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<span>Operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smuggling_vs._trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smuggling_vs._trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Smuggling vs. trafficking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smuggling_vs._trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_players" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_players"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Major players</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_players-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major players subsection</span> 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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Facts and figures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Facts_and_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Estimated_number_of_smuggled_individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estimated_number_of_smuggled_individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Estimated number of smuggled individuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estimated_number_of_smuggled_individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estimated_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estimated_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Estimated costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estimated_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criminal elements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criminal_elements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criminal elements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criminal_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drug_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Drug trafficking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_discouragement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement_and_discouragement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Law enforcement and discouragement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_discouragement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">People smuggling</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="تهريب البشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تهريب البشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan_qa%C3%A7aqmal%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="İnsan qaçaqmalçılığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnsan qaçaqmalçılığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99evad%C4%9B%C4%8D_(pr%C3%A1vo)" title="Převaděč (právo) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Převaděč (právo)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneskesmugling" title="Menneskesmugling – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Menneskesmugling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menschenschmuggel" title="Menschenschmuggel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Menschenschmuggel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1fico_ilegal_de_personas" title="Tráfico ilegal de personas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tráfico ilegal de personas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homa_kontrabandado" title="Homa kontrabandado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Homa kontrabandado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafic_illicite_de_personnes" title="Trafic illicite de personnes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trafic illicite de personnes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom-kontrabando" title="Hom-kontrabando – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hom-kontrabando" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyeludupan_orang" title="Penyeludupan orang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyeludupan orang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffico_di_migranti" title="Traffico di migranti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Traffico di migranti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embercsemp%C3%A9sz%C3%A9s" title="Embercsempészés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Embercsempészés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyeludupan_manusia" title="Penyeludupan manusia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyeludupan manusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensensmokkel" title="Mensensmokkel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mensensmokkel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneskesmugling" title="Menneskesmugling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Menneskesmugling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihotapljenje_ljudi" title="Tihotapljenje ljudi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tihotapljenje ljudi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%DA%86%DB%8E%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AE%DB%95%DA%B5%DA%A9" title="قاچاخچێتی خەڵک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قاچاخچێتی خەڵک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihmissalakuljetus" title="Ihmissalakuljetus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ihmissalakuljetus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4nniskosmuggling" title="Människosmuggling – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Människosmuggling" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan_ka%C3%A7ak%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="İnsan kaçakçılığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnsan kaçakçılığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C3%B4n_l%E1%BA%ADu_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di" title="Buôn lậu người – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Buôn lậu người" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1854900#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/People_smuggling" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Illegal transportation of people</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People_smuggling&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:People_smuggling" title="Talk:People smuggling">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_066.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_066.png/220px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_066.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_066.png/330px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_066.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_066.png/440px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_066.png 2x" data-file-width="1139" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rahab" title="Rahab">Rahab</a> as a human smuggler in this 1860 woodcut by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Karolsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>People smuggling</b> (also called <b>human smuggling</b>), under U.S. law, is "the facilitation, transportation, attempted transportation or illegal entry of a person or persons across an international border, in violation of one or more countries' laws, either clandestinely or through deception, such as the use of fraudulent documents".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Internationally, the term is understood as and often used interchangeably with <b>migrant smuggling</b>, which is defined in the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_against_the_Smuggling_of_Migrants_by_Land,_Sea_and_Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air">Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air</a>, supplementing the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Transnational_Organized_Crime" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime">United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime</a> as "...the procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a state party of which the person is not a national". </p><p>The practice of people smuggling has seen a rise over the past few decades and now accounts for a significant portion of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigration</a> in countries around the world. People smuggling generally takes place with the consent of the person or persons being smuggled, and common reasons for individuals seeking to be smuggled include employment and economic opportunity, personal and/or familial betterment, and escape from persecution, violence or conflict. </p><p>In 2015, the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">civil war in Syria</a> has led to massive displacement and reliance on people smugglers to assist people to seek sanctuary in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. This has also led to unprecedented movements – and deaths – across the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a> statistics, there have been almost one million arrivals by sea in Europe in 2015, and more than 2900 dead or missing migrants.