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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>European countries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-European_countries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle European countries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-European_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kosovo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kosovo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Kosovo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kosovo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%92uvre_collective" title="Œuvre collective – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Œuvre collective" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_collettiva" title="Opera collettiva – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Opera collettiva" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3594128#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For works of joint authorship, see <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_writing" title="Collaborative writing">Collaborative writing</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_John_XXIII_-_Time_Magazine_Cover_-_January_4,_1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pope_John_XXIII_-_Time_Magazine_Cover_-_January_4%2C_1963.jpg/220px-Pope_John_XXIII_-_Time_Magazine_Cover_-_January_4%2C_1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pope_John_XXIII_-_Time_Magazine_Cover_-_January_4%2C_1963.jpg/330px-Pope_John_XXIII_-_Time_Magazine_Cover_-_January_4%2C_1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Pope_John_XXIII_-_Time_Magazine_Cover_-_January_4%2C_1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> cover from 1963. Copyright was not renewed, so the collective work is in the public domain. The artist, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Safran" title="Bernard Safran">Bernard Safran</a> (1924–1995), created 73 covers for <i>Time</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard_Safran:_Paintings_–_safran-arts_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard_Safran:_Paintings_–_safran-arts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>collective work</b> is a work that contains the works of several authors assembled and published under the direction of one natural or legal person who owns the <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> in the work as a whole. Definitions vary considerably from one country to another, but usually treat ownership of the work as a whole as distinct from ownership of the individual contributions, so the individual authors may retain the right to publish their work elsewhere. It is common for publication of articles on the Internet, when isolated from the context of the overall work, to be considered to be outside of the standard agreement between the author and the owner of the collective work. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General">General</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_agreements">International agreements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: International agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many countries have agreed to be bound by the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention" title="Berne Convention">Berne Convention</a> and/or the <a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">TRIPS Agreement</a>. </p><p>Article 2.5 of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (Paris Text 1971) specifies: "Collections of literary or artistic works such as encyclopaedias and anthologies which, by reason of the selection and arrangement of their contents, constitute intellectual creations shall be protected as such, without prejudice to the copyright in each of the works forming part of such collections."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerne_Convention_..._1971_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerne_Convention_..._1971-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Section 10.2 of the TRIPS Agreement, to which members of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> are bound, states, "Compilations of data or other material, whether in machine readable or other form, which by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents constitute intellectual creations shall be protected as such. Such protection, which shall not extend to the data or material itself, shall be without prejudice to any copyright subsisting in the data or material itself."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights_–_WTO_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights_–_WTO-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitation_on_publisher_rights">Limitation on publisher rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Limitation on publisher rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, the author of a contribution to a collective work retains the copyright, and the publisher does not have the right to reuse the contribution in some context other than the collective work without the express consent of the author. In England it has been held that exploiting the work of a freelance newspaper photographer in a back numbers website was a use that had not been contemplated in the original license and was not covered by the license. Such reuse would also infringe the journalist's copyright in the United States. In a 1997 case in the Netherlands it was held that reuse of newspaper articles on a website and CD-ROM went beyond the implied license. In Germany any attempt by the author to grant rights to exploit their work in a way that was unknown when the contract was made is null and void under the law. In France, online publication is considered fundamentally different from print publication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokes2014138_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes2014138-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creative_Commons">Creative Commons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Creative Commons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Creative Commons legal code for Attribution-NonCommercial 2.0 (CC2.0) defines a collective work as: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"<b>Collective Work</b>" means a work, such as a periodical issue, anthology or encyclopedia, in which the Work in its entirety in unmodified form, along with a number of other contributions, constituting separate and independent works in themselves, are assembled into a collective whole. A work that constitutes a Collective Work will not be considered a Derivative Work (as defined below) for the purposes of this License.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAttribution-NonCommercial_2.0_–_Creative_Commons_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttribution-NonCommercial_2.0_–_Creative_Commons-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>The license for a CC2.0 work allows the user to incorporate the CC2.0 work in a collective work in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter devised. The collective work does not have to be released under a Creative Commons license, but access to the incorporated CC2.0 work must be consistent with the CC2.0 license, and the author must be credited.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAttribution-NonCommercial_2.0_–_Creative_Commons_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttribution-NonCommercial_2.0_–_Creative_Commons-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_law_countries">Common law countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Common law countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Anne" title="Statute of Anne">Statute of Anne</a> (1710) was the first copyright law in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETallmo2014_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETallmo2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statute is considered a "watershed event in Anglo-American copyright history ... transforming what had been the publishers' private law copyright into a public law grant".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattersonJoyce2003916_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattersonJoyce2003916-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the statute, copyright was for the first time vested in authors rather than publishers; it also included provisions for the public interest, such as a <a href="/wiki/Legal_deposit" title="Legal deposit">legal deposit</a> scheme. The statute was an influence on copyright law in several other nations, including the United States, and even in the 21st century is "frequently invoked by modern judges and academics as embodying the <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarian</a> underpinnings of copyright law".