP_address">Sticky dynamic IP address <span class="anchor" id="Sticky_dynamic_IP_address"></span></h3></div> <p><i>Sticky</i> is an informal term used to describe a dynamically assigned IP address that seldom changes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IPv4 addresses, for example, are usually assigned with DHCP, and a DHCP service <i>can</i> use rules that maximize the chance of assigning the same address each time a client asks for an assignment. In IPv6, a <a href="/wiki/Prefix_delegation" title="Prefix delegation">prefix delegation</a> can be handled similarly, to make changes as rare as feasible. In a typical home or small-office setup, a single <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">router</a> is the only device visible to an <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a> (ISP), and the ISP may try to provide a configuration that is as stable as feasible, i.e. <i>sticky</i>. On the local network of the home or business, a local DHCP server may be designed to provide sticky IPv4 configurations, and the ISP may provide a sticky IPv6 prefix delegation, giving clients the option to use sticky IPv6 addresses. <i>Sticky</i> should not be confused with <i>static</i>; sticky configurations have no guarantee of stability, while static configurations are used indefinitely and only changed deliberately. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Address_autoconfiguration">Address autoconfiguration</h3></div> <p>Address block <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">169.254.0.0</span><span style="padding-right: 1px;">/</span><span style="padding-right: 1px;">16</span></span></i> is defined for the special use of link-local addressing for IPv4 networks.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc6890_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc6890-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In IPv6, every interface, whether using static or dynamic addresses, also receives a link-local address automatically in the block <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">fe80::</span><span style="padding-right: 1px;">/</span><span style="padding-right: 1px;">10</span></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc6890_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc6890-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These addresses are only valid on the link, such as a local network segment or point-to-point connection, to which a host is connected. These addresses are not routable and, like private addresses, cannot be the source or destination of packets traversing the Internet. </p><p>When the link-local IPv4 address block was reserved, no standards existed for mechanisms of address autoconfiguration. Filling the void, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> developed a protocol called <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Private_IP_Addressing" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic Private IP Addressing">Automatic Private IP Addressing</a> (APIPA), whose first public implementation appeared in <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> APIPA has been deployed on millions of machines and became a <a href="/wiki/De_facto_standard" title="De facto standard"><i>de facto</i> standard</a> in the industry. In May 2005, the <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> defined a formal standard for it.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc3927_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3927-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Addressing_conflicts">Addressing conflicts</h3></div> <p>An IP address conflict occurs when two devices on the same local physical or wireless network claim to have the same IP address. A second assignment of an address generally stops the IP functionality of one or both of the devices. Many modern <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> notify the administrator of IP address conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When IP addresses are assigned by multiple people and systems with differing methods, any of them may be at fault.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If one of the devices involved in the conflict is the <a href="/wiki/Default_gateway" title="Default gateway">default gateway</a> access beyond the LAN for all devices on the LAN, all devices may be impaired. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Routing">Routing</h2></div> <p>IP addresses are classified into several classes of operational characteristics: unicast, multicast, anycast and broadcast addressing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unicast_addressing">Unicast addressing</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/IP_address" title="Special:EditPage/IP address">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The most common concept of an IP address is in <a href="/wiki/Unicast" title="Unicast">unicast</a> addressing, available in both IPv4 and IPv6. It normally refers to a single sender or a single receiver, and can be used for both sending and receiving. Usually, a unicast address is associated with a single device or host, but a device or host may have more than one unicast address. Sending the same data to multiple unicast addresses requires the sender to send all the data many times over, once for each recipient. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadcast_addressing">Broadcast addressing</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_(networking)" title="Broadcasting (networking)">Broadcasting</a> is an addressing technique available in IPv4 to address data to all possible destinations on a network in one transmission operation as an <i>all-hosts broadcast</i>. All receivers capture the network packet. The address <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">255.255.255.255</span></span></i> is used for network broadcast. In addition, a more limited directed broadcast uses the all-ones host address with the network prefix. For example, the destination address used for directed broadcast to devices on the network <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">192.0.2.0</span><span style="padding-right: 1px;">/</span><span style="padding-right: 1px;">24</span></span></i> is <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">192.0.2.255</span></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IPv6 does not implement broadcast addressing and replaces it with multicast to the specially defined all-nodes multicast address. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multicast_addressing">Multicast addressing</h3></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Multicast_address" title="Multicast address">multicast address</a> is associated with a group of interested receivers. In IPv4, addresses <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">224.0.0.0</span></span></i> through <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">239.255.255.255</span></span></i> (the former <a href="/wiki/Classful_network" title="Classful network">Class D</a> addresses) are designated as multicast addresses.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc5771_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc5771-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IPv6 uses the address block with the prefix <i><span class="ipaddr"><span style="padding-right: 1px;">ff00::</span><span style="padding-right: 1px;">/</span><span style="padding-right: 1px;">8</span></span></i> for multicast. In either case, the sender sends a single <a href="/wiki/Datagram" title="Datagram">datagram</a> from its unicast address to the multicast group address and the intermediary routers take care of making copies and sending them to all interested receivers (those that have joined the corresponding multicast group). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anycast_addressing">Anycast addressing</h3></div> <p>Like broadcast and multicast, <a href="/wiki/Anycast" title="Anycast">anycast</a> is a one-to-many routing topology. However, the data stream is not transmitted to all receivers, just the one which the router decides is closest in the network. Anycast addressing is a built-in feature of IPv6.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc2526_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2526-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rfc4291_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc4291-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In IPv4, anycast addressing is implemented with <a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">Border Gateway Protocol</a> using the shortest-path <a href="/wiki/Metrics_(networking)" title="Metrics (networking)">metric</a> to choose destinations. Anycast methods are useful for global <a href="/wiki/Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)">load balancing</a> and are commonly used in distributed <a href="/wiki/DNS" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS">DNS</a> systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geolocation">Geolocation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AIP_address&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+25+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=IP+address">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IP_address&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internet_geolocation" title="Internet geolocation">Internet geolocation</a></div> <p>A host may use <a href="/wiki/Geolocation_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Geolocation software">geolocation</a> to deduce the <a href="/wiki/Geographic_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic position">geographic position</a> of its communicating peer.<sup id="cite_ref-oreilly_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oreilly-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is typically done by retrieving geolocation info about the IP address of the other node from a database.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_address">Public address</h2></div> <p>A public IP address is a globally routable unicast IP address, meaning that the address is not an address reserved for use in <a href="/wiki/Private_network" title="Private network">private networks</a>, such as those reserved by <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1918">1918</a>, or the various IPv6 address formats of local scope or site-local scope, for example for link-local addressing. Public IP addresses may be used for communication between hosts on the global Internet. In a home situation, a public IP address is the IP address assigned to the home's network by the <a href="/wiki/ISP" class="mw-redirect" title="ISP">ISP</a>. In this case, it is also locally visible by logging into the router configuration.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most public IP addresses change, and relatively often. Any type of IP address that changes is called a dynamic IP address. In home networks, the ISP usually assigns a dynamic IP. If an ISP gave a home network an unchanging address, it is more likely to be abused by customers who host websites from home, or by <a href="/wiki/Hacker" title="Hacker">hackers</a> who can try the same IP address over and over until they breach a network.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Address_translation">Address translation</h2></div> <p>Multiple client devices can appear to <span class="anchor" id="shared_IP"></span>share an IP address, either because they are part of a <a href="/wiki/Shared_web_hosting_service" title="Shared web hosting service">shared web hosting service</a> environment or because an IPv4 <a href="/wiki/Network_address_translator" class="mw-redirect" title="Network address translator">network address translator</a> (NAT) or <a href="/wiki/Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">proxy server</a> acts as an <a href="/wiki/Intermediary" title="Intermediary">intermediary</a> agent on behalf of the client, in which case the real originating IP address is masked from the server receiving a request. A common practice is to have a NAT mask many devices in a private network. Only the public interface(s) of the NAT needs to have an Internet-routable address.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NAT device maps different IP addresses on the private network to different TCP or UDP <a href="/wiki/Port_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Port number">port numbers</a> on the public network. In residential networks, NAT functions are usually implemented in a <a href="/wiki/Residential_gateway" title="Residential gateway">residential gateway</a>. In this scenario, the computers connected to the router have private IP addresses and the router has a public address on its external interface to communicate on the Internet. The internal computers appear to share one public IP address. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law">Law</h2></div> <p>In March 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> decided that IP addresses were protected private information under the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></i>, with police searches requiring a warrant in order to obtain them.