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class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Википедия" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ru.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.25em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="ирекле энциклопедия" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ba.svg" width="118" height="11" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.6875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%AD%D2%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D2%AF" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Википедия эсендә эҙләү [f]" 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</div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Шәхси ҡоралдар"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Уҡыу көйләүҙәре"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Измените внешний вид страницы, размер, ширину и цвет шрифта." > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Уҡыу көйләүҙәре" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Уҡыу көйләүҙәре</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=ba" class=""><span>Иғәнә</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%98%D2%AB%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%8F%D2%99%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B_%D1%8F%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%83&returnto=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80" title="Мотлаҡ булмаһа ла, иҫәп яҙмаһы төҙөргә һәм системала танылырға тәҡдим итәбеҙ" class=""><span>Теркәлеү</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83&returnto=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80" title="Бында теркәлеү үтергә була, әммә мотлаҡ түгел [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Танылыу</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Күберәк мөмкинлектәр" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Шәхси ҡоралдар" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Шәхси ҡоралдар</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Ҡатнашыусы менюһы" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=ba"><span>Иғәнә</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%98%D2%AB%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%8F%D2%99%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B_%D1%8F%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%83&returnto=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80" title="Мотлаҡ булмаһа ла, иҫәп яҙмаһы төҙөргә һәм системала танылырға тәҡдим итәбеҙ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Теркәлеү</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83&returnto=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80" title="Бында теркәлеү үтергә була, әммә мотлаҡ түгел [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Танылыу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Танылмаған мөхәррирҙәр өсөн бит <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99" aria-label="Мөхәррирләү тураһында ентеклерәк"><span>Күберәк белергә</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D3%A8%D0%BB%D3%A9%D1%88%D3%A9%D0%BC" title="Был IP-адрестан яһалған төҙәтеүҙәр [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Өлөш</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D3%98%D2%A3%D0%B3%D3%99%D0%BC%D3%99_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="IP-адресығыҙ өсөн фекер алышыу бите [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Фекер алышыу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eйәшерергә\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sitenotice\" lang=\"ba\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Йөкмәткеһе" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Йөкмәткеһе</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ҡабырға панеленә күсерергә</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">йәшерергә</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Башы</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Шәкәр_тарихы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Шәкәр_тарихы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Шәкәр тарихы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Шәкәр_тарихы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Шәкәр_етештереү" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Шәкәр_етештереү"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Шәкәр етештереү</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Шәкәр_етештереү-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Шәкәр етештереү бүлеген күрһәтергә/йәшерергә</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Шәкәр_етештереү-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Технологияһы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Технологияһы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Технологияһы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Технологияһы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Һаулыҡҡа_тәьҫире" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Һаулыҡҡа_тәьҫире"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Һаулыҡҡа тәьҫире</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Һаулыҡҡа_тәьҫире-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Глюкоза" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Глюкоза"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Глюкоза</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Глюкоза-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Фруктоза" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Фруктоза"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Фруктоза</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Фруктоза-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Лактоза" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Лактоза"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Лактоза</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Лактоза-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Шәкәр_алмаштырғыстар" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Шәкәр_алмаштырғыстар"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Шәкәр алмаштырғыстар</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Шәкәр_алмаштырғыстар-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Галерея" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Галерея"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Галерея</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Галерея-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ҡыҙыҡлы_факттар" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ҡыҙыҡлы_факттар"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ҡыҙыҡлы факттар</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ҡыҙыҡлы_факттар-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Һылтанмалар" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Һылтанмалар"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Һылтанмалар</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Һылтанмалар-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Иҫкәрмәләр" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Иҫкәрмәләр"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Иҫкәрмәләр</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Иҫкәрмәләр-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Йөкмәткеһе" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Йөкмәткене күрһәтергә/йәшерергә" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Йөкмәткене күрһәтергә/йәшерергә</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Шәкәр</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Икенсе телдәге мәҡәләгә күсегеҙ. 173 телдә уҡырға була" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-173" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">173 тел</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suikers" title="Suikers — африкаанс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suikers" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zucker" title="Zucker — швейцарский немецкий" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zucker" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарский немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%B3%E1%88%AD" title="ስኳር — амхарский" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስኳር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="амхарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zucre" title="Zucre — арагонский" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Zucre" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swe%C4%A1e" title="Sweġe — староанглийский" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sweġe" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="староанглийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1" title="سكر — арабский" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سكر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%9F%DC%AA" title="ܫܟܪ — арамейский" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܫܟܪ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="арамейский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1" title="سكر — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سكر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="চেনি — ассамский" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চেনি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ассамский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azucre" title="Azucre — астурийский" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Azucre" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99k%C9%99r" title="Şəkər — азербайджанский" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şəkər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="شکر — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شکر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" title="Gula — балийский" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gula" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="балийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zugga" title="Zugga — Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Zugga" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokros" title="Sokros — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sokros" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asukar" title="Asukar — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Asukar" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Цукар — белорусский" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цукар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белорусский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Цукар — белорусский (тарашкевица)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цукар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="белорусский (тарашкевица)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" title="Gula — Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Gula" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Захар — болгарский" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Захар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="चीनी — Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चीनी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" title="Gula — Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Gula" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="চিনি — бенгальский" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চিনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukr" title="Sukr — бретонский" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sukr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0e%C4%87er" title="Šećer — боснийский" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Šećer" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="боснийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre — каталанский" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sucre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2ng" title="Tòng — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Шекар — чеченский" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шекар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="чеченский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asukal" title="Asukal — себуано" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Asukal" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="себуано" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9%27keemahpe" title="Vé'keemahpe — шайенский" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Vé'keemahpe" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="шайенский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="شەکر — центральнокурдский" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەکر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="центральнокурдский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cukr" title="Cukr — чешский" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cukr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%C4%83%D1%80" title="Сахăр — чувашский" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сахăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwgr" title="Siwgr — валлийский" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Siwgr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валлийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukker" title="Sukker — датский" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sukker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zucker" title="Zucker — немецкий" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zucker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B7" title="Ζάχαρη — греческий" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζάχαρη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="греческий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="яҡшы мәҡәлә"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar — английский" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sugar" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukero" title="Sukero — эсперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sukero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az%C3%BAcar" title="Azúcar — испанский" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Azúcar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhkrud" title="Suhkrud — эстонский" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suhkrud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azukre" title="Azukre — баскский" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azukre" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7uca" title="Açuca — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Açuca" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="شکر — персидский" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شکر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персидский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokerit" title="Sokerit — финский" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sokerit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="финский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovu" title="Dovu — фиджи" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Dovu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="фиджи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukur" title="Sukur — фарерский" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sukur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="фарерский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukl%C3%A8" title="Suklè — фон" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Suklè" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="фон" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre — французский" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sucre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBker" title="Sûker — западнофризский" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sûker" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="западнофризский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%BAcra" title="Siúcra — ирландский" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Siúcra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souk" title="Souk — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Souk" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%B9car" title="Siùcar — гэльский" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Siùcar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="гэльский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azucre" title="Azucre — галисийский" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Azucre" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirat%C3%A3" title="Eiratã — гуарани" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Eiratã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="гуарани" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suukala" title="Suukala — Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Suukala" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukari" title="Sukari — хауса" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sukari" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="хауса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B2ng" title="Thòng — хакка" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thòng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="хакка" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A8" title="סוכר — иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוכר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="शर्करा — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शर्करा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chini" title="Chini — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chini" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0e%C4%87eri" title="Šećeri — хорватский" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šećeri" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sik_(materyo)" title="Sik (materyo) — гаитянский" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sik (materyo)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаитянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cukor" title="Cukor — венгерский" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cukor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Շաքար — армянский" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շաքար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Շաքար — западноармянский" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Շաքար" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="западноармянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucro" title="Sucro — интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sucro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" title="Gula — индонезийский" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gula" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%83n%C3%BA_od%E1%BA%B9ne" title="Ńnú odẹne — игбо" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ńnú odẹne" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="игбо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avu" title="Avu — инупиак" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Avu" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="инупиак" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asukar" title="Asukar — илоко" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Asukar" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="илоко" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Шекар — ингушский" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Шекар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ингушский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukro" title="Sukro — идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sukro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykur" title="Sykur — исландский" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sykur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%B1%E1%91%B2%E1%92%83" title="ᓱᑲᒃ — инуктитут" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓱᑲᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="инуктитут" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%96" title="糖 — японский" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="糖" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sakta" title="sakta — ложбан" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sakta" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ложбан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" title="Gula — яванский" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gula" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="яванский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="შაქარი — грузинский" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შაქარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" title="Gula — Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Gula" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Қант — казахский" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қант" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86" title="ಸಕ್ಕರೆ — каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಕ್ಕರೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A4%ED%83%95" title="설탕 — корейский" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="설탕" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%88" title="کھنٛڈ — кашмири" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کھنٛڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="кашмири" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eekir" title="Şekir — курдский" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şekir" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="курдский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugra" title="Sugra — корнский" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sugra" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="корнский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharum_(alimentum)" title="Saccharum (alimentum) — латинский" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saccharum (alimentum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asukar" title="Asukar — ладино" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Asukar" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ладино" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zucar" title="Zucar — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Zucar" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3kker" title="Sókker — лимбургский" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sókker" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбургский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuqer" title="Zuqer — Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Zuqer" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suk%C3%A1li" title="Sukáli — лингала" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sukáli" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="лингала" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cukrus" title="Cukrus — литовский" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cukrus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cukurs" title="Cukurs — латышский" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cukurs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="चिनी — майтхили" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चिनी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="майтхили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" title="Gula — Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Gula" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Захар — мокшанский" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Захар" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="мокшанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siramamy" title="Siramamy — малагасийский" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Siramamy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малагасийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulo" title="Gulo — минангкабау" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Gulo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="минангкабау" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%9C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шеќер — македонский" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шеќер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0" title="പഞ്ചസാര — малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പഞ്ചസാര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Чихэр — монгольский" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чихэр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="монгольский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0" title="साखर — маратхи" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साखर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" title="Gula — малайский" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gula" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="သကြား — бирманский" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သကြား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирманский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Ламбо — эрзянский" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ламбо" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="эрзянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caxtillan_chiyancaca" title="Caxtillan chiyancaca — Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Caxtillan chiyancaca" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zucker" title="Zucker — нижненемецкий" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Zucker" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="нижненемецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="चिनी — непальский" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चिनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="चिनी — неварский" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चिनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="неварский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafelsuiker" title="Tafelsuiker — нидерландский" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tafelsuiker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukker" title="Sukker — нюнорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sukker" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нюнорск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukker" title="Sukker — норвежский букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sukker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежский букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chucre" title="Chucre — Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Chucre" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81sh%C4%AF%C4%AFh_%C5%82ikan" title="Áshįįh łikan — навахо" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Áshįįh łikan" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="навахо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucre" title="Sucre — окситанский" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sucre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF" title="ଚିନି — ория" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚିନି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="ория" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C3%A6%D0%BA%C3%A6%D1%80" title="Сæкæр — осетинский" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сæкæр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="осетинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1" title="ਖੰਡ — панджаби" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖੰਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="панджаби" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cukier_spo%C5%BCywczy" title="Cukier spożywczy — польский" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cukier spożywczy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="شکر — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شکر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="بوره — пушту" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بوره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пушту" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7%C3%BAcar" title="Açúcar — португальский" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Açúcar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asukar" title="Asukar — кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Asukar" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zah%C4%83r" title="Zahăr — румынский" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zahăr" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahari" title="Zahari — арумынский" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Zahari" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="арумынский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сахар — русский" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сахар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="русский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isukari" title="Isukari — киньяруанда" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Isukari" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="киньяруанда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="शर्करा — санскрит" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शर्करा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="санскрит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Саахар — саха" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Саахар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="саха" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱪᱤᱱᱤ — сантали" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱤᱱᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="сантали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B9ccaru" title="Zùccaru — сицилийский" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Zùccaru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сицилийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succar" title="Succar — шотландский" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Succar" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шотландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%8A" title="کنڊ — синдхи" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="کنڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синдхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0e%C4%87er" title="Šećer — сербскохорватский" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šećer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскохорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92" title="සීනි — сингальский" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සීනි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="сингальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sugar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cukor_(sladidlo)" title="Cukor (sladidlo) — словацкий" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cukor (sladidlo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словацкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sladkor" title="Sladkor — словенский" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sladkor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuga" title="Shuga — шона" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Shuga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="шона" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonkor" title="Sonkor — сомали" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sonkor" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="сомали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheqeri" title="Sheqeri — албанский" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sheqeri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шећер — сербский" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шећер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" title="Gula — сунданский" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Gula" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сунданский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socker" title="Socker — шведский" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Socker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukari" title="Sukari — суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sukari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="சீனி — тамильский" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீனி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамильский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0" title="పంచదార — телугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పంచదార" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Қанд — таджикский" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қанд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="таджикский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5" title="น้ำตาล — тайский" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำตาล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asukal" title="Asukal — тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Asukal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99nd" title="Qənd — талышский" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Qənd" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="талышский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eeker" title="Şeker — турецкий" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şeker" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80" title="Шикәр — татарский" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шикәр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%90%D9%83%DB%95%D8%B1" title="شېكەر — уйгурский" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شېكەر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="уйгурский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Цукор — украинский" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цукор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%91%D8%B1" title="شکّر — урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شکّر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qand" title="Qand — узбекский" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qand" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B9caro" title="Sùcaro — Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sùcaro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahar_(produkt)" title="Sahar (produkt) — вепсский" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Sahar (produkt)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="вепсский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_(th%E1%BB%B1c_ph%E1%BA%A9m)" title="Đường (thực phẩm) — вьетнамский" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đường (thực phẩm)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнамский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suyker" title="Suyker — West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Suyker" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souke" title="Souke — валлонский" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Souke" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="валлонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asukar" title="Asukar — варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Asukar" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukar" title="Sukar — волоф" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Sukar" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="волоф" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%B3%96" title="食糖 — у" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="食糖" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="у" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჭაფურია — мегрельский" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭაფურია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="мегрельский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="צוקער — идиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צוקער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangz" title="Dangz — чжуань" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dangz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="чжуань" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%96" title="糖 — китайский" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="糖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thn%CC%82g" title="Thn̂g — миньнань" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thn̂g" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="миньнань" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%96" title="糖 — кантонский" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="糖" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushukela" title="Ushukela — зулу" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ushukela" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="зулу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11002#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Башҡа телдәргә һылтанмаларҙы төҙәтеү" class="wbc-editpage">Һылтанмаларҙы төҙәтергә</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Исем арауыҡтары"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80" title="Эстәлек битен ҡарау [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Бит</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D0%B5%D2%AF:%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80" rel="discussion" title="Биттең эстәлеге тураһында фекерләшеү [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Фекер алышыу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" 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id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&veaction=edit" title="Был битте үҙгәртеү [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Үҙгәртеү</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&action=edit" title="Биттең сығанаҡ кодын үҙгәртеү [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Кодты үҙгәртеү</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&action=history" title="Биттең төҙәтеүҙәр журналы [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Тарих</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ҡоралдар"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ҡоралдар" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ҡоралдар</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ҡоралдар</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">ҡабырға панеленә күсерергә</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">йәшерергә</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Күберәк мөмкинлектәр" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ғәмәлдәр </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80"><span>Уҡыу</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&veaction=edit" title="Был битте үҙгәртеү [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Үҙгәртеү</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&action=edit" title="Биттең