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander201017_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander201017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Australia a collective work is a work composed of separate parts that each attract their own copyright. An example would be a song in which the author of the music and the author of the lyrics each have copyright in their contribution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaenegem201036_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaenegem201036-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors have a moral right to be attributed, but only if they are author of a substantial part and it is reasonable to identify the author.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESainsbury200350_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESainsbury200350-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be unreasonable to attribute each author in a collective work such as an encyclopedia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESainsbury200351_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESainsbury200351-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Canadian copyright law, a collective work means:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopyright_Act_(R.S.C.,_1985,_c._C-42)2–3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopyright_Act_(R.S.C.,_1985,_c._C-42)2–3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>(a) an encyclopaedia, dictionary, year book or similar work,</dd> <dd>(b) a newspaper, review, magazine or similar periodical, and</dd> <dd>(c) any work written in distinct parts by different authors, or in which works or parts of works of different authors are incorporated;</dd></dl> <p>When the author of a work is the first owner of copyright, any rights granted by the author revert to his estate. However, this does not apply to the assignment of the copyright in a collective work or a licence to publish a work or part of a work as part of a collective work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopyright_Act_(R.S.C.,_1985,_c._C-42)14_(1)_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopyright_Act_(R.S.C.,_1985,_c._C-42)14_(1)-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Robertson_v_Thomson_Corp" title="Robertson v Thomson Corp">Robertson v Thomson Corp</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scc-csc.lexum.com/en/2006/2006scc43/2006scc43.html">[2006] 2 S.C.R. 363</a>, 2006 SCC 43 is a 2006 <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> decision on the ownership of copyright in published text that are stored in databases. The ruling held that though a newspaper held the copyright in the collection and the arrangement of freelance articles and in its newspaper, it could not publish the articles within a database. Publication within the database would remove the articles from the context of the collective work and therefore their publication as such was not within the rights held by the newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson_v._Thomson_Corp.,_[2006]_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson_v._Thomson_Corp.,_[2006]-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Robertson</i> decided that freelance journalists' copyright can stop the republication of their articles onto databases which display one article at a time but not onto CD-ROMs featuring whole newspapers. The court decided that a CD-ROM in which individual articles may only be viewed in the context of a whole newspaper is not a republication of an individual article as an individual work, but is rather a reproduction of the newspaper as a whole as a work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United Kingdom section 178 of the <a href="/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988" title="Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988">Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988</a> (CDPA) defines a collective work as either "(a) a work of joint authorship or (b) a work in which there are distinct contributions by different authors or in which works or parts of works of different authors are incorporated."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988_UKs.178_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988_UKs.178-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general principle is that authors who contribute to a collective work have the right to control future exploitation in their works unless this is expressly waived in the contract.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Agostino2010262_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Agostino2010262-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The editor receives a separate copyright in the collective work for their efforts as long as they meet the originality standard set by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinHugenholtz2012254_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinHugenholtz2012254-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The copyright law related to collective works does not provide an exception to the general European term of protection of 70 years following death, which would apply to death of the last surviving author.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20128_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20128-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_1842" title="Copyright Act 1842">Copyright Act 1842</a> stated that the authors of contributions to collective works did not retain full copyright control over their works. However, they had the right to be paid, the right to refuse consent for additional uses of their work, reversion of copyright after 28 years and (if agreed with the owner of the collective work) the ability to publish their own work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Agostino2010262_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Agostino2010262-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1911 Act, which replaced the 1842 Act, stated that the owner of a collective work would only gain ownership of the copyright of contributions where they had given or promised some valuable consideration and there was no agreement to the contrary. The author would retain copyright if this could be inferred from the mutual intention of the parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Agostino2010262_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Agostino2010262-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_1911" title="Copyright Act 1911">Copyright Act 1911</a> (<a href="/wiki/1_%26_2_Geo._5" class="mw-redirect" title="1 & 2 Geo. 5">1 & 2 Geo. 5</a>. c. 46), no copyright vests in the proprietor of a collective work unless the author is employed under a contract of service or apprenticeship, or there is an assignment in writing; and when the copyright vests in the proprietor of a periodical by reason of a contract of service or apprenticeship, the author may restrain separate publication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacgillivray1912_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacgillivray1912-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the 1911 act the author of a contribution would regain copyright after 25 years, but this would be concurrent with the publisher's right in the collective work. It was argued that reversion of full rights to the author would have been "a great hardship to proprietors of collective works, particularly of those permanent in nature, such as ecyclopaedias, if they could not have acquired from the author an unfettered right to produce the work at any future time as part of the collective work." The author could, however, restrain the publisher from transferring or licensing their work to others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Agostino201060_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Agostino201060-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_1956" title="Copyright Act 1956">Copyright Act 1956</a> employees retained copyright in their work unless there was an agreement to the contrary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Agostino2010262_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Agostino2010262-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CDPA removed the waiver on employee rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Agostino2010262_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Agostino2010262-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Collective_work_(US)" title="Collective work (US)">Collective work (US)</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">Copyright law of the United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a>, section 101, defines a collective work as "a work, such as a periodical issue, anthology, or encyclopedia, in which a number of contributions, constituting separate and independent works in themselves, are assembled into a collective whole". It is protected as long as the "author" can show that the selection and organization of the contributions is original, and that these contribution can themselves be protected, as opposed to being mere facts such as statistical data.