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IP addresses are considered personal data by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> and are protected by the <i><a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">General Data Protection Regulation</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnostic_tools">Diagnostic tools</h2></div> <p>Computer operating systems provide various diagnostic tools to examine network interfaces and address configuration. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> provides the <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a> tools <a href="/wiki/Ipconfig" title="Ipconfig">ipconfig</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Netsh" title="Netsh">netsh</a> and users of <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems may use <a href="/wiki/Ifconfig" title="Ifconfig">ifconfig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netstat" title="Netstat">netstat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Route_(command)" title="Route (command)">route</a>, lanstat, <a href="/wiki/Fstat_(Unix)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fstat (Unix)">fstat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iproute2" title="Iproute2">iproute2</a> utilities to accomplish the task.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Octicons-terminal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/24px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/37px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/49px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming" title="Portal:Computer programming">Computer programming portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hostname" title="Hostname">Hostname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP_address_blocking" title="IP address blocking">IP address blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP_address_spoofing" title="IP address spoofing">IP address spoofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP_aliasing" title="IP aliasing">IP aliasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP_multicast" title="IP multicast">IP multicast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assigned_/8_IPv4_address_blocks" title="List of assigned /8 IPv4 address blocks">List of assigned /8 IPv4 address blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_DNS_lookup" title="Reverse DNS lookup">Reverse DNS lookup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_IP_address" title="Virtual IP address">Virtual IP address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS">WHOIS</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rfc760-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc760_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc760_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Postel1980" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">J. Postel</a>, ed. (January 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc760"><i>INTERNET PROTOCOL - DARPA INTERNET PROGRAM PROTOCOL SPECIFICATION</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC0760">10.17487/RFC0760</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc760">760</a>. IEN 128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=INTERNET+PROTOCOL+-+DARPA+INTERNET+PROGRAM+PROTOCOL+SPECIFICATION&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=1980-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC0760&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Obsolete.</i> Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc791">791</a>. Replaces IEN 123, 111, 80, 54, 44, 41, 28 and 26. Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc777">777</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc791-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc791_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc791_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc791_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc791_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Postel1981" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel">J. Postel</a>, ed. (September 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc791"><i>INTERNET PROTOCOL - DARPA INTERNET PROGRAM PROTOCOL SPECIFICATION</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC0791">10.17487/RFC0791</a></span>. STD 5. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc791">791</a>. IEN 128, 123, 111, 80, 54, 44, 41, 28, 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=INTERNET+PROTOCOL+-+DARPA+INTERNET+PROGRAM+PROTOCOL+SPECIFICATION&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=1981-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC0791&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Internet Standard 5.</i> Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc760">760</a>. Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1349">1349</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2474">2474</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6864">6864</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc1883-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc1883_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc1883_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._DeeringR._Hinden1995" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Deering" title="Steve Deering">S. Deering</a>; R. Hinden (December 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1883"><i>Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1883">10.17487/RFC1883</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1883">1883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+Protocol%2C+Version+6+%28IPv6%29+Specification&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1995-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC1883&rft.au=S.+Deering&rft.au=R.+Hinden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc1883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Obsolete.</i> Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2460">2460</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc2460-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc2460_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc2460_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._DeeringR._Hinden1998" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Deering" title="Steve Deering">S. Deering</a>; R. Hinden (December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2460"><i>Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2460">10.17487/RFC2460</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2460">2460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+Protocol%2C+Version+6+%28IPv6%29+Specification&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1998-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2460&rft.au=S.