Overview | Authorization | Google for Developers

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</a> <a href="#" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Dropdown menu for Authentication" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/authentication" track-metadata-position="nav - authentication" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Authentication" track-name="authentication" class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-toggle devsite-icon devsite-icon-arrow-drop-down"></a> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown" aria-label="submenu" hidden> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-content"> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column "> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Sign In with Google SDKs</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/android-credential-manager" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/android-credential-manager" track-metadata-position="nav - authentication" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="sign in with google sdks" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Credential Manager for Android </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/gsi/web/guides/overview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/gsi/web/guides/overview" track-metadata-position="nav - authentication" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="sign in with google sdks" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Sign In with Google for Web (including One Tap) </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/sign-in/ios/start" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/sign-in/ios/start" track-metadata-position="nav - authentication" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="sign in with google sdks" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Sign-In for iOS and macOS </div> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Industry standards</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/passkeys" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/passkeys" track-metadata-position="nav - authentication" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="sign in with google sdks" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Passkeys </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/openid-connect/openid-connect" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/openid-connect/openid-connect" track-metadata-position="nav - authentication" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="sign in with google sdks" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> OpenID Connect </div> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Legacy Sign In</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/one-tap/android/overview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/one-tap/android/overview" track-metadata-position="nav - authentication" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="sign in with google sdks" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> One Tap sign-up/sign-in for Android </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/sign-in/android/legacy-start-integrating" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/sign-in/android/legacy-start-integrating" track-metadata-position="nav - authentication" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="sign in with google sdks" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Sign-In for Android </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/sign-in/web/sign-in" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/sign-in/web/sign-in" track-metadata-position="nav - authentication" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="sign in with google sdks" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Sign-In for Web </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </tab> <tab class="devsite-dropdown devsite-active "> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/authorization" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/authorization" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - authorization" track-metadata-module="primary nav" aria-label="Authorization, selected" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Authorization" track-name="authorization" > Authorization </a> <a href="#" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Dropdown menu for Authorization" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/authorization" track-metadata-position="nav - authorization" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Authorization" track-name="authorization" class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-toggle devsite-icon devsite-icon-arrow-drop-down"></a> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown" aria-label="submenu" hidden> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-content"> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column "> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Call Google APIs</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/sign-in/android/authorize-access" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/sign-in/android/authorize-access" track-metadata-position="nav - authorization" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="call google apis" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Authorizing for Android </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/oauth2/web/guides/overview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/oauth2/web/guides/overview" track-metadata-position="nav - authorization" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="call google apis" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Authorizing for Web </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/sign-in/ios/api-access" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/sign-in/ios/api-access" track-metadata-position="nav - authorization" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="call google apis" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Authorizing for iOS/macOS </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/protocols/oauth2" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/protocols/oauth2" track-metadata-position="nav - authorization" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="call google apis" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Using OAuth 2.0 </div> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Share data with Google apps and devices</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/account-linking" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/account-linking" track-metadata-position="nav - authorization" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="call google apis" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Google Account Linking </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </tab> <tab class="devsite-dropdown "> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/credential-management" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/credential-management" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - credential management" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Credential management" track-name="credential management" > Credential management </a> <a href="#" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Dropdown menu for Credential management" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/credential-management" track-metadata-position="nav - credential management" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Credential management" track-name="credential management" class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-toggle devsite-icon devsite-icon-arrow-drop-down"></a> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown" aria-label="submenu" hidden> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-content"> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column "> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Android</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/android-credential-manager" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/android-credential-manager" track-metadata-position="nav - credential management" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="android" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Credential Manager </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/blockstore/android" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/blockstore/android" track-metadata-position="nav - credential management" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="android" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Blockstore </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/smartlock-passwords/android/associate-apps-and-sites" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/smartlock-passwords/android/associate-apps-and-sites" track-metadata-position="nav - credential management" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="android" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Digital Asset Links </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/text/autofill" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/text/autofill" track-metadata-position="nav - credential management" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="android" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Android autofill framework </div> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Web</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://web.dev/sign-in-form-best-practices/" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://web.dev/sign-in-form-best-practices/" track-metadata-position="nav - credential management" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="android" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Autocomplete </div> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Cross-platform</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/credential-sharing" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/credential-sharing" track-metadata-position="nav - credential management" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="android" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Seamless credential sharing </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </tab> <tab class="devsite-dropdown "> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/credential-verification" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/credential-verification" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - credential verification" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Credential verification" track-name="credential verification" > Credential verification </a> <a href="#" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Dropdown menu for Credential verification" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/credential-verification" track-metadata-position="nav - credential verification" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Credential verification" track-name="credential verification" class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-toggle devsite-icon devsite-icon-arrow-drop-down"></a> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown" aria-label="submenu" hidden> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-content"> <div class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-column "> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Android</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/sms-retriever/overview" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/sms-retriever/overview" track-metadata-position="nav - credential verification" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="android" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Verify users by SMS </div> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/phone-number-hint/android" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/phone-number-hint/android" track-metadata-position="nav - credential verification" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="android" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Phone Number Hint </div> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-tabs-dropdown-section "> <li class="devsite-nav-title" role="heading" tooltip>Web</li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://web.dev/web-otp/" track-type="nav" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://web.dev/web-otp/" track-metadata-position="nav - credential verification" track-metadata-module="tertiary nav" track-metadata-module_headline="android" tooltip > <div class="devsite-nav-item-title"> Verify phone numbers on the web </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </tab> </nav> </devsite-tabs> </div> <devsite-search enable-signin enable-search enable-suggestions enable-query-completion project-name="Authorization" tenant-name="Google for Developers" project-scope="/identity/authorization" url-scoped="https://developers.google.com/s/results/identity/authorization" > <form class="devsite-search-form" action="https://developers.google.com/s/results" method="GET"> <div class="devsite-search-container"> <button type="button" search-open class="devsite-search-button devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons" aria-label="Open search"></button> <div class="devsite-searchbox"> <input aria-activedescendant="" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-label="Search" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="listbox" autocomplete="off" class="devsite-search-field devsite-search-query" name="q" placeholder="Search" role="combobox" type="text" value="" > <div class="devsite-search-image material-icons" aria-hidden="true"> </div> <div class="devsite-search-shortcut-icon-container" aria-hidden="true"> <kbd class="devsite-search-shortcut-icon">/</kbd> </div> </div> </div> </form> <button type="button" search-close class="devsite-search-button devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons" aria-label="Close search"></button> </devsite-search> </div> <devsite-language-selector> <ul role="presentation"> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="en" >English</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="de" >Deutsch</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="es" >Español</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="es_419" >Español – América Latina</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="fr" >Français</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="id" >Indonesia</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="it" >Italiano</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="pl" >Polski</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="pt_br" >Português – Brasil</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="vi" >Tiếng Việt</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="tr" >Türkçe</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ru" >Русский</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="he" >עברית</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ar" >العربيّة</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="fa" >فارسی</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="hi" >हिंदी</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="bn" >বাংলা</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="th" >ภาษาไทย</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="zh_cn" >中文 – 简体</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="zh_tw" >中文 – 繁體</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ja" >日本語</a> </li> <li role="presentation"> <a role="menuitem" lang="ko" >한국어</a> </li> </ul> </devsite-language-selector> <devsite-user enable-profiles fp-auth id="devsite-user"> <span class="button devsite-top-button" aria-hidden="true" visually-hidden>Sign in</span> </devsite-user> </div> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-collapsible-section "> <div class="devsite-header-background"> <div class="devsite-product-id-row" > <div class="devsite-product-description-row"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" > <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/authorization" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Lower Header" data-value="1" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="1" track-metadata-eventdetail="Authorization" > Authorization </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-doc-set-nav-row"> <devsite-tabs class="lower-tabs"> <nav class="devsite-tabs-wrapper" aria-label="Lower tabs"> <tab > <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/protocols/oauth2" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/protocols/oauth2" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - oauth 2.0" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: OAuth 2.0" track-name="oauth 2.0" > OAuth 2.0 </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/authorization/android" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/authorization/android" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - android" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Android" track-name="android" > Android </a> </tab> <tab > <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/oauth2/web/guides/overview" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/oauth2/web/guides/overview" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - web" track-metadata-module="primary nav" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Web" track-name="web" > Web </a> </tab> <tab class="devsite-active"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity/account-linking" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developers.google.com/identity/account-linking" class="devsite-tabs-content gc-analytics-event " track-type="nav" track-metadata-position="nav - google account linking" track-metadata-module="primary nav" aria-label="Google Account Linking, selected" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Google Account Linking" track-name="google account linking" > Google Account Linking </a> </tab> </nav> </devsite-tabs> </div> </div> </div> </div> </devsite-header> <devsite-book-nav scrollbars > <div class="devsite-book-nav-filter" > <span class="filter-list-icon material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></span> <input type="text" placeholder="Filter" aria-label="Type to filter" role="searchbox"> <span class="filter-clear-button hidden" data-title="Clear filter" aria-label="Clear filter" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <nav class="devsite-book-nav devsite-nav nocontent" aria-label="Side menu"> <div class="devsite-mobile-header"> <button type="button" id="devsite-close-nav" class="devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Close navigation" aria-label="Close navigation"> </button> <div class="devsite-product-name-wrapper"> <span class="devsite-product-name"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" > <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item devsite-has-google-wordmark"> <a href="https://developers.google.com/identity" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Upper Header" data-value="1" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="1" track-metadata-eventdetail="Google Identity" > <svg class="devsite-google-wordmark" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 148 48"> <title>Google</title> <path class="devsite-google-wordmark-svg-path" d="M19.58,37.65c-9.87,0-18.17-8.04-18.17-17.91c0-9.87,8.3-17.91,18.17-17.91c5.46,0,9.35,2.14,12.27,4.94l-3.45,3.45c-2.1-1.97-4.93-3.49-8.82-3.49c-7.21,0-12.84,5.81-12.84,13.02c0,7.21,5.64,13.02,12.84,13.02c4.67,0,7.34-1.88,9.04-3.58c1.4-1.4,2.32-3.41,2.66-6.16H19.58v-4.89h16.47c0.18,0.87,0.26,1.92,0.26,3.06c0,3.67-1.01,8.21-4.24,11.44C28.93,35.9,24.91,37.65,19.58,37.65z M61.78,26.12c0,6.64-5.1,11.53-11.36,11.53s-11.36-4.89-11.36-11.53c0-6.68,5.1-11.53,11.36-11.53S61.78,19.43,61.78,26.12z M56.8,26.12c0-4.15-2.96-6.99-6.39-6.99c-3.43,0-6.39,2.84-6.39,6.99c0,4.11,2.96,6.99,6.39,6.99C53.84,33.11,56.8,30.22,56.8,26.12z M87.25,26.12c0,6.64-5.1,11.53-11.36,11.53c-6.26,0-11.36-4.89-11.36-11.53c0-6.68,5.1-11.53,11.36-11.53C82.15,14.59,87.25,19.43,87.25,26.12zM82.28,26.12c0-4.15-2.96-6.99-6.39-6.99c-3.43,0-6.39,2.84-6.39,6.99c0,4.11,2.96,6.99,6.39,6.99C79.32,33.11,82.28,30.22,82.28,26.12z M112.09,15.29v20.7c0,8.52-5.02,12.01-10.96,12.01c-5.59,0-8.95-3.76-10.22-6.81l4.41-1.83c0.79,1.88,2.71,4.1,5.81,4.1c3.8,0,6.16-2.36,6.16-6.77v-1.66h-0.18c-1.14,1.4-3.32,2.62-6.07,2.62c-5.76,0-11.05-5.02-11.05-11.49c0-6.51,5.28-11.57,11.05-11.57c2.75,0,4.93,1.22,6.07,2.58h0.18v-1.88H112.09z M107.64,26.16c0-4.06-2.71-7.03-6.16-7.03c-3.49,0-6.42,2.97-6.42,7.03c0,4.02,2.93,6.94,6.42,6.94C104.93,33.11,107.64,30.18,107.64,26.16z M120.97,3.06v33.89h-5.07V3.06H120.97z M140.89,29.92l3.93,2.62c-1.27,1.88-4.32,5.11-9.61,5.11c-6.55,0-11.28-5.07-11.28-11.53c0-6.86,4.77-11.53,10.71-11.53c5.98,0,8.91,4.76,9.87,7.34l0.52,1.31l-15.42,6.38c1.18,2.31,3.01,3.49,5.59,3.49C137.79,33.11,139.58,31.84,140.89,29.92zM128.79,25.77l10.31-4.28c-0.57-1.44-2.27-2.45-4.28-2.45C132.24,19.04,128.66,21.31,128.79,25.77z"/> </svg>Identity </a> </li> </ul> </span> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-book-nav-wrapper"> <div class="devsite-mobile-nav-top"> <ul class="devsite-nav-list"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/authentication" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Authentication" track-name="authentication" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Authentication" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Authentication </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Authentication" track-name="authentication" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Authentication"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Authentication"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/authorization" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-active" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Authorization" track-name="authorization" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Authorization" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Authorization </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Authorization" track-name="authorization" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Authorization"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Authorization"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/protocols/oauth2" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: OAuth 2.0" track-name="oauth 2.0" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: OAuth 2.0" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > OAuth 2.0 </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/authorization/android" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Android" track-name="android" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/oauth2/web/guides/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Web" track-name="web" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Web" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Web </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/account-linking" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children devsite-nav-active" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Google Account Linking" track-name="google account linking" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Google Account Linking" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="_book"> Google Account Linking </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="_book"> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/credential-management" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Credential management" track-name="credential management" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Credential management" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Credential management </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Credential management" track-name="credential management" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Credential management"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Credential management"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/credential-verification" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Credential verification" track-name="credential verification" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Credential verification" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Credential verification </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs devsite-nav-has-menu "> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Credential verification" track-name="credential verification" > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="Credential verification"> More </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="Credential verification"> </span> </span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-mobile-nav-bottom"> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="_book"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/identity/account-linking" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /identity/account-linking" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/identity/account-linking" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Overview</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/identity/account-linking/unlinking" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /identity/account-linking/unlinking" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/identity/account-linking/unlinking" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Unlinking</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/identity/account-linking/registration" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /identity/account-linking/registration" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/identity/account-linking/registration" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Registration</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Linking types</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/identity/account-linking/oauth-linking" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /identity/account-linking/oauth-linking" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/identity/account-linking/oauth-linking" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>OAuth linking</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/identity/account-linking/oauth-with-sign-in-linking" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /identity/account-linking/oauth-with-sign-in-linking" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/identity/account-linking/oauth-with-sign-in-linking" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>OAuth-based Google Sign-in Streamlined linking</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/identity/account-linking/app-flip-overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /identity/account-linking/app-flip-overview" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/identity/account-linking/app-flip-overview" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>OAuth-based App Flip linking</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/identity/account-linking/app-flip-android" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /identity/account-linking/app-flip-android" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/identity/account-linking/app-flip-android" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>App Flip for Android</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/identity/account-linking/app-flip-ios" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /identity/account-linking/app-flip-ios" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/identity/account-linking/app-flip-ios" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>App Flip for iOS</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/identity/account-linking/link-from-your-platform" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /identity/account-linking/link-from-your-platform" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/identity/account-linking/link-from-your-platform" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Link from your Platform</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Tools</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/identity/account-linking/error-logs-monitoring" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /identity/account-linking/error-logs-monitoring" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/identity/account-linking/error-logs-monitoring" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Error Monitoring</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/identity/account-linking/gal-validation-tool" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /identity/account-linking/gal-validation-tool" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/identity/account-linking/gal-validation-tool" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>OAuth Validation Test Tool</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div 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track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Seamless credential sharing </span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Credential verification" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/sms-retriever/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Verify users by SMS" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Verify users by SMS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity/phone-number-hint/android" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Phone