CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "theguardian.newspapers.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8e7b4c30fe6b5c35',cH: 'FtQgulicJiRA_WX3X69lngc5471LoRVpYAkNxfu5Lt4-1732471216-1.2.1.1-Jx88Y16DqM_7h9pJKHCT7hDJwTQoBNxfYgYgbDkRcg1kAapnAbg29uNOclsbSlnd',cUPMDTk: "\/clip\/62797361\/the-guardian\/?__cf_chl_tk=S1S6q2mzlbq48mTfgjDf8QUajwibmTkdRtt2A2za_m0-1732471216-1.0.1.1-cGMuaLHEVZeIog1_qlNh744eVmX9eEgG0Eo5XcxxotM",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1732471216',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/clip\/62797361\/the-guardian\/?__cf_chl_f_tk=S1S6q2mzlbq48mTfgjDf8QUajwibmTkdRtt2A2za_m0-1732471216-1.0.1.1-cGMuaLHEVZeIog1_qlNh744eVmX9eEgG0Eo5XcxxotM",md: "RfYu7FjbCNEW2yw.RDcFU.bpr6P5NHUyuZtNvJsuJfE-1732471216-1.2.1.1-aXDPnnTvtIXIamUUpCFeGP7lS2yOljwvPzlXoDgVc6xRs6x6VFbqXgIz6AktiBrDdrlVSQFfdBqh1Cj2tchhvVx0VXomthcAkboZbNWuUBF9iljqSg9cD0ZSmO5ktNlDF0MK0KBcREb1Raq3ksgpiLx3CqADpNcRDSUfEuGdLfdJTsZs9RVYmqkVtnFUE6jZFtOUQvYTmeS.vplbob98j8i2hXHcNFZSzVkTWJW9yYOcMbvOiCXBgkqCZpk5eo5N.ZuREh8GHn4.hKcl0HxkIFreyMC7a3JPkb03mguM.NK43OrAhirdf0hBn0PhxAATfh0O7EYJkYHjgVzcIVBwuqsc6Dx_POOYPfAY518TEUzR1ENxQIWAah4VLX0YEk5oO..h04OQAHk3tK0uaDZA7jmNlK3o08Jih_S9YbFPUIJlcejeY_.aBaq0d0fodp8VdLdxeJwH3VpWajc8HV8xoe4.sgP9uD_3CZT41jwJhTnlY48Sse7N58ZY.n2Z5YFEYahyORdA0vcbwuGqpgqRQJvcjSRt26AxVe6tY1GZ1oYSU6xuRSUM89Ig45ymeYva5o3PAW1ZDKoocOD7iOtZ.aEnuloIiWl5aHO.38s2GZ25PVMjOeL1_xEmkvpd_xkViqRTKG3HqKwPRdGSxXRKJhlfh9iXQie_gdHTZpJJfXxW1b.KuCXacv7Ph_7G_OXMtm9ZC0g66je0BsUZwgKbZkNasKKN9ETDoQy_PLhWKp.jISEC5RQRfyotxlUXf_7xnyVPR1TtzIbuXVcsBGcUq7R2nynsozcutn_Ov_.LOozd.LJWmf_qlU1TlGtJwA22Ql0TmaI8N6J44d41KxSmJc7oA45x6LkrlEx.PHghWNbEDQpCr5LzdzzYt1dOimf3nWor1MGx1tUuhFVi_b9fP0a7seSKgKxA4.c29P6KsqQF0rBNfHG3G4ngHShjWPC7KCSMAbQZ88oIONGFN2eS0Pd2muGQSIIYJmawSeLCAomAgVBnr.AkCqbzuYczrZ3ZHcHXD5lEwE8JAg5i8rYXRY6.6cEvTyFk.hXK7vvNOoWfiJVQzI_C490bJdtCl5eFeH9xx6WwA4H4bl49jvSrc67i2j4SoS3c6eEniScLSWjkXLaiTH.GfW7DqFYPajlrBnPNZAfNquBzaBdebyOYgmtIUwlleBKU0ce22Eg05TYQpLrGEOX.rtWkCzQY2evf26.HFwhcmGqmPbEFTreubpnOTiaTEY_gdaJ8UvJuqydE9PkgZu9ff5PDTsWJ5mQXzDvVO_08