сығанаҡ кодын үҙгәртеү [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Кодты үҙгәртеү</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&action=history"><span>Тарих</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Дөйөм </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80/%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80" title="Был биткә һылтанған барлыҡ биттәрҙең исемлеге [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Был биткә һылтанмалар</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%91%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D2%AF%D2%99%D0%B3%D3%99%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%AF%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80/%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80" rel="nofollow" title="Был бит һылтанған биттәрҙәге һуңғы үҙгәртеүҙәр [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Бәйле үҙгәртеүҙәр</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Барлыҡ махсус биттәр исемлеге [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Махсус биттәр</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&oldid=1069956" title="Биттең был өлгөһөнә даими һылтанма"><span>Даими һылтанма</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&action=info" title="Был бит тураһында ентекләберәк"><span>Бит мәғлүмәттәре</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0&page=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&id=1069956&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Был биттән нисек өҙөмтә яһау тураһында мәғлүмәт"><span>Биттән өҙөмтә яһарға</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fba.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%25A8%25D3%2599%25D0%25BA%25D3%2599%25D1%2580"><span>Ҡыҫҡа URL алыу</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fba.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%25A8%25D3%2599%25D0%25BA%25D3%2599%25D1%2580"><span>QR код алыу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Баҫтырыу/сығарыу </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:Collection&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80"><span>Китап төҙөү</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF форматында йөкләү</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&printable=yes" title="Биттең ҡағыҙға баҫтырыу өсөн өлгөһө [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Баҫтырыу өлгөһө</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Башҡа проекттарҙа </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sugar" hreflang="en"><span>Викимилек</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11002" title="Мәғлүмәт һаҡлағысына бәйле элементҡа һылтанма [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Викимәғлүмәт элементы</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ҡоралдар"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Уҡыу көйләүҙәре"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Уҡыу көйләүҙәре</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ҡабырға панеленә күсерергә</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">йәшерергә</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Википедия — ирекле энциклопедия мәғлүмәте</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ba" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Sugarcubes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sugarcubes.jpg/230px-Sugarcubes.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sugarcubes.jpg/345px-Sugarcubes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sugarcubes.jpg/460px-Sugarcubes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Шәкәр-рафинад</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Шәкәр, сахароза</b> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм">организмды</a> кәрәкле <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Энергия">энергия</a> менән тәьмин итеүсе туҡлыҡлы матдә, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Углевод (был бит юҡ)">углеводтар</a>. Шәкәр ҡамышынан һәм шәкәр <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D0%B3%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Сөгөлдөр">сөгөлдөрөнән</a> алынған шәкәр мөһим аҙыҡ-түлек булып тора. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Крахмал">Крахмалда</a> углеводтарға керә, ләкин уны үҙләштереү бик әкрен бара. Сахароза аш һеңдереү юлында глюкоза һәм фруктозаға тарҡала, һуңынан ҡан юлына еләгә. Глюкоза организм сарыф иткән энергияның яртыһын бирә. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Шәкәр_тарихы"><span id=".D0.A8.D3.99.D0.BA.D3.99.D1.80_.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.85.D1.8B"></span>Шәкәр тарихы</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Шәкәр тарихы бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&action=edit&section=1" title="Шәкәр тарихы бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Шәкәрҙең тыуған иле <a href="/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Һиндостан">Һиндостан</a>, бында ул 2300 йыл элек билдәле булған. Шәкәр һүҙе <a href="/wiki/%D2%92%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Ғәрәп теле">ғәр.</a> <span lang="ar" style="font-size: 130%">سكر</span>‎ <i>«суккар»</i> һүҙенән килеп сыҡҡан. <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа">Европала</a> шәкәр <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%93%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Боронғо Рим">римлеләргә</a> билдәле булған. Һиндостанда шәкәр ҡамышынан эшләнгән көрән шәкәрҙе сауҙагәрҙәр Европаға алып килгән. Һуңғараҡ шәкәр ҡамышын <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сицилия (был бит юҡ)">Сицилия</a> һәм Көньяҡ <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Испания">Испанияла</a> үҫтерә башлайҙар, әммә Рим империяһы таралғас был традиция юғала. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%81%D3%99%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Рәсәй">Рәсәйға</a> шәкәр яҡынса 11-12 быуатта килеп етә. Ул ваҡытта шәкәрҙе кенәз һәм уның яҡындары гена тәмләп ҡарай ала. <a href="/wiki/XVIII_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="XVIII быуат">XVIII быуат</a> башында Рәсәйҙә, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D1%82%D1%80_I" title="Пётр I">Пётр I</a> асҡан, беренсе «шәкәр палатаһы» эшләй башлай. Ул ваҡытта сеймалды сит илдән килтерәлер. <a href="/wiki/1802" class="mw-redirect" title="1802">1802</a> йылда илдә үҫтерелгән шәкәр сөгөлдөрөнән <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Тула">Тула</a> ҡалаһында шәкәр етештереү яйға һалына. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Шәкәр_етештереү"><span id=".D0.A8.D3.99.D0.BA.D3.99.D1.80_.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.88.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B5.D2.AF"></span>Шәкәр етештереү</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Шәкәр етештереү бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&action=edit&section=2" title="Шәкәр етештереү бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Элгәре шәкәрҙе шәкәр ҡамышынан ғына яһағандар. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80_%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Шәкәр ҡамышы (был бит юҡ)">Шәкәр ҡамышы</a> <a href="/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Һиндостан">Һиндостанда</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҡытай">Ҡытайҙа</a>, шулай уҡ йылылыҡ һәм дым етерлек булған башҡа илдәрҙә үҫә. Шәкәр бик ҡиммәтле һәм ғәжәйеп ризыҡ булып һаналған. Бик күп илдәрҙә татлы тәмләткес алыр өсөн <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D3%A8%D0%B9%D3%99%D2%A3%D0%BA%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Өйәңке (был бит юҡ)">өйәңке</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Ҡайын">ҡайын</a> һәм <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%99%D2%AF%D0%BA%D3%99_%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Йүкә ағасы (был бит юҡ)">йүкә ағасы</a> һуттарын ҡулланғандар. </p><p>Шәкәр ҡамышын алыштырырлыҡ үҫемлекте бик оҙаҡ эҙләйҙәр, һәм бары тик 19 быуат башында ғына <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%81%D3%99%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Рәсәй">Рәсәйҙә</a> һәм <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия">Германияла</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80_%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%B3%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Шәкәр сөгөлдөрө (был бит юҡ)">шәкәр сөгөлдөрөнән</a> шәкәр сығара торған беренсе заводтар төҙөлә. Хәҙер ер йөҙөндәге бөтә шәкәрҙең яртыһын тиерлек шәкәр сөгөлдөрөнән алалар. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Технологияһы"><span id=".D0.A2.D0.B5.D1.85.