CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9136e8ccf8106015',cH: 'tsVdPeP1Qanw4qizgIqaxwBzSdXqvCkAJyQwHvkH8RI-1739807177-1.2.1.1-A0RFEa.5GZpCofIT8YKl7NeYKVfZX2wP9lOyYj.RBF6jauv0WNnzi.0yXQL6AjX2',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=spinal%20surgery&page=3&__cf_chl_tk=fo8NuR68cbiulrWAucxlvhfNtTcQSWuDqfMd4t0gNx4-1739807177-1.0.1.1-tmlrwbOEpklUlT6zk.XKfRHjf6qR4NMKa3MHElHvBAY",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739807177',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=spinal%20surgery&page=3&__cf_chl_f_tk=fo8NuR68cbiulrWAucxlvhfNtTcQSWuDqfMd4t0gNx4-1739807177-1.0.1.1-tmlrwbOEpklUlT6zk.XKfRHjf6qR4NMKa3MHElHvBAY",md: "0iFHQ1CMaGZE2KiXnvnsx8QyiLAX1jTWugergl1JCtA-1739807177-1.2.1.1-RJ4njkFFoI3FLfTuRdY1yPKa_6s_yRyG.Ni04jzCSVlpa7kKNIVyXQXwLmrOwi.aiFs2cbLsDILiRlmoKLdth7na2ZdoKtHDStD75lc2Q8tHFhB6G.KZI.w4daThFkTTOm3kilPUZG_gIYzwTvu.mGStHWvBI7CEQpNZ_JBm6JEEZ.I_VCMqdIV0hpb52zzS26aa6Oux6b1ZNHHUFKoIykJc02jEsxjATrPtjvq3bEaAGXvVtyCnN88NBuUm.GfWftTq_fsnDQPlkbltbQaBQzzuWIu2PYOXmC.LSK7m2RlMaZqHhxmRtVFSzvH3hqfNbpn.kU.vqyDI5ViisdmTt9et4vcFc5waBVMlK5mCoMkT_ar_phRYC_TKa1J_4zy3YxG5ln_c9gKqL7_EXgFxdWmNutiMPQEm_8V0nmrhkXi_icMB3T6JcFlLSboLbfLbS4n0bgcDtet6MgPa8p_LNSTmA2L5ip1TfoN50nQKxDmjAR91tB3ASbdEfUGpLPGqzx4C4XmqgpAbt66EqFyUU6DxiHy_KVnPlOVf.83lIjVaG2JXbXAPZI50cHppv1TROOrcLvz5.iDgctK0vexDvrX0xMqH5mAoMnoMyuhGN_80M29D8lrrrsV__9RnhmjRma4NtPgtevDYOewJgav5S0W_G7l6kyfgsQSltGxn9.meNGYKpGCz0D_qQxf9cyxkyogQbj5s6zqTR.U8c9wAhOailC9Ua9EEmSpShHWoAejmUGc6ak3P8HTRXTYlYz5cfydZmxie2Ls19.mVo4lUclxMxQ6oM5t3KUlM8grgIhwoCnOszItog8.DaIEJjyW1vRIubyqhxnXAE6609pganrReIducUJUZC5Wzyrz967K7khnC5Ng6A.vLZFfSb4NdLxzZdWDJHD2TjpeMBK_ZpFX0dUumFNNY3ifqy5DthIdK5.eHVcGAZgl3ggm7doMG5sA33YH9aJzYeStdwA_yUwQpDJTb.bFIOkp2h7_EknpBmMa26ERA9YmdszgfjfPQY50pJrWZTPy4VWIcYYRZ1xJqf.O8LSq.ececBOG_A0mg3.ZCpoURe.iYaciuEgaxk5H4F4zIbRbAaEnvlP4EsmNt7zppALccB_cUlN1uH9AKUby5FG1j94pHNTgjJ_2eLttJ5VdaKctqgfjybjCLF8tOod5zoea2F4FoxYGN1SJBsbDdlq5b3E3wWA0dgFBOyvcivtxv99SNfIRBOaaJr0jcXRzLOAjHRSaybTH2sX6xx8XpzZf7on93YRa7p6A34EmwfQkP0.3l00evwBi7EVZGqbFRdZd0zp6a.eIx.6wwwRtkG0qcWuwJCM8lBqZok_veKLA9mcTt5Nm0ytHznf6o1crhKCPMBJiqSPYBs_F2K1Obirv4GZaZWBj4WoUiV35XBHVTHLLbzBMhaS8pC.P0JKAEzkIODVHIbfdL6.O1UBUzXIDXCdZMP0FiZmpoU93zOKB33n.JTLCCFz1oRaOlqHqG8WsfbcrIB685BR1lVDrkyXWG0Tup8jNMDzcbXQz7PX3cr.pjAwgYXUpqWPi_Nra9Rf4ojXIsUzVDI.CpdDeE3qw5EzwzeLPliemQ8sykVHHzdSTKrVSoFo2Qku4C_O5kQHHKch_89ltGmeGJsOupzQVSmuUnE_oMIBWOBVymuAx_d4PeZ9rSf7auWY47dpVuoKqy3T8.gGGl7De7IB_V5cLLV4mBqgL3BVk16V5feITVwNobQn45fjtgdfNzfwuZ9DoqPDCPhiKzBDlZqi.ABWjo92_tqahOc_t.q5brwJIGKXm7JuHZ5Uc_uoCjXLxwbY4iCDyn17rUOJfa2ncU7AWlbWmQbWfXPSSwApp15f11gMmAbLW6A0yVeXitTvuLUlnWdofnumHGkKCYumqqh1PXzRempWDwX2Ye55bxnOJL7mYjve.X6r9jk7oQ1UVemalTDuQvwXM5rA53swOAHWhu57Gv7O1PT8qq",mdrd: "era_RHTPDWWVpT79qPG3eHoVc8lYDmX3O2ePvFIlDDA-1739807177-1.2.1.1-dtdx4DSaMp3vAOfm1L4bLqjoJ2NmTqeodYZSq9IGYAvTEExb99foDKRMFO7Ff4MC6VFBKVgGVcuK9CJjCMbPneKMy9kDc2bCkZ3ibf.0Ybe3gCATUxVL0qJpgG0m.4GE5_L9kZW5.2Zi35pe0LFqJ0KcQhmi5TRPpggvSeo11tFr0QapBBMbmBxvaL4fyGxZeYHrkTk4B5wN26.VP8CYC8sIE.rWKNvQVPollbJ3G0SbqlEwXh28AQLaeoloEV1AQrB1LVB8DsNbPPvA3YL_Sv6SAbXlxf_p77CX2W4qBwXdaj6k6Y8cha7qxVNcXTj4mSkP17FRzqHBDeAELi_fZZ_kQqC4o6fGqIKZncX1gCxE1xG7sTMD4rw4VpJJpAeRK1H0rF5rTAd7_FHibDR038EOFW2K_dTQFDSCnY1dGYOZwWmsx5Ny4HkWuk33VxCzfwRkalpUwNeD.D34xqjZOydm1QB1PeyUtIHj0pZmLdbB3ceqwhXOXO2ko94hTdrRsaR9CxD9X41aIwHOahbKlHjj0v8Q7Og4BCEpJQ1bAuDR5.4_DnETaHVms_oyU3uN7wpknuD15XCNqBzISbR4FpODieiTAgAymgoE2PHKLi6_e_8DIK9DGafMRsOArmYpczYIwUqxWssqNZD5U3jRd8hMPq_zk9I.vwhU2.RwCCNyaCB2_9UyrqiBoSguN4vdMQrMQ5V0j9eKq.ITKb._NFa5XCu0.H3WXYxABjXU2GlQ9CtU77ZBYfciZ7Et.DJlp4_Qm3X3w3Je7Srbn9RcucmKjk3ISDJDCG5y59jOW8mfgucveDOhgRbnQub.q728SgDkgubFsZmmAAr8zTykgwYDhz2EO_gFCE594V.mGpYfRJo5YkI7Jw9GFMY77XwJPnr8eLH5nNU.6vCC6atjDYl2FScGVhg8naLO2Vw7Viuw9oX.OmWyj7JqJaZb7_AcMm10I_GwgEIdhY4s1QO_URaITsEzGqmQvIh1ZqgJlZk4jLx1uc3LF94rmTTl7KTqd2PJrvO_y4uguIRP19xF4LhfVj7tlLzpLMQ3qmUWU_EjUHBm.yJwc3gaDlBsVhv1UCm7Rbbg78qKSezUdgyqFXCsSu5Lg9pNuF8yqa76WyQ3bzhcUDnhNh0zMWL2JQMWW7.nuZp7V_V_ut8vlo_TDlgvgE1zDM4f3iWLhLpTjp4BsIZjmm_PDqMirCIOoIYRvo8z5epKXvHsTZ5yANlBTqdF1nAS9ewVYjuQZQCEc_ovr4z7tIl5dbYL1j4ypxE1XkJMYc30DFpZZsBurf0oOP2oWV2rLOBrVc32JF17RAQj.Br8FqhiQ5xyKgnrsfDnZx72wvk3UtykOYM47PteFHqnq2V8nrWuGTlLNcICb8ZF.G40IScRS3mtg5w8Ujen.JKu8IwWG92rqJ_T0vikoNR1ztajUHxQhhJ0XIw0bJtP2JZFyIDt27tO8ky9tMI9j7k24kbVCg7_cxgo6lBxC6XuIOK_ZvJ_kIoLYxRgTHGy1Ffzhfk5VJLxFyKPyx1tY9gDU_mj3ld0J9VnB1PRz7cwhAvX7xHzWA9NbIPBBy_lRt9pHzooGk0xPj5p5zzzEuCpZCpj3Q.ARrsvAKBYpR90Y5Ns17LCI2VR87v0J2rwD6BSiugr6n9Rx8XhPfns0NelNc.4672s5eylkPVZBkTSTj.827B9Xf.um2ECrBYc.jFfyTaBD3XL_KiHBNJjYm0OvloiFaBW5PaHhUZ7kELxZ.dN0RyNCTFWEhslwOh1xXJorAB5cAVkjlQZTSh2YCZ2ZDapvmu3_he1xMm6_HvpATOPTVQCAzJjOBhPtBkGB0AWWeYxyz.vLrAXdVVH5sKZTt0we3Vf7MLc1YojdsEZfryz_OSVBNeZncuqJeLBVPiM4xxWjfwO7CNQyQs_f0hCEMBtTqwX9EImwntQB6lzIidXuufMLbqNYTq5VNUlQUmwf0TTVT_okiXWqlUGbZkn7G1R5Gn__XcPGGAbwA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9136e8ccf8106015';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=spinal%20surgery&page=3&__cf_chl_rt_tk=fo8NuR68cbiulrWAucxlvhfNtTcQSWuDqfMd4t0gNx4-1739807177-1.0.1.1-tmlrwbOEpklUlT6zk.XKfRHjf6qR4NMKa3MHElHvBAY" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>