+Deering&rft.au=R.+Hinden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Obsolete.</i> Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8200">8200</a>. Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1883">1883</a>. Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5095">5095</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5722">5722</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5871">5871</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6437">6437</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6564">6564</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6935">6935</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6946">6946</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7045">7045</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7112">7112</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc8200-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc8200_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc8200_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._DeeringR._Hinden2017" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Deering" title="Steve Deering">S. Deering</a>; R. Hinden (July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8200"><i>Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC8200">10.17487/RFC8200</a></span>. STD 86. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8200">8200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+Protocol%2C+Version+6+%28IPv6%29+Specification&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC8200&rft.au=S.+Deering&rft.au=R.+Hinden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc8200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Internet Standard 86.</i> Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2460">2460</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-delong2017-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-delong2017_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLong" class="citation web cs1">DeLong, Owen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.socallinuxexpo.org/sites/default/files/presentations/Why%20IP%20Versions%20and%20Why%20do%20I%20care.pdf">"Why does IP have versions? Why do I care?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Scale15x</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scale15x&rft.atitle=Why+does+IP+have+versions%3F+Why+do+I+care%3F&rft.aulast=DeLong&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.socallinuxexpo.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpresentations%2FWhy%2520IP%2520Versions%2520and%2520Why%2520do%2520I%2520care.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBM-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBM_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/ts3500-tape-library?topic=functionality-ipv4-ipv6-address-formats">"IPv4 and IPv6 address formats"</a>. <i>www.ibm.com</i>. <q>An IPv4 address has the following format: x . x . x . x where x is called an octet and must be a decimal value between 0 and 255. Octets are separated by periods. An IPv4 address must contain three periods and four octets. The following examples are valid IPv4 addresses:<br /> 1 . 2 . 3 . 4<br /> 01 . 102 . 103 . 104</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ibm.com&rft.atitle=IPv4+and+IPv6+address+formats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibm.com%2Fdocs%2Fen%2Fts3500-tape-library%3Ftopic%3Dfunctionality-ipv4-ipv6-address-formats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc1918-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc1918_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc1918_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFY._RekhterB._MoskowitzD._KarrenbergG._J._de_Groot1996" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Rekhter" title="Yakov Rekhter">Y. Rekhter</a>; B. Moskowitz; D. Karrenberg; G. J. de Groot; E. Lear (February 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1918"><i>Address Allocation for Private Internets</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC1918">10.17487/RFC1918</a></span>. BCP 5. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1918">1918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Address+Allocation+for+Private+Internets&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1996-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC1918&rft.au=Y.+Rekhter&rft.au=B.+Moskowitz&rft.au=D.+Karrenberg&rft.au=G.+J.+de+Groot&rft.au=E.+Lear&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc1918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Best Current Practice 5.</i> Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1627">1627</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1597">1597</a>. Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6761">6761</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc4193-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc4193_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._HindenB._Haberman2005" class="citation cs1">R. Hinden; B. Haberman (October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4193"><i>Unique Local IPv6 Unicast Addresses</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC4193">10.17487/RFC4193</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4193">4193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unique+Local+IPv6+Unicast+Addresses&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC4193&rft.au=R.+Hinden&rft.au=B.+Haberman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc4193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Proposed Standard.</i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc3513-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc3513_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._HindenS._Deering2003" class="citation cs1">R. Hinden; <a href="/wiki/Steve_Deering" title="Steve Deering">S. Deering</a> (April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3513"><i>IP Version 6 Addressing Architecturen</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3513">10.17487/RFC3513</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3513">3513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IP+Version+6+Addressing+Architecturen&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=2003-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3513&rft.au=R.