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.8F.D2.BB.D1.8B"></span>Технологияһы</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Технологияһы бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&action=edit&section=3" title="Технологияһы бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Шәкәр заводы янында сөгөлдөрҙө бетонланған тәрән соҡорға бушаталар. Көслө һыу ағымы уны эшкәртеү бинаһына табан алып китә. Бер машина уны соҡорҙан көрәп сығара, икенсеһе йылы һыуҙа йыуа, өсөнсеһе оҙонса ваҡ киҫәктәргә турай. Сөгөлдөр күпереп торған аҡ юнысҡы өйөмөнә әйләнә. Транспортер өйөмдө өҫтө ябылған түңәрәк бактарға күсереп һала, сөгөлдөр аша бер туҡтауһыҙ эҫе һыу ағып тора, татлы сөгөлдөр һыуы хасил була. </p><p>Шәкәр ап-аҡ булһа ла, һыуы ҡара төҫтә килеп сыға, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алма">алма</a> менән <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Бәрәңге">бәрәңге</a> кеүек үк, сөгөлдөрҙә лә ҡарая торған матдәләр бар. Шәкәр ҡара төҫтә булмаһын өсөн, уны торбалар буйлап бик ҙур бактарға һәм аппараттарға ҡыуалар. Улар аша үтеп сыҡҡанда һут үтә күренмәле һәм таҙа була. </p><p>Артабан сөгөлдөр һыуын быуға әйләндерәләр; ул ҡуйы шәрбәт булып ағып сыға. </p><p>Ҡуйыртылған һут, йәки утфель (Hutfüllmasse) тип аталған шәрбәт, вакуум-аппараттар аша үткәрелә. Килеп сыҡҡан патоканы центрифугаға ебәрәләр, уынң әйләнеп торған барабанына яңы ғына сығарылған утфелде ебәрәләр (ҡайнар таҙартыу) ебәрелә, йәки уны һыуыталар (һалҡын таҙартыу) бирә. Был осраҡта ҡатҡан массаны утфель бутағысҡа ебәрәләр, центрифуганың селтәрле ҡыры аша шыйыҡ патока һарҡылып осоп сыға (<i>беренсе айыртыу</i>). Ә хасил булған шәкәр кристалдарын йә пар, йә клерс менән иретеп, йәнә ағартып алалар. Айырылып сыҡҡан шыйыҡлыҡты айырым йыялар (икенсе һарҡытыу). Аҡ шәкәр ҡомо йәки беренсел продуктты тәшкил иткән шәкәр кристалдары ағартылғас, центрифуганан сығарып алалар һәм, әйләнеп торған цилиндрҙар аша йэҫе һауа ебәреп, киптерәләр. </p><p>Аҡ шәкәр ҡомо составында 99,0—99,8 % шәкәр бар. </p><p>Шәкәр ҡомонан рафинад шәкәр яһайҙар. «Рафинад» — «бик яҡшы таҙартылған» тигән һүҙ. Шәкәр ҡомон яңынан иретәләр, яңынан таҙарталар һәм тағы кристалдар килеп сыға. Унан һуң ап-аҡ шәкәр ҡомо автоматтарға килеп эләгә. Бөтә яҡтан ҡыҫылған шәкәр ҡомо дүрт ҡырлы киҫәктәргә тығыҙлап ойоша. Транспортер таҫмаһы өҫтөндә был киҫәктәр мейес аша үтәләр, унда кибеп, тағы ла ҡатыраҡ булып китәләр. Артабан уларҙы тағы бер станок аша үткәреп, шәкәрҙе бер төрлө ваҡ киҫәктәргә турай, ә махсус механизмдар рафинад шәкәрен ҡаптарға тултыра. </p><p>Шәкәрҙе таҙартҡанда айырып алынған татлы ҡуйырыҡты (патоканы) беренсе тапҡыр айыртып алғас, яңынан эшкәртеп, 90-95 % шәкәрле һары ҡом алалар. Был айыртҡанда сыҡҡан патоканы йәнә икенсе тапҡыр айырталар (<i>икенсе айыртыу</i>), 85 % — 90 % шәкәрле икенсе айыртыу һары ҡом килеп сыға. Быныһынан да сыҡҡан патока бик ҡара төҫтә булы һәм уны тик малға ғына бирергә була<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Һаулыҡҡа_тәьҫире"><span id=".D2.BA.D0.B0.D1.83.D0.BB.D1.8B.D2.A1.D2.A1.D0.B0_.D1.82.D3.99.D1.8C.D2.AB.D0.B8.D1.80.D0.B5"></span>Һаулыҡҡа тәьҫире</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Һаулыҡҡа тәьҫире бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&action=edit&section=4" title="Һаулыҡҡа тәьҫире бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Бынан ун мең йылдар элек, кешелек туҡланыу өлкәһендә ҙур революция яһай. Ул иген культураларының орлоҡтарын аҙыҡ итеп ҡуллана башлай. Был бер йыллыҡ үҫемлектәр энергияны крахмал рәүешендә үҙенә йыя һәм организмды тиҙ ваҡытта глюкоза менән тәьмин итеп тора. Был төр аҙыҡ-түлек кешегә шул тиклем ныҡ оҡшай, ул ҡанын глюкоза менән нығыраҡ туҡландырып торорға тырыша башлай. </p><p>19-сы быуат башында ҡыйбатлы Америка шәкәрен түбән сифатлы сөгөлдөр шәкәре алыштыра башлай. Шәкәр ҡулланы бермә-бер арта. Англияла шәкәр ҡулланыу йән башына йылына 3 килограммдан 20-гә күтәрелә<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Бер яҡтан глюкоза баш мейеһе эшсәнлеген яҡшыртһа ла, икенсе яҡтан кешенең уға бәйлелеге арта, һәм сәләмәтлеккә зыян килә башлай. </p><p>Аҡ шәкәрҙә сахароза миҡдары 99,75 процентҡа етә. Ә бына һары һәм көрәнһыу-һары шәкәрҙә был матдә — 89-96 процент тәшкил итә. Ҡалған 4-11 проценты "бысраҡ"тан — һыу һәм патоканан тора. Патока иһә <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Минералдар (был бит юҡ)">минералдар</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Витаминдар">витаминдар</a>, органик кислоталарҙан һәм әлегә фәнгә билдәле булмаған биологик актив матдәләрҙән ғибәрәт. </p><p>Билдәле фармаколог Израиль Брехман 1980 йылдарҙа аҡ шәкәр урынына һарыһын (көрән-һарыһы СССР-ҙа, ғөмүмән, булмаған да әле) ҡулланырға тәҡдим иткән. Ул ошо «бысраҡ» шәкәрҙе бик етди өйрәнеп, һары шәкәрҙең ағына ҡарағанда файҙалыраҡ икәнлеген: матдәләр алмашына һәм тештәргә зыян яһамауын, организмдың эшкә һәләтлеген һәм башҡа мөмкинлектәрен яҡшыртыуын раҫлаған. </p><p>Һары шәкәрҙең күҙҙәрҙе ҡамаштырып тороусы ағына ҡарағанда өҫтөнөрәк булыуы асыҡтан-асыҡ, тип әйтә белгестәр. Шулай ҙа сәләмәт кешеләр өсөн уның бер көнлөк нормаһы, аҡ шәкәрҙеке кеүек, 60 граммдан артмаҫҡа тейеш (быға тағы ла тағы ризыҡтарға ҡушылған «йәшерен» шәкәрҙе лә индерергә мөмкин). Шәкәр ауырыуынан интегеүселәргә һары шәкәрҙе лә бик һирәк кенә ҡулланыу рөхсәт ителә. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Глюкоза"><span id=".D0.93.D0.BB.D1.8E.D0.BA.D0.BE.D0.B7.D0.B0"></span>Глюкоза</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Глюкоза бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&action=edit&section=5" title="Глюкоза бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Глюкоза (был бит юҡ)">Глюкоза</a> — шәкәрҙең бер төрө; һыуҙа яҡшы ирей торған, татлы тәм бирә (латинса «глюкос» — татлы), төҫһөҙ кристаллик матдә. Тәбиғәттә ул үҫемлектең төрлө өлөштәрендә осрай. Үҫемлектәрҙең бөтә өлөштәрендә: емештәрендә, тамыр, япраҡ һәм сәскәләрендә глюкоза бар тип әйтергә мөмкин. Глюкоза хайуандар һәм кеше организмында ла бар. Кеше ҡанында глюкоза миҡдары 0,1 % самаһы. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Фруктоза"><span id=".D0.A4.D1.80.D1.83.D0.BA.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.B7.D0.B0"></span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Фруктоза (был бит юҡ)">Фруктоза</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Фруктоза бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&action=edit&section=6" title="Фруктоза бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Киң таралған тәбиғи шәкәр алмаштырғыс. Ул татлы <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BA-%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Еләк-емеш (был бит юҡ)">еләк-емештәрҙә</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%99%D3%99%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Йәшелсәләр (был бит юҡ)">йәшелсәләрҙә</a> һәм <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Бал">балда</a> була. Фруктоза ҡандағы шәкәр дәрәжәһен нормалләштерә, балаларҙа диатез барлыҡҡа килеүҙән һаҡлай. Ябай шәкәрҙән айырмалы булараҡ, фруктоза гликемия индексы түбән булған <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Углеводтар">углеводтарға</a> ҡарай, шуға күрә уны аҙыҡҡа ҡушып ашағанда, ҡанға ҡапыл инсулин бүленеп сығыу күҙәтелмәй. Уның ошо үҙенсәлеге шәкәр сиренән интегеүселәр өсөн дә мөһим. Шулай уҡ фруктоза ҡандан бик тиҙ юҡҡа сыға. Уны тәүлегенә 35-45 грамм күләмендә ҡулланырға ярай. Фруктоза диабетиктар өсөн шәкәр ҡомо рәүешенә килтерелеп, магазин кәштәләренә лә ҡуйылған. Фруктозаны үҙләштереү өсөн инсулин, глюкоза менән сағыштырғанда, өс тапҡырға кәмерәк кәрәк. Тик уныһын да күп ҡулланырға ярамай. Сөнки ул, ҡандағы май миҡдарын арттырып, <a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Ҡан тамырҙары">ҡан тамырҙары</a> тарайыуға килтереүе мөмкин. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Лактоза"><span id=".D0.9B.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.82.D0.BE.D0.B7.D0.B0"></span><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Лактоза">Лактоза</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Лактоза бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&action=edit&section=7" title="Лактоза бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Лактоза (һөт шәкәре) <a href="/wiki/%D2%BA%D3%A9%D1%82" title="Һөт">һөттә</a> була. Ул — бигерәк тә туҡлыҡлы матдә. <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Гидролиз">Гидролиз</a> ваҡытында лактоза глюкозага һәм глюкоза менән фруктозаның изомеры булған галактоза тарҡала. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Шәкәр_алмаштырғыстар"><span id=".D0.A8.D3.99.D0.BA.D3.99.D1.80_.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.88.D1.82.D1.8B.D1.80.D2.93.D1.8B.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80"></span>Шәкәр алмаштырғыстар</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Шәкәр алмаштырғыстар бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&action=edit&section=8" title="Шәкәр алмаштырғыстар бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Рәсәйҙә кеше йылына уртаса 37 кг «аҡ үлем» ашай. Шәкәрҙе кәрәгенән күп ҡулланыусыларға <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кариес (был бит юҡ)">кариес</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D2%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Май бөрөү (был бит юҡ)">май бөрөү</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Шәкәр диабеты">шәкәр диабеты</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гипертония">гипертония</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Атеросклероз">атеросклероз</a> һ.б. янай. Бына шул «шатлыҡтарҙы» булдырмаҫ өсөн, кеше тәүлегенә 60-90 г ғына шәкәр ашарға тейеш. Ә оло йәштәгеләргә тағы ла аҙыраҡ күләмдә. Тәмлетамаҡтарға шәкәр аналогтарына күсергә кәңәш ителә. Шәкәр аналогтары ике төргә: татлыландырғыс һәм шәкәр алмаштырғыстарға бүленә. Уларҙың татлылығы һәм калориялылығы төрлөсә була. Татлыландырғыстарға — күп атомлы спирттар, йәғни таҙа химик матдәләр инә. Иң татлыһы сахарин — (E954), аспартам (E951), цикламат (E952) — һанала. Цикламат шәкәргә ҡарағанда — 30, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Аспартам (был бит юҡ)">аспартам</a> — 200, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сахарин (был бит юҡ)">сахарин</a> 500 тапҡырға татлыраҡ. Улар <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D0%B9" title="Сәй">сәй</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D3%99%D2%BB%D2%AF%D3%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҡәһүә">ҡәһүә</a> эсергә яратыусылар өсөн яҡшы, ә ҡамырға һалһаң, бешетеләрҙән әсе тәм килә. Был төр татлыларҙың <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Калория (был бит юҡ)">калорияһы</a> аҙ. Шулай ҙа уларҙың файҙаһы һәм зыяны тураһында ғалимдар араһында бөгөнгө көнгә тиклем бәхәс бара. </p><p>Шәкәр алмаштырғыстар — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сорбит (был бит юҡ)">сорбит</a> (E420) һәм <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ксилит (был бит юҡ)">ксилит</a> (E967) — тәбиғи сеймалдан етештерелә. Мәҫәлән, ксилит <a href="/wiki/%D2%AE%D2%99%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Үҙағас">үҙағастан</a> яһала. Сорбит алма, өрөк, миләш кеүек емештәрҙән алына. Сорбит татлылығы яғынан шикәрҙән ҡалыша, ә ксилит шәкәр менән бер дәрәжәлә. Улар менән сәй эсергә лә, ҡамырға һалырға ла була. Шәкәр алмаштырғыстар диабет менән ауырыусылар өсөн үтә кәрәкле ризыҡ һанала. Ә бына һимеҙ кешеләргә уларҙы ҡулланырға кәңәш ителмәй. Сорбит менән ксилиты Сорбит менән ксилитты кәрәгенән артыҡ ҡулланыу зарарлы. Улар эсте йомшартырға һәм <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%AE%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Үт (был бит юҡ)">үтте</a> артыҡ ҡыуҙырырға мөмкин.