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the IOM Missing Migrants Project, there have been more than 3800 deaths during migration around the world in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a>, people smuggling is characterized by the consent between customer and smuggler – a contractual agreement that typically terminates upon arrival in the destination location. However, smuggling situations can nonetheless in reality descend into situations that can best be described as extreme human rights abuses, with smuggled migrants subject to threats, abuse, exploitation and torture, and even death at the hands of smugglers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People involved in smuggling operations may also be victims of trafficking, for example when they are tricked about the terms and conditions of their role for the purpose of exploiting their labour in the operation.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smuggling operations are complex, working within networks of many individual players. As smuggling operations and its underlying infrastructure becomes increasingly intricate, so do the issues surrounding the matter of people smuggling. With major and minor players spanning the globe, people smuggling poses a significant economic and legal impact on society, and solutions to the problem of people smuggling remain contested and under continued debate and development. Smuggling has been described as the classic "<a href="/wiki/Wicked_problem" title="Wicked problem">wicked problem</a>: one that is hard to define, keeps changing, and does not present a clear solution because of pre-existing factors that are themselves highly resistant to change – in this case the very existence of States, gross inequalities among them, and strong motivations on the part of some to keep them out." Because every state has different economics and governments, this problem cannot be universally defined, and this makes it more difficult for law enforcement to stop smuggling of people, as they have to adapt to the conditions in different states.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reasons">Reasons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_smuggling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Reasons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many individuals who consent to being smuggled are escaping poverty and hardship, seeking opportunities and better conditions abroad, or escaping natural disaster, conflict, or persecution. Others may be seeking <a href="/wiki/Right_of_Asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of Asylum">asylum</a>. While many who are smuggled are poor and uneducated, there are also others who belong to the educated middle class. As such, perhaps the only generalization that can be made about smuggled individuals is that they are all on a quest for a better life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_smuggling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People smuggling operations range from small to large-scale actors operating in a transnational market. Small-scale smugglers generally arrange all aspects of the smuggling operations themselves. However, more commonly, smugglers engage and do business within a larger smuggling network where there is a division of work among the actors involved. In the past, smuggling rings tended to be more obscure, amateurish, and limited. As people smuggling has continued to grow, however, smuggling rings are far more extensive and organized. In Mexico, as Jim Chaparro – head of the anti-smuggling office at the <a href="/wiki/US_Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="US Immigration and Naturalization Service">US Immigration and Naturalization Service</a> – puts it, the once small and informal smuggling business has evolved into a powerful web of "literally hundreds of syndicates, some at a low level and some at the kingpin level".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Cites the Washington Post, but doesn't reference The Washington Post. Is an original source available? (December 2015)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (In fact, as the flow of illegal immigrants into the United States from Mexico has become more organized, there has opened an opportunity for smuggling groups within Mexico to market their services to non-Mexicans. Indeed, smuggling operations are often complex and smuggled persons often make stops at countries across the globe before arriving at their final destination.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A Lebanese-Mexican Symbiotic smuggling network involved in human smuggling into the United States of America that came to the attention of law enforcement and counterintelligence has been described in the literature.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years, smuggling has evolved into a sophisticated service industry, with certain routes and enclaves used by smugglers becoming practically institutionalized; for example: from Mexico and Central America to the United States, from West Asia through Greece and Turkey to Western Europe, and within East and Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Responsible for the flourishing business of people smuggling are a combination of interacting factors, from weak legislation and lax border controls to corrupt officials and the power of organized crime. </p><p>The complexity of the smuggling network is dependent upon the route to be taken and the nature of the journey. For routes that are well-known and tested, smugglers may function more as family enterprises and utilize fairly contained operations. The more complex the route, however, the more members of the smuggling network must be recruited. In general, the infrastructure of the people smuggling business is nontraditional, with no clearly identifiable organization and no rigid structure. The network of smugglers is diffused and decentralized. Smugglers form temporary business alliances, and the organization of smugglers can best be understood and described as ad hoc task forces, in which activities are specialized and controlled by individuals that deal with each other on a one-to-one basis. In the business of people smuggling, there is no single "godfather" figure who commands the activities of subordinates; rather, individuals conduct business on equal grounds and tend to consider themselves free agents. In fact, according to a Los Angeles-based smuggler, "The division of labor is really clear and refined. Everyone involved is useful in his own way and does his own thing only. There is no leadership in any smuggling rings. Leadership will not emerge because the work involved is so specialized".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Frontex" title="Frontex">Frontex</a>, people smugglers give detailed descriptions of benefits of individual EU countries so they can compare the available benefits of for instance <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> before applying for asylum.<sup id="cite_ref-jp_22072015_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jp_22072015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Smuggling_vs._trafficking">Smuggling vs. trafficking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_smuggling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Smuggling vs. trafficking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A concerted international focus on defining and responding to migrant smuggling only occurred in the 1990s. This focus followed sharp rises in irregular migration to the United States, and to Europe in the 1980s and 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com.au_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com.au-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A focus on those who facilitate irregular migration – rather than migrants themselves – was seen as a critical element of any response.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com.au_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com.au-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting legal framework was the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air (Migrant Smuggling Protocol), that supplements the parent instrument, the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. </p><p>The Migrant Smuggling Protocol does not provide a complete or self-contained legal regime. It exists as part of a "dense web of rights, obligations and responsibilities drawn not just from the Protocol and Convention but also from the law of the sea, human rights law, and refugee law".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important distinction to make is that between human smuggling and human trafficking. Given the complex nature of human smuggling and trafficking operations, the difference between these two criminal operations is not always readily apparent. Delineating between the two involves taking closer look at the subtle differences between each. </p><p>Generally speaking, human trafficking involves transporting individuals from one place to another either against their will or under some sort of false pretense. With smuggling, on the other hand, there is understood to be an agreement between smuggler and customer, a meeting of the minds and a contract between the two. These differences can similarly be detected in the Trafficking and Smuggling Protocols (more commonly known as the Palermo Protocols) passed by the UN Convention on Transnational Organized Crime. The Palermo Protocols frame the difference between smuggling and trafficking around the dichotomy of coercion and consent: whereas people who are trafficked are considered "victims" or "survivors", individuals who are smuggled are seen as having engaged willingly in an enterprise that one or both of the bordering countries consider illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (This dichotomous framework is particularly evident in the protections afforded for each group. The Trafficking Protocol addresses the need for protection of trafficked persons and provides for a broad range of protective measures, while the Smuggling Protocol contains minimal reference to protections for smuggled persons).