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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_and_medieval_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_and_medieval_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient and medieval history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_and_medieval_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separation_of_Chhattisgarh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_of_Chhattisgarh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Separation of Chhattisgarh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_of_Chhattisgarh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Forest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail_network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail_network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Rail network</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_railway_stations_of_Chhattisgarh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_railway_stations_of_Chhattisgarh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Major railway stations of Chhattisgarh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_railway_stations_of_Chhattisgarh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Major cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agricultural_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Agricultural products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irrigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irrigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Irrigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irrigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Industrial sector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Power_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Power sector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steel_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steel_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Steel sector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steel_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aluminium_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aluminium_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Aluminium sector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aluminium_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Natural resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_India_Coalfields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_India_Coalfields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Central India Coalfields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_India_Coalfields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Chhattisgarh_coalfields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Chhattisgarh_coalfields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>South Chhattisgarh coalfields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Chhattisgarh_coalfields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mineral_deposits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mineral_deposits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.3</span> <span>Mineral deposits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mineral_deposits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_and_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_and_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Information and technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_and_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Major companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Exports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_Development_Indicators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_Development_Indicators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Human Development Indicators</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_Development_Indicators-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Human Development Indicators subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Human_Development_Indicators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-HDI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HDI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>HDI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HDI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_of_living" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_of_living"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Standard of living</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_of_living-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_Index" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_Index"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Education Index</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_Index-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Net_state_domestic_product" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Net_state_domestic_product"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Net state domestic product</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Net_state_domestic_product-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urbanisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Urbanisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_ratio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_ratio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Sex ratio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_ratio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fertility_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fertility_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Fertility rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fertility_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SC_and_ST_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SC_and_ST_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>SC and ST population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SC_and_ST_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.9</span> <span>Poverty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access_to_drinking_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access_to_drinking_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.10</span> <span>Access to drinking water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access_to_drinking_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.11</span> <span>Sanitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teledensity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teledensity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.12</span> <span>Teledensity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teledensity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road_density" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_density"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.13</span> <span>Road density</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_density-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Witchcraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Witchcraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.14</span> <span>Witchcraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Witchcraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_ratio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_ratio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Gender ratio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_ratio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crafts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crafts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Crafts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crafts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pandavani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pandavani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.1</span> <span>Pandavani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pandavani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raut_Nacha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raut_Nacha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.2</span> <span>Raut Nacha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raut_Nacha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suwa_Nacha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suwa_Nacha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.3</span> <span>Suwa Nacha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suwa_Nacha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.4</span> <span>Karma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals_of_Chhattisgarh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals_of_Chhattisgarh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>Festivals of Chhattisgarh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals_of_Chhattisgarh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tourism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Absolute_literates_and_literacy_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absolute_literates_and_literacy_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Absolute literates and literacy rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absolute_literates_and_literacy_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chhattisgarh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 120 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-120" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">120 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A8%E1%89%B2%E1%88%B5%E1%8C%88%E1%88%AD%E1%88%85" title="ጨቲስገርህ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጨቲስገርህ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC" title="छत्तीसगढ़ – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="छत्तीसगढ़" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تشاتيسغار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشاتيسغار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BC" title="ছত্তীসগঢ় – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ছত্তীসগঢ়" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC" title="छत्तीसगढ़ – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="छत्तीसगढ़" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hattisqarh" title="Çhattisqarh – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çhattisqarh" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B1" title="چتیسقر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چتیسقر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC" title="ছত্তিশগড় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছত্তিশগড়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85" title="Чхатысгарх – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чхатысгарх" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Чгатысгарг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чгатысгарг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC" title="छत्तीसगढ़ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="छत्तीसगढ़" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85" title="Чхатисгарх – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чхатисгарх" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆར་ཊི་སི་གྷར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆར་ཊི་སི་གྷར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85" title="Чхаттисгарх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чхаттисгарх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Chhatt%C4%ABsgarh" title="State of Chhattīsgarh – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="State of Chhattīsgarh" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Chatt%C3%ADsgarh" title="Čhattísgarh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čhattísgarh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattisgarh" title="Chattisgarh – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%97%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A9%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8E%DE%A6%DE%85%DE%AA" title="ޗައްތީސްގަޅު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޗައްތީސްގަޅު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Catisgar" title="Čatisgar – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Čatisgar" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2" title="छत्तीसगढ – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="छत्तीसगढ" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81" title="Τσατίσγκαρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσατίσγκαρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88atisgaro" title="Ĉatisgaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉatisgaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="چتیسگر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چتیسگر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9B%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%A2" title="છત્તીસગઢ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="છત્તીસગઢ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhat%27tisgaddh" title="Chhat'tisgaddh – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Chhat'tisgaddh" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%ED%8B%B0%EC%8A%A4%EA%B0%80%EB%A5%B4%EC%A3%BC" title="차티스가르주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="차티스가르주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0" title="Չհատտիսգարհ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չհատտիսգարհ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC" title="छत्तीसगढ़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="छत्तीसगढ़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Catisgar" title="Čatisgar – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čatisgar" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC" title="ছত্রিসগড় – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ছত্রিসগড়" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85" title="Чхаттисгарх – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чхаттисгарх" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%94%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A8" title="צ'האטיסגאר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'האטיסגאר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9B%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%98%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಛತ್ತೀಸ್‌ಘಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಛತ್ತೀಸ್‌ಘಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98" title="ჩატისგარჰი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩატისგარჰი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%BE%D9%8E%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%B3_%DA%AF%D9%8E%DA%91%DA%BE" title="چھَتیٖس گَڑھ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="چھَتیٖس گَڑھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatt%C4%ABsaga%E1%B9%9Bha" title="Chattīsagaṛha – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chattīsagaṛha" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Chat%C4%ABsgarha" title="Čhatīsgarha – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čhatīsgarha" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Chatisgarhas" title="Čhatisgarhas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čhatisgarhas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cshatt%C3%ADszgarh" title="Cshattíszgarh – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cshattíszgarh" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2" title="छत्तिसगढ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="छत्तिसगढ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Чатисгар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чатисгар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A2%E0%B5%8D" title="ഛത്തീസ്ഗഢ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഛത്തീസ്ഗഢ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2" title="छत्तीसगढ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="छत्तीसगढ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98" title="ჩატისგარჰი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩატისგარჰი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="چهاتسیگر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چهاتسیگر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%8D" title="ꯆ꯭ꯍꯠꯇꯤꯁ꯭ꯒꯔꯍ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆ꯭ꯍꯠꯇꯤꯁ꯭ꯒꯔꯍ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85" title="Чхаттисгарх – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чхаттисгарх" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9E%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9F%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ဆတ္တိံသဂြဟပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆတ္တိံသဂြဟပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2" title="छत्तीसगढ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="छत्तीसगढ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2" title="छत्तीसगढ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="छत्तीसगढ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E5%B7%9E" title="チャッティースガル州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャッティースガル州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85" title="Чхаттисгарх – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чхаттисгарх" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC" title="ଛତିଶଗଡ଼ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଛତିଶଗଡ଼" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9B%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B9" title="ਛੱਤੀਸਗੜ੍ਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਛੱਤੀਸਗੜ੍ਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC" title="छत्तीसगढ़ – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="छत्तीसगढ़" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%AF%DA%91%DA%BE" title="چھتیسگڑھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چھتیسگڑھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3_%DA%AF%DA%93" title="چتيس گړ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چتيس گړ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatisgar" title="Chatisgar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chatisgar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85" title="Чхаттисгарх – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чхаттисгарх" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="छत्तीसगढराज्यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="छत्तीसगढराज्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B2" title="ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱷᱚᱛᱛᱤᱥᱜᱚᱲ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87atisgar" title="Çatisgar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çatisgar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%87%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3_%DA%B3%DA%99%DA%BE" title="ڇتيس ڳڙھ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڇتيس ڳڙھ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Chatt%C3%ADsgarh" title="Čhattísgarh – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čhattísgarh" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Чатисгар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чатисгар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Catisgar" title="Čatisgar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čatisgar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சத்தீசுகர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சத்தீசுகர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85" title="Чһаттисгарх – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чһаттисгарх" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9B%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A2%E0%B1%8D" title="ఛత్తీస్‌గఢ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఛత్తీస్‌గఢ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="รัฐฉัตตีสครห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐฉัตตีสครห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D2%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Чҳаттисгар – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чҳаттисгар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9B%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A2" title="ಛತ್ತೀಸ್‌ಗಢ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಛತ್ತೀಸ್‌ಗಢ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87atisgar" title="Çatisgar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çatisgar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85" title="Чхаттісгарх – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чхаттісгарх" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%AF%DA%91%DA%BE" title="چھتیس گڑھ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چھتیس گڑھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%87%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E9%82%A6" title="切蒂斯格尔邦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="切蒂斯格尔邦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%94" title="טשאטיסגארה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טשאטיסגארה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Chhattisgarh" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E9%82%A6" title="查蒂斯加爾邦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="查蒂斯加爾邦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%87%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E9%82%A6" title="切蒂斯格尔邦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="切蒂斯格尔邦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1168#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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href="/w/index.php?title=Sonhat_coalfield&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonhat coalfield">Sonhat coalfield</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in central India</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in Central India, India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Chhattisgarh</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State of Chhattisgarh</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Baloda-bazar.jpg/284px-Baloda-bazar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Giraudpuri" title="Giraudpuri">Ghasidas Jaitkham</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style=";height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bastar_Dusshera_Unexplored_Bastar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bastar_Dusshera_Unexplored_Bastar.jpg/142px-Bastar_Dusshera_Unexplored_Bastar.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bastar_Dusshera_Unexplored_Bastar.jpg/213px-Bastar_Dusshera_Unexplored_Bastar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bastar_Dusshera_Unexplored_Bastar.jpg/284px-Bastar_Dusshera_Unexplored_Bastar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7039" data-file-height="4678" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Bastar_Dussehra" title="Bastar Dussehra">Bastar Dussehra</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"><div style=";height:78px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanger_valley1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kanger_valley1.JPG/104px-Kanger_valley1.JPG" decoding="async" width="104" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kanger_valley1.JPG/156px-Kanger_valley1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Kanger_valley1.JPG/208px-Kanger_valley1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Kanger_Ghati_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanger Ghati National Park">Kanger Ghati National Park</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div style=";height:78px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_ravishing_beauty_of_Chitrakote_falls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_ravishing_beauty_of_Chitrakote_falls.jpg/180px-The_ravishing_beauty_of_Chitrakote_falls.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_ravishing_beauty_of_Chitrakote_falls.jpg/270px-The_ravishing_beauty_of_Chitrakote_falls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/The_ravishing_beauty_of_Chitrakote_falls.jpg/360px-The_ravishing_beauty_of_Chitrakote_falls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6015" data-file-height="2623" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Chitrakote_Falls" title="Chitrakote Falls">Chitrakote Falls</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Chhattisgarh"><img alt="Official emblem of Chhattisgarh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg/125px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg/188px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Chhattisgarh" title="Emblem of Chhattisgarh">Emblem of Chhattisgarh</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Etymology: "Thirty-six forts"</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Rice bowl of India</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_mottos" title="List of Indian state mottos">Motto</a>: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><a href="/wiki/Satyameva_Jayate" title="Satyameva Jayate">Satyameva Jayate</a> (Truth alone triumphs)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs" title="List of Indian state songs">Anthem:</a> <a href="/wiki/Arpa_Pairi_Ke_Dhar" title="Arpa Pairi Ke Dhar">Arpa Pairi Ke Dhar</a> (The Streams of Arpa and Pairi)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IN-CT.