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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Exceeding the UK, catching the USA</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">超英赶美</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coined in</th><td class="infobox-data">1950s<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Exceeding the UK, catching the USA</b><sup id="cite_ref-Huaichuan2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huaichuan2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">超英赶美</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">超英趕美</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">chāoyīng gǎnměi</span></i><sup id="cite_ref-Shu-minHuang2019_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shu-minHuang2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) alternatively translated as <b>surpassing Great Britain and catching up with the United States</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gillette2000_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillette2000-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">slogan</a> put forward by <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slogan was representative of the two goals of surpassing <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> in steel production in 15 years and catching up with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The slogan was mainly addressed to the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">secondary sector of the economy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kuang_Chen,_Pan_Liang_2006_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuang_Chen,_Pan_Liang_2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> and grain were top priority.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of China's <a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(China)" title="First five-year plan (China)">first Five-Year Plan</a>, steel output was still less than a quarter of the amount produced by Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mao found overtaking Britain's steel to be of utmost importance to the "socialist transformation" of agriculture, as he found the two to be "inseparable" and unable to be dealt with "in isolation from each other". This was due to the increased need for agricultural machinery to be developed, as well as the agriculture tax that would fund the production of heavy industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The justification for the selection of Great Britain and the United States as the focuses of the slogan was likely developed from the desire to prove socialist countries as more prosperous and fruitful than their imperialist counterparts, a sentiment that is likewise encapsulated in related Maoist slogan "<a href="/wiki/The_East_wind_prevails_over_the_West_wind" title="The East wind prevails over the West wind">The East wind prevails over the West wind</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958, steel production rates had skyrocketed, as Soviet-aided steel plants went into widespread use after being constructed in the mid-1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">politburo</a> meetings of August 1958 declared that production of steel would be set to double within the year.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the newly set goal and strong ideological push for progress, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_commune" title="People's commune">people's communes</a> began to dedicate most of their labour toward manufacturing efforts of the material. "Backyard steel furnaces" were created, where peasant workers would smelt household metal objects such as chairs and cooking utensils in fervent efforts to meet the high levels of demand. This led to significant impacts on peasant life within the communes, as reallocation of production priorities lead to a shortage of agricultural labour in the autumn of 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Great_Chinese_Famine" title="Great Chinese Famine">Great Chinese Famine</a>, Mao Zedong relaxed the time scale of "exceeding the UK, catching the USA" to more than 100 years in his speech at the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Thousand_Cadres_Conference" title="Seven Thousand Cadres Conference">Seven Thousand Cadres Conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the end the goal was met on the original time frame. Chinese steel production exceeded that of the UK in the 1970s and that of the US in 1993, becoming the largest steel producing nation worldwide in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exceeding_the_UK,_catching_the_USA&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launching_satellites" title="Launching satellites">Launching satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryazan_miracle" title="Ryazan miracle">Ryazan miracle</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exceeding_the_UK,_catching_the_USA&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/chinese-news-48381511">"From "Exceeding the UK, catching the USA" to "Industrial Upgrading"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 2019-05-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=From+%22Exceeding+the+UK%2C+catching+the+USA%22+to+%22Industrial+Upgrading%22&rft.date=2019-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fzhongwen%2Fsimp%2Fchinese-news-48381511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExceeding+the+UK%2C+catching+the+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huaichuan2004-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huaichuan2004_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRui_Huaichuan2004" class="citation book cs1">Rui Huaichuan (2 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cg5x2EH-LN8C&pg=PT104"><i>Globalisation, Transition and Development in China: The Case of the Coal Industry</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 104–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-31804-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-31804-9"><bdi>978-1-134-31804-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalisation%2C+Transition+and+Development+in+China%3A+The+Case+of+the+Coal+Industry&rft.pages=104-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-06-02&rft.isbn=978-1-134-31804-9&rft.au=Rui+Huaichuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcg5x2EH-LN8C%26pg%3DPT104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExceeding+the+UK%2C+catching+the+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shu-minHuang2019-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shu-minHuang2019_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Jiangsu People's Publishing House. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+Digest&rft.pub=Jiangsu+People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQdtMAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExceeding+the+UK%2C+catching+the+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/focus_on_china/2012/04/120402_crchinese_brazileconomy_byzhanglun">"Brazil overtakes Britain, China catches up with the US and how to see China's development"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. April 2, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Brazil+overtakes+Britain%2C+China+catches+up+with+the+US+and+how+to+see+China%27s+development&rft.date=2012-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fzhongwen%2Fsimp%2Ffocus_on_china%2F2012%2F04%2F120402_crchinese_brazileconomy_byzhanglun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExceeding+the+UK%2C+catching+the+USA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenewslens.com/tag/%E8%B6%85%E8%8B%B1%E8%B6%95%E7%BE%8E">"Exceeding the UK, catching the USA"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_News_Lens" title="The News Lens">The News Lens</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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