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More specifically, below are three main technical differences between smuggling and trafficking, which are as follows: </p> <ol><li>Consent – trafficking victims are those who have been subjected to coercive, deceptive, or abusive action by traffickers. These victims either never consented, or if they did, their initial consent is rendered meaningless by the subsequent actions of the traffickers.</li> <li>Exploitation – smuggling operations and interaction between smuggler and customer usually terminate upon payment and arrival at destination; trafficking victims, on the other hand, are often involved in a cycle of ongoing exploitation.</li> <li>Source of Profits – primary profits from smuggling operations are derived from transportation and facilitation of illegal entry or stay in another country, whereas trafficking operations profit largely from the exploitation of victims.</li></ol> <p>The recognition of trafficked persons as "victims" but smuggled migrants as "objects" of a process is a principal point of difference between how international law treats trafficked and smuggled migrants. Nonetheless, it is important to recognise that in reality and in law, smuggled migrants can still be victims of crime – whether this is theft, fraud, sexual assault, deprivation of liberty or even human trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes there is a gender dimension to the distinction between smuggling and trafficking: those who are smuggled are often assumed to be mostly men, whereas victims of trafficking are more commonly assumed to be women and children. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_players">Major players</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_smuggling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Major players"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With smugglers operating from numerous countries across the globe, there are myriad minor and major players within the people smuggling scene. Of wide and notable repute, however, are the Snakeheads and Coyotes, which operate in the business of smuggling Chinese and Mexican migrants, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Snakeheads">Snakeheads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_smuggling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Snakeheads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Snakehead_(gang)" title="Snakehead (gang)">Snakehead (gang)</a></div> <p>The name "Snakehead" refers to those underground players who operate in facilitating the illicit transport of Chinese migrants into countries like the United States and other Western countries. (The name originates from the fact that the lines of emigrants sneaking under borders is said to look like a snake.) Operating in an extensive transnational black market, Snakeheads reap considerable profits from their smuggling operations and both are regarded and consider themselves not as criminals but as resourceful guides. The earliest snakeheads went into business around the 1970s ferrying customers from Fuzhou or Changle into Hong Kong. Today, Snakehead operations have expanded enormously into other countries; however, the majority of Snakehead customers still originate from the Fujian province in China. One of the most notable Snakeheads was <a href="/wiki/Sister_Ping" title="Sister Ping">Sister Ping</a>, who ran a successful and extensive smuggling operation in New York from 1984 to 2000, when she was finally caught by authorities following the disaster involving the <i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Venture" title="Golden Venture">Golden Venture</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coyotes">Coyotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_smuggling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Coyotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Coyote_(person)" title="Coyote (person)">Coyote (person)</a></div> <p>"Coyotes" is the name for smugglers who facilitate the migration of people across the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Chile_relations" title="Bolivia–Chile relations">Bolivia–Chile</a> borders.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another term used for <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minors</a> who smuggle people across the Mexico–United States border is "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pollero" class="extiw" title="wikt:pollero">polleros</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once dominated by local smugglers charging relatively small sums, the business landscape has changed as larger, well-organized syndicates have entered the smuggling industry in Mexico. Over the years, Coyotes have become more sophisticated in their operations, as technological advances have allowed them to streamline and add further complexity to their business. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Facts_and_figures">Facts and figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_smuggling&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Facts and figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Virtually every country in the world is affected by people smuggling, be it in the capacity of country of origin, transit, or destination. While reliable data is scarce, experts note that "current estimates place the number of irregular migrants worldwide at up to thirty million and that a substantial proportion of these persons can be expected to have used the services of smugglers at one or more points in their journey".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People smuggling between the United States and Mexico is a booming business that, as of 2003, garnered over $5 billion a year.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, in the EU, profits from people smuggling operations is estimated to be around €4 billion per year. </p><p>People smuggling is a dangerous operation and has frequently resulted in the death of those individuals being smuggled. In 2004, 464 recorded deaths took place during the crossing from Mexico to the United States, and each year, an estimated 2000 people drown in the Mediterranean on the journey from Africa into Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-economist2005_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist2005-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 September 2018, US media reported that Jacklyn, a seven-year-old girl from <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, had died while in custody of US Customs.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The girl's family denied she did not have enough food to eat before she died.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estimated_number_of_smuggled_individuals">Estimated number of smuggled individuals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_smuggling&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Estimated number of smuggled individuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the clandestine nature of people smuggling operations, information currently available is scattered and incomplete. As such, verifiable or even reliable figures are difficult, if not impossible to come by, and the data on the number of smuggled individuals is tenuous at best. However, as of 2005, it was estimated that upwards of 350,000 illegal immigrants are smuggled across America's border from Mexico each year, and as many as 800,000 enter the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-economist2005_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist2005-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estimated_costs">Estimated costs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_smuggling&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Estimated costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smugglers' fees vary from destination to destination, but on the whole, they have risen dramatically over the years. The prices paid to human smugglers by immigrants vary depending on the geographic location. For border crossings such as from Mexico into the United States, human smugglers can charge up to $4,000, while trans-Pacific crossings of, for example, Chinese immigrants into the United States can cost up to $75,000.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These prices are significantly steeper than they were a decade ago, as demand for smuggling services continues to rise, operations become more complex, and costs of smuggling individuals become higher. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criminal_elements">Criminal elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_smuggling&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criminal elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People smuggling – specifically migrant smuggling – constitutes criminal conduct. However, criminal elements of smuggling may reach beyond the sphere of human smuggling. In a testimony before Congress, William D. Cadman – INS counterterrorism coordinator – stated, "Organized crime syndicates...are known to use alien-smuggling operations to support and further their criminal objectives".