Number Hint" track-type="navMenu" 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data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="5" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="5" track-metadata-eventdetail="" > Google Account Linking </a> </li> </ul> <devsite-thumb-rating position="header"> </devsite-thumb-rating> </div> <devsite-feedback position="header" project-name="Authorization" product-id="5186570" bucket="Identity guides" context="External devsite feedback" version="t-devsite-webserver-20241114-r00-rc02.464922260396498922" data-label="Send Feedback Button" track-type="feedback" track-name="sendFeedbackLink" track-metadata-position="header" class="nocontent" project-icon="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/developers/images/touchicon-180-new.png" > <button> Send feedback </button> </devsite-feedback> <h1 class="devsite-page-title" tabindex="-1"> Overview </h1> <devsite-feature-tooltip ack-key="AckCollectionsBookmarkTooltipDismiss" analytics-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" analytics-action-show="Callout Profile displayed" analytics-action-close="Callout Profile dismissed" analytics-label="Create Collection Callout" class="devsite-page-bookmark-tooltip nocontent" dismiss-button="true" id="devsite-collections-dropdown" dismiss-button-text="Dismiss" close-button-text="Got it"> <devsite-bookmark></devsite-bookmark> <span slot="popout-heading"> Stay organized with collections </span> <span slot="popout-contents"> Save and categorize content based on your preferences. </span> </devsite-feature-tooltip> <div class="devsite-page-title-meta"><devsite-view-release-notes></devsite-view-release-notes></div> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" depth="2" devsite-toc-embedded > </devsite-toc> <div class="devsite-article-body clearfix "> <div class="video-wrapper"> <iframe class="devsite-embedded-youtube-video" data-video-id="-Fa99hpUsdk" data-start="5" data-showinfo="0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen> </iframe> </div> <p>Account linking enables Google Account holders to quickly, seamlessly and safely connect to your services. You may choose to implement Google Account Linking to share a user's data from your platform with Google apps and services.</p> <p>The secure OAuth 2.0 protocol lets you safely link a user's Google Account with their account on your platform, thereby granting Google applications and devices access to your services.</p> <p>Users can link or unlink their accounts and optionally create a new account on your platform with Google Account Linking.</p> <h2 id="use_cases" data-text="Use cases" tabindex="-1">Use cases</h2> <p>Some of the reasons to implement Google Account Linking are:</p> <ul> <li><p>Share a user's data from your platform with Google apps and services.</p></li> <li><p>Play your video and movie content using <a href="https://developer.android.com/training/tv/start/google-tv#voice-engagement">Google TV</a>.</p></li> <li><p>Manage and control <a href="https://developers.google.com/assistant/smarthome/develop/implement-oauth">Google Smart Home</a> connected devices using the Google Home app and Google Assistant, "Hey Google turn on the lights".</p></li> <li><p>Create user customized Google Assistant experiences and functionality with <a href="https://developers.google.com/assistant/identity">Conversational Actions</a>, "Hey Google, order my usual from Starbucks".</p></li> <li><p>Enable users to earn rewards by viewing eligible live streams on YouTube after linking their Google Account to a <a href="https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/9024948">rewards partner account</a>.</p></li> <li><p>Pre-populate new accounts during sign-up with consensually shared data from a <a href="/identity/account-linking/oauth-with-sign-in-linking?oauth=code#check_for_an_existing_user_account">Google Account profile</a>.</p></li> </ul> <h2 id="supported_features" data-text="Supported features" tabindex="-1">Supported features</h2> <p>These features are supported by Google Account Linking:</p> <ul> <li><p>Quickly and easily share your data using the <a href="/identity/account-linking/oauth-linking?oauth=implicit">OAuth Linking implicit</a> flow.</p></li> <li><p>Provide improved security with the <a href="/identity/account-linking/oauth-linking?oauth=code">OAuth Linking authorization code</a> flow.</p></li> <li><p>Sign-in existing users or sign-up new Google verified users to your platform, obtain their consent and securely share data with <a href="/identity/account-linking/oauth-with-sign-in-linking">Streamlined linking</a>.</p></li> <li><p>Reduce friction with <a href="/identity/account-linking/app-flip-overview">App Flip</a>. From a trusted Google app, one tap securely opens your verified Android or iOS app and one tap grants user consent and links accounts.</p></li> <li><p>Improve user privacy by defining custom scopes to share only necessary data, increase user trust by clearly defining how their data is used.</p></li> <li><p>Access to data and services hosted on your platform can be revoked by <a href="/identity/account-linking/unlinking">unlinking</a> accounts. Implementing an optional <a href="/identity/account-linking/unlinking#token_revocation_endpoint">token revocation endpoint</a> lets you stay in sync with Google initiated events, while Cross-Account Protection <a href="/identity/account-linking/unlinking#cross-account_protection_risc">(RISC)</a> allows you to notify Google of any unlinking events that take place on your platform.