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Chhattisgarh in India"><img alt="The map of India showing Chhattisgarh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/IN-CT.svg/300px-IN-CT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/IN-CT.svg/450px-IN-CT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/IN-CT.svg/600px-IN-CT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="583" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Chhattisgarh in India</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chhattisgarh&params=21.25_N_81.6_E_region:IN-CT_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°15′N</span> <span class="longitude">81°36′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.25°N 81.60°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.25; 81.60</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="height:0px"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Before was</th><td class="infobox-data">Part of <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh_Reorganisation_Act,_2000" title="Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000">Madhya Pradesh</a></td></tr><tr class="Part of [[Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000|Madhya Pradesh]] mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_foundation_days" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state foundation days">Formation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 November 2000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">and largest city</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Chhattisgarh" title="List of districts of Chhattisgarh">33 (5 divisions)</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Chhattisgarh" title="Government of Chhattisgarh">Government of Chhattisgarh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Chhattisgarh" title="List of governors of Chhattisgarh">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ramen_Deka" title="Ramen Deka">Ramen Deka</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Chhattisgarh" title="List of chief ministers of Chhattisgarh">Chief minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vishnudeo_Sai" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnudeo Sai">Vishnu Deo Sai</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_deputy_chief_ministers_of_Chhattisgarh" title="List of deputy chief ministers of Chhattisgarh">Deputy chief minister</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arun_Sao" title="Arun Sao">Arun Sao</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a>) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Vijay_Sharma_(politician)" title="Vijay Sharma (politician)">Vijay Sharma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Chief_secretary_(India)" title="Chief secretary (India)">Chief secretary</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Amitabh Jain (IAS)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/State_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="State Legislature">State Legislature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Unicameral</b></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/State_legislative_assemblies_of_India" title="State legislative assemblies of India">Assembly</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly">Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly">90 seats</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National Parliament</th><td class="infobox-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a></b></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_Rajya_Sabha#Chhattisgarh" title="List of current members of the Rajya Sabha">5 seats</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_18th_Lok_Sabha#Chhattisgarh" title="List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha">11 seats</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Court</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_High_Court" title="Chhattisgarh High Court">Chhattisgarh High Court</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-censusofficial_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusofficial-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">135,192 km<sup>2</sup> (52,198 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_area" title="List of states and union territories of India by area">9th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Dimensions<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Length</th><td class="infobox-data">435 km (270 mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Width</th><td class="infobox-data">750 km (470 mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">275 m (902 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Bailadila_Range" title="Bailadila Range">Bailadila Range</a> section<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,276 m (4,186 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2020)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span>29,436,231</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">17th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">220/km<sup>2</sup> (600/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">23.24%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rural<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">76.76%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chhattisgarhiya</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Language<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Additional official</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Official_scripts_of_the_Indian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Official scripts of the Indian Republic">Official script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari script">Devanagari script</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2024)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>5.61 lakh crore</span> (US$67 billion) (2024–25 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">18th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neutral increase"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /></span></span><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a></span>152,348</span> (US$1,800)<sup id="cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita">23rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:30" title="UTC+05:30">UTC+05:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IN" title="ISO 3166-2:IN">IN-CG <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"></sup></a><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Regional_Transport_Office_districts_in_India" title="List of Regional Transport Office districts in India">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">CG<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2017)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.613 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#fc0">Medium</span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index">31st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2011)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neutral increase"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /></span></span> 70.28%<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_literacy_rate" title="List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate">27th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sex_ratio" title="Sex ratio">Sex ratio</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2011)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">991<a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">♀</a>/1000 <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">♂</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_sex_ratio" title="List of states and union territories of India by sex ratio">13th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgstate.gov.in">cgstate<wbr />.gov<wbr />.in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141396924">.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0}</style></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Symbols of Chhattisgarh</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Chhattisgarh" title="Emblem of Chhattisgarh">Emblem of Chhattisgarh</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="height:0px"></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs" title="List of Indian state songs">Song</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arpa_Pairi_Ke_Dhar" title="Arpa Pairi Ke Dhar">Arpa Pairi Ke Dhar</a> (The Streams of Arpa and Pairi)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_foundation_days" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state foundation days">Foundation day</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Rajyotsava" title="Chhattisgarh Rajyotsava">Chhattisgarh Rajyotsava</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Common_hill_myna" title="Common hill myna">Common hill myna</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fish</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walking_catfish" title="Walking catfish">Walking catfish</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_marigold" class="mw-redirect" title="French marigold">French marigold</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fruit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Mammal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">Wild water buffalo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta" title="Shorea robusta">Sal tree</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>State highway mark</b></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SH_IN-CT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/SH_IN-CT.png/90px-SH_IN-CT.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/SH_IN-CT.png/135px-SH_IN-CT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/SH_IN-CT.png/180px-SH_IN-CT.png 2x" data-file-width="1538" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">State highway of Chhattisgarh <br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_highways_in_Chhattisgarh" title="List of state highways in Chhattisgarh">CT SH1 – CT SH29</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">List of Indian state symbols</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Chhattisgarh</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Hindi:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hi-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[ˈtʃʰət̪ːiːsgəɽʱ]</a></span>) is a landlocked <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">state</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central India</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_area" title="List of states and union territories of India by area">ninth largest state by area</a>, and with a population of roughly 30 million, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">seventeenth most populous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It borders seven states – <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> to the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> to the southwest, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formerly a part of <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, it was granted statehood on <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Rajyotsava" title="Chhattisgarh Rajyotsava">1 November 2000</a> with <a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a> as the designated state capital.<sup id="cite_ref-cgfinance.nic.in_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgfinance.nic.in-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chhattisgarh is one of the fastest-developing states in India.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Gross_regional_domestic_product" title="Gross regional domestic product">Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP)</a> is <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>5.09 lakh crore</span> (US$61 billion) (2023–24 est.),<sup id="cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a <a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a> GSDP of <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a></span>152,348</span> (US$1,800)<sup id="cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2023–24 est.). A resource-rich state, it has the third largest <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> reserves in the country and provides electricity, coal, and steel to the rest of the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-Ministry_of_Coal_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ministry_of_Coal-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has the third largest forest cover in the country after <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> with over 40% of the state covered by forests. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several theories as to the origin of the name <i>Chhattisgarh</i>, which in ancient times was known as <a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kosala" title="Dakshina Kosala">Dakshina Kosala</a> (South Kosala),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the native place of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>'s mother <a href="/wiki/Kausalya" title="Kausalya">Kausalya</a>. "Chhattisgarh" was popularised later during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Empire</a> and was first used in an official document in 1795.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bastar region is referred previously as <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Chakrakotya</i></span> and <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Tamil language) transliteration"><i lang="ta-Latn">Cakkarakoṭṭam</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most popular theory claims that Chhattisgarh takes its name from the 36 ancient forts (from <i>chhattis</i> meaning thirty-six and <i>garh</i> meaning <a href="/wiki/Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort">fort</a>) in the area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The old state had 36 demesnes (feudal territories): <a href="/wiki/Ratanpur,_Chhattisgarh" title="Ratanpur, Chhattisgarh">Ratanpur</a>, Vijaypur, Kharound, Maro, Kautgarh, <a href="/wiki/Nawagarh" title="Nawagarh">Nawagarh</a>, Sondhi, Aukhar, Padarbhatta, Semriya, Champa, Lafa, Chhuri, Kenda, Matin, Aparora, Pendra, Kurkuti-kandri, Raipur, Patan, Simaga, Singarpur, Lavan, Omera, Durg, Saradha, Sirasa, Menhadi, Khallari, Sirpur, Figeswar, Rajim, Singhangarh, Suvarmar, Tenganagarh and Akaltara.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most historians disagree with this theory as 36 forts have not been found and identified. </p><p>According to the opinion of Hiralal, it is said that at one time there were 36 strongholds in this area, that is why its name was Chhattisgarh. But even after the increase in the number of strongholds, there was no change in the name, Chhattisgarh is the <a href="/wiki/State_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="State of India">State of India</a> which has been given the status of 'Mahtari' (Mother).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are two regions in India which are named for special reasons – one was '<a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a>' which became "<a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>" due to the abundance of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> viharas and the other was '<a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kosala" title="Dakshina Kosala">Dakshina Kosala</a>' which became "Chhattisgarh" due to the inclusion of thirty-six strongholds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another view, more popular with experts and historians, is that Chhattisgarh is the corrupted form of <i>Chedisgarh</i> meaning <i>Raj</i> or "<a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri" title="Kalachuris of Tripuri">Empire of the Chedis</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In ancient times, Chhattisgarh region had been part of the <a href="/wiki/Mahameghavahana" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahameghavahana">Chedi dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a>, in modern <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>. In the medieval period up to 1803, a major portion of present eastern Chhattisgarh was part of the <a href="/wiki/Sambalpur_State" title="Sambalpur State">Sambalpur Kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sirpur_Group_of_Monuments" title="Sirpur Group of Monuments">Sirpur Group of Monuments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malhar,_Chhattisgarh" title="Malhar, Chhattisgarh">Malhar, Chhattisgarh</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_and_medieval_history">Ancient and medieval history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient and medieval history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During post Vedic period the Chhattisgarh region south-east to <a href="/wiki/Da%C5%9B%C4%81r%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Daśārṇa">Daśārṇas</a> was referred as <a href="/wiki/Pulinda" title="Pulinda">Pulinda</a>. Pulinda tribe were dominating tribe in this region.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Surguja" class="mw-redirect" title="Surguja">Surguja</a> District of Chhattisgarh is notable for finding of Mauryan and Nanda period coins. Few gold and silver coins of the Nanda - Mauryan ages, picked up at Akaltara and Thathari of the adjacent district of <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_district,_Chhattisgarh" title="Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh">Bilaspur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another major discovery was <a href="/wiki/Sirpur,_Mahasamund" title="Sirpur, Mahasamund">Sirpur</a> of Chhattisgarh.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sitabenga_caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitabenga caves">Sitabenga caves</a> are one of the earliest examples of <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_India" title="Theatre of India">theatre</a> architecture in India located on <a href="/wiki/Ramgarh,_Chhattisgarh" title="Ramgarh, Chhattisgarh">Ramgarh hill</a> of Chhattisgarh dated to Mauryan period of 3rd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-sitaoup_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sitaoup-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2nd-century_BCE_Jogimara_cave_inscription,_Brahmi_script,_Chhattisgarh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/2nd-century_BCE_Jogimara_cave_inscription%2C_Brahmi_script%2C_Chhattisgarh.jpg/220px-2nd-century_BCE_Jogimara_cave_inscription%2C_Brahmi_script%2C_Chhattisgarh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/2nd-century_BCE_Jogimara_cave_inscription%2C_Brahmi_script%2C_Chhattisgarh.jpg/330px-2nd-century_BCE_Jogimara_cave_inscription%2C_Brahmi_script%2C_Chhattisgarh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/2nd-century_BCE_Jogimara_cave_inscription%2C_Brahmi_script%2C_Chhattisgarh.jpg/440px-2nd-century_BCE_Jogimara_cave_inscription%2C_Brahmi_script%2C_Chhattisgarh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Jogimara cave inscription, Brahmi script, Chhattisgarh (300–160 BCE).</figcaption></figure><br /> <p><b>Line1</b> <i>Poets venerable by nature kindle the heart, who</i> (.... lost ....)<br /> <b>Line2</b> <i>At the swing-festival of the vernal full-moon, when frolics and music abound, people thus tie (....lost...) thick with jasmine flowers.</i> </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>– Translated by T. Bloch<sup id="cite_ref-bloch_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloch-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Jogimara_and_Sitabenga_Caves" title="Jogimara and Sitabenga Caves">Jogimara caves</a> contain ancient Brahmi inscription and the oldest painting known in India. The inscription can be translated as either a love proclamation by a girl or a dancer-painter creating a cave theatre together.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient times, this region was known as <a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kosala" title="Dakshina Kosala">Dakshina Kosala</a>. This area is also mentioned in Ramayana and Mahabharata.One of the earliest statues of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> has been excavated from <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a> period site at <a href="/wiki/Malhar,_Chhattisgarh" title="Malhar, Chhattisgarh">Malhar</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8th_century_couple_embraced_and_mouth_kissing_at_Tivara_Deva_temple,_she_stands_on_his_feet,_Sirpur_monuments_Chhattisgarh_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/8th_century_couple_embraced_and_mouth_kissing_at_Tivara_Deva_temple%2C_she_stands_on_his_feet%2C_Sirpur_monuments_Chhattisgarh_India.jpg/220px-8th_century_couple_embraced_and_mouth_kissing_at_Tivara_Deva_temple%2C_she_stands_on_his_feet%2C_Sirpur_monuments_Chhattisgarh_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/8th_century_couple_embraced_and_mouth_kissing_at_Tivara_Deva_temple%2C_she_stands_on_his_feet%2C_Sirpur_monuments_Chhattisgarh_India.jpg/330px-8th_century_couple_embraced_and_mouth_kissing_at_Tivara_Deva_temple%2C_she_stands_on_his_feet%2C_Sirpur_monuments_Chhattisgarh_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/8th_century_couple_embraced_and_mouth_kissing_at_Tivara_Deva_temple%2C_she_stands_on_his_feet%2C_Sirpur_monuments_Chhattisgarh_India.jpg/440px-8th_century_couple_embraced_and_mouth_kissing_at_Tivara_Deva_temple%2C_she_stands_on_his_feet%2C_Sirpur_monuments_Chhattisgarh_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2188" data-file-height="3683" /></a><figcaption>Carved statue in the medieval city of Sirpur</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6th_7th_century_Bhima_Kichak_Temple,_Malhar_Chhattisgarh_India_-_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/6th_7th_century_Bhima_Kichak_Temple%2C_Malhar_Chhattisgarh_India_-_7.jpg/220px-6th_7th_century_Bhima_Kichak_Temple%2C_Malhar_Chhattisgarh_India_-_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/6th_7th_century_Bhima_Kichak_Temple%2C_Malhar_Chhattisgarh_India_-_7.jpg/330px-6th_7th_century_Bhima_Kichak_Temple%2C_Malhar_Chhattisgarh_India_-_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/6th_7th_century_Bhima_Kichak_Temple%2C_Malhar_Chhattisgarh_India_-_7.jpg/440px-6th_7th_century_Bhima_Kichak_Temple%2C_Malhar_Chhattisgarh_India_-_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>6th 7th century Bhima Kichak Temple, Malhar Chhattisgarh India</figcaption></figure> <p>Between the sixth and twelfth centuries, <a href="/wiki/Sharabhapuriya_dynasty" title="Sharabhapuriya dynasty">Sharabhpurias</a>, Panduvanshis (of <a href="/wiki/Panduvamshis_of_Mekala" title="Panduvamshis of Mekala">Mekala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panduvamshis_of_Dakshina_Kosala" title="Panduvamshis of Dakshina Kosala">Dakshina Kosala</a>), <a href="/wiki/Somava%E1%B9%83%C5%9B%C4%AB_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Somavaṃśī dynasty">Somavanshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Ratnapura" title="Kalachuris of Ratnapura">Kalachuri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chindaka_Naga" title="Chindaka Naga">Nagavanshi</a> rulers dominated this region. The <a href="/wiki/Bastar_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastar state">Bastar</a> region of Chhattisgarh was invaded by <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kulothunga_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulothunga Chola I">Kulothunga Chola I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a> in the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually most of Chhattisgarh was consolidated under the <a href="/wiki/Haihaiyavanshi_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Haihaiyavanshi Kingdom">Haihaiyavanshi Kingdom</a>, who ruled central Chhattisgarh and held smaller <a href="/wiki/Kanker_State" title="Kanker State">kingdoms like Kanker</a> under their authority.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Haihaiyavanshis continued to rule the region for 700 years until they were <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ratanpur" title="Siege of Ratanpur">invaded by the Marathas</a> in 1740 and came under their authority. Chhattisgarh was directly annexed to the Maratha <a href="/wiki/Nagpur_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagpur Kingdom">Nagpur Kingdom</a> in 1758 on the death of <a href="/wiki/Mohansingh_(ruler)" title="Mohansingh (ruler)">Mohan Singh</a>, the last independent ruler of Chhattisgarh.<sup id="cite_ref-m_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-virginia_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-virginia-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Division" title="Chhattisgarh Division">Chhattisgarh Division</a></div> <p>Chhattisgarh was under <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Rule</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bhonsles_of_Nagpur" title="Bhonsles of Nagpur">Bhonsles of Nagpur</a>) from 1741 to 1845. It came under British rule from 1845 to 1947 as the <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Division" title="Chhattisgarh Division">Chhattisgarh Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Provinces" title="Central Provinces">Central Provinces</a>. Raipur gained prominence over the capital Ratanpur with the advent of the British in 1845. In 1905, the <a href="/wiki/Sambalpur_district" title="Sambalpur district">Sambalpur district</a> was transferred to Odisha and the estates of Surguja were transferred from Bengal to Chhattisgarh. </p><p>The area constituting the new state merged into Madhya Pradesh on 1 November 1956, under the <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act,_1956" title="States Reorganisation Act, 1956">States Reorganisation Act, 1956</a>, and remained a part of that state for 44 years. Prior to that, the region was part of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Provinces_and_Berar" title="Central Provinces and Berar">Central Provinces and Berar</a> (CP and Berar) under British rule. Some areas constituting the Chhattisgarh state were <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> under <a href="/wiki/British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="British rule">British rule</a>, but were later on merged into Madhya Pradesh.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation_of_Chhattisgarh">Separation of Chhattisgarh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Separation of Chhattisgarh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretariat_in_Naya_Raipur.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Secretariat_in_Naya_Raipur.JPG/220px-Secretariat_in_Naya_Raipur.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Secretariat_in_Naya_Raipur.JPG/330px-Secretariat_in_Naya_Raipur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Secretariat_in_Naya_Raipur.JPG/440px-Secretariat_in_Naya_Raipur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Mantralaya in <a href="/wiki/Naya_Raipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Naya Raipur">Naya Raipur</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The demand for Chhattisgarh to be a separate state first rose in the 1920s, with similar demands appearing at regular intervals; however, a well-organised movement was never initiated. Several all-party platforms were created and usually resolved around petitions, public meetings, seminars, rallies and strikes.<sup id="cite_ref-Prithak_Chhattisgarh_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prithak_Chhattisgarh-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demand was raised by the Raipur Congress unit in 1924 and was also discussed in the Indian Congress at <a href="/wiki/Tripuri,_Madhya_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripuri, Madhya Pradesh">Tripuri</a>. A discussion about forming a Regional Congress organisation for Chhattisgarh took place. In 1954, when the State Reorganisation Commission was set up, the demand was put forward but was rejected. In 1955, the demand was raised in the Nagpur assembly of <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Bharat" title="Madhya Bharat">Madhya Bharat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prithak_Chhattisgarh_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prithak_Chhattisgarh-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, the demand became more prominent, resulting in the formation of a statewide political forum known as the Chhattisgarh Rajya Nirman Manch. The forum was led by Chandulal Chadrakar and several successful region-wide strikes and rallies were organised under it, all of which were supported by major political parties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prithak_Chhattisgarh_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prithak_Chhattisgarh-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new National Democratic Alliance government sent the Separate Chhattisgarh Bill for approval by the Madhya Pradesh Assembly, where it was unanimously approved and then submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>. The bill was passed in the Lok Sabha and the <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a>, which allowed the creation of the state of Chhattisgarh. <a href="/wiki/K._R._Narayanan" title="K. R. Narayanan">K. R. Narayanan</a> gave his consent to the <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh_Reorganisation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act">Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act</a> on 25 August 2000 and the government of India set 1 November 2000 as the day Chhattisgarh would be separated from Madhya Pradesh.