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given the dangerous and clandestine criminal nature of people smuggling operations, smuggled persons are sometimes at risk of becoming victims of other crimes. Aside from subjection to unsafe conditions in their journeys to their destinations, smuggled individuals may also be subject to physical or sexual abuse or placed in hostage-like conditions until their debts are paid off. Others might face exploitation or be forced to participate in other criminal activities during their journey as smuggled individuals. Because smuggling can generate substantial profits for those involved, which in turn can fuel corruption and organized crime in countries traveled from, through, or to during the smuggling process. </p><p>Countries that have ratified the Migrant Smuggling Protocol are obligated to ensure migrant smuggling offences are criminal in their national laws. The UN has produced a Model Law that sets out minimum and recommended provisions for national laws on migrant smuggling. This includes model criminal offence provisions (see further, UNODC, Model Law against the Smuggling of Migrants).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_trafficking">Drug trafficking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_smuggling&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Drug trafficking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Given the clandestine but booming nature of people smuggling operations – especially in places like Mexico – <a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel" title="Drug cartel">drug cartels</a> have also begun tapping into the smuggling network. Cartels have made money not only by taxing Coyotes but also directly engaging in the business of smuggling. In the late 1990s, Mexican drug cartels began initially moving into people smuggling by taxing Coyotes for leading bands of smuggled people across cartel-controlled territory. As these drug cartels have gotten more directly involved, however, they are beginning to play a more central role in the business of people smuggling and often exploit individuals – seen as human cargo – and using them by loading them up with backpacks full of marijuana. Sometimes, the costs of the expensive journey may be defrayed as migrants serve as "mules", carrying drugs out of Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The questions of whether smuggling groups or syndicates would smuggle two different types of contraband at the same time (Multiple Consignment Contraband) (MCC) has been debated within and between law enforcement and intelligence analysts. Furthermore, if this type of smuggling is occurring, which types of MCC are most likely to be bundled together and which type of smuggling group (defined by level of sophistication) would engage in MCC and which regions in the world are most likely to be confronted with MCC also has been discussed by these analysts.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lichtenwald, Perri and MacKenzie article identified sixteen cases of different smuggling groups smuggling more than one type of contraband at the same time. Four of the sixteen cases involved MCC human and drug smuggling. Three of the four MCC human and drug smuggling organizations were targeting the United States of America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_enforcement_and_discouragement">Law enforcement and discouragement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_smuggling&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Law enforcement and discouragement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thus far, global efforts to curb and stymie the growing tide of smuggled individuals have been largely focused on the apprehension and deportation of individual migrants. Little has been done in the way of dismantling the organizations behind the business of people smuggling. According to the <a href="/wiki/UNODC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNODC">UNODC</a>, "[t]ackling migrant smuggling necessitates a comprehensive, multi-dimensional response, which begins with addressing the socio-economic root causes of irregular migration to prevent it, and goes through to prosecution of criminals who commit smuggling-related crimes".<sup id="cite_ref-unodc1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unodc1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, scientific studies on the counterproductive aspects of security policies have shown "how smugglers, as a category of actors playing a specific part in the global migration process, are directly manufactured by the migration policies".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other proposals include focusing not on banning or trying to stifle the smuggling industry, but on undercutting it. Michael Jandl from the International Center for Migration Policy Development, an intergovernmental think-tank based in Vienna, has suggested that governments issue temporary visas in the smugglers' best markets at fees priced to compete with the smugglers' rates. Under this proposed plan, one-third of the visa fee could be returned to immigrants upon their departure, and opportunities to purchase additional visas in the future would be available for those who did not break any rules.<sup id="cite_ref-economist2005_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist2005-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_smuggling&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coyote_(person)" title="Coyote (person)">Coyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_document_forgery" title="Identity document forgery">Identity document forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_emigration" title="Illegal emigration">Illegal emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugalari" title="Mugalari">Mugalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snakehead_(gang)" title="Snakehead (gang)">Snakehead</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frozen_River" title="Frozen River">Frozen River</a></i> (2008), a film about two working-class women smuggling illegal immigrants from Canada to the US in order to make ends meet</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_smuggling&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/90541.pdf"><i>Fact Sheet: Distinctions Between Human Smuggling and Human Trafficking</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Human Smuggling and Trafficking Center, U.S. Department of State. April 2006. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fact+Sheet%3A+Distinctions+Between+Human+Smuggling+and+Human+Trafficking&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Human+Smuggling+and+Trafficking+Center%2C+U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F90541.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+smuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160321204604/http://data.unhcr.org/mediterranean/regional.php">"Refugee/Migrants Emergency Response-Mediterranean"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.unhcr.org/mediterranean/regional.php">the original</a> on 21 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Refugee%2FMigrants+Emergency+Response-Mediterranean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.unhcr.org%2Fmediterranean%2Fregional.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+smuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://missingmigrants.iom.int/">"Missing Migrants Project"</a>. <i>missingmigrants.iom.int</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=missingmigrants.iom.int&rft.atitle=Missing+Migrants+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmissingmigrants.iom.int%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+smuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see for example, case studies in A.Gallagher and F.David, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DH6AwAAQBAJ&dq=international+law+of+migrant+smuggling&pg=PR1">International Law of Migrant Smuggling</a>, 2014, 9-10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerMissbach2017" class="citation journal cs1">Palmer, Wayne; Missbach, Antje (6 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/12839282">"Trafficking within migrant smuggling operations: Are underage transporters 'victims' or 'perpetrators'?"</a>. <i>Asian and Pacific Migration Journal</i>. <b>26</b> (3): 287–307. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0117196817726627">10.1177/0117196817726627</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158909571">158909571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+and+Pacific+Migration+Journal&rft.atitle=Trafficking+within+migrant+smuggling+operations%3A+Are+underage+transporters+%27victims%27+or+%27perpetrators%27%3F&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=287-307&rft.date=2017-09-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0117196817726627&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158909571%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft.au=Missbach%2C+Antje&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffigshare.com%2Farticles%2Fjournal_contribution%2F12839282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+smuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.Gallagher and F.David, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DH6AwAAQBAJ&dq=international+law+of+migrant+smuggling&pg=PR1">International Law of Migrant Smuggling</a>, 2014, p.