CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <title>Comparison of Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing guidelines for the interpretation of antibiotic susceptibility at a University teaching hospital in Nairobi, Kenya: a cross-sectional study | Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials | Full Text</title> <meta name="citation_abstract" content="The Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines are the most popular breakpoint guidelines used in antimicrobial susceptibility testing worldwide. The EUCAST guidelines are freely available to users while CLSI is available for non-members as a package of three documents for US $500 annually. This is prohibitive for clinical microbiology laboratories in resource poor settings. We set out to compare antibiotic susceptibility determined by the two guidelines to determine whether adoption of EUCAST guidelines would significantly affect our susceptibility patterns. We reviewed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of various antibiotics routinely reported for Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) isolates from an automated microbiology identification system (VITEK-2) at the Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi’s Pathology department. These MICs were then analyzed using both CLSI 2015 and EUCAST 2015 guidelines and classified as resistant, intermediate or susceptible. We compared the susceptibility and agreement between the CLSI and EUCAST categorizations. Susceptibility data from a total of 5165 E. coli, 1103 S. aureus and 532 P. aeruginosa isolates were included. The concordance rates of the two guidelines for E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa ranged from 78.2 to 100 %, 94.6 to 100 % and 89.1 to 95.5 % respectively. The kappa statistics for E. coli MICs revealed perfect agreement between CLSI and EUCAST for cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, almost perfect agreement for ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, gentamicin and ceftazidime, substantial agreement for meropenem, moderate agreement for cefepime and amoxicillin-clavulanate, fair agreement for nitrofurantoin and poor agreement for amikacin. For S. aureus the kappa statistics revealed perfect agreement for penicillin, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, levofloxacin, oxacillin, linezolid and vancomycin, almost perfect agreement for clindamycin, erythromycin and tetracycline and moderate agreement for gentamicin. For P. aeruginosa the kappa analysis revealed moderate to almost perfect agreement for all the anti-pseudomonal antibiotics. The results show comparable antibiotic susceptibility patterns between CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints. Given that EUCAST guidelines are freely available, it makes it easier for laboratories in resource poor settings to have an updated and readily available reference for interpreting antibiotic susceptibilities."/> <meta name="journal_id" content="12941"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Comparison of Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing guidelines for the interpretation of antibiotic susceptibility at a University teaching hospital in Nairobi, Kenya: a cross-sectional study"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials 2016 15:1"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="BioMed Central"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2016-04-11"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2016 Kassim et al."/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2016 Kassim et al."/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="reprints@biomedcentral.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="The Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines are the most popular breakpoint guidelines used in antimicrobial susceptibility testing worldwide. The EUCAST guidelines are freely available to users while CLSI is available for non-members as a package of three documents for US $500 annually. This is prohibitive for clinical microbiology laboratories in resource poor settings. We set out to compare antibiotic susceptibility determined by the two guidelines to determine whether adoption of EUCAST guidelines would significantly affect our susceptibility patterns. We reviewed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of various antibiotics routinely reported for Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) isolates from an automated microbiology identification system (VITEK-2) at the Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi’s Pathology department. These MICs were then analyzed using both CLSI 2015 and EUCAST 2015 guidelines and classified as resistant, intermediate or susceptible. We compared the susceptibility and agreement between the CLSI and EUCAST categorizations. Susceptibility data from a total of 5165 E. coli, 1103 S. aureus and 532 P. aeruginosa isolates were included. The concordance rates of the two guidelines for E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa ranged from 78.2 to 100&nbsp;%, 94.6 to 100&nbsp;% and 89.1 to 95.5&nbsp;% respectively. The kappa statistics for E. coli MICs revealed perfect agreement between CLSI and EUCAST for cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, almost perfect agreement for ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, gentamicin and ceftazidime, substantial agreement for meropenem, moderate agreement for cefepime and amoxicillin-clavulanate, fair agreement for nitrofurantoin and poor agreement for amikacin. For S. aureus the kappa statistics revealed perfect agreement for penicillin, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, levofloxacin, oxacillin, linezolid and vancomycin, almost perfect agreement for clindamycin, erythromycin and tetracycline and moderate agreement for gentamicin. For P. aeruginosa the kappa analysis revealed moderate to almost perfect agreement for all the anti-pseudomonal antibiotics. The results show comparable antibiotic susceptibility patterns between CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints. Given that EUCAST guidelines are freely available, it makes it easier for laboratories in resource poor settings to have an updated and readily available reference for interpreting antibiotic susceptibilities."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1476-0711"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2016-04-11"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="15"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="7"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2016 Kassim et al."/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="reprints@biomedcentral.