<sup id="cite_ref-Prithak_Chhattisgarh_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prithak_Chhattisgarh-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, Chhattisgarh was formed from Madhya Pradesh.<sup id="cite_ref-cgfinance.nic.in_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cgfinance.nic.in-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The northern and southern parts of the state are hilly, while the central part is a fertile <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plain</a>. The highest point in the state is the Gaurlata near Samri, Balrampur-Ramanujganj district.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deciduous forests of the Eastern Highlands Forests cover roughly 44% of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the north lies the edge of the great <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Gangetic plain">Indo-Gangetic plain</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rihand_River" title="Rihand River">Rihand River</a>, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges River">Ganges</a>, drains this area. The eastern end of the <a href="/wiki/Satpura_Range" title="Satpura Range">Satpura Range</a> and the western edge of the <a href="/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateau" title="Chota Nagpur Plateau">Chota Nagpur Plateau</a> form an east–west belt of hills that divide the <a href="/wiki/Mahanadi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanadi River">Mahanadi River</a> basin from the Indo-Gangetic plain. The outline of Chhattisgarh is like a sea horse. </p><p>The central part of the state lies in the fertile upper basin of the <a href="/wiki/Mahanadi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanadi River">Mahanadi</a> and its tributaries, of which <a href="/wiki/Shivnath_River" title="Shivnath River">Shivnath River</a> is a major one running around 300 km long. This area has extensive rice cultivation. The upper Mahanadi basin is separated from the upper <a href="/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada</a> basin to the west by the <a href="/wiki/Maikal_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Maikal Hill">Maikal Hills</a> (part of the Satpuras) and from the plains of Odisha to the east by ranges of hills. The southern part of the state lies on the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan plateau</a>, in the watershed of the <a href="/wiki/Godavari_River" title="Godavari River">Godavari River</a> and its tributary, the <a href="/wiki/Indravati_River" title="Indravati River">Indravati River</a>. The Mahanadi is the chief river of the state. The other main rivers are <a href="/wiki/Hasdeo_River" title="Hasdeo River">Hasdeo</a> (a tributary of Mahanadi), <a href="/wiki/Rihand" class="mw-redirect" title="Rihand">Rihand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indravati" class="mw-redirect" title="Indravati">Indravati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonk_River" title="Jonk River">Jonk</a>, Arpa and <a href="/wiki/Shivnath_River" title="Shivnath River">Shivnath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mahanadi_River_,_Chhattisgarh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_Mahanadi_River_%2C_Chhattisgarh.png/220px-The_Mahanadi_River_%2C_Chhattisgarh.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_Mahanadi_River_%2C_Chhattisgarh.png/330px-The_Mahanadi_River_%2C_Chhattisgarh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_Mahanadi_River_%2C_Chhattisgarh.png/440px-The_Mahanadi_River_%2C_Chhattisgarh.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>The Mahanadi River, in Chhattisgarh</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forest">Forest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Forest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achankmar_Tiger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Achankmar_Tiger.jpg/220px-Achankmar_Tiger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Achankmar_Tiger.jpg/330px-Achankmar_Tiger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Achankmar_Tiger.jpg/440px-Achankmar_Tiger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Achanakmar-Amarkantak_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve">Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The state has the third largest forest by area in India. The state animal is the <i>van bhainsa</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">wild Asian buffalo</a>. The state bird is the <i>pahari myna</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Common_hill_myna" title="Common hill myna">hill myna</a>. The state tree is the <a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta" title="Shorea robusta">Sal (Sarai)</a> found in Bastar division. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shorea_robusta_in_Chhattisgarh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shorea_robusta_in_Chhattisgarh.jpg/220px-Shorea_robusta_in_Chhattisgarh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shorea_robusta_in_Chhattisgarh.jpg/330px-Shorea_robusta_in_Chhattisgarh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shorea_robusta_in_Chhattisgarh.jpg/440px-Shorea_robusta_in_Chhattisgarh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta" title="Shorea robusta">Shorea robusta</a></i>, the State Tree of Chhattisgarh</figcaption></figure><p> Chhattisgarh has the 3rd largest forest cover in the country. The state is surrounded by the forests in <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> (1st), <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> (4th), <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> (5th), <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> making it India's largest covered forests across state boundaries. There are multiple National Parks, Tiger Reserves across the state. <a href="/wiki/Achanakmar-Amarkantak_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve">Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve</a> is <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> recognised <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a> with total area of 383,551 hectares (3,835.51 square kilometres; 1,480.90 square miles)</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landuse_landcover_imgae_of_Chhattisgarh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Landuse_landcover_imgae_of_Chhattisgarh.jpg/220px-Landuse_landcover_imgae_of_Chhattisgarh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Landuse_landcover_imgae_of_Chhattisgarh.jpg/330px-Landuse_landcover_imgae_of_Chhattisgarh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Landuse_landcover_imgae_of_Chhattisgarh.jpg/440px-Landuse_landcover_imgae_of_Chhattisgarh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2902" data-file-height="1864" /></a><figcaption><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chhattisgarh has a tropical <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>. It is hot and humid in the summer because of its proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a> and its dependence on the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoons</a> for rains. Summer temperatures in Chhattisgarh can reach up to 49 °C (120 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monsoon season is from late June to October and is a welcome respite from the heat. Chhattisgarh receives an average of 1,292 millimetres (50.9 in) of rain. Winter is from November to January. Winters are pleasant with low temperatures and less humidity. Ambikapur, Mainpat, Pendra Road, Samri and Jashpur are some of the coldest places in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chhattisgarh has four-lane or two-lane roads that provide connectivity to major cities. A total of 20 national highways pass through the state, together measuring 3,078 km. Many national highways exist only on paper and are not fully converted into four-lane, let alone six-lane or eight-lane, highways. These include: </p> <ul><li>NH 130A New</li> <li>NH 130B New</li> <li>NH 130C New</li> <li>NH 130D New</li> <li>NH 149B New</li> <li>NH 163A New</li> <li>NH 343 New</li> <li>NH 930 New</li> <li>NH 53</li> <li>NH 16</li> <li>NH 43</li> <li>NH 12A</li> <li>NH 78</li> <li>NH 111</li> <li>NH 200</li> <li>NH 202</li> <li>NH 216</li> <li>NH 217</li> <li>NH 221</li> <li>NH 30</li> <li>NH 930 New.</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Highway (India)">state highways</a> and major district roads constitute another network of 8,031 km. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail_network">Rail network</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rail network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilaspur_Junction_Railway_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bilaspur_Junction_Railway_Station.jpg/220px-Bilaspur_Junction_Railway_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bilaspur_Junction_Railway_Station.jpg/330px-Bilaspur_Junction_Railway_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bilaspur_Junction_Railway_Station.jpg/440px-Bilaspur_Junction_Railway_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Bilaspur Junction Railway Station</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raipur_Railway_Station_Entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Raipur_Railway_Station_Entrance.jpg/220px-Raipur_Railway_Station_Entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Raipur_Railway_Station_Entrance.jpg/330px-Raipur_Railway_Station_Entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Raipur_Railway_Station_Entrance.jpg/440px-Raipur_Railway_Station_Entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raipur_Junction_railway_station" title="Raipur Junction railway station">Raipur Junction railway station</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Almost the entire railway network spread over the state comes under the geographical jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/South_East_Central_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="South East Central Railway">South East Central Railway</a> Zone of Indian Railways centred around <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur,_Chhattisgarh" title="Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh">Bilaspur</a>, which is the zonal headquarters of this zone. Almost 85% of tracks are electrified, the non-electrified route is the Maroda–Bhanupratappur line from the Durg–Bhanupratappur branch line, which is 120 km long. The main railway junctions are <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_Junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilaspur Junction">Bilaspur Junction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durg_Junction_railway_station" title="Durg Junction railway station">Durg Junction</a>, and Raipur, which is also a starting point of many long-distance trains. These three junctions are well-connected to the major cities of India and also these station comes under the top 50 booking stations in India.<sup id="cite_ref-rail-secr_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rail-secr-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state has the highest freight loading in the country, and one-sixth of the Indian Railway's revenue comes from Chhattisgarh. The length of the rail network in the state is 1,108 km, while a third track has been commissioned between Durg and Raigarh.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction of some new railway lines include Dalli–Rajhara–Jagdalpur rail line, Pendra Road–Gevra Road rail line, Raigarh–Mand Colliery to Bhupdeopur rail line and Barwadih–Chirmiri rail line.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freight/goods trains provide services mostly to coal and iron ore industries in east–west corridor (Mumbai–Howrah route). There is a lack of passenger services to the north and south of Chhattisgarh. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Major_railway_stations_of_Chhattisgarh">Major railway stations of Chhattisgarh</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Major railway stations of Chhattisgarh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_Junction_railway_station" title="Bilaspur Junction railway station">Bilaspur Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durg_Junction_railway_station" title="Durg Junction railway station">Durg Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raipur_Junction_railway_station" title="Raipur Junction railway station">Raipur Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambikapur_railway_station" title="Ambikapur railway station">Ambikapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raigarh_railway_station" title="Raigarh railway station">Raigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korba_railway_station" title="Korba railway station">Korba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa_Junction_railway_station" title="Champa Junction railway station">Champa Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasamund_railway_station" title="Mahasamund railway station">Mahasamund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajnandgaon_railway_station" title="Rajnandgaon railway station">Rajnandgaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongargarh_railway_station" title="Dongargarh railway station">Dongargarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gevra_Road_railway_station" title="Gevra Road railway station">Gevra Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendra_Road_railway_station" title="Pendra Road railway station">Pendra Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatapara_railway_station" title="Bhatapara railway station">Bhatapara</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swami_vivekananda_Airport_terminal_Raipur._Night_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Swami_vivekananda_Airport_terminal_Raipur._Night_view.jpg/230px-Swami_vivekananda_Airport_terminal_Raipur._Night_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Swami_vivekananda_Airport_terminal_Raipur._Night_view.jpg/345px-Swami_vivekananda_Airport_terminal_Raipur._Night_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Swami_vivekananda_Airport_terminal_Raipur._Night_view.jpg/460px-Swami_vivekananda_Airport_terminal_Raipur._Night_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1618" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>Swami Vivekananda Airport</figcaption></figure> <p>The air infrastructure in Chhattisgarh is gradually improving. <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda_Airport" title="Swami Vivekananda Airport">Swami Vivekananda Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a> is the primary airport (domestic) and is well connected to all major cities of India. Besides this, the smaller <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilaspur Airport">Bilaspur Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagdalpur_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagdalpur Airport">Jagdalpur Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambikapur_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambikapur Airport">Ambikapur Airport</a> are regionally connected with scheduled commercial services. A massive reduction in sales tax on aviation turbine fuel (ATF) from 25 to 4% in Chhattisgarh in 2003 contributed to a sharp rise in passenger flow. The passenger flow increased by 58% between 2011 and November 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Chhattisgarh" title="Government of Chhattisgarh">Government of Chhattisgarh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Chhattisgarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh">Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh</a></div> <p>The State Legislative Assembly is composed of 90 members of the Legislative Assembly. There are 11 members of the Lok Sabha from Chhattisgarh. The <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a> has five members from the state </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divisions">Divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bastar_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastar Division">Bastar Division</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Durg_division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Durg division (page does not exist)">Durg division</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raipur_division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raipur division (page does not exist)">Raipur division</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilaspur_division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilaspur division (page does not exist)">Bilaspur division</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Surguja_division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Surguja division (page does not exist)">Surguja division</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bastar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastar District">Bastar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jagdalpur" title="Jagdalpur">Jagdalpur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijapur_district,_Chhattisgarh" title="Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh">Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dantewada_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dantewada District">Dakshin Bastar Dantewada</a> (Dakshin Bastar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondagaon" title="Kondagaon">Kondagaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayanpur_district" title="Narayanpur district">Narayanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukma_district" title="Sukma district">Sukma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanker_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanker District">Uttar Bastar Kanker</a> (Uttar Bastar)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balod_district" title="Balod district">Balod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemetara_district" title="Bemetara district">Bemetara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durg_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Durg District">Durg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabirdham_district" title="Kabirdham district">Kabirdham</a> (Kabirdham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai_district" title="Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai district">Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohla_Manpur_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohla Manpur district">Mohla Manpur district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajnandgaon_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajnandgaon District">Rajnandgaon</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baloda_Bazar" title="Baloda Bazar">Baloda Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamtari_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamtari District">Dhamtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gariaband_district" title="Gariaband district">Gariaband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasamund_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahasamund District">Mahasamund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raipur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Raipur District">Raipur</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_District,_Chhattisgarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilaspur District, Chhattisgarh">Bilaspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi_district" title="Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi district">Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janjgir-Champa" class="mw-redirect" title="Janjgir-Champa">Janjgir-Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korba_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Korba District">Korba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mungeli_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mungeli District">Mungeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raigarh_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Raigarh District">Raigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangarh-Bilaigarh_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarangarh-Bilaigarh District">Sarangarh-Bilaigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakti district">Shakti</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrampur_district,_Chhattisgarh" title="Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh">Balrampur-Ramanujganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jashpur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jashpur District">Jashpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koriya_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Koriya District">Koriya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baikunthpur,_Koriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Baikunthpur, Koriya">Baikunthpur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur_district" title="Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur district">Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surajpur_district" title="Surajpur district">Surajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surguja_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Surguja District">Surguja</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ambikapur,_Chhattisgarh" title="Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh">Ambikapur</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts">Districts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Chhattisgarh" title="List of districts of Chhattisgarh">List of districts of Chhattisgarh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chhattisgarh_districts_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chhattisgarh_districts_map.svg/220px-Chhattisgarh_districts_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chhattisgarh_districts_map.svg/330px-Chhattisgarh_districts_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chhattisgarh_districts_map.svg/440px-Chhattisgarh_districts_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1443" /></a><figcaption>Districts of Chhattisgarh state in 2020</figcaption></figure> <p>Chhattisgarh comprises 33 districts.