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earthops.org/immigration/human-cargo1.html">"washingtonpost.com: People Smuggling Now Big Business in Mexico"</a>. <i>earthops.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=earthops.org&rft.atitle=washingtonpost.com%3A+People+Smuggling+Now+Big+Business+in+Mexico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthops.org%2Fimmigration%2Fhuman-cargo1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+smuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perri, Frank S., Lichtenwald, Terrance G., and MacKenzie, Paula M. (2009)."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.all-about-psychology.com/support-files/crime-terror-nexus.pdf">Evil Twins: The Crime-Terror Nexus</a>," Forensic Examiner, 16-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/discussion-papers/2003/en_GB/dp2003-072/">Illegal Immigration, Human Trafficking, and Organized Crime</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/204989.pdf">US Dept. of Justice, National Institute or Justice</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jp_22072015-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jp_22072015_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVibjergJohansen2015" class="citation web cs1">Vibjerg, Thomas; Johansen, Martin (22 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jyllands-posten.dk/indland/ECE7884178/Smuglere-hj%C3%A6lper-flygtninge-med-at-sammenligne-vilk%C3%A5r-i-EU-lande/">"Smuglere hjælper flygtninge med at sammenligne vilkår i EU-lande"</a>. <i>www.jyllands-posten.dk</i>. <a href="/wiki/Jyllands-Posten" title="Jyllands-Posten">Jyllands-Posten</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jyllands-posten.dk&rft.atitle=Smuglere+hj%C3%A6lper+flygtninge+med+at+sammenligne+vilk%C3%A5r+i+EU-lande&rft.date=2015-07-22&rft.aulast=Vibjerg&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Johansen%2C+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjyllands-posten.dk%2Findland%2FECE7884178%2FSmuglere-hj%25C3%25A6lper-flygtninge-med-at-sammenligne-vilk%25C3%25A5r-i-EU-lande%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+smuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com.au-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com.au_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com.au_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Gallagher and F. David, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DH6AwAAQBAJ&dq=international+law+of+migrant+smuggling&pg=PR1">International Law of Migrant Smuggling</a>, 2014, p1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Gallagher and F. David, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DH6AwAAQBAJ&dq=international+law+of+migrant+smuggling&pg=PR1">International Law of Migrant Smuggling</a>, 2014, p2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migrationinformation.org/feature/display.cfm?ID=294">"Migration Information Source"</a>. Migrationinformation.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Migration+Information+Source&rft.pub=Migrationinformation.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationinformation.org%2Ffeature%2Fdisplay.cfm%3FID%3D294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+smuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagherDavid2014" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Anne T.; David, Fiona (21 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DH6AwAAQBAJ&q=international+law+of+migrant+smuggling&pg=PR1"><i>The International Law of Migrant Smuggling</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139991988" title="Special:BookSources/9781139991988"><bdi>9781139991988</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Law+of+Migrant+Smuggling&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-07-21&rft.isbn=9781139991988&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Anne+T.&rft.au=David%2C+Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7DH6AwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dinternational%2Blaw%2Bof%2Bmigrant%2Bsmuggling%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+smuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Gallagher and F. David, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DH6AwAAQBAJ&dq=international+law+of+migrant+smuggling&pg=PR1">International Law of Migrant Smuggling</a>, 2014, p72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Gallagher and F. David, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DH6AwAAQBAJ&dq=international+law+of+migrant+smuggling&pg=PR1">International Law of Migrant Smuggling</a>, 2014, p.4-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlackMartinez2018" class="citation journal cs1">Slack, Heremy; Martinez, Daniel E. (21 February 2018). "What Makes a Good Human Smuggler? The Differences between Satisfaction with and Recommendation of Coyotes on the U.S.-Mexico Border". <i>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. <b>676</b>: 152–173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716217750562">10.1177/0002716217750562</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148732007">148732007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=What+Makes+a+Good+Human+Smuggler%3F+The+Differences+between+Satisfaction+with+and+Recommendation+of+Coyotes+on+the+U.S.-Mexico+Border&rft.volume=676&rft.pages=152-173&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002716217750562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148732007%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Slack&rft.aufirst=Heremy&rft.au=Martinez%2C+Daniel+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+smuggling" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonmati2016" class="citation news cs1">Bonmati, Damia S. (21 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.univision.com/univision-news/immigration/a-day-in-the-life-of-a-coyote-smuggling-migrants-from-mexico-to-the-united-states">"A day in the life of a coyote: smuggling migrants from Mexico to the United States"</a>. <i>Univision News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Univision+News&rft.atitle=A+day+in+the+life+of+a+coyote%3A+smuggling+migrants+from+Mexico+to+the+United+States&rft.date=2016-12-21&rft.aulast=Bonmati&rft.aufirst=Damia+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.univision.com%2Funivision-news%2Fimmigration%2Fa-day-in-the-life-of-a-coyote-smuggling-migrants-from-mexico-to-the-united-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+smuggling" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoran2017" class="citation news cs1">Koran, Mario (21 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/border/its-a-new-generation-of-smugglers-behind-the-business-of-illegal-border-crossings/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'It's a New Generation of Smugglers': Behind the Business of Illegal Border Crossings"</a>. <i>Voice of San Diego</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+San+Diego&rft.atitle=%27It%27s+a+New+Generation+of+Smugglers%27%3A+Behind+the+Business+of+Illegal+Border+Crossings&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft.aulast=Koran&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voiceofsandiego.org%2Fborder%2Fits-a-new-generation-of-smugglers-behind-the-business-of-illegal-border-crossings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+smuggling" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnett2014" class="citation news cs1">Burnett, John (15 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/07/15/331477447/who-is-smuggling-immigrant-children-across-the-border">"Who Is Smuggling Immigrant Children Across The Border?"</a>. <i>National Public Radio</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=Who+Is+Smuggling+Immigrant+Children+Across+The+Border%3F&rft.date=2014-07-15&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fparallels%2F2014%2F07%2F15%2F331477447%2Fwho-is-smuggling-immigrant-children-across-the-border&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+smuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozak2017" class="citation news cs1">Kozak, Piotr (29 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/29/caribbean-migrants-chile-desert-minefield">"Caribbean migrants risk danger and discrimination for a new life in Chile"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Caribbean+migrants+risk+danger+and+discrimination+for+a+new+life+in+Chile&rft.date=2017-06-29&rft.aulast=Kozak&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fjun%2F29%2Fcaribbean-migrants-chile-desert-minefield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+smuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmanMelesio2017" class="citation news cs1">Holman, John; Melesio, Lucina (30 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/mexico-cartels-recruit-children-smuggle-people-171030103553245.html">"Mexico cartels recruit children to smuggle people to US"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Mexico+cartels+recruit+children+to+smuggle+people+to+US&rft.date=2017-10-30&rft.aulast=Holman&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Melesio%2C+Lucina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F10%2Fmexico-cartels-recruit-children-smuggle-people-171030103553245.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+smuggling" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/mexico704/interview/smuggler.html">"Extended Interview: A Human Smuggler"</a>. <i>Frontline</i>. WGBH Educational Foundation. 