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="BioMed Central"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1476-0711"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Comparison of Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing guidelines for the interpretation of antibiotic susceptibility at a University teaching hospital in Nairobi, Kenya: a cross-sectional study"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="15"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2016/12"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2016/04/11"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="7"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Research"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3"/> <meta name="size" content="126068"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="The Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines are the most popular breakpoint guidelines used in antimicrobial susceptibility testing worldwide. The EUCAST guidelines are freely available to users while CLSI is available for non-members as a package of three documents for US $500 annually. This is prohibitive for clinical microbiology laboratories in resource poor settings. We set out to compare antibiotic susceptibility determined by the two guidelines to determine whether adoption of EUCAST guidelines would significantly affect our susceptibility patterns. We reviewed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of various antibiotics routinely reported for Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) isolates from an automated microbiology identification system (VITEK-2) at the Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi’s Pathology department. These MICs were then analyzed using both CLSI 2015 and EUCAST 2015 guidelines and classified as resistant, intermediate or susceptible. We compared the susceptibility and agreement between the CLSI and EUCAST categorizations. Susceptibility data from a total of 5165 E. coli, 1103 S. aureus and 532 P. aeruginosa isolates were included. The concordance rates of the two guidelines for E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa ranged from 78.2 to 100&nbsp;%, 94.6 to 100&nbsp;% and 89.1 to 95.5&nbsp;% respectively. The kappa statistics for E. coli MICs revealed perfect agreement between CLSI and EUCAST for cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, almost perfect agreement for ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, gentamicin and ceftazidime, substantial agreement for meropenem, moderate agreement for cefepime and amoxicillin-clavulanate, fair agreement for nitrofurantoin and poor agreement for amikacin. For S. aureus the kappa statistics revealed perfect agreement for penicillin, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, levofloxacin, oxacillin, linezolid and vancomycin, almost perfect agreement for clindamycin, erythromycin and tetracycline and moderate agreement for gentamicin. For P. aeruginosa the kappa analysis revealed moderate to almost perfect agreement for all the anti-pseudomonal antibiotics. The results show comparable antibiotic susceptibility patterns between CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints. Given that EUCAST guidelines are freely available, it makes it easier for laboratories in resource poor settings to have an updated and readily available reference for interpreting antibiotic susceptibilities."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Kassim, Ali"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Omuse, Geoffrey"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Premji, Zul"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Revathi, Gunturu"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Medical Microbiology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Infectious Diseases"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Drug Resistance"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Microbial Genetics and Genomics"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Biochemistry, general"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Parasitology"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=BMC Infect Dis; citation_title=Does the adoption of EUCAST susceptibility breakpoints affect the selection of antimicrobials to treat acute community-acquired respiratory tract infections?; citation_author=A Marchese, S Esposito, R Barbieri, M Bassetti, E Debbia; citation_volume=12; citation_issue=1; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=181; citation_doi=10.1186/1471-2334-12-181; citation_id=CR1"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="EUCAST. http://www.eucast.org/ . Accessed 31 Aug 2015."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Kahlmeter G. The 2014 Garrod Lecture: EUCAST—are we heading towards international agreement? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70(9):2427–39. http://www.jac.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1093/jac/dkv145 ."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=PLoS One; citation_title=Change of antibiotic susceptibility testing guidelines from CLSI to EUCAST: influence on cumulative hospital antibiograms; citation_author=A Wolfensberger, H Sax, R Weber, R Zbinden, SP Kuster, M Hombach; citation_volume=8; citation_issue=11; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=1-8; citation_doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0079130; citation_id=CR4"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Antimicrob Chemother; citation_title=Comparison of European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) and CLSI screening parameters for the detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase production in clinical enterobacteriaceae isolates; citation_author=S Polsfuss, GV Bloemberg, J Giger, V Meyer, M Hombach; citation_volume=2012; citation_issue=67; citation_publication_date=2011; citation_pages=159-166; citation_id=CR5"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Antimicrob Chemother; citation_title=Consequences of revised CLSI and EUCAST guidelines for antibiotic susceptibility patterns of ESBL- and AmpC β-lactamase-producing clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates; citation_author=M Hombach, B Mouttet, GV Bloemberg; citation_volume=68; citation_publication_date=2013; citation_pages=2092-2098; citation_doi=10.1093/jac/dkt136; citation_id=CR6"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="CLSI. M100-S25 performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; Twenty-fifth informational supplement; 2015."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="EUCAST: European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. 2015. http://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUC ."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Fam Med; citation_title=Understanding interobserver agreement: the kappa statistic; citation_author=AJ Viera, JM Garrett; citation_volume=37; citation_issue=5; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=360-363; citation_id=CR9"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf. http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf . Accessed 22 Dec 2015."