<sup id="cite_ref-economictimes.indiatimes.com_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economictimes.indiatimes.com-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following are the list of the districts of Chhattisgarh State with major cities: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr> <th>District</th> <th>Headquarter</th> <th>Largest City</th> <th class="unsortable">Other Major Cities </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raipur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Raipur District">Raipur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arang" title="Arang">Arang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilda_Newra" title="Tilda Newra">Tilda-Neora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_district,_Chhattisgarh" title="Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh">Bilaspur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilaspur,_Chhattisgarh" title="Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh">Bilaspur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilaspur,_Chhattisgarh" title="Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh">Bilaspur</a></td> <td>Kota (Kargi Road), <a href="/wiki/Bilha,_India" title="Bilha, India">Bilha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Durg_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Durg District">Durg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Durg" title="Durg">Durg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhilai" title="Bhilai">Bhilai</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhilai_Charoda" title="Bhilai Charoda">Charoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumhari" title="Kumhari">Kumhari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patan,_Chhattisgarh" title="Patan, Chhattisgarh">Patan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Korba_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Korba District">Korba</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Korba,_Chhattisgarh" title="Korba, Chhattisgarh">Korba</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Korba,_Chhattisgarh" title="Korba, Chhattisgarh">Korba</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Katghora" title="Katghora">Katghora</a>, Dipka, Pali </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raigarh_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Raigarh District">Raigarh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raigarh" title="Raigarh">Raigarh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raigarh" title="Raigarh">Raigarh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kharsia" title="Kharsia">Kharsia</a>, Gharghora </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajnandgaon_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajnandgaon District">Rajnandgaon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajnandgaon" title="Rajnandgaon">Rajnandgaon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajnandgaon" title="Rajnandgaon">Rajnandgaon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dongargarh" title="Dongargarh">Dongargarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dongargaon_Assembly_constituency" title="Dongargaon Assembly constituency">Dongargaon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koriya_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Koriya District">Koriya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baikunthpur,_Koriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Baikunthpur, Koriya">Baikunthpur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baikunthpur,_Koriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Baikunthpur, Koriya">Baikunthpur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ramgarh,_Chhattisgarh" title="Ramgarh, Chhattisgarh">Ramgarh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surguja_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Surguja District">Surguja</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ambikapur,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambikapur, India">Ambikapur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ambikapur,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambikapur, India">Ambikapur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sitapur,_Chhattisgarh" title="Sitapur, Chhattisgarh">Sitapur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Balrampur_district,_Chhattisgarh" title="Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh">Balrampur-Ramanujganj</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Balrampur" title="Balrampur">Balrampur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Balrampur" title="Balrampur">Balrampur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ramanujganj" title="Ramanujganj">Ramanujganj</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jashpur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jashpur District">Jashpur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jashpur_Nagar" title="Jashpur Nagar">Jashpur Nagar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jashpur_Nagar" title="Jashpur Nagar">Jashpur Nagar</a></td> <td>Kunkuri, <a href="/wiki/Pathalgaon" title="Pathalgaon">Patthalgaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jashpur_district" title="Jashpur district">Tapkara</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surajpur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Surajpur District">Surajpur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Surajpur,_Chhattisgarh" title="Surajpur, Chhattisgarh">Surajpur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Surajpur,_Chhattisgarh" title="Surajpur, Chhattisgarh">Surajpur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Telgaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Telgaon">Telgaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishrampur,_Chhattisgarh" title="Bishrampur, Chhattisgarh">Bishrampur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Janjgir%E2%80%93Champa" class="mw-redirect" title="Janjgir–Champa">Janjgir–Champa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Janjgir" title="Janjgir">Janjgir</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Janjgir" title="Janjgir">Janjgir-Naila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akaltara" title="Akaltara">Akaltara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shivrinarayan" title="Shivrinarayan">Shivrinarayan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mungeli_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mungeli District">Mungeli</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mungeli" title="Mungeli">Mungeli</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mungeli" title="Mungeli">Mungeli</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lormi" title="Lormi">Lormi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takhatpur" title="Takhatpur">Takhatpur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kabirdham_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabirdham District">Kabirdham</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kawardha" title="Kawardha">Kawardha</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kawardha" title="Kawardha">Kawardha</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pandariya" title="Pandariya">Pandariya</a>, Pandatarai </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bemetara_district" title="Bemetara district">Bemetara</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bemetara" title="Bemetara">Bemetara</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bemetara" title="Bemetara">Bemetara</a></td> <td>Nawagarh, Saja </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Balod_district" title="Balod district">Balod</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Balod" title="Balod">Balod</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Balod" title="Balod">Balod</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dalli_Rajhara" title="Dalli Rajhara">Dalli-Rajhara</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baloda_Bazar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Baloda Bazar District">Baloda Bazar-Bhatapara</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baloda_Bazar" title="Baloda Bazar">Baloda Bazar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhatapara" title="Bhatapara">Bhatapara</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhatapara" title="Bhatapara">Bhatapara</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simga" title="Simga">Simga</a>, Palari, Lawan, <a href="/wiki/Kasdol_Assembly_constituency" title="Kasdol Assembly constituency">Kasdol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gariaband_district" title="Gariaband district">Gariaband</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gariaband" title="Gariaband">Gariaband</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gariaband" title="Gariaband">Gariaband</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajim" title="Rajim">Rajim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deobhog" title="Deobhog">Deobhog</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahasamund_district" title="Mahasamund district">Mahasamund</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahasamund" title="Mahasamund">Mahasamund</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahasamund" title="Mahasamund">Mahasamund</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saraipali" title="Saraipali">Saraipali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagbahara" title="Bagbahara">Bagbahra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhamtari_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamtari District">Dhamtari</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhamtari" title="Dhamtari">Dhamtari</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhamtari" title="Dhamtari">Dhamtari</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurud" title="Kurud">Kurud</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bijapur_district,_Chhattisgarh" title="Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh">Bijapur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bijapur,_Chhattisgarh" title="Bijapur, Chhattisgarh">Bijapur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bijapur,_Chhattisgarh" title="Bijapur, Chhattisgarh">Bijapur</a></td> <td>Sangampal, Kasiguda </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Narayanpur_district" title="Narayanpur district">Narayanpur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Narayanpur,_Chhattisgarh" title="Narayanpur, Chhattisgarh">Narayanpur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Narayanpur,_Chhattisgarh" title="Narayanpur, Chhattisgarh">Narayanpur</a></td> <td>Kodenar, Orchha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanker_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanker District">Kanker</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanker,_Chhattisgarh" title="Kanker, Chhattisgarh">Kanker</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanker,_Chhattisgarh" title="Kanker, Chhattisgarh">Kanker</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhanupratappur" title="Bhanupratappur">Bhanupratapur</a>, <p><a href="/wiki/Pakhanjur" title="Pakhanjur">Pakhanjore</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bastar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastar District">Bastar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jagdalpur" title="Jagdalpur">Jagdalpur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jagdalpur" title="Jagdalpur">Jagdalpur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bastar_district" title="Bastar district">Bastar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dantewada_district" title="Dantewada district">Dantewada</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dantewada" title="Dantewada">Dantewada</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dantewada" title="Dantewada">Dantewada</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirandul" title="Kirandul">Kirandul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geedam" title="Geedam">Geedam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kondagaon_district" title="Kondagaon district">Kondagaon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kondagaon" title="Kondagaon">Kondagaon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kondagaon" title="Kondagaon">Kondagaon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Keshkal" class="mw-redirect" title="Keshkal">Keshkal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukma_district" title="Sukma district">Sukma</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukma" title="Sukma">Sukma</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukma" title="Sukma">Sukma</a></td> <td>Tadmetla, Murtonda </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi_district" title="Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi district">Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaurella" title="Gaurella">Gaurella</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pendra" title="Pendra">Pendra</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marwahi" title="Marwahi">Marwahi</a>, Basti-Bagra, Rajmergarh, Pasan </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur_district" title="Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur district">Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manendragarh" title="Manendragarh">Manendragarh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chirmiri" title="Chirmiri">Chirmiri</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khongapani" title="Khongapani">Khongapani</a>, Jhagrakhand, New Ledri, Janakpur </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohla_Manpur_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohla Manpur district">Mohla Manpur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohla_Khurd" title="Mohla Khurd">Mohla</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohla_Khurd" title="Mohla Khurd">Mohla</a></td> <td>Chilamtol </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sakti_district" title="Sakti district">Sakti</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sakti,_Chhattisgarh" title="Sakti, Chhattisgarh">Sakti</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sakti,_Chhattisgarh" title="Sakti, Chhattisgarh">Sakti</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonthi,_Sakti_district&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonthi, Sakti district (page does not exist)">Sonthi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarangarh-Bilaigarh_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarangarh-Bilaigarh District">Sarangarh-Bilaigarh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarangarh" title="Sarangarh">Sarangarh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarangarh" title="Sarangarh">Sarangarh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilaigarh" title="Bilaigarh">Bilaigarh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai_district" title="Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai district">Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khairagarh" title="Khairagarh">Khairagarh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khairagarh" title="Khairagarh">Khairagarh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chhuikhadan" title="Chhuikhadan">Chhuikhadan</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_cities">Major cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Major cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Chhattisgarh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Chhattisgarh">List of cities in Chhattisgarh</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0.2em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="12" style="padding:0.3em 0; line-height:1.2em; font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Chhattisgarh_by_population" title="List of cities in Chhattisgarh by population">Largest cities in Chhattisgarh</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><small>(2011 Census of India estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>City</th> <th>District</th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raipur_district" title="Raipur district">Raipur</a></td> <td>1,010,087 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Bhilai" title="Bhilai">Bhilai</a>-<a href="/wiki/Durg" title="Durg">Durg</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Durg_district" title="Durg district">Durg</a></td> <td>1,003,406 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Bilaspur,_Chhattisgarh" title="Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh">Bilaspur</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_District,_Chhattisgarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilaspur District, Chhattisgarh">Bilaspur</a></td> <td>717,030 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Korba,_Chhattisgarh" title="Korba, Chhattisgarh">Korba</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Korba_district" title="Korba district">Korba</a></td> <td>365,253 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Ambikapur,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambikapur, India">Ambikapur</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Surguja_district" title="Surguja district">Sarguja</a></td> <td>214,575 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Rajnandgaon" title="Rajnandgaon">Rajnandgaon</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajnandgaon_district" title="Rajnandgaon district">Rajnandgaon</a></td> <td>163,122 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Raigarh" title="Raigarh">Raigarh</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raigarh_district" title="Raigarh district">Raigarh</a></td> <td>150,019 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Jagdalpur" title="Jagdalpur">Jagdalpur</a></b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bastar_district" title="Bastar district">Bastar</a></td> <td>125,463 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">9</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Chirmiri" title="Chirmiri">Chirmiri</a> </b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koriya_district" title="Koriya district">Koriya</a></td> <td>103,575 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Dhamtari" title="Dhamtari">Dhamtari</a> </b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhamtari_district" title="Dhamtari district">Dhamtari</a></td> <td>101,677 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">11</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Mahasamund" title="Mahasamund">Mahasamund</a> </b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahasamund_district" title="Mahasamund district">Mahasamund</a></td> <td>54,413 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width:26.0em;padding:0;"><caption class="infobox-title adr">Economy of <span class="country-name">Chhattisgarh</span></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">Statistics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>5.09 lakh crore</span> (US$61 billion) (2023–24 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">17th</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP growth</div></th><td class="infobox-data">8% (2020–21)<sup id="cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>152,348</span> (US$1,800) (2023–24)<sup id="cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">GDP by sector</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Agriculture 32% <br /> Industry 32% <br /> Services 36% (2023–24)<sup id="cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue;">Public finances</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_government_debt" title="List of countries by government debt"><span class="wrap">Government debt</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">23.8% of GSDP (2023–24 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Government_budget_balance" title="Government budget balance"><span class="wrap">Budget balance</span></a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>−17,461 crore</span> (US$−2.1 billion) (3.33% of GSDP) (2023–24 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenues</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>106,301 crore</span> (US$13 billion) (2023–24 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Expenses</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>121,495 crore</span> (US$15 billion) (2023–24 est.) <sup id="cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background:lightblue;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em;padding:0.2em;"> <i>All values, unless otherwise stated, are in <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US dollars</a>.</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> Chhattisgarh's nominal gross state domestic product (GSDP) is estimated at <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>5.09 lakh crore</span> (US$61 billion) in 2023–24, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">17th</a> largest state economy in India. The economy of Chhattisgarh recorded a growth rate of 11.2% in 2023–24.<sup id="cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chhattisgarh's success factors in achieving high growth rate are growth in agriculture and industrial production. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GEVRA_DUMPERS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/GEVRA_DUMPERS.jpg/220px-GEVRA_DUMPERS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/GEVRA_DUMPERS.jpg/330px-GEVRA_DUMPERS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/GEVRA_DUMPERS.jpg/440px-GEVRA_DUMPERS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>GEVRA DUMPERS</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NTPC_Korba_Power_Plant_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/NTPC_Korba_Power_Plant_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-NTPC_Korba_Power_Plant_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/NTPC_Korba_Power_Plant_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-NTPC_Korba_Power_Plant_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/NTPC_Korba_Power_Plant_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-NTPC_Korba_Power_Plant_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>NTPC Korba Power Plant - panoramio</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agriculture is counted as the chief economic occupation of the state. According to a government estimate, the net sown area of the state is 4.828 million hectares and the gross sown area is 5.788 million hectares.<sup id="cite_ref-Agriculture_in_Chhattisgarh_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agriculture_in_Chhattisgarh-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horticulture and animal husbandry also engage a major share of the total population of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 80% of the population of the state is rural and the main livelihood of the villagers is agriculture and agriculture-based small industry. </p><p>The majority of the farmers are still practicing the traditional methods of cultivation, resulting in low growth rates and productivity. The farmers have to be made aware of modern technologies suitable to their holdings. Providing adequate knowledge to the farmers is essential for a better implementation of the agricultural development plans and to improve productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-nhm.nic.in_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhm.nic.in-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Considering this and a very limited irrigated area, the productivity of not only rice but also other crops is low, hence the farmers are unable to obtain economic benefits from agriculture and it has remained as subsistence agriculture till now. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chloroxylon_from_India.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Chloroxylon is used for pest management in organic rice cultivation in Chhattisgarh"><img alt="Chloroxylon is used for pest management in organic rice cultivation in Chhattisgarh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Chloroxylon_from_India.JPG/268px-Chloroxylon_from_India.JPG" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Chloroxylon_from_India.JPG/403px-Chloroxylon_from_India.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Chloroxylon_from_India.JPG/536px-Chloroxylon_from_India.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chloroxylon is used for pest management in organic rice cultivation in Chhattisgarh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medicinal_Rice.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medicinal rice of Chhattisgarh used as an immune booster"><img alt="Medicinal rice of Chhattisgarh used as an immune booster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Medicinal_Rice.jpg/268px-Medicinal_Rice.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Medicinal_Rice.jpg/403px-Medicinal_Rice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Medicinal_Rice.jpg/536px-Medicinal_Rice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Medicinal rice of Chhattisgarh used as an immune booster</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aloe_Farming.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aloe vera farming in Chhattisgarh"><img alt="Aloe vera farming in Chhattisgarh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Aloe_Farming.jpg/268px-Aloe_Farming.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Aloe_Farming.jpg/403px-Aloe_Farming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Aloe_Farming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aloe vera farming in Chhattisgarh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulbakawali_Farming.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Herbal farming in Chhattisgarh: Gulbakawali"><img alt="Herbal farming in Chhattisgarh: Gulbakawali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Gulbakawali_Farming.jpg/268px-Gulbakawali_Farming.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Gulbakawali_Farming.jpg/403px-Gulbakawali_Farming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Gulbakawali_Farming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Herbal farming in Chhattisgarh: Gulbakawali</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agricultural_products">Agricultural products</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Agricultural products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main crops are rice, maize,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>kodo-kutki</i> and other small millets and pulses (<i>tuar</i><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>kulthi</i>); oilseeds, such as groundnuts (peanuts), soybeans<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sunflowers are also grown. In the mid-1990s, most of Chhattisgarh was still a monocrop belt. Only one-fourth to one-fifth of the sown area was double-cropped. When a very substantial portion of the population is dependent on agriculture, a situation where nearly 80% of a state's area is covered only by one crop, immediate attention to turn them into double crop areas is needed. Also, very few cash crops are grown in Chhattisgarh, so there is a need to diversify the agricultural produce towards oilseeds and other cash crops. Chhattisgarh is also called the "rice bowl of central India".<sup id="cite_ref-Agriculture_in_Chhattisgarh_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agriculture_in_Chhattisgarh-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kodo_Millet_in_Chhattisgarh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kodo Millet is used as a life-saving medicine in Chhattisgarh"><img alt="Kodo Millet is used as a life-saving medicine in Chhattisgarh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kodo_Millet_in_Chhattisgarh.jpg/268px-Kodo_Millet_in_Chhattisgarh.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kodo_Millet_in_Chhattisgarh.jpg/403px-Kodo_Millet_in_Chhattisgarh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Kodo_Millet_in_Chhattisgarh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kodo Millet is used as a life-saving medicine in Chhattisgarh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bastar_Beer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bastar beer prepared from Sulfi"><img alt="Bastar beer prepared from Sulfi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bastar_Beer.jpg/268px-Bastar_Beer.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bastar_Beer.jpg/403px-Bastar_Beer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Bastar_Beer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bastar beer prepared from Sulfi</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Irrigation">Irrigation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Irrigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amritdhara_chirimiri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Amritdhara_chirimiri.jpg/220px-Amritdhara_chirimiri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Amritdhara_chirimiri.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="149" /></a><figcaption>Amritdhara chirimiri</figcaption></figure> <p>In Chhattisgarh, rice, the main crop, is grown on about 77% of the net sown area. Only about 20% of the area is under irrigation; the rest depends on rain. Of the three agroclimatic zones, about 73% of the Chhattisgarh plains, 97% of the Bastar plateau, and 95% of the northern hills are rainfed. The irrigated area available for double cropping is only 87,000 ha in the Chhattisgarh plains and 2300 ha in Bastar plateau and northern hills. Due to this, the productivity of rice and other crops is low, hence the farmers are unable to obtain economic benefits from agriculture and it has remained as subsistence agriculture till now, though agriculture is the main occupation of more than 80% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-nhm.nic.in_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhm.nic.in-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Chhattisgarh region, about 22% of the net cropped area was under irrigation as compared to 36.5% in Madhya Pradesh in 1998–99, whereas the average national irrigation was about 40%. The irrigation is characterised by a high order of variability ranging from 1.6% in Bastar to 75.0% in Dhamtari. Based on an average growth trend in the irrigated area, about 0.43% of additional area is brought under irrigation every year as compared to 1.89% in Madhya Pradesh and 1.0% in the country as a whole. Thus, irrigation has been growing at a very low rate in Chhattisgarh and the pace of irrigation is so slow, that it would take about 122 years to reach the 75% level of net irrigated area in Chhattisgarh at the present rate of growth.