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ксилиттың тәүлек нормаһын 40-50 граммдан арттырмаҫҡа кәңәш ителә. Сорбитты тәүлегенә 30 грамм ҡулланырға ярай. Ул үт ҡыуҙырыу үҙенсәлегенә эйә. Сорбит организмға кәрәкле булған В1, В6 витаминдарын һәм биотин матдәһен «янға ҡалдырырға» булыша, эсәк микрофлораһын яҡшырта, әлеге витаминдарҙы синтезлай. Әммә сорбит шәкәргә ҡарағанда калориялыраҡ, тимәк, ябығырға теләүселәргә уны ҡулланыу кәңәш ителмәй. Күп ҡулланған осраҡта эс ташыуы, йөрәк болғаныуы кеүек күренештәргә килтереп сығара. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Галерея"><span id=".D0.93.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B5.D1.8F"></span>Галерея</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Галерея бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&action=edit&section=9" title="Галерея бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Шәкәр һаҡлау һыйымы. Украина"><img alt="Шәкәр һаҡлау һыйымы. Украина" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80.JPG/120px-%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80.JPG/180px-%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80.JPG/240px-%D0%A6%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Шәкәр һаҡлау һыйымы. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина">Украина</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Canaviais_Sao_Paulo_01_2008_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Шәкәр ҡамышы плантацияһы"><img alt="Шәкәр ҡамышы плантацияһы" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canaviais_Sao_Paulo_01_2008_06.jpg/120px-Canaviais_Sao_Paulo_01_2008_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canaviais_Sao_Paulo_01_2008_06.jpg/180px-Canaviais_Sao_Paulo_01_2008_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canaviais_Sao_Paulo_01_2008_06.jpg/240px-Canaviais_Sao_Paulo_01_2008_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1253" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Шәкәр ҡамышы плантацияһы</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Sugar_Cane_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Шәкәр ҡамышы яҡындан."><img alt="Шәкәр ҡамышы яҡындан." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sugar_Cane_closeup.jpg/90px-Sugar_Cane_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sugar_Cane_closeup.jpg/135px-Sugar_Cane_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sugar_Cane_closeup.jpg/180px-Sugar_Cane_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Шәкәр ҡамышы яҡындан.</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Hacienda_La_Fortuna_Francisco_Oller_1885_Brooklyn_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Хасиенда Ла Фортуна. Пуэрто-Рикола шәкәр заводы комплексы, Франсиско Оллеро һүрәте, 1885 йыл, Бруклин музейы"><img alt="Хасиенда Ла Фортуна. Пуэрто-Рикола шәкәр заводы комплексы, Франсиско Оллеро һүрәте, 1885 йыл, Бруклин музейы" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hacienda_La_Fortuna_Francisco_Oller_1885_Brooklyn_Museum.jpg/120px-Hacienda_La_Fortuna_Francisco_Oller_1885_Brooklyn_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hacienda_La_Fortuna_Francisco_Oller_1885_Brooklyn_Museum.jpg/180px-Hacienda_La_Fortuna_Francisco_Oller_1885_Brooklyn_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hacienda_La_Fortuna_Francisco_Oller_1885_Brooklyn_Museum.jpg/240px-Hacienda_La_Fortuna_Francisco_Oller_1885_Brooklyn_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="918" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small><i>Хасиенда Ла Фортуна.</i> Пуэрто-Рикола шәкәр заводы комплексы, Франсиско Оллеро һүрәте, 1885 йыл, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Бруклин музейы (был бит юҡ)">Бруклин музейы</a></small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Saccharose.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Сахароза"><img alt="Сахароза" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Saccharose.svg/120px-Saccharose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Saccharose.svg/180px-Saccharose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Saccharose.svg/240px-Saccharose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Сахароза</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Misri.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Мисри кристалдары"><img alt="Мисри кристалдары" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Misri.JPG/120px-Misri.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Misri.JPG/180px-Misri.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Misri.JPG/240px-Misri.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Мисри кристалдары</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Rock-Candy-Closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Кандис-шәкәр, йәшел кәнфиттәр"><img alt="Кандис-шәкәр, йәшел кәнфиттәр" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rock-Candy-Closeup.jpg/78px-Rock-Candy-Closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rock-Candy-Closeup.jpg/117px-Rock-Candy-Closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Rock-Candy-Closeup.jpg/155px-Rock-Candy-Closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1790" data-file-height="2760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Кандис-шәкәр, йәшел кәнфиттәр </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3564.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Шәкәр шаҡмаҡтары"><img alt="Шәкәр шаҡмаҡтары" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3564.jpg/120px-W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3564.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3564.jpg/180px-W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3564.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3564.jpg/240px-W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3564.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5349" data-file-height="3343" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Шәкәр шаҡмаҡтары</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Brown_sugar_examples.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Көрән шәкәр өлгөләре"><img alt="Көрән шәкәр өлгөләре" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Brown_sugar_examples.JPG/120px-Brown_sugar_examples.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Brown_sugar_examples.JPG/180px-Brown_sugar_examples.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Brown_sugar_examples.JPG/240px-Brown_sugar_examples.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3479" data-file-height="2230" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><small>Көрән шәкәр өлгөләре</small></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Runny_hunny.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Бал һауыты, бал һоҫҡос һәм бисквит"><img alt="Бал һауыты, бал һоҫҡос һәм бисквит" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Runny_hunny.jpg/79px-Runny_hunny.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Runny_hunny.jpg/118px-Runny_hunny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Runny_hunny.jpg/158px-Runny_hunny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Бал һауыты, бал һоҫҡос һәм бисквит</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Vollrohrzucker_Dattelpalme.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Хөрмә (финик) шәкәре с"><img alt="Хөрмә (финик) шәкәре с" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vollrohrzucker_Dattelpalme.JPG/120px-Vollrohrzucker_Dattelpalme.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vollrohrzucker_Dattelpalme.JPG/180px-Vollrohrzucker_Dattelpalme.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Vollrohrzucker_Dattelpalme.JPG/240px-Vollrohrzucker_Dattelpalme.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1638" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Хөрмә (финик) шәкәре с</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Vollrohrzucker_grau.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Вакуумда киптерелгән һоро ҡамыш шәкәре"><img alt="Вакуумда киптерелгән һоро ҡамыш шәкәре" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Vollrohrzucker_grau.JPG/120px-Vollrohrzucker_grau.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Vollrohrzucker_grau.JPG/180px-Vollrohrzucker_grau.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Vollrohrzucker_grau.JPG/240px-Vollrohrzucker_grau.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="1101" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Вакуумда киптерелгән һоро ҡамыш шәкәре </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Vollrohrzucker_braun.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Вакуумда киптерелгән көрән ҡамыш шәкәре"><img alt="Вакуумда киптерелгән көрән ҡамыш шәкәре" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Vollrohrzucker_braun.JPG/120px-Vollrohrzucker_braun.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Vollrohrzucker_braun.JPG/180px-Vollrohrzucker_braun.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Vollrohrzucker_braun.JPG/240px-Vollrohrzucker_braun.