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruguiere2017_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruguiere2017-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Article 201 (c) states, "Copyright in each separate contribution to a collective work is distinct from copyright in the collective work as a whole, and vests initially in the author of the contribution. In the absence of an express transfer of the copyright or of any rights under it, the owner of copyright in the collective work is presumed to have acquired only the privilege of reproducing and distributing the contribution as part of that particular collective work, any revision of that collective work, and any later collective work in the same series".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruguiere2017_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruguiere2017-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The compiler, or author of the collection, owns copyright in the expression he or she contributed, which is primarily the selection and arrangement of the separate contributions, but may include such things as a preface, advertisements, etc., that the collective author created.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett2012PT449_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett2012PT449-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contributions remain the property of the authors by default, but the property may be passed to the owner of the collective work by contract. They may also obtain ownership of the contributions if they are <a href="/wiki/Work_for_hire" title="Work for hire">works made for hire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruguiere2017_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruguiere2017-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Supreme Court case of <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._Tasini" title="New York Times Co. v. Tasini">New York Times Co. v. Tasini</a></i> (2001) concerned free-lance journalists who had been paid for their contributions to paper editions of newspapers and magazines, but their contracts had not covered digital rights for reproduction on CD-ROMs or publication on the Internet. When the articles were distributed in electronic form a few years later, the court ruled that this did not constitute a revision of the work, because the articles could be accessed individually. A revision must maintain the articles in their context of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruguiere2017_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruguiere2017-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Faulkner v. National Geographic Enterprises Inc.</i> (2005), a Court of Appeal ruled that an electronic version of a newspaper was a revision of the collective work if it reproduced the paper version identically, including advertisements and photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruguiere2017_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruguiere2017-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_countries">European countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: European countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"The New Renaissance", the report of the <i>Comité des Sages</i> Reflection Group on Bringing Europe's Cultural Heritage Online, published on 10 January 2011, stated that the public sector had a duty to digitize their cultural heritage. Under the heading of "Ensuring wide access to and use of digitised public domain material" the report stated:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_UnionComité_des_Sages2011_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_UnionComité_des_Sages2011-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ul><li>Cultural institutions should make public domain material digitised with public funding as widely available as possible for access and re-use. This cross-border access should be part of the funding conditions for digitisation across Europe. The use of intrusive watermarks or other means that limit the use of the material should be avoided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_UnionComité_des_Sages2011_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_UnionComité_des_Sages2011-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The European Commission should consider ways and means to eliminate the differences in the rights status of digitised material between the Member States in a context where cross-border access and use is the norm. In principle the mere digitisation process should not generate any new rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_UnionComité_des_Sages2011_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_UnionComité_des_Sages2011-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Term_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright Term Directive">Copyright Term Directive</a> of 2006 was intended to address the second concern, but has not been effective in harmonizing the terms and definitions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20122_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20122-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It does state that the term of protection for works whose right-holder is a legal person, as well as for collective works, is 70 years after the work is made available to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20123_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20123-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also states that where "the natural persons who have created the [collective] work are identified as such in the versions of the works which are made available to the public" the duration of protection is 70 years after the death of the last surviving author.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20128_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20128-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is no standard European definition of the terms "works of joint authorship" and "collective works", so each country must define laws and make legal decisions over when a work with multiple authors is a work of joint authorship, collective work or simply a collection of separate works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20124_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20124-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Czech Republic a collective work is a work that is created with the participation of more than one authors at the initiative and under the management of a natural person or of a legal entity and made available to the public under that person's or entity's name and where the individual contributions involved in the work are not capable of independent use. The work is protected for 70 years after it was made publicly available.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20127_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20127-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Collective_work_(France)" title="Collective work (France)">Collective work (France)</a></div> <p>The concept of a collective work (<i>œuvre collective</i>) in the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_France" title="Copyright law of France">copyright law of France</a> is complex, and case law and scholarly views do not always agree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20127_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20127-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bernard Edelman, in his <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">l'œuvre collective: une définition introuvable</i></span></i> (1998), describes the legal definition of collective works as "obscure and tangled".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobacci_Avocats2014_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobacci_Avocats2014-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, all authorities agree that the concept of an <i>oeuvre collective</i> in France covers dictionaries, encyclopaedias and periodical works such as newspapers or magazines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20127_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20127-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A "collective work" in France is a work created at the initiative of a natural or legal person who edits it, publishes it and discloses it under his direction and name and in which the personal contributions of the various authors who participated in its production are merged in the overall work for which they were conceived, without it being possible to attribute to each author a separate right in the work as created. "A collective work shall be the property, unless proved otherwise, of the natural or legal person under whose name it has been disclosed. The author's rights shall vest in such person."