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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David, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DH6AwAAQBAJ&dq=international+law+of+migrant+smuggling&pg=PR1">International Law of Migrant Smuggling</a>, 2014, 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadgett,_Tim2003" class="citation news cs1">Padgett, Tim (12 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150404010908/http://content.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,474582,00.html">"People Smugglers Inc"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,474582,00.html">the original</a> on 4 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=People+Smugglers+Inc&rft.date=2003-08-12&rft.au=Padgett%2C+Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fprintout%2F0%2C8816%2C474582%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+smuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-economist2005-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-economist2005_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-economist2005_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-economist2005_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=4488653">"Decapitating the snakeheads"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 6 August 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Decapitating+the+snakeheads&rft.date=2005-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fopinion%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D4488653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+smuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNick_MiroffRobert_Moore2018" class="citation news cs1">Nick Miroff; Robert Moore (13 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/7-year-old-migrant-girl-taken-into-border-patrol-custody-dies-of-dehydration-exhaustion/2018/12/13/8909e356-ff03-11e8-862a-b6a6f3ce8199_story.html?noredirect=on">"7-year-old migrant girl taken into Border Patrol custody dies of dehydration, exhaustion"</a>. <i>The Ashington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ashington+Post&rft.atitle=7-year-old+migrant+girl+taken+into+Border+Patrol+custody+dies+of+dehydration%2C+exhaustion&rft.date=2018-12-13&rft.au=Nick+Miroff&rft.au=Robert+Moore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fnational-security%2F7-year-old-migrant-girl-taken-into-border-patrol-custody-dies-of-dehydration-exhaustion%2F2018%2F12%2F13%2F8909e356-ff03-11e8-862a-b6a6f3ce8199_story.html%3Fnoredirect%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+smuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/girl-who-crossed-border-dad-died-border-patrol-custody-n947811">"7-year-old girl who crossed border with father dies in U.S. custody"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 14 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=7-year-old+girl+who+crossed+border+with+father+dies+in+U.S.+custody&rft.date=2018-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fus-news%2Fgirl-who-crossed-border-dad-died-border-patrol-custody-n947811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+smuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.havocscope.com/prices/human-smuggling-fees/">"Human Smuggling Fees"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Smuggling+Fees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.havocscope.com%2Fprices%2Fhuman-smuggling-fees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+smuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071103192506/http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/1998/0505immigration_skerry.aspx?p=1">"Brookings Institution"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/1998/0505immigration_skerry.aspx?p=1">the original</a> on 3 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brookings+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fopinions%2F1998%2F0505immigration_skerry.aspx%3Fp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+smuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime2010" class="citation book cs1">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/Model_Law_Smuggling_of_Migrants_10-52715_Ebook.pdf"><i>Model Law against the Smuggling of Migrants</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Model+Law+against+the+Smuggling+of+Migrants&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2010-10&rft.au=United+Nations+Office+on+Drugs+and+Crime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Fdocuments%2Fhuman-trafficking%2FModel_Law_Smuggling_of_Migrants_10-52715_Ebook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+smuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis,_David2001" class="citation news cs1">Francis, David (17 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Mexican-drug-cartels-move-into-human-smuggling-3221740.php">"Mexican border tightens over drug-hit fear"</a>. <i>Chronicle Foreign Service</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chronicle+Foreign+Service&rft.atitle=Mexican+border+tightens+over+drug-hit+fear&rft.date=2001-05-17&rft.au=Francis%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FMexican-drug-cartels-move-into-human-smuggling-3221740.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+smuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lichtenwald, Terrance G., Perri, Frank S., and MacKenzie, Paula (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.all-about-forensic-science.com/support-files/smuggling.pdf">Smuggling Multi-Consignment Contraband: Isolated Incidents or a New Trend?</a> Inside Homeland Security, 17–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unodc1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unodc1_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/faqs-migrant-smuggling.html">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrachet2018" class="citation journal cs1">Brachet, Julien (2018). "Manufacturing Smugglers: From Irregular to Clandestine Mobility in the Sahara'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. <b>676</b> (1): 16–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716217744529">10.1177/0002716217744529</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150007646">150007646</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Manufacturing+Smugglers%3A+From+Irregular+to+Clandestine+Mobility+in+the+Sahara%27&rft.volume=676&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16-35&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002716217744529&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150007646%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brachet&rft.aufirst=Julien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeople+smuggling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_smuggling&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:People_smuggling" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:People smuggling">People smuggling</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/migrant-smuggling/migrant-smuggling.html">UNODC Smuggling of Migrants</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7DH6AwAAQBAJ&dq=international+law+of+migrant+smuggling&pg=PR1">A.Gallagher and F.David, International Law of Migrant Smuggling, 2014</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110309163736/http://www.amnesty.org.au/refugees/comments/20601/">Amnesty International, People Smuggling – fact sheet</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Template:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_the_United_States_and_related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration to the United States</a> and related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Relevant colonial era,<br />United States and<br />international laws</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonial era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_in_the_American_Colonies" title="Nationality law in the American Colonies">Nationality law in the American Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Act_1740" title="Plantation Act 1740">Plantation Act 1740</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">Naturalization Act 1790</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1795" title="Naturalization Act of 1795">1795</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1798" title="Naturalization Act of 1798">1798</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Law_of_1802" title="Naturalization Law of 1802">Naturalization Law 1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_to_Encourage_Immigration" title="An Act to Encourage Immigration">Act to Encourage Immigration (1864)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" title="Naturalization Act of 1870">Naturalization Act 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" title="Page Act of 1875">Page Act (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1882" title="Immigration Act of 1882">Immigration Act of 1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion (1882)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Act_(1888)" title="Scott Act (1888)">Scott Act (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1891" title="Immigration Act of 1891">Immigration Act of 1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geary_Act" title="Geary Act">Geary Act (1892)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1900–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1903" title="Immigration Act of 1903">Immigration Act 1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1906" title="Naturalization