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1605" data-file-height="1104" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Вакуумда киптерелгән көрән ҡамыш шәкәре </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Raw_sugar_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Рафинадланмаған, ағартылмаған шәкәр"><img alt="Рафинадланмаған, ағартылмаған шәкәр" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Raw_sugar_closeup.jpg/120px-Raw_sugar_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Raw_sugar_closeup.jpg/180px-Raw_sugar_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Raw_sugar_closeup.jpg/240px-Raw_sugar_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1696" data-file-height="1392" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Рафинадланмаған, ағартылмаған шәкәр</div> </li> </ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ҡыҙыҡлы_факттар"><span id=".D2.A0.D1.8B.D2.99.D1.8B.D2.A1.D0.BB.D1.8B_.D1.84.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.82.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80"></span>Ҡыҙыҡлы факттар</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Ҡыҙыҡлы факттар бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&action=edit&section=10" title="Ҡыҙыҡлы факттар бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Шәкәр <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Экспорт">экспортлау</a> буйынса <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Куба">Куба</a> беренсе урын алып тора<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Ҡомаҡтарҙа үткәргән тәжрибә шәкәр ҡулланыу кокаин, морфия, никотинға булған кеүек бәйләнгәнлеккә килтерә<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Әгәр шәкәр киҫәгенә әҙ генә көл һалһаң, яндырып була. Көл составындағы <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Литий">литий</a> тоҙҙары <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Катализатор (был бит юҡ)">катализатор</a> ролен үтәй.</li> <li>Рафинад кубигы (1 см) 60 °C һыуҙа 11—24 секунд эсендә болғатмайса эреп бөтә (ГОСТ 12577-67).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Һылтанмалар"><span id=".D2.BA.D1.8B.D0.BB.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.80"></span>Һылтанмалар</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Һылтанмалар бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&action=edit&section=11" title="Һылтанмалар бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="metadata plainlinks navigation-box ruwikiWikimediaNavigation" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; clear:right; border:solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1) 1px; background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:inherit; padding:1ex; font-size:90%; float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ba.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="wikt:сахар"><img alt="wikt:" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wiktionary-logo-ru.png/20px-Wiktionary-logo-ru.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wiktionary-logo-ru.png/30px-Wiktionary-logo-ru.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wiktionary-logo-ru.png/40px-Wiktionary-logo-ru.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="135" /></a></span> </th> <td><span class="wikidict-ref"><a href="https://ba.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:сахар">Сахар</a></span> Викиһүҙлектә </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ba.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="b:Рецепт:Сахар"><img alt="b:" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/20px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/30px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </th> <td><span class="wikibooks-ref"><a href="https://ba.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" class="extiw" title="b:Рецепт:Сахар">Сахар</a></span> Викидәреслектә </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sugars" title="commons:Category:Sugars"><img alt="commons:" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </th> <td><span class="wikicommons-ref"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sugars?uselang=ru">Сахар</a></span> Викимилектә </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ba.wikinews.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="n:Категория:Сахар"><img alt="n:" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/20px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/30px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> </th> <td><span class="wikinews-ref"><a href="https://ba.wikinews.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" class="extiw" title="n:Категория:Сахар">Сахар</a></span> Викияңылыҡтарҙа </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://optinfo.ru/author/?id=592">Физические свойства сахара и ТУ на различные виды сахаров.</a><span style="font-size:85%; margin-left:0.2em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d)">(недоступная ссылка)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tragemata.livejournal.com/437664.html#cutid1">Факты о сахаре</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unmonument.ru/mon137.html">Памятник сахару-рафинаду в Москве</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://protect.gost.ru/document.aspx?control=7&id=182021">ГОСТ 31895-2012. Сахар белый. Технические условия</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://protect.gost.ru/document.aspx?control=7&id=182795">ГОСТ 31896-2012. Сахар жидкий. Технические условия</a>.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Иҫкәрмәләр"><span id=".D0.98.D2.AB.D0.BA.D3.99.D1.80.D0.BC.D3.99.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.80"></span>Иҫкәрмәләр</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Иҫкәрмәләр бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80&action=edit&section=12" title="Иҫкәрмәләр бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Сахар свекловичный и тростниковый // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kiziltan.ru/useruploads/files/kt_100_19_05_11.pdf">Туклану экологиясе — сәламәтлек шарты</a><span style="font-size:85%; margin-left:0.2em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d)">(недоступная ссылка)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tatknigafund.ru/books/1239/read#page44">Хаков В. Х., Латипова Ә.И., Бакирова С. Д., Тауар тураһында мәғлүмәт уҡыйбыҙ: ҡулланыусыға белешмә-һүҙлек бит</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> 2016 йыл 4 апрель <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160404115835/http://www.tatknigafund.ru/books/1239/read#page44">архивланған</a>.</span></small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Никоноров А. Б.</i> <span lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpgu.ru/lib/Nikon/Nikon01_02.htm">Структурные и территориальные изменения в экономике Кубы после 1959 г.</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none;">  <span class="ref-info" title="телендә" style="font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(билдәһеҙ)</span></span> <small>Дата обращения: 21 декабрь 2009.</small></span> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> 2010 йыл 13 февраль <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100213155915/http://www.mpgu.ru/lib/Nikon/Nikon01_02.htm">архивланған</a>.</span></small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Снежана Шабанова.</i> <span lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infox.ru/science/animal/2008/12/10/sugar_rat_drugs.phtml">Сахар действует на мозг как наркотики</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none;">  <span class="ref-info" title="телендә" style="font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(билдәһеҙ)</span></span>. infox.ru (10 декабрь 2008). <small>Дата обращения: 21 декабрь 2009.</small></span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <table class="metadata plainlinks navigation-box ruwikiWikimediaNavigation" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; clear:right; border:solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1) 1px; background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:inherit; padding:1ex; font-size:90%; float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ba.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="b:Рецепт:Сахар"><img alt="b:" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/20px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/30px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </th> <td><span class="wikibooks-ref"><a href="https://ba.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" class="extiw" title="b:Рецепт:Сахар">Шәкәр</a></span> Викидәреслектә </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Category:Sugars" title="commons:Category:Category:Sugars"><img alt="commons:" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </th> <td><span class="wikicommons-ref"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Category:Sugars?uselang=ru">Шәкәр</a></span> Викимилектә </td></tr> <tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ba.wikinews.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="n:Категория:Сахар"><img alt="n:" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/20px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/30px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> </th> <td><span class="wikinews-ref"><a href="https://ba.wikinews.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" class="extiw" title="n:Категория:Сахар">Шәкәр</a></span> Викияңылыҡтарҙа </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Навигационный шаблон" data-name="External links"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><div style="padding: 0px 18px 0px 0px; 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