wirht2GKkaMCQllPZ9m2038o.Mbi3ToHUMS906NWLVdnrvmlam091_qN36r540U0mQGdEOmgTXXMDIzTs.CNd6EHLopOg5nWzF46Js_lfk9qsqZhr2SNTdWGTJlpHs3nUURhMmMxuJMr7CxucEco0fI1PdS88uUTUSlhU1W4A_miwxnuL4bT0ayOJh2ea6SioXlaD0aWLPYmGb5S6Lwk7lg16jo2GgPHIcM_Gx_j0Foy9.FYGqBK4VsU7J2htSRLYuCx52q5vzsr45lhlulvAbgMIui_5IhQSTosfTe.6tkdkkVCR0kdhKUFibH5WdJfto2anm6IxOQEuKFA8C1b.QuqhXDD9kvjxsdh5jV0WWCwp50t7aLK2NonSVkMSMJkQ1TAzMqIdbTWQprBq2nJ9zv_vQjdxz4c0EDXTcjySPNkHvoaHHbifomuYAK6XRu.IQkhK4xJ56RIPX1l4Wf.kOq58OlSalpYSMGdBrGDRiCat03MaJKZmtuh2fwFguA.pN65haZDAZPU_4tngREmz_SQ91lVKoUfnvi.VO0TbtjDARopIwckb19FkXORR7ITOpymkAFX_jJs4v5Huu9r1t3E8iN9V9Z7_WiY1wLtquWAGQOCQf.QpFqqYtUYC_Nsgz2sIhHwE9cgUP_t_Xwkg.Cm1NcaA6_mL_bTADrWR80VHsvV9KSdyWXjCh8PHum7SWFLGWDuzhiPCHIX8k.42lojo0mdc9JCpCUO_fMOUCv7x03e5mH60g6I34vkoGDJ.PygCJMcyz.ZwfzV6ERAOeOB9x4JZblCQ.sapjI6BENi8Oh.sYpp4ByDdRLiWvy4XloNmrskGs97F_BIY95aERDdY6nShmTkj4yE9Pfu._cWLNtvXnsYkVJRSwCOoZnrU2saUdKVbWildkhLf.uHafDctXAxoccMQwOADWGFbwsod2G6.qmu37gK8WUER_sNdcjkf9GdGs8hgM7MPQ1eS7sBVst1w_K8k8k.927xt59slH.1sPZ34sM8SjNTOldtheKTnzr9XjoGJ1AiDhyIFKEZOGeCIiFunSYIYALeOf9TJYKc24ASNLCMClsKNckBiEXIlOpCAhvVgcCJyLX.nxWPrMAh1xgAFO_Ut6vdo5YLuv2UmSkTT6iwm9dmYg5NhO0Yl3f7iycjWLrAt56pcFoLqVEWEklSVknDlqz2XqeSVd_LLYMaigqftnxC4glkbDKKXCTLO46wmVVs.3nyQPqFxgzIq_CO0FgTyu8IUIfqXYaIVu7gRnex_KMfxeMt0TlkecXw4SrLCk6nXcaDZeRlQxItvzCFG1pk_MM_7zJXAwx36F5nBj3TjaLbYqXVDb0GNon.jo4QuPtaL1psNba8oLGJnIBjeRfvOvyLd9eFOO7G1XcpAb9UhRXngj0Cs5.gl9eDIT_1v24hbwdXXVEklmQM3FWxSIbafsA0__4g.JENaZG60qGJjwncK91awgeb2mvTeB6cOzFwF02yYFJpXa20Nb03FZXy6EO6lcS23pSZyLSTqYXtoiYWtIdqFJPkRsDCf3m89E8c97vCBy6IqFO2.AyAjdXmeSnjuQHNnnN9CjJqQyCdrQo0uNbco2Dv_sRJ2rRiBBAePu8CCsYqG6.TzSMfwBP0zZ8v_6WOLcZk5nd4T.Mv.YQFWPynp4YN7.pDFYBYtw",mdrd: "wXW0awA97EFk5KdttBjU05d0V.5fj6VHR6JaJJ51CJg-1732471216-1.2.1.1-A9S4GIyR4Tw458wHcrz5YwSRGVk_N5WmRPIpK8Plexqx_a4oNFl0QQNcvXYuagWMYUFNg9nkIznXTCfTbFFYdqmoCokNP1m4wB5rNadwo35VrLxiwlm69bo5gPHu8bd3DJAHWUnLdvIGUiRq46tQCTWpt33uDrhCYWlhv8EQ1DE_hWWjTV18uotF1yZzbQKteYEt79CJQrwTuRVzy61dEDJ.xFASt_dM4qUAoGFTTbXWU80bxxuTr9jcDmu_XraUQjiqXjgJjGLzouTFY0r54jv3E_o8EgcCKp50xwHboaKJ5ILrDmdFO68nxNApNuV7DUewZmCawyqpVx6ATnAgS.NiSrk0WrRV8o0WXhtdhEn6iRon6Sv7EN.lUU_WSYc4eMxquUgaI1dNe2u9daeWTRxcnVWTML5TXrXArSo6ZYpX7dyz3BaeIoYpZ35vTgvY36krJKIGusV.DGyip1yVIsM2tDvR9DwqiGDOtOP.9rC_EKlKjQCOPprhv7bvElytb.MtEUrMs0x_MRQbhBAZ7JpmJM7Q0Lynirg52eDIWkI09OzSrfMLQ0BDSOdUazRkr8jeNyLGfVWehgLT95v1lPqRcUoizitEK.zqgPAHvZxOZT9Pid03VCryuJblXnv7lqsaTfMT.SIK9U5Oyy07qY._jDAajdzVEhh4JCR2DDcK4cPbeid8XfD7oAgyaOWIIDdiEb.gc2pNysiGyGoZcy14e8k2S02X9qJs5tGo0m8ta6ZMspgRefGxiIywCjryWFuuKZz3zoZBumRiLh._yWOv_fkHpTfsaV8o7AD.K31kOSnIwIswzK27imiUrK_M60G7rpO_jTs.kUltYSooqBJsLXYj.IVptgTl274XaG.WjLDuyzDKFUlhP6VQpVMGakwv65cwlTbPjEgyg3fW2qYrqew4fhu4ioJWPLcE1apNZKOcjyQZVlKdhDkYayYVxmLJF2TODsg2oG.vlntjiPLHTbl1AHJZk2lCBpIUd2uXJqNZNB7FhaW3gc9ISMNt5NzKEk1CdUQFw7_z9KUA0by9rJAQZXcDdyH3eZCbTEu0ROc.wqZsmRg_mzBIA.kbuFZcHETc9bpL.SVylhpsHDvfWzUfAQoCVH90ibaIWJVFVsjSvjGzjoiXHsEiDJGIIrIu65g7lHZx5nCxdiUHhRzeRI4H6_dawMxRYVwXcfaxuZN0W__xbmfeNrXfyno45sK4NjwlimfpU0EVLyogLGJ6D1vjxq0yMxsqhcSK_k7cyYAgAwev4ezFDejpUfoIhwIPwuxP0bU9awwhDjGKj5cUHaup6MqoKT5kICu14mirxQnuObn4eRXYOgXRoVaNg3E3.uyqbZaGJsEvychx4S_L3IkGorB3iXBqrEsqeAitTXtRZdEoSkjJracWASjAHGuyIkfsQz6k9MkXaUmcs7oryx.nj.Tot6ahHO_.E7lW.flnXywlGeIAn..kXft3KBo.oKwxPdRPESQSPrr.ix9ry0OD2jD6jnVvrmG_k25DoxRNG3DMMpwDLmQoQQx87ryGHMcURoyRKNP5QXPlUqTjA22hb_.o40ogVWdocy_pjT2tZQ32Yi5eN.xQME4DOFZ8ZOzk4qZHA7AMLsykJwEVikKtUWgBXA3VzFeZvoTg8QdB2ldCkYOMNgyRsLj3ljkc8R9Y0kphFxP6L8GeUhYG.XFwX9gIglPf.OodCbOswlF7pIn25aXZ9O1vgIP2kjxOM27e5R9ePnKBTX.Nssmv.O8x1nI5UI6Cunyt8GX2t5LevvGc_.Pnlo.YJ96.26K23AzVFvR.u8cB7cm4YyDXK1JzWNfJ5GJUDU6aFcmkALvTSXjtIr4dCUtej7_7ETJuimkku7K_0Y3zU8NWIwmEFDRZWhlN9oQUThWCsToGcK0.WaWJi2_KXAFetnBjyExVHU_kwgWhkAwZtGiBlhob0FKL9aBzlNqkp0St8VwwVrBuYroSh..Dj7yFXh3DmFr74Igo8JUT6mczEPOvS_v7ArWlseWN2MyuL3ILUV0"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8e7b4c30fe6b5c35';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/clip\/62797361\/the-guardian\/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=S1S6q2mzlbq48mTfgjDf8QUajwibmTkdRtt2A2za_m0-1732471216-1.0.1.1-cGMuaLHEVZeIog1_qlNh744eVmX9eEgG0Eo5XcxxotM" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>