Act of 1906">Naturalization Act 1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1907" title="Immigration Act of 1907">Immigration Act 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1918" title="Immigration Act of 1918">Immigration Act 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act" title="Emergency Quota Act">Emergency Quota Act (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Act" title="Cable Act">Cable Act (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Repatriation_Act" title="Filipino Repatriation Act">Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_Act_of_1940" title="Nationality Act of 1940">Nationality Act of 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_Program" title="Bracero Program">Bracero Program (1942–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson_Act" title="Magnuson Act">Magnuson Act (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Brides_Act" title="War Brides Act">War Brides Act (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Fianc%C3%A9es_and_Fianc%C3%A9s_Act" title="Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act">Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce%E2%80%93Celler_Act" title="Luce–Celler Act">Luce–Celler Act (1946)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1950–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention relating to the Status of Refugees">UN Refugee Convention (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act 1952</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_212(f)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 212(f)">Section 212(f)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_287(g)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g)">Section 287(g)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_Act" title="Refugee Act">Refugee Act (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986" title="Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986">Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Fairness" title="Family Fairness">Family Fairness (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Homecoming_Act" title="American Homecoming Act">American Homecoming Act (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1990" title="Immigration Act of 1990">Immigration Act 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Technical_Corrections_Act_of_1994" title="Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act of 1994">Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996" title="Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996">Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Adjustment_and_Central_American_Relief_Act" title="Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act">Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_and_Workforce_Improvement_Act" title="American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act">American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_in_the_21st_Century_Act" title="American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act">American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Immigration_Family_Equity_Act" title="Legal Immigration Family Equity Act">Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-1B_Visa_Reform_Act_of_2004" title="H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004">H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_ID_Act" title="Real ID Act">Real ID Act (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Fence_Act_of_2006" title="Secure Fence Act of 2006">Secure Fence Act (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">DACA (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Parents_of_Americans" title="Deferred Action for Parents of Americans">DAPA (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">Executive Order 13769 (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780" title="Executive Order 13780">Executive Order 13780 (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ending_Discriminatory_Bans_on_Entry_to_The_United_States" title="Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States">Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeping_Families_Together_(United_States_immigration_policy)" title="Keeping Families Together (United States immigration policy)">Keeping Families Together (KFT) (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visas and policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Visa policy of the United States">Visa policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_card" title="Green card">Permanent residence (Green card)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_Waiver_Program" title="Visa Waiver Program">Visa Waiver Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_protected_status" title="Temporary protected status">Temporary protected status (TPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_the_United_States" title="Asylum in the United States">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_Immigrant_Visa" title="Diversity Immigrant Visa">Green Card Lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Minors_Program" title="Central American Minors Program">Central American Minors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_authorization_document" title="Employment authorization document">Employment authorization document (EAD card)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_action" title="Deferred action">Deferred action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_(United_States_immigration)" title="Parole (United States immigration)">Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_of_status" title="Adjustment of status">Adjustment of status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-VISIT" class="mw-redirect" title="US-VISIT">US-VISIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Advisory_Opinion" title="Security Advisory Opinion">Security Advisory Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Verify" title="E-Verify">E-Verify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Origins_Formula" title="National Origins Formula">National Origins Formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedited_removal" title="Expedited removal">Expedited removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration detention in the United States">Detention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Family immigration detention in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaccompanied_Alien_Children" title="Unaccompanied Alien Children">Unaccompanied children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">Trump administration family separation policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Government<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Border_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Border Patrol">U.S. Border Patrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/BORTAC" title="BORTAC">BORTAC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service">Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_for_Immigration_Review" title="Executive Office for Immigration Review">Executive Office for Immigration Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Immigration_Appeals" title="Board of Immigration Appeals">Board of Immigration Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Refugee_Resettlement" title="Office of Refugee Resettlement">Office of Refugee Resettlement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_immigration_and_naturalization_case_law" title="Category:United States immigration and naturalization case law">Supreme Court cases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark"><i>US v. Wong Kim Ark</i> (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozawa_v._United_States" title="Ozawa v. United States"><i>Ozawa v. US</i> (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind" title="United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind"><i>US v. Bhagat Singh Thind</i> (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Brignoni-Ponce" title="United States v. Brignoni-Ponce"><i>US v. Brignoni-Ponce</i> (1975)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zadvydas_v._Davis" title="Zadvydas v. Davis">Zadvydas v. Davis</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce_v._Whiting" title="Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting"><i>Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting</i> (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_v._Barr" title="Barton v. Barr"><i>Barton v. Barr</i> (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California"><i>DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.