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntellectual_Property_Code_–_Legifrance2–3_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntellectual_Property_Code_–_Legifrance2–3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "In the case of ... collective works, the term of the exclusive right shall be 70 years from January 1 of the calendar year following that in which the work was published."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntellectual_Property_Code_–_Legifrance7_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntellectual_Property_Code_–_Legifrance7-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It does not matter whether the contributors are identified or remain anonymous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20127_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20127-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBermannPicard2008179_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermannPicard2008179-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>maître</i> takes all the ownership rights in a collective work, and these rights are directly vested in the <i>maître</i> rather than transferred from the contributors, as long as the <i>maître</i> directed the creative process enough for it to be considered a collective work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland_Asbill_&_Brennan_LLP20049_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland_Asbill_&_Brennan_LLP20049-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 22 March 2012 decision the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(France)" title="Court of Cassation (France)">French Supreme Court</a> (<i>Cour de cassation</i>) stated that "the natural or legal person at the initiative of a collective work is vested with the author's rights over this work and, in particular, the moral rights prerogatives".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBretonnière2012_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBretonnière2012-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each contributor to the collective work retains the moral rights to their contribution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouche201186_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouche201186-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rise of the Internet has opened new questions about the rights of the authors of contributions to a collective work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrance:_Industrial_Relations_..._Press_Reference_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrance:_Industrial_Relations_..._Press_Reference-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a newspaper is reproduced in its entirety the reproduction falls under the collective work regime. Publication in successive editions of a newspaper during the course of the day, each of which reproduces a large part of the previous edition, is not seen as publication in another newspaper. Electronic publication of the entire newspaper could therefore be seen as an edition of the same collective work. However, partial or selective reproduction may require the agreement of the contributors. Further, the contributors to a newspaper may have the right to separately publish a thematic selection of articles without infringing the rights of the owner of the collective work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAder1997_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAder1997-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main relevant law in Germany is the Copyright Act of 9 September 1965, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gesetz über Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte</i></span> (UrhG). German copyright law defines collective works as collections of works, data, or other independent elements, provided that the collection itself is a personal intellectual creation (UrhG, sec. 4 para 1), in other words: a work as defined by UrhG, sec. 2 para 2. The authors grant the rights of exploitation to a third party who decides what works to include in the collection. The difference from a work of joint authorship is that it is practical to separately exploit the parts of a collective work, while that cannot be done with parts of a work of joint authorship. It is possible to distinguish between the collection as a work and the parts as different works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelhardtJaeger_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelhardtJaeger-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the authors retain copyright in their contributions, both the authors and the creator of the collective work must consent to its exploitation. The creator and the authors of the contributions may enforce their rights separately.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelhardtJaeger_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelhardtJaeger-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The copyright term of each contribution is measured from the death of the author of the contribution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinHugenholtz2012253_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinHugenholtz2012253-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collective work resembles a joint work in that the author of each contribution may require the consent to alteration or exploitation of all the contributors "if such consent may reasonably be demanded of them".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinHugenholtz2012253–254_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinHugenholtz2012253–254-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years after granting an exploitation right to an editor, or after delivering the work to the editor, the author can revoke the grant if the work has not been published and the author has been harmed as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinHugenholtz2012269_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinHugenholtz2012269-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Hungary a work shall be regarded as a collective work if the contributions of the authors co-operating in the creation of the work are combined in the product of joint creation in a manner which makes the separate determination of the individual authors' rights impossible. In the case of a collective work ... the copyright shall be transferred by legal succession to the natural or legal person, business company or legal entity at whose initiative and under whose instructions the work was created and who published it in his own name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAct_No._LXXVI_of_1999_on_copyright_–_HungaryArt_6_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAct_No._LXXVI_of_1999_on_copyright_–_HungaryArt_6-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term of protection of a collective work shall be seventy years counted from the first day of the year following the first disclosure of the work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAct_No._LXXVI_of_1999_on_copyright_–_HungaryArt_31_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAct_No._LXXVI_of_1999_on_copyright_–_HungaryArt_31-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 3 of the Italian Copyright Law defines collective works as formed by "the assembling of works or parts of works possessing the character of a self-contained creation resulting from selection and coordination with a specific literary, scientific, didactic, religious, political or artistic aim, such as encyclopaedias, dictionaries, anthologies, magazines and newspapers". The collective work as a whole is protected for 70 years from publication. For magazines, newspapers and other periodical works, each individual part or issue is given an independent term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20127_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20127-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collective works shall be protected as original works, independently and without prejudice to the copyright on the works or parts of works of which they are composed." </p><p>Article 7 of the Copyright Law considers the author as the one who organizes and directs the creation of the work: "The author of a collective work is considered to be the person who organizes and directs its creation itself." What characterizes the collective work is not so much the structural element as the creative coexistence of two levels: that of individual contributions that make up the work and the total ideation of the work and the choice and coordination of contributions or of organization and direction of creative activity carried out by employees. </p><p>The individual parts of the collective work are deemed creative works, so the rights to them are retained by their individual creators. This is stated in paragraph 2 of Article 38 of the Copyright Law stating: "The right to use their own contributions separately is reserved for the individual employees of the collective work, in compliance with the agreed terms, and failing that, the following standards." Moreover, the Article 38 also provides that: "With a collective work, unless otherwise agreed, the right to economic use is with the publisher of the same" where "publisher" means the natural or legal person who assumes the economic risk and bear the costs imposed by the creation and publication of the work. </p><p>As part of these works we must therefore distinguish three distinct holders of rights: the author (who organizes and directs its creation), the publisher (who owns only the economic rights) and individual authors. Article 42 allows the use of a fragment from the collective work by the author provided it indicates the collective work from which it was taken, and the date of publication: "The author of the article or other work that is reproduced in a collective work shall be entitled to reproduce it in separate publications or collected in a volume, provided that it indicates the collective work from which it is taken and the date of publication." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kosovo">Kosovo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Kosovo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Kosovo the copyright in the collective work lasts for seventy years after the lawful disclosure of the work, unless the natural persons who have created the work are identified as such in the versions of the work which are disclosed to the public. In case of identification of the authors, copyright will last for seventy years from the date of death of the last surviving author.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw_No._04/L-065_of_30_November_2011_–_KosovoArt_61_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw_No._04/L-065_of_30_November_2011_–_KosovoArt_61-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Property rights and other copyrights pertaining to a database or collective work created during employment are considered to have passed to the employer exclusively and without limitations, unless the contract provides otherwise,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw_No._04/L-065_of_30_November_2011_–_KosovoArt_128_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw_No._04/L-065_of_30_November_2011_–_KosovoArt_128-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A collective copyright work is a work created by collaboration of several authors, by combining their contribution separately into a whole such as encyclopedias, lexicons, databases, computer programs, collections and similar works at the initiative and under the direction of a natural or legal person as the ordering party. It is considered that the authors transfer unlimited and exclusive rights to all the material and other copyright in the collective work, unless otherwise provided by contract. The principal of the collective copyright work has the right to publish and use the work in its own name, but every copy of the work must contain a list of authors participating in the creation of collective work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw_No._04/L-065_of_30_November_2011_–_KosovoArt_106_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw_No._04/L-065_of_30_November_2011_–_KosovoArt_106-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Dutch copyright law Article 5 states that "if a literary, scientific or artistic work consists of separate works by two or more persons, the person under whose guidance and supervision the work as a whole has been made or, if there is no such person, the compiler of the various works, shall be deemed the author of the whole work, without prejudice to the copyright in each of the works separately". This could apply to works such as anthologies or encyclopedias. The term of protection is not specified, so by default the collective work may be assumed to be protected until 70 years after the death of the person deemed to be author of the whole work. If this person is a legal person, protection would be for 70 years after publication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20128_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20128-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Norway a work is protected for 70 years following the year of death of the author. In a collective or joint work, this is counted from the death of the longest surviving author. For a motion picture, the following are considered authors: main director, scriptwriter, dialogue author, and composer of original musical score.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannemyr20092_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannemyr20092-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the 1987 <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Spain" title="Copyright law of Spain">copyright law of Spain</a> collections of other works, such as anthologies, and other elements or data that by the selection or arrangement of materials constitute intellectual creations, are considered protected works without prejudice to the rights of the authors of the original works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuan_Carlos_I1987Art._12_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuan_Carlos_I1987Art._12-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A collective work is a work created by the initiative and under the coordination of a natural or legal person who edits and publishes it under their name and consists of the collection of contributions from different authors whose personal contributions are based on autonomous creation, and for whom it is not possible to attribute separately a right over the whole of the work. Unless otherwise agreed, the rights to the collective work belong to the person who publishes and disseminates it under their name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuan_Carlos_I1987Art._9_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuan_Carlos_I1987Art._9-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The duration of rights over a collective work shall be sixty years from the date of its disclosure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuan_Carlos_I1987Art._28_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuan_Carlos_I1987Art._28-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 28 of the 1996 revision to this law grants collective works protection for 70 years following lawful disclosure of the work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReal_Decreto_Legislativo_1/1996_–_SpainArt._28_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReal_Decreto_Legislativo_1/1996_–_SpainArt._28-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algeria">Algeria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Algeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Algeria a collective work is protected for 50 years from publication, 50 years from the time it was made accessible to the public if unpublished, or 50 years from the time it is realized that it has not been made available to the public within 50 years of creation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDZ001:_Droits_d'auteur,_Ordonnance_..._AlgeriaArt._56_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDZ001:_Droits_d'auteur,_Ordonnance_..._AlgeriaArt._56-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chinese law is in some ways closer to that of common law countries than to European civil law. It follows the general principle that ownership is originally vested in the author, but makes an exception with collective works. Article 11 of the Chinese copyright code states that when a legal entity or organization directs creation of a work and bears responsibility for the work, that entity is considered the author of the work. All rights vest in the organizational author.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland_Asbill_&_Brennan_LLP200411–12_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland_Asbill_&_Brennan_LLP200411–12-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Philippines" title="Copyright law of the Philippines">copyright law of the Philippines</a>, a "collective work" is a work which has been created by two or more natural persons at the initiative and under the direction of another with the understanding that it will be disclosed by the latter under his own name and that contributing natural persons will not be identified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntellectual_Property_Code_of_the_Philippines_-_Part_Four171.2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntellectual_Property_Code_of_the_Philippines_-_Part_Four171.2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When an author contributes to a collective work, his right to have his contribution attributed to him is deemed waived unless he expressly reserves it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntellectual_Property_Code_of_the_Philippines_-_Part_Four196_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntellectual_Property_Code_of_the_Philippines_-_Part_Four196-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Vanuatu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Vanuatu a "collective work" is a work created by two or more individuals at the initiative and under the direction of another person on the