<sup id="cite_ref-nhm.nic.in_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhm.nic.in-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chhattisgarh has a limited <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> system, with dams and <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a> on some rivers. Average rainfall in the state is around 1400 mm and the entire state falls under the rice agroclimatic zone. The Large variation in the yearly rainfall directly affects the production of rice. Irrigation is the prime need of the state for its overall development and therefore the state government has given top priority to the development of irrigation.<sup id="cite_ref-Agriculture_in_Chhattisgarh_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agriculture_in_Chhattisgarh-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A total of four major, 33 medium, and 2199 minor irrigation projects have been completed and five major, nine medium, and 312 minor projects are under construction, as of 31 March 2006.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="These numbers are from over ten years ago. Needs updating (August 2019)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_sector">Industrial sector</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Industrial sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Power_sector">Power sector</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Power sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chhattisgarh is one of the few states of India where the power sector is effectively developed. Based on the current production of surplus electric power, the position of the State is comfortable and profitable. The Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board (CSEB) is in a strong position to meet the electricity requirement of the state and is in good financial health. According to <a href="/wiki/Central_Electricity_Authority_(India)" title="Central Electricity Authority (India)">Central Electricity Authority</a> (CEA), Chhattisgarh provides electricity to several other states because of surplus production.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Chhattisgarh, <a href="/wiki/National_Thermal_Power_Corporation_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="National Thermal Power Corporation Limited">National Thermal Power Corporation Limited</a> (NTPC) has <a href="/wiki/Sipat_Thermal_Power_Station" title="Sipat Thermal Power Station">Sipat Thermal Power Station</a> with a capacity of 2,980 MW at Sipat, Bilaspur; <a href="/wiki/LARA_Super_Thermal_Power_Station" title="LARA Super Thermal Power Station">LARA Super Thermal Power Station</a> with a nameplate capacity of 1600MW and <a href="/wiki/Korba_Super_Thermal_Power_Station" title="Korba Super Thermal Power Station">Korba Super Thermal Power Station</a> with a capacity of 2,600 MW at Korba, while CSEB's units have a thermal capacity of 1,780 MW and hydel capacity of 130 MW. Apart from NTPC and CSEB, there are several private generation units of large and small capacity. The state government has pursued a liberal policy with regard to captive generation which has resulted in a number of private companies coming up.<sup id="cite_ref-Power_Sector_in_Chhattisgarh_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power_Sector_in_Chhattisgarh-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state has a potential of 61,000 MW of additional thermal power in terms of availability of coal for more than 100 years and more than 2,500 MW hydel capacity. To use this vast potential, substantial additions to the existing generation capacity are already underway.<sup id="cite_ref-Power_Sector_in_Chhattisgarh_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power_Sector_in_Chhattisgarh-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Steel_sector">Steel sector</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Steel sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The steel industry is one of the biggest heavy industries of Chhattisgarh. <a href="/wiki/Bhilai_Steel_Plant" title="Bhilai Steel Plant">Bhilai Steel Plant, Bhilai</a> operated by <a href="/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India_Limited" title="Steel Authority of India Limited">SAIL</a>, with a capacity of 5.4 million tonnes per year, is regarded as a significant growth indicator of the state. More than 100 steel rolling mills, 90 sponge iron plants, and ferro-alloy units are in Chhattisgarh. Along with Bhilai, today Jagdalpur, Raipur, Bilaspur, Korba and Raigarh have become the steel hub of Chhattisgarh. Today, Raipur and Jagdalpur has become the centre of the steel sector, the biggest market for steel in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Industries_in_Chhattisgarh_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Industries_in_Chhattisgarh-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RID2433a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/RID2433a.jpg/220px-RID2433a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/RID2433a.jpg/330px-RID2433a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/RID2433a.jpg/440px-RID2433a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aluminium_sector">Aluminium sector</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Aluminium sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aluminium industry of Chhattisgarh was established by the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Aluminium_Company" title="Bharat Aluminium Company">Bharat Aluminium Company</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Resources" title="Vedanta Resources">Vedanta Resources</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Korba,_Chhattisgarh" title="Korba, Chhattisgarh">Korba, Chhattisgarh</a>, which has a capacity of around 5,700,000 tonnes each year.<sup id="cite_ref-Industries_in_Chhattisgarh_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Industries_in_Chhattisgarh-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_resources">Natural resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Natural resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Gevra, Dipka, Kusmunda</b> open cast coal mines in <a href="/wiki/Korba,_Chhattisgarh" title="Korba, Chhattisgarh">Korba</a> are the largest in India and the biggest man-made structure visible in satellite images of India. Major coal companies are <a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Coalfields" title="South Eastern Coalfields">SECL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adani_Group" title="Adani Group">Adani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jindal_Steel_and_Power" title="Jindal Steel and Power">Jindal</a> which operate multiple coal mines across northeast Chhattisgarh. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_India_Coalfields">Central India Coalfields</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Central India Coalfields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_India_coalfields&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central India coalfields (page does not exist)">Central India Coalfields</a> are spread over the districts of <a href="/wiki/Surguja_district" title="Surguja district">Surguja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koriya_district" title="Koriya district">Koriya</a> (both in Chhattisgarh), <a href="/wiki/Shahdol_district" title="Shahdol district">Shahdol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umaria_district" title="Umaria district">Umaria</a> (both in Madhya Pradesh). The group covers an area of about 5,345 square kilometres (2,064 sq mi) with estimated reserves of 15,613.98 million tonnes. The deposits are at a depth of 0–1200 meters. Therefore, extraction is mainly amenable to underground mining except for a few blocks in the eastern part of these coalfields which have opencast potential.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Jhilimili Coalfield</b> located in <a href="/wiki/Surguja_district" title="Surguja district">Surguja district</a> is spread over an area of 180 square kilometres (69 sq mi). Estimated total reserves are 215.31 million tonnes, out of which about half have been indicated to be Grade I.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_India" title="Geological Survey of India">Geological Survey of India</a>, total reserves of non-coking coal (as of 1 January 2004) in Jhilimili Coalfield (up to a depth of 300m) was 267.10 million tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>Sonhat</b> is a large coal field representing one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> reserves in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> having estimated reserves of 2.67 billion tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Bisrampur coal field</b> represents one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> reserves in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> having estimated reserves of 1.61 billion tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Chirimiri Coalfield</b> is located in the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Hasdeo_River" title="Hasdeo River">Hasdeo River</a>, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Mahanadi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanadi River">Mahanadi</a>. Opened in 1930 with production starting in 1932, and has been owned by several companies and owners such as Chirimiri Colliery Company Pvt. Ltd., Dababhoy's New Chirimiri Ponri Hill Company (Private) Limited, United Collieries Limited, K.N. Dhady and Indra Singh & Sons (Private) Limited. These were nationalized in 1973.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This coalfield is spread over 125 square kilometres (48 sq mi) of hilly country and includes both the sections – Kurasia and Chirimiri. Total reserves in the Chirimiri coalfield have been estimated to be around 312.11 million tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-sharma_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharma-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_India" title="Geological Survey of India">Geological Survey of India</a> reserves of non-coking coal up to a depth of 300 m in Chirimiri Coalfield was 362.16 million tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Chhattisgarh_coalfields">South Chhattisgarh coalfields</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: South Chhattisgarh coalfields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Chhattisgarh_coalfields&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Chhattisgarh coalfields (page does not exist)">South Chhattisgarh Coalfields</a> are made up of the Mand Raigarh, Korba, and Hasdo Arand coalfields. Of at least twelve seams in the Mand Valley, the Mand and Taraimar seams are important.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Mand Raigarh Coalfield</b> includes the areas earlier known as North Raigarh, South Raigarh, and Mand River Coalfields and is located in <a href="/wiki/Raigarh_district" title="Raigarh district">Raigarh district</a> and lies in the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Mand_River" title="Mand River">Mand River</a>, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Mahanadi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanadi River">Mahanadi</a>. This coalfield is spread over an area of 520 square kilometres (200 sq mi). The field has a potential for mining power-grade coal, much of which can be extracted through open-cast mining. Gare block has been identified for captive mining by private companies.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_India" title="Geological Survey of India">Geological Survey of India</a> total reserves (including proved, indicated, and inferred reserves) of non-coking coal in the Mand Raigarh Coalfield is 18,532.93 million tonnes. Out of this 13,868.20 million tonnes is up to a depth of 300 metres, 4569.51 million tonnes is at a depth of 300–600 metres and 95.22 million tonnes is at a depth of 600–1200 m.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maikal_Hills.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mineral deposits in the Maikal Hills"><img alt="Mineral deposits in the Maikal Hills" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Maikal_Hills.jpg/268px-Maikal_Hills.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Maikal_Hills.jpg/403px-Maikal_Hills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Maikal_Hills.jpg/536px-Maikal_Hills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mineral deposits in the Maikal Hills</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 139.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 137.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mineral_wealth_of_Chhattisgarh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mineral Wealth from Chandidongri"><img alt="Mineral Wealth from Chandidongri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mineral_wealth_of_Chhattisgarh.jpg/206px-Mineral_wealth_of_Chhattisgarh.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mineral_wealth_of_Chhattisgarh.jpg/310px-Mineral_wealth_of_Chhattisgarh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mineral_wealth_of_Chhattisgarh.jpg/413px-Mineral_wealth_of_Chhattisgarh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="487" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mineral Wealth from Chandidongri</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mineral_deposits">Mineral deposits</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Mineral deposits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chhattisgarh is rich in minerals. It produces 50% of the country's total cement production. Due to its proximity to the western States of Maharashtra and Gujarat, it has the highest producing <a href="/wiki/Coal_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mine">coal mines</a> in India. It has the highest output of coal in the country with the second-highest reserves. It is third in iron ore production and first in tin production. <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a> are abundant. It is the only <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> ore-producing state in India. Other commercially extracted minerals include <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandrite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrite">alexandrite</a> and diamonds. </p><p>Rowghat iron ore deposits are located in the Antagarh Tahsil of <a href="/wiki/Kanker_district" title="Kanker district">Kanker district</a> and contain the largest <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a> deposits after the Bailadila Iron Ore Mine. Rowghat Mines' reserves have been assessed at 731.93 Mn tonnes. Bailadila has reserves assessed at 1.343 Bn tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-chhattisgarhmines.gov.in_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chhattisgarhmines.gov.in-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iron ore deposits in Rowghat were discovered in 1899 and in 1949 <a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_India" title="Geological Survey of India">Geological Survey of India</a> investigated the area.<sup id="cite_ref-financialexpress.com_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-financialexpress.com-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rowghat deposit is 29 km (18 mi) NNW of Narayanpur, and about 140 km (87 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Jagdalpur" title="Jagdalpur">Jagdalpur</a>. Fe content varies in the various blocks - A Block (62.58% Fe), B Block (50.29% Fe), C Block (57.00% Fe), D Block (60.00% Fe), E Block (52.93% Fe), and F Block (59.62% Fe). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_and_technologies">Information and technologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Information and technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent years, Chhattisgarh has also received exposure in <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> (IT) projects and consultancy. Its government is also promoting IT and has set up a body to take care of IT solutions. The body, known as CHiPS, is providing large IT projects such as Choice, Swan, and so forth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_companies">Major companies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Major companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major companies with a presence in the state include: </p> <ul><li>Metal: <a href="/wiki/Bhilai_Steel_Plant" title="Bhilai Steel Plant">Bhilai Steel Plant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jindal_Steel_and_Power" title="Jindal Steel and Power">Jindal Steel and Power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Aluminium_Company" title="Bharat Aluminium Company">Bharat Aluminium Company</a></li> <li>Oil: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Oil_Corporation" title="Indian Oil Corporation">Indian Oil Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Petroleum_Corporation_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited">Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited</a></li> <li>Mining: <a href="/wiki/National_Mineral_Development_Corporation" title="National Mineral Development Corporation">NMDC</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Coalfields" title="South Eastern Coalfields">South Eastern Coalfields</a></li> <li>Power : <a href="/wiki/NTPC_Limited" title="NTPC Limited">NTPC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanco_Infratech" title="Lanco Infratech">Lanco Infratech</a>, <a href="/wiki/KSK_Energy_Ventures" title="KSK Energy Ventures">KSK Energy Ventures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jindal_Power_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Jindal Power Limited">Jindal Power Limited</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exports">Exports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Exports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chhattisgarh's total exports were US$353.3 million in 2009–10. Nearly 75% of exports come from Bhilai and the remaining are from Urla, Bhanpuri, and Sirgitti. The major export products include steel, handicrafts, handlooms, blended yarn, food and agri-products, iron, aluminum, cement, minerals, and engineering products. CSIDC (Chhattisgarh State Industrial Development Corporation Limited) is the nodal agency of the government of Chhattisgarh for export promotion in the state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mainline print media present in Chhattisgarh are <a href="/wiki/Hari_Bhoomi" title="Hari Bhoomi">Hari Bhoomi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dainik_Bhaskar" title="Dainik Bhaskar">Dainik Bhaskar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan_Patrika" title="Rajasthan Patrika">Patrika</a>, Navabharat, and Nai Duniya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_Development_Indicators">Human Development Indicators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Human Development Indicators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HDI">HDI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: HDI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2018, Chhattisgarh state had a <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> value of 0.613 (medium), ranking 31st in Indian states & union territories. The national average is 0.647 according to Global Data Lab.<sup id="cite_ref-ihdr-2001_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ihdr-2001-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_of_living">Standard of living</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Standard of living"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standard of living in Chhattisgarh is extremely imbalanced. The cities such as <a href="/wiki/Durg" title="Durg">Durg</a>, Raipur, Bhilai and Bilaspur have a medium to high standard of living, while the rural and forested areas lack even the basic resources and amenities. For example, Bhilai has a literacy rate of 86%, while <a href="/wiki/Bastar_district" title="Bastar district">Bastar</a> has a literacy rate of 54%.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raipur, the capital of Chhattisgarh, is one of the fastest-developing cities in India.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Naya_Raipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Naya Raipur">Atal Nagar</a> (Formerly <i>Naya Raipur</i><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is the new planned city that is touted to become the financial hub of the <a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central Indian region</a>. New world-class educational institutions and hospitals have already been established in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_Index">Education Index</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Education Index"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Girls_students,_Chhattisgarh,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Girls_students%2C_Chhattisgarh%2C_India.jpg/220px-Girls_students%2C_Chhattisgarh%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Girls_students%2C_Chhattisgarh%2C_India.jpg/330px-Girls_students%2C_Chhattisgarh%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Girls_students%2C_Chhattisgarh%2C_India.jpg/440px-Girls_students%2C_Chhattisgarh%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>School children in Chhattisgarh</figcaption></figure> <p>Chhattisgarh has an Education Index of 0.526 according to the 2011 NHDR, which is higher than that of the states of Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan. The Average Literacy rate in Chhattisgarh for Urban regions was 84.05 percent in which males were 90.58% literate while female literacy stood at 73.39%. Total literates in the urban region of Chhattisgarh were 4,370,966.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Among the marginalized groups, STs are at the bottom of the rankings, further emphasizing the lack of social development in the state. Bastar and Dantewada in south Chhattisgarh are the most illiterate districts and the dropout ratio is the highest among all the districts. The reason for this is the extreme poverty in rural areas. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission_Ashrama_Narainpur" title="Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama Narainpur">Ramakrishna Mission Asharama Narainpur</a> serves the tribals in the abhjhmad jungle region of Chhattisgarh for their upliftment and education.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As per census 2011, the State has a population of 25.5 million and six medical colleges (five Government and one private) with an intake capacity of 700 students and a doctor-patient ratio of 1:17,000.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under The NITI Aayog released Health Index report titled, "Healthy States, Progressive India", Chhattisgarh has an index of 52.02 Out of 100, which is better than states such as Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Odisha, Bihar, Assam and Uttar Pradesh.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite different health-related schemes and programs, the health indicators such as the percentage of women with BMI<18.5, Under Five Mortality Rate and underweight children, are poor. This may be due to the difficulty in accessing the remote areas in the state. The prevalence of female malnutrition in Chhattisgarh is higher than the national average—half of the ST females are malnourished. The performance of SCs is a little better than the corresponding national and state average. The Under Five Mortality Rate among STs is significantly higher than the national average. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Net_state_domestic_product">Net state domestic product</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Net state domestic product"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chhattisgarh is one of the emerging states with relatively high growth rates of net state domestic product (NSDP) (8.2% vs. 7.1% All India over 2002–2008) and per capita NSDP (6.2% vs. 5.4% All India over 2002–2008). The growth rates of the said parameters are above the national averages and thus it appears that Chhattisgarh is catching up with other states in this respect. However, the state still has very low levels of per capita income as compared to the other states. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanisation">Urbanisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Urbanisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Out of the total population of Chhattisgarh, 23.24% live in urban regions. The total population living in urban areas is 5,937,237, of which 3,035,469 are males and the remaining 2,901,768 are females. </p><p>Raipur, Durg, Bhilai Nagar, Bilaspur, Korba, Jagdalpur, Rajnandgaon, Ambikapur and Raigarh are some of the urban towns and cities in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex_ratio">Sex ratio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Sex ratio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are more than 13 million males and 12.9 million females in Chhattisgarh, which constitutes 2.11% of the country's population. The <a href="/wiki/Human_sex_ratio" title="Human sex ratio">sex ratio</a> in the state is one of the most balanced in India with 991 females per 1,000 males, as is the child sex ratio with 964 females per 1,000 males (Census 2011) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fertility_rate">Fertility rate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Fertility rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chhattisgarh has a fairly high fertility rate (2.4) as of 2017 compared to All India (2.2) and the replacement rate (2.1). It has a rural fertility rate of 2.6 and an urban fertility rate of 1.9 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SC_and_ST_population">SC and ST population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: SC and ST population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the exception of the hilly states of the north-east, Chhattisgarh has one of highest shares of Scheduled Tribe (ST) populations within a state, accounting for about 10 percent of the STs in India. Scheduled Tribes make up 30.62% of the population. The tribals are an important part of the state population and mainly inhabit the dense forests of Bastar and other districts of south Chhattisgarh. The percentage increase in the population of the scheduled list of tribals during the 2001–2011 decade had been at the rate of 18.23%. The Scheduled Caste (SC) population of Chhattisgarh is 2,418,722 as per the 2001 census constituting 11.6 percent of the total population (20,833,803). The proportion of Scheduled Castes has increased from 11.6 percent in 2001 to 12.8% in 2011. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poverty">Poverty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Poverty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diospyros_melanoxylon_Tendu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Diospyros_melanoxylon_Tendu.jpg/220px-Diospyros_melanoxylon_Tendu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Diospyros_melanoxylon_Tendu.jpg/330px-Diospyros_melanoxylon_Tendu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Diospyros_melanoxylon_Tendu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tendu_(tree)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tendu (tree)">Tendu</a> Patta (Leaf) collection in Chhattisgarh, India.