+Hinden&rft.au=S.+Deering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc3513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Obsolete.</i> Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2373">2373</a>. Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4291">4291</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc3879-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc3879_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._HuitemaB._Carpenter2004" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Huitema" title="Christian Huitema">C. Huitema</a>; B. Carpenter (September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3879"><i>Deprecating Site Local Addresses</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3879">10.17487/RFC3879</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3879">3879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deprecating+Site+Local+Addresses&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3879&rft.au=C.+Huitema&rft.au=B.+Carpenter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc3879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Proposed Standard.</i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Do2010" class="citation journal cs1">Van Do, Tien (1 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0305054809001555">"An efficient solution to a retrial queue for the performability evaluation of DHCP"</a>. <i>Computers & Operations Research</i>. <b>37</b> (7): 1191–1198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cor.2009.05.014">10.1016/j.cor.2009.05.014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computers+%26+Operations+Research&rft.atitle=An+efficient+solution+to+a+retrial+queue+for+the+performability+evaluation+of+DHCP&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1191-1198&rft.date=2010-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cor.2009.05.014&rft.aulast=Van+Do&rft.aufirst=Tien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0305054809001555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coursesidekick.com/business/study-guides/sanjacinto-computerapps-v2/reading-ip-address">"Reading: IP Address"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reading%3A+IP+Address&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coursesidekick.com%2Fbusiness%2Fstudy-guides%2Fsanjacinto-computerapps-v2%2Freading-ip-address&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc6890-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc6890_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc6890_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._CottonL._VegodaB._Haberman2013" class="citation cs1">M. Cotton; L. Vegoda; B. Haberman (April 2013). R. Bonica (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6890"><i>Special-Purpose IP Address Registries</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC6890">10.17487/RFC6890</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2070-1721">2070-1721</a>. BCP 153. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6890">6890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Special-Purpose+IP+Address+Registries&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC6890&rft.issn=2070-1721&rft.au=M.+Cotton&rft.au=L.+Vegoda&rft.au=B.+Haberman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc6890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Best Current Practice 153.</i> Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4773">4773</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5156">5156</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5735">5735</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5736">5736</a>. Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8190">8190</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-2000-server/cc958957(v%3dtechnet.10)">"DHCP and Automatic Private IP Addressing"</a>. <i>Microsoft Learn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Learn&rft.atitle=DHCP+and+Automatic+Private+IP+Addressing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fprevious-versions%2Fwindows%2Fit-pro%2Fwindows-2000-server%2Fcc958957%28v%253dtechnet.10%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc3927-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc3927_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._CheshireB._AbobaE._Guttman2005" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Cheshire" title="Stuart Cheshire">S. Cheshire</a>; B. Aboba; E. Guttman (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3927"><i>Dynamic Configuration of IPv4 Link-Local Addresses</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3927">10.17487/RFC3927</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3927">3927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynamic+Configuration+of+IPv4+Link-Local+Addresses&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3927&rft.au=S.+Cheshire&rft.au=B.+Aboba&rft.au=E.+Guttman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc3927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Proposed Standard.</i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2008-R2-and-2008/dd379838(v=ws.10)">"Event ID 4198 — TCP/IP Network Interface Configuration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_TechNet" title="Microsoft TechNet">TechNet</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Docs" title="Microsoft Docs">Microsoft Docs</a></i>. 26 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Docs&rft.atitle=Event+ID+4198+%E2%80%94+TCP%2FIP+Network+Interface+Configuration&rft.date=2009-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fprevious-versions%2Fwindows%2Fit-pro%2Fwindows-server-2008-R2-and-2008%2Fdd379838%28v%3Dws.10%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2008-R2-and-2008/dd379922(v=ws.10)">"Event ID 4199 — TCP/IP Network Interface Configuration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_TechNet" title="Microsoft TechNet">TechNet</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Docs" title="Microsoft Docs">Microsoft Docs</a></i>. 26 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Docs&rft.atitle=Event+ID+4199+%E2%80%94+TCP%2FIP+Network+Interface+Configuration&rft.date=2009-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fprevious-versions%2Fwindows%2Fit-pro%2Fwindows-server-2008-R2-and-2008%2Fdd379922%28v%3Dws.10%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell,_Bradley" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Bradley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://compnetworking.about.com/od/workingwithipaddresses/f/ip_conflict.htm">"IP Address Conflicts – What Is an IP Address Conflict?