</i></a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Wolf_v._Vidal" title="Wolf v. Vidal">Wolf v. Vidal</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niz-Chavez_v._Garland" title="Niz-Chavez v. Garland"><i>Niz-Chavez v. Garland</i> (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanchez_v._Mayorkas" title="Sanchez v. Mayorkas"><i>Sanchez v. Mayorkas</i> (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_v._Mu%C3%B1oz" title="Department of State v. Muñoz"><i>Department of State v. Muñoz</i> (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related issues<br />and events</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests" title="2006 United States immigration reform protests">2006 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_County,_Texas" title="Brooks County, Texas">Brooks County, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_migrant_caravans" title="Central American migrant caravans">Central American migrant caravans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_illegal_immigrants_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic impact of illegal immigrants in the United States">Economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Effects of immigration to the United States">Effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">Eugenics in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_worker_program" title="Guest worker program">Guest worker program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human smuggling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coyotaje" class="mw-redirect" title="Coyotaje">Coyotaje</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reform" title="Immigration reform">Immigration reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_deported_or_removed_from_the_United_States" title="List of people deported or removed from the United States">List of people deported from the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Mexico–United States border crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_wall" title="Mexico–United States border wall">Mexico–United States border wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortage#add_Labor_shortage" title="Shortage">Labor shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_America" title="March for America">March for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrant_population_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrant population of the United States">Illegal immigrant population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_immigration_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse immigration in the United States">Reverse immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_American_immigration_crisis" title="2014 American immigration crisis">Unaccompanied minors from Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration to the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol_interior_checkpoints" title="United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints">United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DREAM_Act" title="DREAM Act">DREAM Act (2001–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Protection,_Anti-terrorism_and_Illegal_Immigration_Control_Act_of_2005" title="Border Protection, Anti-terrorism and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005">H.R. 4437 (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_America_and_Orderly_Immigration_Act" title="Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act">McCain–Kennedy (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2006" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Through_Regularized_Immigration_and_a_Vibrant_Economy_Act_of_2007" title="Security Through Regularized Immigration and a Vibrant Economy Act of 2007">STRIVE Act (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2007" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_American_Families_Act" title="Uniting American Families Act">Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security,_Economic_Opportunity,_and_Immigration_Modernization_Act_of_2013" title="Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013">Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_SAFE_Act_of_2015" title="American SAFE Act of 2015">SAFE Act (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAISE_Act" title="RAISE Act">RAISE Act (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Citizenship_Act_of_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="US Citizenship Act of 2021">US Citizenship Act of 2021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigration stations<br />and points of entry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Island_Immigration_Station" title="Angel Island Immigration Station">Angel Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Clinton" title="Castle Clinton">Castle Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Boston_Immigration_Station" title="East Boston Immigration Station">East Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otay_Mesa_Port_of_Entry" title="Otay Mesa Port of Entry">Otay Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro_Port_of_Entry" title="San Ysidro Port of Entry">San Ysidro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan%27s_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Sullivan's Island, South Carolina">Sullivan's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Avenue_Immigration_Station" title="Washington Avenue Immigration Station">Washington Avenue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wetback" title="Operation Wetback">"Wetback" (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peter_Pan" title="Operation Peter Pan">"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Babylift" title="Operation Babylift">"Babylift" (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gatekeeper" title="Operation Gatekeeper">"Gatekeeper" (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Endgame" title="Operation Endgame">"Endgame" (2003–2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Front_Line" title="Operation Front Line">"Front Line" (2004–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Streamline" title="Operation Streamline">"Streamline" (2005–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Return_to_Sender" title="Operation Return to Sender">"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jump_Start" title="Operation Jump Start">"Jump Start" (2006–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phalanx_(2010-2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Phalanx (2010-2016)">"Phalanx" (2010–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faithful_Patriot" title="Operation Faithful Patriot">"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_DREAM_Act" title="California DREAM Act">California DREAM Act (2006–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_SB_1070" title="Arizona SB 1070">Arizona SB 1070 (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_HB_56" title="Alabama HB 56">Alabama HB 56 (2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Non-governmental<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Border_Recon" title="Arizona Border Recon">Arizona Border Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Coalition_for_Immigration_Reform" title="California Coalition for Immigration Reform">California Coalition for Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CASA_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="CASA of Maryland">CASA of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">Center for Immigration Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Migration_Studies_of_New_York" title="Center for Migration Studies of New York">Center for Migration Studies of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Humane_Immigrant_Rights_of_Los_Angeles" title="Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles">Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform" title="Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform">Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Change" title="Community Change">Community Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">Federation for American Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improve_The_Dream" title="Improve The Dream">Improve The Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexica_Movement" title="Mexica Movement">Mexica Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_Without_Borders" title="Mexicans Without Borders">Mexicans Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Policy_Institute" title="Migration Policy Institute">Migration Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Civil_Defense_Corps" title="Minuteman Civil Defense Corps">Minuteman Civil Defense Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Project" title="Minuteman Project">Minuteman Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Forum" title="National Immigration Forum">National Immigration Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Korean_American_Service_%26_Education_Consortium" title="National Korean American Service & Education Consortium">National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_Population_Growth" title="Negative Population Growth">Negative Population Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_More_Deaths" title="No More Deaths">No More Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Our_State" title="Save Our State">Save Our State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Compact" title="Utah Compact">Utah Compact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borderland_(TV_series)" title="Borderland (TV series)">Borderland (TV series)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missing_in_Brooks_County" title="Missing in Brooks County">Missing in Brooks County</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/116472987X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2002001970">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="nelegální převaděči"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph973167&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="nelegální převaděčství"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115431&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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