</figcaption></figure> <p>The incidence of poverty in Chhattisgarh is very high. The estimated poverty ratio in 2004–05 based on uniform reference period consumption was around 50 percent, which is approximately double the all-India level. The incidence of poverty in the rural and urban areas is almost the same. </p><p>More than half of the rural STs and urban SCs are poor. In general, the proportion of poor SC and ST households in the state is higher than the state average and their community's respective national averages (except for rural SC households). Given that more than 50 percent of the state's population is ST and SC, the high incidence of income poverty among them is a matter of serious concern in the state. </p><p>This indicates that the good economic performance in recent years has not percolated to this socially deprived group, which is reflected in their poor performance in human development indicators. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Access_to_drinking_water">Access to drinking water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Access to drinking water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In terms of access to improved drinking water sources, at the aggregate level, Chhattisgarh fared better than the national average and the SCs of the state performed better than the corresponding national average. Scheduled Tribes are marginally below the state average, but still better than the STs at the all-India level. </p><p>The proportion of households with access to improved sources of drinking water in 2008–09 was 91%. This proportion was over 90% even in states like Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. This was largely because these states had over 70% of their households accessing tube wells/hand pumps as sources of drinking water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sanitation">Sanitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Sanitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sanitation facilities in the state were abysmally low with only about 41 percent having toilet facilities before the <a href="/wiki/Swachh_Bharat_Mission" title="Swachh Bharat Mission">Swachh Bharat Mission</a> was Launched by the Government of India. The Urban areas of Chhattisgarh attained the title of open defecation free on 2 October 2017 and the rural areas have achieved a 90.31% sanitation coverage. What sets Chhattisgarh apart from other states of India is an approach to bring in behavioural change in order to get open defecation-free status. In Chhattisgarh, people don't get toilet incentives, they have to construct the toilet with their own money, after using the toilet for 3 months they are entitled to the incentive amount.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, it again won the title of the cleanest state with more than 100 <a href="/wiki/Urban_Local_Bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Local Bodies">Urban Local Bodies</a>, as announced by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing_and_Urban_Affairs" title="Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs">Minister for Housing and Urban Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Hardeep_Singh_Puri" title="Hardeep Singh Puri">Hardeep Singh Puri</a> following the 'Swachh Survekshan 2020'.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Swachh Survekshan Awards-2023, Chhattisgarh secured the third rank in the ‘Best Performing States’ category.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teledensity">Teledensity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Teledensity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Across states, it has been found that <a href="/wiki/Teledensity" class="mw-redirect" title="Teledensity">teledensity</a> (telephone density) was below 10 percent in 2010 for Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand, reflecting a lack of access to telephones in these relatively poorer states. But due to development of new technology the teledensity in 2017 is 68.08 percent which shows improvement of telecom infrastructure. On the other hand, for states like Delhi and Himachal Pradesh and metropolitan cities like Kolkata, Mumbai, and Chennai, teledensity was over 100 percent in 2010 implying that individuals have more than one telephone connection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_density">Road density</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Road density"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The total density of National Highways (NHs) in Chhattisgarh is at 23.4 km per 1,000 km<sup>2</sup> out of the total length of 3,168 km in the State, the Central Government has informed. Chhattisgarh Government had completed construction of 5,266 cement concrete (CC) roads having a total length of 1,530 km in various villages of the State as on 31 May 2016 under 'Mukhyamantri Gram Sadak Yojana'.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Witchcraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chhattisgarh" title="Special:EditPage/Chhattisgarh">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chhattisgarh%22">"Chhattisgarh"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chhattisgarh%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chhattisgarh%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chhattisgarh%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chhattisgarh%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chhattisgarh%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mission_Against_Witchcraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mission_Against_Witchcraft.jpg/220px-Mission_Against_Witchcraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mission_Against_Witchcraft.jpg/330px-Mission_Against_Witchcraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mission_Against_Witchcraft.jpg/440px-Mission_Against_Witchcraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Social Mission Against Blind Faith</figcaption></figure><p>To bring about social reforms and with a view to discourage undesirable social practices, Chhattisgarh government has enacted the Chhattisgarh Tonhi Atyachar (Niwaran) Act, 2005 against witchery.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Much has to be done on the issue of law enforcement by judicial authorities to protect women in this regard, bringing such persecution to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-womennewsnetwork.net_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-womennewsnetwork.net-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some sections of tribal population of Chhattisgarh state believe in <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-womennewsnetwork.net_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-womennewsnetwork.net-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women are believed to have access to supernatural forces and are accused of being witches (<i>tonhi</i>) often to settle personal scores. </p><p>As of 2010, they are still hounded out of villages on the basis of flimsy accusations by male village sorcerers paid to do so by villagers with personal agendas, such as property and goods acquisition.<sup id="cite_ref-womennewsnetwork.net_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-womennewsnetwork.net-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a> Channel's investigations, those accused are fortunate if they are only verbally bullied and shunned or exiled from their village. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,181,554</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,191,583</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,264,976</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,028,778</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1941 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">6,814,886</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+13.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1951 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,457,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1961 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,154,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">11,637,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+27.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1981 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">14,010,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1991 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">17,615,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+25.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">20,834,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">25,540,198</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.6%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/Census_of_India" title="Census of India">Census of India</a><sup id="cite_ref-Census_Population_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_Population-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2011census_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011census-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Chhattisgarh has an urban population of 23.4% (around 5.1 million people in 2011) residing in urban areas. According to a report by the government of India,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at least 30% are <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled Tribes</a>, 12% are <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled Castes</a> and over 45.5% belong to the official list of <a href="/wiki/Other_Backward_Class" title="Other Backward Class">Other Backward Classes</a>. The plains are numerically dominated by castes such as <a href="/wiki/Teli" title="Teli">Teli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghasidas" title="Ghasidas">Satnami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yadav" title="Yadav">Yadav</a> while forest areas are mainly occupied by tribes such as <a href="/wiki/Gondi_people" title="Gondi people">Gond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halba_(tribe)" title="Halba (tribe)">Halba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamar_language" title="Kamar language">Kamar</a>/Bujia and <a href="/wiki/Oraon_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Oraon people">Oraon</a>. There is also a major <a href="/wiki/Odia_people" title="Odia people">general</a> population like <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a>, Bania etc. A community of <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a> has existed in major cities since the times of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. They are associated with education, industry, and services. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danteswari_Temple_0034.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Danteswari_Temple_0034.jpg/220px-Danteswari_Temple_0034.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Danteswari_Temple_0034.jpg/330px-Danteswari_Temple_0034.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Danteswari_Temple_0034.jpg/440px-Danteswari_Temple_0034.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4512" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Danteshwari_Temple" title="Danteshwari Temple">Danteshwari Temple</a> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Shakti_Pitha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakti Pitha">Shakti peethas</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 19894.200334598px; border-left-color:Chartreuse"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Chartreuse"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Chartreuse"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 783.66052938988px; border-left-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 699.48570387523px; border-left-color:DarkKhaki"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkKhaki"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkKhaki"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 623.76315351207px; border-left-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 560.49018062262px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 326.51447873771px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 221.47544978134px; border-left-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkOrange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Chhattisgarh (2011) </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkOrange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (93.25%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (2.02%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Chhattisgarh" title="Christianity in Chhattisgarh">Christianity</a> (1.92%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.28%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkKhaki; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (0.27%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Brown; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> (0.24%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Chartreuse; color:black;"> </span> Other <small>(Tribal religion)</small> (1.94%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:black; color:white;"> </span> None or not stated (0.09%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>According to the 2011 census, 93.25% of Chhattisgarh's population practised Hinduism, while 2.02% followed <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, 1.92% followed Christianity and a smaller number followed <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> or other religions.<sup id="cite_ref-census2011_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hindus are the majority in the state and are the dominant religion in all districts of the state. One sect particular to Chhattisgarh are the Satnamis, who follow <a href="/wiki/Ghasidas" title="Ghasidas">Guru Ghasidas</a>, a saint who promoted bhakti towards God and against the caste system. Chhattisgarh has many famous pilgrimage sites, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bambleshwari_Temple" title="Bambleshwari Temple">Bambleshwari Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dongargarh" title="Dongargarh">Dongargarh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danteshwari_Temple" title="Danteshwari Temple">Danteshwari temple</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dantewada" title="Dantewada">Dantewada</a>, one of the Shakti Peethas. Buddhism was once a major religion in Chhattisgarh. </p><p>Islam is the second-largest religion, concentrated in urban centres. Most Christians are tribals from the Surguija region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi language</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 262.14865391968px; border-left-color:#FB9A99"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FB9A99"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FB9A99"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 221.47544978134px; border-left-color:#B2DF8A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B2DF8A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#B2DF8A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 162.72581184226px; border-left-color:#A6CEE3"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#A6CEE3"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#A6CEE3"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 116.34284724048px; border-left-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 82.939080272695px; border-left-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 57.122296694921px; border-left-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 27.762529705661px; border-left-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:98.778643630004px 15.581385131517px 0 0; border-top-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:67.995337872242px 73.325534622256px 0 0; border-top-color:#1F78B4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#1F78B4"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Language data from 2011 census<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1F78B4; color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a> (61.90%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#33A02C; color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> (10.61%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E31A1C; color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Surgujia_dialect" title="Surgujia dialect">Surgujia</a> (6.80%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF7F00; color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a> (3.95%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6A3D9A; color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a> (2.76%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B15928; color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a> (2.68%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A6CEE3; color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a> (2.53%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B2DF8A; color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a> (2.02%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FB9A99; color:;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> (0.95%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey; color:black;"> </span> Other (5.8%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>The official language of the state is <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a> being the additional official language. Chhattisgarhi is spoken and understood by the majority of people in Chhattisgarh and is the dominant language in the Chhattisgarh plain. Chhattisgarhi is called Khaltahi by tribals and Laria in <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>. Chhattisgarhi is itself divided into many dialects, one of the most distinct being <a href="/wiki/Surgujia_dialect" title="Surgujia dialect">Surgujia</a> from the Surguja region, which is sometimes considered its own language. Near the Uttar Pradesh border this dialect merges into <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, while it merges with <a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a> near the Madhya Pradesh border. Surgujia also merges into <a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a> in the northeast along the border with Jharkhand. <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> is spoken by many migrants from outside the state, and is a major language in the cities and industrial centres, while many whose language is actually Chhattisgarhi record their speech as Hindi in the census. <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a> is widely spoken in eastern Chhattisgarh, especially near the Odisha border. Telugu and Marathi speaking minorities can be found along the Telangana and Maharashtra borders respectively. In the eastern Bastar region, <a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhatri_language" title="Bhatri language">Bhatri</a> are major languages. </p><p>In addition, Chhattisgarh has several indigenous languages. <a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korwa_language" title="Korwa language">Korwa</a> are both spoken in the Surguja region. <a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a> is a major language in southern Chhattisgarh: Bastar and the adjoining districts. Gondi has many dialects, such as <a href="/wiki/Muria_language" title="Muria language">Muria</a> in north Bastar, which transitions to <a href="/wiki/Madiya_language" title="Madiya language">Madia</a> further south and Dorli, transitional between Gondi and <a href="/wiki/Koya_language" title="Koya language">Koya</a>, along the borders of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. In the east of Bastar. Most Gonds in the north and east of Bastar, as well as the rest of the state, speak regional languages and have largely forgotten their original tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_ratio">Gender ratio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Gender ratio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chhattisgarh has a high female-male <a href="/wiki/Human_sex_ratio" title="Human sex ratio">sex ratio</a> (991)<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ranking at the fifth position among other states of India. Although this ratio is small compared to other states, it is unique in India because Chhattisgarh is the 10th-largest state in India. </p><p>The gender ratio (number of females per 1,000 males) has been steadily declining over 20th century in Chhattisgarh. But it is conspicuous that Chhattisgarh always had a better female-to-male ratio compared with national average. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>1901</th> <th>1911</th> <th>1921</th> <th>1931</th> <th>1941</th> <th>1951</th> <th>1961</th> <th>1971</th> <th>1981</th> <th>1991</th> <th>2001</th> <th>2011 </th></tr> <tr> <td>India</td> <td>972</td> <td>964</td> <td>955</td> <td>950</td> <td>945</td> <td>946</td> <td>941</td> <td>930</td> <td>934</td> <td>927</td> <td>933</td> <td>940 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chhattisgarh</td> <td>1046</td> <td>1039</td> <td>1041</td> <td>1043</td> <td>1032</td> <td>1024</td> <td>1008</td> <td>998</td> <td>998</td> <td>985</td> <td>989</td> <td>991 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Rural women, although poor, are independent, better organised, and socially outspoken. According to another local custom, women can choose to terminate a marriage relationship through a custom called <i>chudi pahanana</i>, if she desires. Most of the old temples and shrines follow <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> and are goddess-centric (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Shabari" title="Shabari">Shabari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahamaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahamaya">Mahamaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danteshwari_Temple" title="Danteshwari Temple">Danteshwari</a>) and the existence of these temples gives insight into the historical and current social fabric of this state. However, a mention of these progressive local customs in no way suggests that the ideology of female subservience does not exist in Chhattisgarh. On the contrary, male authority and dominance are seen quite clearly in social and cultural life.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_folktales_of_Chhattisgarh" title="List of folktales of Chhattisgarh">List of folktales of Chhattisgarh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_Carvings_in_Malhar_Bilaspur_Chhattisgarh_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Temple_Carvings_in_Malhar_Bilaspur_Chhattisgarh_2009.jpg/220px-Temple_Carvings_in_Malhar_Bilaspur_Chhattisgarh_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Temple_Carvings_in_Malhar_Bilaspur_Chhattisgarh_2009.jpg/330px-Temple_Carvings_in_Malhar_Bilaspur_Chhattisgarh_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Temple_Carvings_in_Malhar_Bilaspur_Chhattisgarh_2009.jpg/440px-Temple_Carvings_in_Malhar_Bilaspur_Chhattisgarh_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A carving in the 10th- or 11th-century Hindu temple of Malhar village. This area, 40 km from Bilaspur, was supposedly a major Buddhist centre in ancient times.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandwani_by_Ritu_Verma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pandwani_by_Ritu_Verma.jpg/220px-Pandwani_by_Ritu_Verma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pandwani_by_Ritu_Verma.jpg/330px-Pandwani_by_Ritu_Verma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pandwani_by_Ritu_Verma.jpg/440px-Pandwani_by_Ritu_Verma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Pandwani</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raut_Nacha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Raut_Nacha.jpg/220px-Raut_Nacha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Raut_Nacha.jpg/330px-Raut_Nacha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Raut_Nacha.jpg/440px-Raut_Nacha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Raut Nacha</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sua_Nacha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sua_Nacha.jpg/220px-Sua_Nacha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sua_Nacha.jpg/330px-Sua_Nacha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Sua_Nacha.jpg/440px-Sua_Nacha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Suwa Nacha at Khudmudi Village, Chhattisgarh</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muktibodh_Rashtriya_Natya_Samaroh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Muktibodh_Rashtriya_Natya_Samaroh.jpg/220px-Muktibodh_Rashtriya_Natya_Samaroh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Muktibodh_Rashtriya_Natya_Samaroh.jpg/330px-Muktibodh_Rashtriya_Natya_Samaroh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Muktibodh_Rashtriya_Natya_Samaroh.jpg/440px-Muktibodh_Rashtriya_Natya_Samaroh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Natya Samaroh by IPTA</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trombidium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Trombidium.jpg/220px-Trombidium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Trombidium.jpg/330px-Trombidium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Trombidium.jpg/440px-Trombidium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Red Velvet Mite is used as medicine in traditional healing in Chhattisgarh</figcaption></figure> <p>The state hosts many religious sects such as <a href="/wiki/Satnampanth" title="Satnampanth">Satnampanth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabirpanth" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabirpanth">Kabirpanth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramnami_Samaj" title="Ramnami Samaj">Ramnami Samaj</a> and others. <a href="/wiki/Champaran,_Chhattisgarh" title="Champaran, Chhattisgarh">Champaran</a> is a small town with religious significance as the birthplace of the saint <a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabhacharya</a>, increasingly important as a pilgrimage site for the Gujarati community. </p><p>Chhattisgarh has a significant role in the life of the Lord <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>. Lord Rama along with his wife Sita and his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a> had started his <i><a href="/wiki/Vanvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanvas">Vanvas</a></i> (exile) in the Bastar, then known as Dandakarayna. They lived more than 10 of their 14 years of Vanvas in different places of Chhattisgarh. One of the remarkable places is <a href="/wiki/Shivrinarayan" title="Shivrinarayan">Shivrinarayan</a> which is nearby <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur,_Chhattisgarh" title="Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh">Bilaspur</a> district of Chhattisgarh. Shivrinarayan was named after an old lady <a href="/wiki/Shabari" title="Shabari">Shabari</a>. When Ram visited Shabari she said "I do not have anything to offer other than my heart, but here are some berry fruits. May it please you, my Lord."