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com">About.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413194343/http://compnetworking.about.com/od/workingwithipaddresses/f/ip_conflict.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IP+Address+Conflicts+%E2%80%93+What+Is+an+IP+Address+Conflict%3F&rft.pub=About.com&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Bradley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcompnetworking.about.com%2Fod%2Fworkingwithipaddresses%2Ff%2Fip_conflict.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKishore,_Aseem2009" class="citation web cs1">Kishore, Aseem (4 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.online-tech-tips.com/computer-tips/ip-address-already-in-use/">"How to Fix an IP Address Conflict"</a>. Online Tech Tips Online-tech-tips.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Fix+an+IP+Address+Conflict&rft.pub=Online+Tech+Tips+Online-tech-tips.com&rft.date=2009-08-04&rft.au=Kishore%2C+Aseem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.online-tech-tips.com%2Fcomputer-tips%2Fip-address-already-in-use%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130926071157/http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows7/get-help-with-there-is-an-ip-address-conflict-message">"Get help with "There is an IP address conflict" message"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 22 November 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows7/get-help-with-there-is-an-ip-address-conflict-message">the original</a> on 26 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Get+help+with+%26quot%3BThere+is+an+IP+address+conflict%26quot%3B+message&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=2013-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwindows.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fwindows7%2Fget-help-with-there-is-an-ip-address-conflict-message&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/q133490">"Fix duplicate IP address conflicts on a DHCP network"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 15 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141228223206/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/q133490">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fix+duplicate+IP+address+conflicts+on+a+DHCP+network&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=2013-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fkb%2Fq133490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran,_Joseph2010" class="citation web cs1">Moran, Joseph (1 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Internet/2007/IP_Address_Conflicts.asp">"Understanding And Resolving IP Address Conflicts"</a>. Webopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002155215/http://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Internet/2007/IP_Address_Conflicts.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+And+Resolving+IP+Address+Conflicts&rft.pub=Webopedia&rft.date=2010-09-01&rft.au=Moran%2C+Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webopedia.com%2FDidYouKnow%2FInternet%2F2007%2FIP_Address_Conflicts.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ionos.com/digitalguide/server/know-how/broadcast-address/">"What is a broadcast address?"</a>. <i>IONOS Digitalguide</i>. 13 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IONOS+Digitalguide&rft.atitle=What+is+a+broadcast+address%3F&rft.date=2022-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ionos.com%2Fdigitalguide%2Fserver%2Fknow-how%2Fbroadcast-address%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc5771-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc5771_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._CottonL._VegodaD._Meyer2010" class="citation cs1">M. Cotton; L. Vegoda; D. Meyer (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5771"><i>IANA Guidelines for IPv4 Multicast Address Assignments</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5771">10.17487/RFC5771</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2070-1721">2070-1721</a>. BCP 51. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5771">5771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IANA+Guidelines+for+IPv4+Multicast+Address+Assignments&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC5771&rft.issn=2070-1721&rft.au=M.+Cotton&rft.au=L.+Vegoda&rft.au=D.+Meyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc5771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Best Current Practice 51.</i> Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3138">3138</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3171">3171</a>. Updates <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2780">2780</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc2526-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc2526_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._JohnsonS._Deering1999" class="citation cs1">D. Johnson; <a href="/wiki/Steve_Deering" title="Steve Deering">S. Deering</a> (March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2526"><i>Reserved IPv6 Subnet Anycast Addresses</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC2526">10.17487/RFC2526</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2526">2526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reserved+IPv6+Subnet+Anycast+Addresses&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=1999-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC2526&rft.au=D.+Johnson&rft.au=S.+Deering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Proposed Standard.</i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc4291-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc4291_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._HindenS._Deering2006" class="citation cs1">R. Hinden; <a href="/wiki/Steve_Deering" title="Steve Deering">S. Deering</a> (February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4291"><i>IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC4291">10.17487/RFC4291</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4291">4291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IP+Version+6+Addressing+Architecture&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=2006-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC4291&rft.au=R.+Hinden&rft.au=S.