</p></li> </ul> <aside class="note"> <b>Note:</b> Most of the OAuth 2.0 documentation for The Google Identity Platform covers how you can sign in your users with their Google Accounts and get authorization to call Google APIs on their behalf. Google Account Linking covers the reverse case of allowing the user of a Google service to authenticate with your platform and call your service's APIs. If you want to use OAuth 2.0 to access Google APIs, see the <a href="/identity/protocols/oauth2">OAuth 2.0 client documentation</a>. </aside> <h2 id="account_linking_flows" data-text="Account linking flows" tabindex="-1">Account linking flows</h2> <p>There are 3 Google Account Linking flows all of which are OAuth based and require you to manage or control OAuth 2.0 compliant authorization and token exchange endpoints. </p> <p>During the linking process, you issue access tokens to Google for individual Google Accounts after obtaining account holders consent to link their accounts and share data.</p> <h3 id="oauth_linking_web_oauth" data-text="OAuth Linking ('Web OAuth')" tabindex="-1">OAuth Linking ('Web OAuth')</h3> <p>This is the <a href="/identity/account-linking/oauth-linking">basic OAuth flow</a> that sends users to your website for linking. The user is redirected to your website to sign in to their account. Once signed in, the user consents to sharing their data, on your service, with Google. At that point, the user's Google Account and your service, are linked.</p> <p><a href="/identity/account-linking/oauth-linking">OAuth Linking</a> supports the authorization code and implicit OAuth flows. Your service must host an OAuth 2.0 compliant authorization endpoint for the implicit flow, and must expose both an authorization and token exchange endpoint when using the authorization code flow.</p> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> Implementing <a href="/identity/account-linking/(oauth-linking)">Web OAuth</a> is required for all account linking integrations, as it is the fallback method for App Flip and Streamlined flows.</span></aside> <figure> <img src="/static/identity/account-linking/images/web-oauth-flow.png" alt> </figure> <p><p><b>Figure 1</b>. Account Linking on a user's phone with Web OAuth</p></p> <h3 id="oauth-based_app_flip_linking_app_flip" data-text="OAuth-based App Flip Linking ('App Flip')" tabindex="-1">OAuth-based App Flip Linking ('App Flip')</h3> <p>An OAuth flow that sends users to your <strong>app</strong> for linking.</p> <p><a href="/identity/account-linking/app-flip-overview">OAuth-based App Flip Linking</a> guides users as they move between your verified Android or iOS mobile apps and Google's platform to review the proposed data access changes and grant their consent to link their account on your platform with their Google account. To enable App Flip your service must support <a href="/identity/account-linking/oauth-linking?oauth=code">OAuth Linking</a> or <a href="/identity/account-linking/oauth-with-sign-in-linking?oauth=code">OAuth-based Google Sign-in Linking</a> using the <em>authorization code</em> flow.</p> <p>App Flip is supported for both <a href="/identity/account-linking/app-flip-android">Android</a> and <a href="/identity/account-linking/app-flip-ios">iOS</a>.</p> <p><strong>How it works:</strong> </p> <p>Google app checks if your app is installed on the user's device:</p> <ul> <li>If the app is found, the user is ‘flipped’ to your app. Your app gathers consent from the user to link the account with Google, and then 'flips back' to the Google surface.</li> <li>If app is not found or an error occurs during the app flip linking process, the user is redirected to Streamlined or Web OAuth flow.</li> </ul> <figure> <img src="/static/identity/account-linking/images/app-flip-flow.png" alt> </figure> <p><p><b>Figure 2</b>. Account Linking on a user's phone with App Flip</p></p> <h3 id="oauth-based_streamlined_linking_streamlined" data-text="OAuth-based Streamlined Linking ('Streamlined')" tabindex="-1">OAuth-based Streamlined Linking ('Streamlined')</h3> <p><em>OAuth-based Google Sign-In Streamlined linking</em> adds Google Sign-In on top of OAuth linking, enabling users to complete linking the linking process without leaving the Google surface, thereby reducing frictions and drop-offs. <a href="/identity/account-linking/oauth-with-sign-in-linking?oauth=code">OAuth-based Streamlined Linking</a> offers the best user experience with seamless sign-in, account creation and account linking by combining Google Sign-in with OAuth linking. Your service must support OAuth 2.0 compliant authorization and token exchange endpoints. Additionally, your token exchange endpoint must support <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7519" class="external">JSON Web Token (JWT)</a> assertions and implement the <a href="/identity/account-linking/oauth-with-sign-in-linking?oauth=code#check_for_an_existing_user_account"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">check</code></a>, <a href="/identity/account-linking/oauth-with-sign-in-linking?oauth=code#handle_account_creation_via_google_sign-in"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">create</code></a>, and <a href="/identity/account-linking/oauth-with-sign-in-linking?oauth=code#handle_automatic_linking"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">get</code></a>, intents.</p> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> The user never leaves the Google surface during this flow, so Google must show consent on behalf of the 3P in order for the flow to work properly.</span></aside> <p><strong>How it works:</strong> </p> <p>Google asserts the user account and passes this information to you:</p> <ul> <li>If an account exists for the user in your database, the user successfully links their Google account with their account on your service.</li> <li>if no account exists for the user in your database, the user can either create a new 3P account with the asserted information Google provides : <i>email, name, and profile picture</i>, or choose to sign in and link with another email (this will require them to sign-in to the your service via Web OAuth).</li> </ul> <figure> <img src="/static/identity/account-linking/images/streamlined-flow.png" alt> </figure> <p><p><b>Figure 3</b>. Account Linking on a user's phone with Streamlined Linking</p></p> <h3 id="which_flow_should_you_use" data-text="Which flow should you use?" tabindex="-1">Which flow should you use?