understanding that (a) the work will be disclosed by that other person under that person's own name; and (b) the identity of the contributing individuals will not be indicated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopyright_and_Related_Rights_Act_2000_..._Vanuatu3_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopyright_and_Related_Rights_Act_2000_..._Vanuatu3-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The person who initiated and directed the creation of a collective work is the original owner of the economic rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopyright_and_Related_Rights_Act_2000_..._Vanuatu13_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopyright_and_Related_Rights_Act_2000_..._Vanuatu13-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "work of joint authorship" is a work created by two or more authors and in which the contribution of each author is not separate from the contribution of the other author or the contributions of the other authors, but does not include a collective work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopyright_and_Related_Rights_Act_2000_..._Vanuatu5_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopyright_and_Related_Rights_Act_2000_..._Vanuatu5-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a collective work (other than an work of applied art) and an audiovisual work protection extends for 50 years on and after the date on which the work: was made; or first made available to the public; first published; whichever date is the latest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopyright_and_Related_Rights_Act_2000_..._Vanuatu12_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopyright_and_Related_Rights_Act_2000_..._Vanuatu12-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard_Safran:_Paintings_–_safran-arts-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard_Safran:_Paintings_–_safran-arts_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernard_Safran:_Paintings_–_safran-arts">Bernard Safran: Paintings – safran-arts</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerne_Convention_..._1971-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerne_Convention_..._1971_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBerne_Convention_..._1971">Berne Convention ... 1971</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights_–_WTO-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights_–_WTO_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights_–_WTO">Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights – WTO</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokes2014138-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStokes2014138_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStokes2014">Stokes 2014</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttribution-NonCommercial_2.0_–_Creative_Commons-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAttribution-NonCommercial_2.0_–_Creative_Commons_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAttribution-NonCommercial_2.0_–_Creative_Commons_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAttribution-NonCommercial_2.0_–_Creative_Commons">Attribution-NonCommercial 2.0 – Creative Commons</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETallmo2014-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETallmo2014_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTallmo2014">Tallmo 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattersonJoyce2003916-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattersonJoyce2003916_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPattersonJoyce2003">Patterson & Joyce 2003</a>, p. 916.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander201017-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander201017_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander2010">Alexander 2010</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaenegem201036-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaenegem201036_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaenegem2010">Caenegem 2010</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESainsbury200350-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESainsbury200350_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSainsbury2003">Sainsbury 2003</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESainsbury200351-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESainsbury200351_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSainsbury2003">Sainsbury 2003</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopyright_Act_(R.S.C.,_1985,_c._C-42)2–3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopyright_Act_(R.S.C.,_1985,_c._C-42)2–3_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopyright_Act_(R.S.C.,_1985,_c._C-42)">Copyright Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-42)</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopyright_Act_(R.S.C.,_1985,_c._C-42)14_(1)-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopyright_Act_(R.S.C.,_1985,_c._C-42)14_(1)_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopyright_Act_(R.S.C.,_1985,_c._C-42)">Copyright Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-42)</a>, 14 (1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson_v._Thomson_Corp.,_[2006]-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson_v._Thomson_Corp.,_[2006]_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobertson_v._Thomson_Corp.,_[2006]">Robertson v. Thomson Corp., [2006]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988_UKs.178-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988_UKs.178_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988_UK">Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 UK</a>, s.178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Agostino2010262-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Agostino2010262_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Agostino2010262_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Agostino2010262_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Agostino2010262_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Agostino2010262_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFD'Agostino2010">D'Agostino 2010</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinHugenholtz2012254-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinHugenholtz2012254_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsteinHugenholtz2012">Goldstein & Hugenholtz 2012</a>, pp. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20128-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20128_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20128_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20128_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngelopoulos2012">Angelopoulos 2012</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacgillivray1912-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacgillivray1912_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacgillivray1912">Macgillivray 1912</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Agostino201060-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Agostino201060_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFD'Agostino2010">D'Agostino 2010</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruguiere2017-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruguiere2017_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruguiere2017_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruguiere2017_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruguiere2017_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruguiere2017_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBruguiere2017">Bruguiere 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrett2012PT449-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrett2012PT449_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett2012">Barrett 2012</a>, PT449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuropean_UnionComité_des_Sages2011-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_UnionComité_des_Sages2011_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_UnionComité_des_Sages2011_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEuropean_UnionComité_des_Sages2011_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEuropean_UnionComité_des_Sages2011">European Union & Comité des Sages 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20122-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20122_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngelopoulos2012">Angelopoulos 2012</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20123-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20123_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngelopoulos2012">Angelopoulos 2012</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20124-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20124_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngelopoulos2012">Angelopoulos 2012</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20127-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20127_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20127_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20127_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20127_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAngelopoulos20127_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAngelopoulos2012">Angelopoulos 2012</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobacci_Avocats2014-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobacci_Avocats2014_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobacci_Avocats2014">Jacobacci Avocats 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntellectual_Property_Code_–_Legifrance2–3-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntellectual_Property_Code_–_Legifrance2–3_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIntellectual_Property_Code_–_Legifrance">Intellectual Property Code – Legifrance</a>, p. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntellectual_Property_Code_–_Legifrance7-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntellectual_Property_Code_–_Legifrance7_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIntellectual_Property_Code_–_Legifrance">Intellectual Property Code – Legifrance</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermannPicard2008179-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBermannPicard2008179_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBermannPicard2008">Bermann & Picard 2008</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland_Asbill_&_Brennan_LLP20049-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland_Asbill_&_Brennan_LLP20049_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSutherland_Asbill_&_Brennan_LLP2004">Sutherland Asbill & Brennan LLP 2004</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBretonnière2012-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBretonnière2012_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBretonnière2012">Bretonnière 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouche201186-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouche201186_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBouche2011">Bouche 2011</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrance:_Industrial_Relations_..._Press_Reference-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrance:_Industrial_Relations_..._Press_Reference_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrance:_Industrial_Relations_..._Press_Reference">France: Industrial Relations ... Press Reference</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAder1997-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAder1997_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAder1997">Ader 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelhardtJaeger-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelhardtJaeger_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelhardtJaeger_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEngelhardtJaeger">Engelhardt & Jaeger</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinHugenholtz2012253-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinHugenholtz2012253_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsteinHugenholtz2012">Goldstein & Hugenholtz 2012</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinHugenholtz2012253–254-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinHugenholtz2012253–254_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsteinHugenholtz2012">Goldstein & Hugenholtz 2012</a>, pp. 253–254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinHugenholtz2012269-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinHugenholtz2012269_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoldsteinHugenholtz2012">Goldstein & Hugenholtz 2012</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAct_No._LXXVI_of_1999_on_copyright_–_HungaryArt_6-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAct_No._LXXVI_of_1999_on_copyright_–_HungaryArt_6_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAct_No._LXXVI_of_1999_on_copyright_–_Hungary">Act No. LXXVI of 1999 on copyright – Hungary</a>, Art 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAct_No._LXXVI_of_1999_on_copyright_–_HungaryArt_31-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAct_No._LXXVI_of_1999_on_copyright_–_HungaryArt_31_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAct_No._LXXVI_of_1999_on_copyright_–_Hungary">Act No. LXXVI of 1999 on copyright – Hungary</a>, Art 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw_No._04/L-065_of_30_November_2011_–_KosovoArt_61-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw_No._04/L-065_of_30_November_2011_–_KosovoArt_61_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaw_No._04/L-065_of_30_November_2011_–_Kosovo">Law No. 04/L-065 of 30 November 2011 – Kosovo</a>, Art 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw_No._04/L-065_of_30_November_2011_–_KosovoArt_128-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw_No._04/L-065_of_30_November_2011_–_KosovoArt_128_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaw_No._04/L-065_of_30_November_2011_–_Kosovo">Law No. 04/L-065 of 30 November 2011 – Kosovo</a>, Art 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw_No._04/L-065_of_30_November_2011_–_KosovoArt_106-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw_No._04/L-065_of_30_November_2011_–_KosovoArt_106_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaw_No._04/L-065_of_30_November_2011_–_Kosovo">Law No. 04/L-065 of 30 November 2011 – Kosovo</a>, Art 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannemyr20092-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannemyr20092_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHannemyr2009">Hannemyr 2009</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuan_Carlos_I1987Art._12-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuan_Carlos_I1987Art._12_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuan_Carlos_I1987">Juan Carlos I 1987</a>, Art. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuan_Carlos_I1987Art._9-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuan_Carlos_I1987Art._9_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuan_Carlos_I1987">Juan Carlos I 1987</a>, Art. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuan_Carlos_I1987Art._28-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuan_Carlos_I1987Art._28_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuan_Carlos_I1987">Juan Carlos I 1987</a>, Art. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReal_Decreto_Legislativo_1/1996_–_SpainArt._28-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReal_Decreto_Legislativo_1/1996_–_SpainArt._28_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReal_Decreto_Legislativo_1/1996_–_Spain">Real Decreto Legislativo 1/1996 – Spain</a>, Art. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDZ001:_Droits_d'auteur,_Ordonnance_..._AlgeriaArt._56-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDZ001:_Droits_d'auteur,_Ordonnance_..._AlgeriaArt._56_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDZ001:_Droits_d'auteur,_Ordonnance_..._Algeria">DZ001: Droits d'auteur, Ordonnance ... Algeria</a>, Art. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland_Asbill_&_Brennan_LLP200411–12-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutherland_Asbill_&_Brennan_LLP200411–12_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSutherland_Asbill_&_Brennan_LLP2004">Sutherland Asbill & Brennan LLP 2004</a>, p. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntellectual_Property_Code_of_the_Philippines_-_Part_Four171.2-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntellectual_Property_Code_of_the_Philippines_-_Part_Four171.2_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIntellectual_Property_Code_of_the_Philippines_-_Part_Four">Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines - Part Four</a>, 171.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntellectual_Property_Code_of_the_Philippines_-_Part_Four196-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntellectual_Property_Code_of_the_Philippines_-_Part_Four196_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIntellectual_Property_Code_of_the_Philippines_-_Part_Four">Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines - Part Four</a>, 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopyright_and_Related_Rights_Act_2000_..._Vanuatu3-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopyright_and_Related_Rights_Act_2000_..._Vanuatu3_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopyright_and_Related_Rights_Act_2000_..._Vanuatu">Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000 ... 