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (February 2023)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> Saying so, Shabari offered the fruits she had meticulously collected to Rama. When Rama was tasting them, Lakshmana raised the concern that Shabari had already tasted them and therefore unworthy of eating. To this Rama said that of the many types of food he had tasted, "nothing could equal these berry fruits, offered with such devotion. You taste them, then alone will you know. Whomsoever offers a fruit, leaf, flower or some water with love, I partake it with great joy."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (February 2023)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Odia_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia culture">Odia culture</a> is prominent in the eastern parts of Chhattisgarh bordering Odisha. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chhattisgarh is a storehouse of literature, performing arts and crafts—all of which derives its substance and sustenance from the day-to-day life experiences of its people. Religion, mythology, social and political events, nature, and folklore are favourite motifs. Traditional crafts include painting, woodcarving, bell metal craft, bamboo ware, and tribal jewellery. Chhattisgarh has a rich literary heritage with roots that lie deep in the sociological and historical movements of the region. Its literature reflects the regional consciousness and the evolution of an identity distinct from others in Central India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crafts">Crafts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Crafts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chhattisgarh is known for "Kosa silk" and "Dhokra or Bell metal art". Besides saris and salwar suits, the fabric is used to create lehengas, stoles, shawls and menswear including jackets, shirts, achkans and sherwanis. Works by the internationally renowned sculptor, Sushil Sakhuja's Dhokra Nandi, are available at the government's Shabari Chhattisgarh State Emporium, Raipur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Panthi, Raut Nacha, Pandwani, Chaitra, Kaksar, Saila, Khamb-swang, Bhatra Naat, Rahas, Raai, Maao-Pata and Soowa are the several indigenous dance styles of Chhattisgarh. </p><p>Panthi, the folk dance of the Satnami community, has religious overtones. Panthi is performed on Maghi Purnima, the anniversary of the birth of <a href="/wiki/Ghasidas" title="Ghasidas">Guru Ghasidas</a>. The dancers dance around a jaitkhamb set up for the occasion, to songs eulogising their spiritual head. The songs reflect a view of <i><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a></i>, conveying the spirit of their guru's renunciation and the teachings of saint poets like <a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a>, Ramdas and Dadu. Dancers with bent torsos and swinging arms dance, carried away by their devotion. As the rhythm quickens, they perform acrobatics and form human pyramids.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pandavani">Pandavani</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Pandavani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pandavani" title="Pandavani">Pandavani</a> is a folk ballad form performed predominantly in Chhattisgarh. It depicts the story of the Pandavas, the leading characters in the epic Mahabharata. The artists in the Pandavani narration consist of a lead artist and some supporting singers and musicians. There are two styles of narration in Pandavani, Vedamati, and Kapalik. In the Vedamati style, the lead artist narrates in a simple manner by sitting on the floor throughout the performance. The Kaplik style is livelier, where the narrator actually enacts the scenes and characters. Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Vibhushan <a href="/wiki/Teejan_Bai" title="Teejan Bai">Teejan Bai</a> is most popular artist of Pandavani<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Raut_Nacha">Raut Nacha</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Raut Nacha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raut Nacha, the folk dance of cowherds, is a traditional dance of Yaduvanshis (clan of <a href="/wiki/Yadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadu">Yadu</a>) as symbol of worship to <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> from the 4th day of Diwali (Goverdhan Puja) till the time of Dev Uthani Ekadashi (day of awakening of the gods after a brief rest) which is the 11th day after Diwali according to the Hindu calendar. The dance closely resembles Krishna's dance with the gopis (milkmaids).<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Bilaspur, the Raut Nach Mahotsav folk dance festival has been organised annually since 1978. Tens of hundreds of Rautt dancers from remote areas participate.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suwa_Nacha">Suwa Nacha</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Suwa Nacha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soowa or Suwa tribal dance in Chhattisgarh is also known as Parrot Dance. It is a symbolic form of dancing related to worship. Dancers keep a parrot in a bamboo pot and form a circle around it. Then performers sing and dance, moving around it with clapping. This is one of the main dance forms of tribal women of Chhattisgarh.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Karma">Karma</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Karma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tribal groups like Gonds, the Baigas and the Oraons in Chhattisgarh have the Karma dance as part of their culture. Both men and women arrange themselves in two rows and follow the rhythmic steps, directed by the singer group. The Karma tribal dance marks the end of the rainy season and the advent of spring season.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Theater is known as <i>Gammat</i> in Chhattisgarh. Pandavani is one of the lyrical forms of this theatre. Several acclaimed plays of <a href="/wiki/Habib_Tanvir" title="Habib Tanvir">Habib Tanvir</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Charandas_Chor" title="Charandas Chor">Charandas Chor</a></i>, are variations of Chhattisgarhi theatre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chhollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhollywood">Chhollywood</a> is Chhattisgarh's film industries. Every year many Chhattisgarhi films are produced by local producers. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar" title="Lata Mangeshkar">Lata Mangeshkar</a> sang a song for Chhattisgarhi film <a href="/wiki/Bhakla" title="Bhakla">Bhakla</a> of Dhriti pati sarkar. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Rafi" title="Mohammed Rafi">Mohammed Rafi</a> sang a song for Chhattisgarhi film. He had also sung songs for various Chhattisgarhi films like Ghardwaar, <a href="/wiki/Kahi_Debe_Sandesh" title="Kahi Debe Sandesh">Kahi Debe Sandesh</a>, Punni Ke Chanda, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Chhattisgarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Chhattisgarh">Cuisine of Chhattisgarh</a></div><p>Chhattisgarh is known as the rice bowl of India and has a rich tradition of food culture. </p><p>The typical Chhattisgarhi <a href="/wiki/Thali" title="Thali">thali</a> consists of roti, bhat, dal or kadhi, curry, chutney and bhaji. Few Chhattisgarhi dishes are Aamat, Bafauri, Bhajia, Chousela, Dubkikadhi, Farra, Khurmi, Moong Bara, Thethari, and Muthia.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals_of_Chhattisgarh">Festivals of Chhattisgarh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Festivals of Chhattisgarh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Festivals_of_Chhattisgarh" title="Festivals of Chhattisgarh">Festivals of Chhattisgarh</a></div> <p>Major festivals of Chhattisgarh include <a href="/wiki/Bastar_Dussehra" title="Bastar Dussehra">Bastar Dussehra</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bastar_Lokotsav" title="Bastar Lokotsav">Bastar Lokotsav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madai_Festival" title="Madai Festival">Madai Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajim_Kumbh" title="Rajim Kumbh">Rajim Kumbh</a> Mela, and <a href="/wiki/Pakhanjore" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakhanjore">Pakhanjore</a> Mela (<a href="/wiki/Nara_Narayan_Mela" title="Nara Narayan Mela">Nara Narayan Mela</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Chhattisgarh" title="Tourism in Chhattisgarh">Tourism in Chhattisgarh</a></div> <p>Chhattisgarh, situated in the heart of India, is endowed with a rich cultural heritage and attractive natural diversity. The state is full of ancient monuments, rare wildlife, exquisitely carved temples, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> sites, <a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">palaces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">waterfalls</a>, caves, rock paintings, and hill plateaus. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maitri_Bagh" title="Maitri Bagh">Maitri Bagh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bhilai" title="Bhilai">Bhilai</a> is the largest and oldest <a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">zoo</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> and Chhattisgarh. </p><p>Mainpat is mini Shimla of Chhattisgarh. </p><p>There are many waterfalls, hot springs, caves, temples, dams and national parks, tiger reserves and wildlife sanctuaries in Chhattisgarh. </p><p>India's first man-made jungle safari is also situated in Raipur. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Abujhmad_Peace_Marathon" class="mw-redirect" title="Abujhmad Peace Marathon">Abujhmad Peace Marathon</a> is the largest sports event of Narainpur. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhiya_Olympics" title="Chhattisgarhiya Olympics">Chhattisgarhiya Olympics</a> are an annual Chhattisgarhi celebration of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Indian_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Indian games">traditional Indian games</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">kabaddi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kho-kho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kho-kho">kho-kho</a>. The inaugural 2022 edition drew in around 2.6 million participants (almost 10% of the state's population).<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chhattisgarh" title="Education in Chhattisgarh">Education in Chhattisgarh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Chhattisgarh" title="List of institutions of higher education in Chhattisgarh">List of institutions of higher education in Chhattisgarh</a></div> <p>According to the census of 2011, Chhattisgarh's literacy, the most basic indicator of education, was at 71.04 percent. Female literacy was at 60.59 percent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absolute_literates_and_literacy_rate">Absolute literates and literacy rate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Absolute literates and literacy rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Data from Census of India, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Description</th> <th>2001 census</th> <th>2011 census </th></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td>20,833,803</td> <td>25,540,196 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Male</td> <td>10,474,218</td> <td>12,827,915 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Female</td> <td>10,359,585</td> <td>12,712,281 </td></tr> <tr> <td>% Total</td> <td>64.66</td> <td>71.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td>% Male</td> <td>77.38</td> <td>81.45 </td></tr> <tr> <td>% Female</td> <td>55.85</td> <td>60.99 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadaria" title="Dadaria">Dadaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Chhattisgarh" title="Outline of Chhattisgarh">Outline of Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_area" title="List of states and union territories of India by area">List of states and union territories of India by area</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Books on Chhattisgarh <ul><li>C.K. Chandrakar, "Chhattisgarhi Shabadkosh"</li> <li>C.K. Chandrakar, "Manak Chhattisgarhi Vyakaran"</li> <li>C.K. Chandrakar, "Chhattisgarhi Muhawara Kosh"</li> <li>Chad Bauman, "Identifying the Satnam: Hindu Satnamis, Indian Christians and Dalit Religion in Colonial Chhattisgarh, India (1868–1947) (Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton Theological Seminary, 2005)</li> <li>Deshbandhu Publication Division, "सन्दर्भ छत्तीसगढ़"</li> <li>Deshbandhu Publication Division, "छत्तीसगढ़ के तीर्थ और पर्यटन स्थल"</li> <li>Deshbandhu Publication Division, "Chhattisgarh: Beautiful & Bountiful (Study in Biodiversity of Chhattisgarh)"</li> <li>Dr. Suresh Chandra Shukla & Dr. (Smt.) Archana Shukla - Chhattisgarh Ka Samagra Itihas (Matushree Publication, Raipur <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-939385-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-939385-0-8">978-81-939385-0-8</a>)</li> <li>Durg district gazetteer Hindi <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://36.gurturgoth.com/2019/08/1921-history-of-durg-district-durg.html">दुर्ग-दर्पण</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190912230840/http://36.gurturgoth.com/2019/08/1921-history-of-durg-district-durg.html">Archived</a> 12 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hashmi, Amir. "Johar Gandhi: The Journey of Mahatma Gandhi in Chhattisgarh." <i>Meer Publication</i> 1 (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8778794061" title="Special:BookSources/979-8778794061">979-8778794061</a></li> <li>Lawrence Babb, "The Divine Hierarchy: Popular Hinduism in Central India"</li> <li>Raipur district gazetteer Hindi <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://36.gurturgoth.com/2019/09/raipur-rashmi-gazeteer-history-of.html">रायपुर-रश्मि</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190911032006/http://36.gurturgoth.com/2019/09/raipur-rashmi-gazeteer-history-of.html">Archived</a> 11 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ramdas Lamb, "Rapt in the Name: Ramnamis, Ramnam and Untouchable Religion in Central India"</li> <li>Ramesh Dewangan & Sunil Tuteja, "Chhattisgarh Samagra"</li> <li>Saurabh Dube, "Untouchable Pasts: Religion, Identity and Power among a Central Indian Community, 1780–1950" (on the Satnamis)</li> <li>डाॅ. सुरेश चन्द्र शुक्ला एवं डाॅ. (श्रीमती) अर्चना शुक्ला - छत्तीसगढ़ का समग्र इतिहास (मातुश्री पब्लिकेशन, रायपुर, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-939385-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-939385-0-8">978-81-939385-0-8</a>)</li> <li>ड़ा.संजय अलंग-छत्तीसगढ़ की जनजातियाँ Tribes और जातियाँ Castes (मानसी पब्लीकेशन,दिल्ली 6, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89559-32-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89559-32-8">978-81-89559-32-8</a>)</li> <li>ड़ा.संजय अलंग-छत्तीसगढ़ की पूर्व रियासतें और जमीन्दारियाँ (वैभव प्रकाशन,रायपुर 1, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-89244-96-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-89244-96-5">81-89244-96-5</a>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/72030961/Dr-Sanjay-Alung-CG-Ki-Riyaste-Jamindariya-Hindi">DR Sanjay Alung-CG Ki Riyaste & Jamindariya (Hindi)</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/raipur-arpa-parry-ke-dhar-become-chhattisgars-state-song-3299534">"Chhattisgarh State Song : अरपा पैरी के धार... बना छत्तीसगढ़ का राजगीत"</a>. <i>Nai Dunia</i>. 4 November 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200321160340/https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/raipur-arpa-parry-ke-dhar-become-chhattisgars-state-song-3299534">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nai+Dunia&rft.atitle=Chhattisgarh+State+Song+%3A+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0...+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4&rft.date=2019-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naidunia.com%2Fchhattisgarh%2Fraipur-arpa-parry-ke-dhar-become-chhattisgars-state-song-3299534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/chattisgarhs-official-song-to-play-after-vande-mataram-to-mark-commencement-of-assembly-session20191122084816/">"Chattisgarh's official song to play after Vande Mataram to mark commencement of assembly session"</a>. <i>ANI News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200321160339/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/chattisgarhs-official-song-to-play-after-vande-mataram-to-mark-commencement-of-assembly-session20191122084816/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANI+News&rft.atitle=Chattisgarh%27s+official+song+to+play+after+Vande+Mataram+to+mark+commencement+of+assembly+session&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aninews.in%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fpolitics%2Fchattisgarhs-official-song-to-play-after-vande-mataram-to-mark-commencement-of-assembly-session20191122084816%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vishnu-deo-sai-to-be-the-chief-minister-of-chhattisgarh-2474216-2023-12-10">"Vishnu Deo Sai to be Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh: Sources"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231210101328/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vishnu-deo-sai-to-be-the-chief-minister-of-chhattisgarh-2474216-2023-12-10">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Vishnu+Deo+Sai+to+be+Chief+Minister+of+Chhattisgarh%3A+Sources&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fstory%2Fvishnu-deo-sai-to-be-the-chief-minister-of-chhattisgarh-2474216-2023-12-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-censusofficial-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-censusofficial_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203163229/http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/SYB2013/ch2.html">"Official site of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, India"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+site+of+the+Ministry+of+Statistics+and+Programme+Implementation%2C+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmospi.nic.in%2Fmospi_new%2Fupload%2FSYB2013%2Fch2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naidunia.com/special-story-chhattisgarh-on-the-highest-peak-of-5-edwina-kant-gurlata-369871">"छत्तीसगढ़ के सर्वोच्च शिखर गौरलाटा पर 5 वर्ष की एडविना कांत"</a>. <i>Nai Dunia</i> (in Hindi). 17 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324204249/https://www.naidunia.com/special-story-chhattisgarh-on-the-highest-peak-of-5-edwina-kant-gurlata-369871">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nai+Dunia&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0+5+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4&rft.date=2015-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naidunia.com%2Fspecial-story-chhattisgarh-on-the-highest-peak-of-5-edwina-kant-gurlata-369871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uidai.gov.in/images/state-wise-aadhaar-saturation.pdf">"Projected Population of Indian States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190116035945/https://uidai.gov.in/images/state-wise-aadhaar-saturation.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Projected+Population+of+Indian+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuidai.gov.in%2Fimages%2Fstate-wise-aadhaar-saturation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/12800/1/the_chhattisgarh_official_language_act%2c_1957_no._5_of_1958%2c_date_24.01.1958.pdf">"The Chhattisgarh Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. indiacode.nic.in. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225172224/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/12800/1/the_chhattisgarh_official_language_act,_1957_no._5_of_1958,_date_24.01.1958.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Chhattisgarh+Official+Language+%28Amendment%29+Act%2C+2007&rft.pub=indiacode.nic.in&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiacode.nic.in%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F12800%2F1%2Fthe_chhattisgarh_official_language_act%252c_1957_no._5_of_1958%252c_date_24.01.1958.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chhattisgarh_Budget_Analysis_2023-24_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/chhattisgarh-budget-analysis-2023-24">"Chhattisgarh Budget Analysis 2023-24"</a>. <i>PRS Legislative Research</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230726083529/https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/chhattisgarh-budget-analysis-2023-24">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wisdomlib.org&rft.atitle=Dakshinakosala%2C+Dakshina-kosala%2C+Dak%E1%B9%A3i%E1%B9%87akosala%3A+1+definition&rft.date=2017-05-21&rft.au=www.wisdomlib.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fdefinition%2Fdakshinakosala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/history.html">"History of Chhattisgarh"</a>. <i>www.mapsofindia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170826100529/http://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mapsofindia.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Chhattisgarh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapsofindia.com%2Fchhattisgarh%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharmaMisra2003" class="citation cs2">Sharma, R.K.; Misra, Om Prakash (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o0ISjDDWJwQC"><i>Archaeological Excavations in Central India</i></a>, Mittal Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170998747" title="Special:BookSources/9788170998747"><bdi>9788170998747</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Excavations+in+Central+India&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788170998747&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=R.K.&rft.au=Misra%2C+Om+Prakash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do0ISjDDWJwQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Bhagvan Singh Verma, <i>Chhattisgarh ka Itihas</i> (A History of Chhattisgarh – in Hindi), Madhya Pradesh Hindi Granth Academy, Bhopal (M.P.), 4th edition (2003), p.7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaychaudhuri1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hem_Chandra_Raychaudhuri" title="Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri">Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra</a> (1953). <i>Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>. p. 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+History+of+Ancient+India%3A+From+the+Accession+of+Parikshit+to+the+Extinction+of+Gupta+Dynasty&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Raychaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Hemchandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShukla2002" class="citation book cs1">Shukla, Hira Lal (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofind0000shuk/page/17/mode/1up?q=Coins"><i>Archaeology of the Indian cave theatre : a study of Ramgarh Hill, of Chhattisgarh</i></a>. Internet Archive. Delhi : B.R. Pub. Corp.; New Delhi : Distributed by BRPC (India) Ltd. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7646-260-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7646-260-0"><bdi>978-81-7646-260-0</bdi></a>. <q><i> few gold and silver coins of the Nanda-Maurya ages, picked up at Akaltara and Thathari of the adjacent district of Bilaspur, indicate the Mauryan influence in Surguja (Surguja District Gazetteer, 1989, p. 36).</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+the+Indian+cave+theatre+%3A+a+study+of+Ramgarh+Hill%2C+of+Chhattisgarh&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Delhi+%3A+B.R.+Pub.+Corp.%3B+New+Delhi+%3A+Distributed+by+BRPC+%28India%29+Ltd.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7646-260-0&rft.aulast=Shukla&rft.aufirst=Hira+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchaeologyofind0000shuk%2Fpage%2F17%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3DCoins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHira_Lal1986" class="citation journal cs1">Hira Lal (1986) [1933]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aG5DAAAAYAAJ">"The Extent and Capital of Daksina Kosala"</a>. <i>Indian Antiquary</i>. <b>62</b>. Swati: 160–165.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Antiquary&rft.atitle=The+Extent+and+Capital+of+Daksina+Kosala&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=160-165&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Hira+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaG5DAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-nether-regions-of-sirpur/articleshow/6270614.cms">"The nether regions of Sirpur"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 7 August 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=The+nether+regions+of+Sirpur&rft.date=2010-08-07&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fthe-nether-regions-of-sirpur%2Farticleshow%2F6270614.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sitaoup-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sitaoup_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnand_Lal2004" class="citation book cs1">Anand Lal, ed. (2004). <i>The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 15, 415, 449–450. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195644463" title="Special:BookSources/9780195644463"><bdi>9780195644463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Indian+Theatre&rft.pages=15%2C+415%2C+449-450&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780195644463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloch-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bloch_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Bloch1906" class="citation book cs1">T. Bloch (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207529/page/n221/mode/2up"><i>Caves and Inscriptions in Ramgarh Hills, in Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India 1903–4</i></a>. ASI, Government of India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caves+and+Inscriptions+in+Ramgarh+Hills%2C+in+Annual+Report+of+the+Archaeological+Survey+of+India+1903%E2%80%934&rft.pub=ASI%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=1906&rft.au=T.+Bloch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.207529%2Fpage%2Fn221%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i></a>. Pearson Education India. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0"><bdi>978-81-317-1120-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328162240/https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1120-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3lUIIYxWkEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dimensions of Human Cultures in Central India by Professor S.K. Tiwari p.161-163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tribal Roots of Hinduism by Sheev Kumar Tiwari p.209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_408.gif"><i>Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 14, page 402 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220813160937/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_408.gif">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Gazetteer2+of+India%2C+Volume+14%2C+page+402+%26ndash%3B+Imperial+Gazetteer+of+India+%26ndash%3B+Digital+South+Asia+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fgazetteer%2Fpager.html%3Fobjectid%3DDS405.1.I34_V14_408.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RFg1AQAAIAAJ&q=haihayavanshi"><i>The Commercial & General Directory of Madhya Pradesh</i></a>. T.N. Joshi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425211031/https://books.google.com/books?id=RFg1AQAAIAAJ&q=haihayavanshi">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commercial+%26+General+Directory+of+Madhya+Pradesh&rft.pub=T.N.+Joshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRFg1AQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dhaihayavanshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra1979" class="citation book cs1">Mishra, Prabhu Lal (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5EdI7ItORw8C&q=chhattisgarh+history"><i>The Political History of Chhattisgarh, 1740-1858 A.D.</i></a> Vishwa Bharati Prakashan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425211045/https://books.google.com/books?id=5EdI7ItORw8C&q=chhattisgarh+history">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+History+of+Chhattisgarh%2C+1740-1858+A.D.&rft.pub=Vishwa+Bharati+Prakashan&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Prabhu+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5EdI7ItORw8C%26q%3Dchhattisgarh%2Bhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-m_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra1969" class="citation journal cs1">Mishra, P. L. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138363">"Mohansingh (The Last Kalachuri King)"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>31</b>: 207–213. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138363">44138363</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230108111648/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138363">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Mohansingh+%28The+Last+Kalachuri+King%29&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=207-213&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44138363%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=P.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44138363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-virginia-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-virginia_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEldowney1980" class="citation book cs1">McEldowney, Philip Fredric (August 1980). "Administrative and Social Regions of Middle India, 1500-1920". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/CP/intro.html"><i>Colonial Administration and Social Developments in Middle India: The Central Provinces, 1861-1921</i></a>. University of Virginia. pp. 22–24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204074357/https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/Ideas/CP/intro.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgfinance.nic.in/FSFC/State%20Finance%20Report/English/Chap-4.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=%27Chhattisgarh+among+fastest+growing+states%27+%E2%80%93+Times+of+India&rft.date=2017-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fraipur%2Fchhattisgarh-among-fastest-growing-states%2Farticleshow%2F62005292.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180821191859/https://headlinestoday.org/national/1802/chhattisgarh-govt-renames-it-new-capital-naya-raipur-to-atal-nagar-pays-tribute-in-unique-way/">"Chhattisgarh Govt Renames It New Capital Naya Raipur To 'Atal Nagar', Pays Tribute in Unique Way"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Naya+Raipur+becomes+the+world%27s+first+integrated+city&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Feducation-today%2Fgk-current-affairs%2Fstory%2Fnaya-raipur-953494-2017-01-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CgCcEqqa-C8C&q=ramakrishna+mission+ashrama+narainpur+serves+tribals"><i>Social Welfare</i></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/commendable-progress-urban-rural-sanitation-chhattisgarh-way-open-defecation-free-12041/">the original</a> on 10 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgculture.in/CulturalProgrammePurkhautMuktangan.html">the original</a> on 18 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suwa+Dance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgculture.in%2FCulturalProgrammePurkhautMuktangan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318142948/http://www.cgculture.in/CulturalProgrammePurkhautMuktangan.html">"Arts and Culture of Chhattisgarh"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arts+and+Culture+of+Chhattisgarh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgculture.in%2FCulturalProgrammePurkhautMuktangan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110831114524/http://tribes-of-india.blogspot.com/2009/04/karma-tribal-dance-in-india.html">"Karma Tribal Dance in India"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribes-of-india.blogspot.com/2009/04/karma-tribal-dance-in-india.html">the original</a> on 31 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karma+Tribal+Dance+in+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribes-of-india.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F04%2Fkarma-tribal-dance-in-india.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.patrika.com/raipur-news/raipur-first-chhattisgarhi-film-kahi-debe-sandesh-complete-50-years-1104391/">"हिंदी खबर, Latest News in Hindi, हिंदी समाचार, ताजा खबर"</a>. <i>Patrika News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211004193202/https://www.patrika.com/raipur-news/raipur-first-chhattisgarhi-film-kahi-debe-sandesh-complete-50-years-1104391/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Patrika+News&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%2C+Latest+News+in+Hindi%2C+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%2C+%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.patrika.com%2Fraipur-news%2Fraipur-first-chhattisgarhi-film-kahi-debe-sandesh-complete-50-years-1104391%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThawait2018" class="citation web cs1">Thawait, Shubham (24 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211002084739/https://kosalkatha.com/manu-nayak-kahi-debe-sandesh/">"इन्होंने तब छत्तीसगढ़ी फ़िल्म बन दी जब छत्तीसगढ़ ही नही बना था, कथा मनु नायक की।"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kosalkatha.com/manu-nayak-kahi-debe-sandesh/">the original</a> on 2 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AC+%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC+%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%2C+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A5%A4&rft.date=2018-01-24&rft.aulast=Thawait&rft.aufirst=Shubham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkosalkatha.com%2Fmanu-nayak-kahi-debe-sandesh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oudhia, P. (1999) Chhattisgarh farmer's response on control of weeds in direct seeded rice. Agril. Sci. Digest. 19(4): 261–263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Das, G.K. and Oudhia, P. (2001). Rice as the medicinal plant in Chhattisgarh (India): A survey. Agric. Sci. Digest. 21(3):204–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oudhia, P. (2002). Rice-Acorus intercropping: A new system developed by innovative farmers of Chhattisgarh (India). International Rice Research Notes (IRRN).27(1):56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/">"Chhattisgarh"</a>. mapsofindia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110802034713/http://www.mapsofindia.com/chhattisgarh/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chhattisgarh&rft.pub=mapsofindia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapsofindia.com%2Fchhattisgarh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/Farmers_groups_conserve_traditional_rice_varieties_in_Bastar_region_of_Chhattisgarh.pdf">"Rice Bowl of India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>India Water Portal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215101855/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/sites/indiawaterportal.org/files/Farmers_groups_conserve_traditional_rice_varieties_in_Bastar_region_of_Chhattisgarh.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Water+Portal&rft.atitle=Rice+Bowl+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiawaterportal.org%2Fsites%2Findiawaterportal.org%2Ffiles%2FFarmers_groups_conserve_traditional_rice_varieties_in_Bastar_region_of_Chhattisgarh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gktoday.in/quiz-questions/which-of-the-following-district-is-called-as-the-rice-bowl-of-andhra-pradesh/">"Which of the following district is called as the 'Rice Bowl of Andhra Pradesh' ?"</a>. <i>gktoday.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714164456/http://www.gktoday.in/quiz-questions/which-of-the-following-district-is-called-as-the-rice-bowl-of-andhra-pradesh/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gktoday.in&rft.atitle=Which+of+the+following+district+is+called+as+the+%27Rice+Bowl+of+Andhra+Pradesh%27+%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gktoday.in%2Fquiz-questions%2Fwhich-of-the-following-district-is-called-as-the-rice-bowl-of-andhra-pradesh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/chhattisgarhia-olympics-begins-in-raipur-on-the-occasion-of-the-hareli-festival/cid/1952737">"Chhattisgarhia Olympics begins in Raipur on the occasion of the Hareli festival"</a>. <i>www.telegraphindia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230812021527/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/chhattisgarhia-olympics-begins-in-raipur-on-the-occasion-of-the-hareli-festival/cid/1952737">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.telegraphindia.com&rft.atitle=Chhattisgarhia+Olympics+begins+in+Raipur+on+the+occasion+of+the+Hareli+festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Findia%2Fchhattisgarhia-olympics-begins-in-raipur-on-the-occasion-of-the-hareli-festival%2Fcid%2F1952737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/Chhattishgarh/2.%20Chhattishgarh%20Figures%20at%20a%20glance.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813034404/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/Chhattishgarh/2.%20Chhattishgarh%20Figures%20at%20a%20glance.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011-prov-results%2Fdata_files%2FChhattishgarh%2F2.%2520Chhattishgarh%2520Figures%2520at%2520a%2520glance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508020106/https://36.gurturgoth.com/2019/08/1921-history-of-durg-district-durg.html">"दुर्ग दर्पण - दुर्ग जिले का इतिहास सन् 1921"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://36.gurturgoth.com/2019/08/1921-history-of-durg-district-durg.html">the original</a> on 8 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3+-+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D+1921&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F36.gurturgoth.com%2F2019%2F08%2F1921-history-of-durg-district-durg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHashmi2021" class="citation book cs1">Hashmi, Amir (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.in/Johar-Gandhi-Amir-Hashmi/dp/B09MYXSK1L/ref=sr_1_2?crid=ZJ0T02B0OWPP&keywords=johar+gandhi&qid=1652416528&sprefix=johar+gandhi%2Caps%2C304&sr=8-2"><i>Johar Gandhi The Journey of Mahatma Gandhi in Chhattisgarh</i></a>. India: Meer Publication. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798778794061" title="Special:BookSources/9798778794061"><bdi>9798778794061</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328162224/https://www.amazon.in/Johar-Gandhi-Amir-Hashmi/dp/B09MYXSK1L/ref=sr_1_2?crid=ZJ0T02B0OWPP&keywords=johar+gandhi&qid=1652416528&sprefix=johar+gandhi%2Caps%2C304&sr=8-2">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johar+Gandhi+The+Journey+of+Mahatma+Gandhi+in+Chhattisgarh&rft.place=India&rft.pub=Meer+Publication&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9798778794061&rft.aulast=Hashmi&rft.aufirst=Amir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.in%2FJohar-Gandhi-Amir-Hashmi%2Fdp%2FB09MYXSK1L%2Fref%3Dsr_1_2%3Fcrid%3DZJ0T02B0OWPP%26keywords%3Djohar%2Bgandhi%26qid%3D1652416528%26sprefix%3Djohar%2Bgandhi%252Caps%252C304%26sr%3D8-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602152405/https://36.gurturgoth.com/2019/09/raipur-rashmi-gazeteer-history-of.html">"रायपुर-रश्मि : रायपुर जिले का इतिहास Raipur-Rashmi Gazeteer History of Raipur District"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://36.gurturgoth.com/2019/09/raipur-rashmi-gazeteer-history-of.html">the original</a> on 2 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF+%3A+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8+Raipur-Rashmi+Gazeteer+History+of+Raipur+District&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F36.gurturgoth.com%2F2019%2F09%2Fraipur-rashmi-gazeteer-history-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChhattisgarh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhattisgarh&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Chhattisgarh</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chhattisgarh" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Chhattisgarh">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chhattisgarh" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Chhattisgarh">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Chhattisgarh" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Chhattisgarh">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" class="extiw" title="q:Chhattisgarh">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chhattisgarh" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Chhattisgarh">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Chhattisgarh" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Chhattisgarh">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh" class="extiw" title="voy:Chhattisgarh">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cgstate.gov.in/en/web/guest/home">The Official Site of the Government of Chhattisgarh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150920041757/http://www.cgstate.gov.in/en/web/guest/home">Archived</a> 20 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> entry</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1972004">Chhattisgarh</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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Chhattisgarh</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Chhattisgarh</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_India_by_state_or_territory" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_India_by_state_or_territory" title="Template:Geography of India by state or territory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_India_by_state_or_territory" title="Template talk:Geography of India by state or territory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_India_by_state_or_territory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of India by state or territory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_India_by_state_or_territory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography of India</a> by state or territory</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Geography of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Geography of Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Assam" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bihar" title="Geography of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Chhattisgarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Gujarat" title="Geography of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Haryana" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Geography of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Karnataka" title="Geography of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kerala" title="Geography of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madhya_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Maharashtra" title="Geography of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Manipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Meghalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mizoram" title="Geography of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nagaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Odisha" title="Geography of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Punjab,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Rajasthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sikkim" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Geography of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Telangana" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tripura" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Geography of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uttarakhand" title="Geography of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_West_Bengal" title="Geography of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Chandigarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ladakh" title="Geography of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Lakshadweep" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Puducherry_(union_territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x20px&#124;Emblem_of_Chhattisgarh_State_of_Chhattisgarh" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chhattisgarh" title="Template:Chhattisgarh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chhattisgarh" title="Template talk:Chhattisgarh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chhattisgarh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chhattisgarh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x20px&#124;Emblem_of_Chhattisgarh_State_of_Chhattisgarh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Chhattisgarh"><img alt="Emblem of Chhattisgarh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chhattisgarh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chhattisgarh</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a></b> (Current) <b><a href="/wiki/Nava_Raipur" title="Nava Raipur">Nava Raipur</a></b> (Future)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Chhattisgarh" title="Government of Chhattisgarh">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Legislative_Assembly" title="Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Chhattisgarh" title="List of chief ministers of Chhattisgarh">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Chhattisgarh" title="List of governors of Chhattisgarh">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_High_Court" title="Chhattisgarh High Court">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Police" title="Chhattisgarh Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Chhattisgarh Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Chhattisgarh_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/India_Chhattisgarh_locator_map.svg/100px-India_Chhattisgarh_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/India_Chhattisgarh_locator_map.svg/150px-India_Chhattisgarh_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/India_Chhattisgarh_locator_map.svg/200px-India_Chhattisgarh_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1574" data-file-height="1738" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chhattisgarh" title="Category:Chhattisgarh">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chhattisgarh" title="Education in Chhattisgarh">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Indian_general_election_in_Chhattisgarh" title="2009 Indian general election in Chhattisgarh">Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chhattisgarh" title="Music of Chhattisgarh">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Chhattisgarh" title="Tourism in Chhattisgarh">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailadila_Range" title="Bailadila Range">Highest point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Raipur</li> <li>Bilaspur</li> <li>Durg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastar_division" title="Bastar division">Bastar</a></li> <li>Sarguja</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Chhattisgarh" title="List of districts of Chhattisgarh">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balod_district" title="Balod district">Balod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloda_Bazar_district" title="Baloda Bazar district">Baloda Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balrampur_district,_Chhattisgarh" title="Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh">Balrampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastar_district" title="Bastar district">Bastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemetara_district" title="Bemetara district">Bemetara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijapur_district,_Chhattisgarh" title="Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh">Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspur_district,_Chhattisgarh" title="Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh">Bilaspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dantewada_district" title="Dantewada district">Dantewada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamtari_district" title="Dhamtari district">Dhamtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durg_district" title="Durg district">Durg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gariaband_district" title="Gariaband district">Gariaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi_district" title="Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi district">Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janjgir%E2%80%93Champa_district" title="Janjgir–Champa district">Janjgir–Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jashpur_district" title="Jashpur district">Jashpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabirdham_district" title="Kabirdham district">Kawardha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanker_district" title="Kanker district">Kanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondagaon_district" title="Kondagaon district">Kondagaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korba_district" title="Korba district">Korba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koriya_district" title="Koriya district">Koriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur_district" title="Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur district">Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasamund_district" title="Mahasamund district">Mahasamund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohla-Manpur-Ambagarh_Chowki_district" title="Mohla-Manpur-Ambagarh Chowki district">Mohla-Manpur-Ambagarh Chowki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mungeli_district" title="Mungeli district">Mungeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayanpur_district" title="Narayanpur district">Narayanpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raigarh_district" title="Raigarh district">Raigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raipur_district" title="Raipur district">Raipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajnandgaon_district" title="Rajnandgaon district">Rajnandgaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangarh-Bilaigarh_district" title="Sarangarh-Bilaigarh district">Sarangarh-Bilaigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakti_district" title="Sakti district">Sakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukma_district" title="Sukma district">Sukma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surajpur_district" title="Surajpur district">Surajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surguja_district" title="Surguja district">Surguja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Chhattisgarh_by_population" title="List of cities in Chhattisgarh by population">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambikapur,_Chhattisgarh" title="Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh">Ambikapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilai" title="Bhilai">Bhilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspur,_Chhattisgarh" title="Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh">Bilaspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Charoda">Charoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamtari" title="Dhamtari">Dhamtari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durg" title="Durg">Durg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdalpur" title="Jagdalpur">Jagdalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korba,_Chhattisgarh" title="Korba, Chhattisgarh">Korba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nava_Raipur" title="Nava Raipur">Nava Raipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raigarh" title="Raigarh">Raigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajnandgaon" title="Rajnandgaon">Rajnandgaon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><a href="/wiki/Category:Chhattisgarh" title="Category:Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_and_union_territories_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Template:States and union territories of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Template talk:States and union territories of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States and union territories of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_and_union_territories_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capitals in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_states_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Proposed states and union territories of India">Proposed states and union territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_Indian_regions" title="Category:Historical Indian regions">Historical Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidencies_of_British_India" title="Category:Presidencies of British India">British Provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1168#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1168#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1168#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84025797">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557494905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/99257295-776d-49ce-b3a8-037971f4e1c8">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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