</h3> <p>We recommend implementing all flows to ensure users get the best linking experience. The Streamlined and App flip flows reduce linking friction as users are able to complete the linking process in very few steps. The Web OAuth linking has the lowest level of effort and is a good place to start after which you can add on the other linking flows.</p> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> The Web OAuth flow is required for all integrations as it is the fall back for the other flows.</span></aside> <h2 id="working_with_tokens" data-text="Working with tokens" tabindex="-1">Working with tokens</h2> <p>Google Account Linking is based upon the OAuth 2.0 industry standard.</p> <p>You issue access tokens to Google for individual Google Accounts after obtaining account holders consent to link their accounts and share data.</p> <h4 id="token_types" data-text="Token types" tabindex="-1">Token types</h4> <p>OAuth 2.0 uses strings called tokens to communicate between the user agent, the client application, and the OAuth 2.0 server.</p> <p>Three types of OAuth 2.0 tokens can be used during account linking:</p> <ul> <li><p><strong>Authorization code</strong>. A short-lived token that can be exchanged for an access and a refresh token. For security purposes, Google calls your authorization endpoint to obtain a single use or very short-lived code.</p></li> <li><p><strong>Access token</strong>. A token that grants the bearer access to a resource. To limit exposure that could result from the loss of this token, it has a limited lifetime, usually expiring after an hour or so.</p></li> <li><p><strong>Refresh token</strong>. A long-lived token that can be exchanged for a new access token when an access token expires. When your service integrates with Google, this token is exclusively stored and used by Google. Google calls your token exchange endpoint to exchange refresh tokens for access tokens, which are in turn used to access user data.</p></li> </ul> <h4 id="token_handling" data-text="Token handling" tabindex="-1">Token handling</h4> <p>Race conditions in clustered environments and client-server exchanges can result in complex timing and error handling scenarios when working with tokens. For example:</p> <ul> <li>You receive a request for a new access token, and you issue a new access token. Concurrently, you receive a request for access to your service's resource using the previous, unexpired access token.</li> <li>Your refresh token reply is yet to be received (or is never received) by Google. Meanwhile, the previously valid refresh token is used in a request from Google.</li> </ul> <p>Requests and replies can arrive in any order, or not at all due to asynchronous services running in a cluster, network behavior, or other means.</p> <p>Immediate and fully consistent shared state both within, and between, your and Google's token handling systems cannot be guaranteed. Multiple valid, unexpired tokens can coexist within or across systems short period of time. To minimize negative user impact we recommend you do the following:</p> <ul> <li>Accept unexpired access tokens, even after a newer token is issued.</li> <li>Use alternatives to <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6819#section-5.2.2.3" class="external">Refresh Token Rotation</a>.</li> <li>Support multiple, concurrently valid access and refresh tokens. For security, you should limit the number of tokens and token lifetime.</li> </ul> <h5 id="maintenance_and_outage_handling" data-text="Maintenance and outage handling" tabindex="-1">Maintenance and outage handling</h5> <p>During maintenance or unplanned outages Google might be unable to call your authorization or token exchange endpoints to obtain access and refresh tokens.</p> <p>Your endpoints should respond with a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">503</code> error code and empty body. In this case, Google retries failed token exchange requests for a limited time. Provided that Google is later able to obtain refresh and access tokens, failed requests are not visible to users.</p> <aside class="warning"><strong>Warning:</strong><span> Do not return a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">400</code> error code and <code translate="no" dir="ltr">{"error": "invalid_grant"}</code> body during maintenance or outages. Doing so deletes previously issued tokens and requires users to relink their accounts.</span></aside> <p>Failing requests for an access token result in a visible error, if initiated by a user. Users will be required to retry linking failures if the implicit OAuth 2.0 flow is used.</p> <h5 id="recommendations" data-text="Recommendations" tabindex="-1">Recommendations</h5> <p>There are many solutions to minimize maintenance impact. Some options to consider:</p> <ul> <li><p>Maintain your existing service and route a limited number of requests to your newly updated service. Migrate all requests only after confirming expected functionality.</p></li> <li><p>Reduce the number of token requests during the maintenance period:</p> <ul> <li><p>Limit maintenance periods to less than the access token lifetime.</p></li> <li><p>Temporarily increase the access token lifetime:</p> <ol> <li>Increase token lifetime to greater than maintenance period.</li> <li>Wait twice the duration of your access token lifetime, enabling users to exchange short lived tokens for longer duration tokens.</li> <li>Enter maintenance.</li> <li>Respond to token requests with a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">503</code> error code and empty body.</li> <li>Exit maintenance.</li> <li>Decrease token lifetime back to normal.</li> </ol></li> </ul></li> </ul> <h2 id="registering_with_google" data-text="Registering with Google" tabindex="-1">Registering with Google</h2> <p>We'll need details of your OAuth 2.0 setup and to share credentials to enable account linking. 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