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li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAct_No._LXXVI_of_1999_on_copyright_–_Hungary" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/hu/hu084en.pdf"><i>Act No. LXXVI of 1999 on copyright</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Republic of Hungary, 1 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2017</span></cite><span 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Section 8, Clause 8 of the U.S. Constitution", <i>Emory Law Journal</i>, <b>52</b> (1), Emory University School of Law, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-4076">0094-4076</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emory+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Copyright+in+1791%3A+An+Essay+Concerning+the+Founders%27+View+of+Copyright+Power+Granted+to+Congress+in+Article+1.+Section+8%2C+Clause+8+of+the+U.S.+Constitution&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0094-4076&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=L.+Ray&rft.au=Joyce%2C+Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+work" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReal_Decreto_Legislativo_1/1996_–_Spain" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Spanish Republic, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20050526050521/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/es/es/es054es.html#selection-4813.0-4823.265"><i>Real Decreto Legislativo 1/1996, de 12 de abril, por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, regularizando, aclarando y armonizando las disposiciones legales vigentes sobre la material</i></a> (in Spanish), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/es/es/es054es.html">the original</a> on 26 May 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+Decreto+Legislativo+1%2F1996%2C+de+12+de+abril%2C+por+el+que+se+aprueba+el+texto+refundido+de+la+Ley+de+Propiedad+Intelectual%2C+regularizando%2C+aclarando+y+armonizando+las+disposiciones+legales+vigentes+sobre+la+material&rft.au=Spanish+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fclea%2Fdocs_new%2Fes%2Fes%2Fes054es.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+work" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson_v._Thomson_Corp.,_[2006]" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/2006/2006scc43/2006scc43.html"><i>Robertson v. Thomson Corp., [2006] 2 SCR 363, 2006 SCC 43 (CanLII)</i></a>, 12 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robertson+v.+Thomson+Corp.%2C+%5B2006%5D+2+SCR+363%2C+2006+SCC+43+%28CanLII%29&rft.date=2006-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canlii.org%2Fen%2Fca%2Fscc%2Fdoc%2F2006%2F2006scc43%2F2006scc43.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+work" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSainsbury2003" class="citation cs2">Sainsbury, Maree (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XSVMgj37d5EC&pg=PA50"><i>Moral Rights and Their Application in Australia</i></a>, Federation Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86287-474-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86287-474-9"><bdi>978-1-86287-474-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+Rights+and+Their+Application+in+Australia&rft.pub=Federation+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86287-474-9&rft.aulast=Sainsbury&rft.aufirst=Maree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXSVMgj37d5EC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+work" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes2014" class="citation cs2">Stokes, Simon (30 January 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JavnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA138"><i>Digital Copyright: Law and Practice</i></a>, Bloomsbury Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84946-983-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84946-983-8"><bdi>978-1-84946-983-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Copyright%3A+Law+and+Practice&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2014-01-30&rft.isbn=978-1-84946-983-8&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJavnCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+work" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland_Asbill_&_Brennan_LLP2004" class="citation cs2">Sutherland Asbill & Brennan LLP (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://us.eversheds-sutherland.com/portalresource/lookup/poid/Z1tOl9NPluKPtDNIqLMRV56Pab6TfzcRXncKbDtRr9tObDdEuS3Dr0!/fileUpload.name=/WorkforHireLaws.pdf"><i>Analysis of International Work-for-Hire Laws</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analysis+of+International+Work-for-Hire+Laws&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Sutherland+Asbill+%26+Brennan+LLP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fus.eversheds-sutherland.com%2Fportalresource%2Flookup%2Fpoid%2FZ1tOl9NPluKPtDNIqLMRV56Pab6TfzcRXncKbDtRr9tObDdEuS3Dr0%21%2FfileUpload.name%3D%2FWorkforHireLaws.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+work" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTallmo2014" class="citation cs2">Tallmo, Karl-Erik (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copyrighthistory.com/anne.html"><i>The History of Copyright: A Critical Overview With Source Texts in Five Languages</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Copyright%3A+A+Critical+Overview+With+Source+Texts+in+Five+Languages&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Tallmo&rft.aufirst=Karl-Erik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copyrighthistory.com%2Fanne.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+work" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaver2011" class="citation cs2">Vaver, David (2011), <i>Intellectual Property Law: Copyright, Patents, Trade-Marks</i> (2nd ed.), Toronto: Irwin Law Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55221-209-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55221-209-7"><bdi>978-1-55221-209-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intellectual+Property+Law%3A+Copyright%2C+Patents%2C+Trade-Marks&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Irwin+Law+Inc.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-55221-209-7&rft.aulast=Vaver&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollective+work" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&oldid=1251467127">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Collective_work&oldid=1251467127</a>"</div></div> <div 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1 Template:For"," 4.53% 35.719 84 Template:Main_other"," 4.10% 32.284 1 Template:Use_dmy_dates"," 3.54% 27.924 2 Template:Reflist"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.457","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14876063,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAct_No._LXXVI_of_1999_on_copyright_–_Hungary\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAder1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgreement_on_Trade-Related_Aspects_of_Intellectual_Property_Rights_–_WTO\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexander2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAngelopoulos2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAttribution-NonCommercial_2.0_–_Creative_Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrett2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBermannPicard2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernard_Safran:_Paintings_–_safran-arts\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerne_Convention_..._1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBouche2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBretonnière2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruguiere2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaenegem2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988_UK\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopyright_Act_(R.S.C.,_1985,_c._C-42)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopyright_and_Related_Rights_Act_2000_..._Vanuatu\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Agostino2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDZ001:_Droits_d\u0026#039;auteur,_Ordonnance_..._Algeria\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngelhardtJaeger\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuropean_UnionComité_des_Sages2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrance:_Industrial_Relations_..._Press_Reference\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldsteinHugenholtz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannemyr2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIntellectual_Property_Code_of_the_Philippines_-_Part_Four\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIntellectual_Property_Code_–_Legifrance\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobacci_Avocats2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuan_Carlos_I1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaw_No._04/L-065_of_30_November_2011_–_Kosovo\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacgillivray1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPattersonJoyce2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReal_Decreto_Legislativo_1/1996_–_Spain\"] = 1,\n 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