+Deering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc4291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Draft Standard.</i> Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3513">3513</a>. Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5952">5952</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6052">6052</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7136">7136</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7346">7346</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7371">7371</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8064">8064</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oreilly-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oreilly_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoldener2011" class="citation book cs1">Holdener, Anthony T. (2011). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/htmlgeolocation00iiia_202"><i>HTML5 Geolocation</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/htmlgeolocation00iiia_202/page/n19">11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781449304720" title="Special:BookSources/9781449304720"><bdi>9781449304720</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HTML5+Geolocation&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781449304720&rft.aulast=Holdener&rft.aufirst=Anthony+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhtmlgeolocation00iiia_202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomosny2021" class="citation journal cs1">Komosny, Dan (22 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8348169">"Retrospective IP Address Geolocation for Geography-Aware Internet Services"</a>. <i>Sensors</i>. <b>21</b> (15): 4975. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Senso..21.4975K">2021Senso..21.4975K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fs21154975">10.3390/s21154975</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11012%2F200946">11012/200946</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1424-8220">1424-8220</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8348169">8348169</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34372212">34372212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sensors&rft.atitle=Retrospective+IP+Address+Geolocation+for+Geography-Aware+Internet+Services&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=4975&rft.date=2021-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8348169%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Senso..21.4975K&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fs21154975&rft.issn=1424-8220&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34372212&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11012%2F200946&rft.aulast=Komosny&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8348169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090125023649/http://www.netop.org/services/ip-geolocation">"IP geolocation (The NetOp Organization)"</a>. 25 January 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netop.org/services/ip-geolocation">the original</a> on 25 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IP+geolocation+%28The+NetOp+Organization%29&rft.date=2009-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netop.org%2Fservices%2Fip-geolocation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-a-public-ip-address-2625974#mntl-sc-block_1-0-38">"What Is a Public IP Address? (and How to Find Yours)"</a>. <i>Lifewire</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lifewire&rft.atitle=What+Is+a+Public+IP+Address%3F+%28and+How+to+Find+Yours%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifewire.com%2Fwhat-is-a-public-ip-address-2625974%23mntl-sc-block_1-0-38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComer2000" class="citation book cs1">Comer, Douglas (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/dec/netbooks.html"><i>Internetworking with TCP/IP:Principles, Protocols, and Architectures – 4th ed</i></a>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 394. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-018380-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-018380-4"><bdi>978-0-13-018380-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100413232359/http://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/dec/netbooks.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internetworking+with+TCP%2FIP%3APrinciples%2C+Protocols%2C+and+Architectures+%E2%80%93+4th+ed.&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.pages=394&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-13-018380-4&rft.aulast=Comer&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.purdue.edu%2Fhomes%2Fdec%2Fnetbooks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimonjic" class="citation web cs1">Zimonjic, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/supreme-court-privacy-ipaddress-1.7130727">"Police now need a warrant to get a person's IP address, Supreme Court rules"</a>. <i>CBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Police+now+need+a+warrant+to+get+a+person%27s+IP+address%2C+Supreme+Court+rules&rft.aulast=Zimonjic&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fsupreme-court-privacy-ipaddress-1.7130727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commission.europa.eu/law/law-topic/data-protection/reform/what-personal-data_en">"What is personal data?"</a>. <i>European Commission</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Commission&rft.atitle=What+is+personal+data%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommission.europa.eu%2Flaw%2Flaw-topic%2Fdata-protection%2Freform%2Fwhat-personal-data_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/ipconfig">"ipconfig"</a>. <i>Microsoft Docs</i>. 16 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Docs&rft.atitle=ipconfig&rft.date=2017-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fwindows-server%2Fadministration%2Fwindows-commands%2Fipconfig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Interface Configuration for IP". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oreilly.com/openbook/linag2/book/ch05.html"><i>Linux Network Administrators Guide</i></a>. June 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Interface+Configuration+for+IP&rft.btitle=Linux+Network+Administrators+Guide&rft.date=2000-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oreilly.com%2Fopenbook%2Flinag2%2Fbook%2Fch05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIP+address" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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