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Clin Infect Dis; citation_title=Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: a review of general principles and contemporary practices; citation_author=JH Jorgensen, MJ Ferraro; citation_volume=49; citation_issue=11; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=1749-1755; citation_doi=10.1086/647952; citation_id=CR11"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="CLSI. M100-S23 performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty-third informational supplement; 2013."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="CLSI. M100-S22: performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty-second informational supplement—M100S22E.pdf. http://www.antimicrobianos.com.ar/ATB/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/M100S22E.pdf . Accessed 22 Dec 2015."/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Clin Infect Dis; citation_title=In vitro susceptibility testing of fluoroquinolone activity against Salmonella: recent changes to CLSI standards; citation_author=RM Humphries, FC Fang, FM Aarestrup, JA Hindler; citation_volume=55; citation_issue=8; citation_publication_date=2012; citation_pages=1107-1113; citation_doi=10.1093/cid/cis600; citation_id=CR14"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Antimicrob Agents Chemother; citation_title=Clinical response and outcome of infection with Salmonella enterica serotype typhi with decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones: A United States FoodNet multicenter retrospective cohort study; citation_author=JA Crump, K Kretsinger, K Gay, RM Hoekstra, DJ Vugia, S Hurd; citation_volume=52; citation_issue=4; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=1278-1284; citation_doi=10.1128/AAC.01509-07; citation_id=CR15"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Uçkay I, Bernard L, Buzzi M, Harbarth S, François P, Huggler E, et al. High prevalence of isolates with reduced glycopeptide susceptibility in persistent or recurrent bloodstream infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(3):1258–64. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3294919&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract ."/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Kassim, Ali"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Omuse, Geoffrey"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Premji, Zul"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Revathi, Gunturu"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/static/img/favicons/bmc/apple-touch-icon-582ef1d0f5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/static/img/favicons/bmc/android-chrome-192x192-9625b7cdba.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/static/img/favicons/bmc/favicon-32x32-5d7879efe1.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/static/img/favicons/bmc/favicon-16x16-c241ac1a2f.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" href=/static/img/favicons/bmc/favicon-1886637b78.ico> <link rel="manifest" href=/static/app-bmc/manifest-3bb9ad383b.json> <meta name="msapplication-config" content=/static/app-bmc/browserconfig-ecd9aa8205.xml> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#1b3051"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content=/static/img/favicons/bmc/app-icon-144x144.png> <meta name="theme-color" content="#1b3051"> <script>(function(H){H.className=H.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'js')})(document.documentElement)</script> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href=/static/app-bmc/css/core-article-f3872e738d.css> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href=/static/app-bmc/css/core-eac3097aa4.css> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href=/static/app-bmc/css/print-b8af42253b.css>  <style>@media only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { button{line-height:inherit}html,label{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif}html{-webkit-font-smoothing:subpixel-antialiased;box-sizing:border-box;color:#333;font-size:100%;height:100%;line-height:1.61803;overflow-y:scroll}*{box-sizing:inherit}body{background:#fff;margin:0;max-width:100%;min-height:100%}button,div,form,input,p{margin:0;padding:0}body{padding:0}a{color:#004b83;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-skip-ink:auto}a>img{vertical-align:middle}h1,h2{color:#1b3051;font-style:normal;font-weight:700}h1{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:28px;line-height:1.4}html.webfonts-loaded h1,html.webfonts-loaded h2,html.webfonts-loaded h3{font-family:Europa,Trebuchet MS}h2{font-size:26px;margin-bottom:.5em}h2,h3{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;line-height:1.4}h3{color:#1b3051;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;margin-bottom:.7em}.c-navbar{background:#f2f2f2;border-bottom:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top:1px solid #d9d9d9;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:1.61803;padding:16px 0}.c-navbar--with-submit-button{padding-bottom:24px}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-navbar--with-submit-button{padding-bottom:16px}}.c-navbar__container{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:space-between;margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:0 16px}.c-navbar__content{display:flex;flex:0 1 auto}.c-navbar__nav{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px 16px;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-navbar__item{flex:0 0 auto}.c-navbar__link{background:0 0;border:0;color:currentcolor;display:block;text-decoration:none;text-transform:capitalize}.c-navbar__link--is-shown{text-decoration:underline}.c-ad{text-align:center}@media only screen and (min-width:320px){.c-ad{padding:8px}}.c-ad--728x90{background-color:#ccc;display:none}.c-ad--728x90 .c-ad__inner{min-height:calc(1.5em + 94px)}.c-ad--728x90 iframe{height:90px;max-width:970px}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.js .c-ad--728x90{display:none}.js .u-show-following-ad+.c-ad--728x90{display:block}}.c-ad iframe{border:0;overflow:auto;vertical-align:top}.c-ad__label{color:#333;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;margin-bottom:4px}.c-ad__label,.c-skip-link{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem}.c-skip-link{background:#dceaf6;bottom:auto;color:#004b83;padding:8px;position:absolute;text-align:center;transform:translateY(-100%);z-index:9999}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.c-skip-link{transition:top .3s ease-in-out 0s}}@media print{.c-skip-link{display:none}}.c-skip-link:link{color:#004b83}.c-dropdown__button:after{border-color:transparent transparent transparent #fff;border-style:solid;border-width:4px 0 4px 14px;content:"";display:block;height:0;margin-left:3px;width:0}.c-dropdown{display:inline-block;position:relative}.c-dropdown__button{background-color:transparent;border:0;display:inline-block;padding:0;white-space:nowrap}.c-dropdown__button:after{border-color:currentcolor transparent transparent;border-width:5px 4px 0 5px;display:inline-block;margin-left:8px;vertical-align:middle}.c-dropdown__menu{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,.1);font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:1.4;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:8px 0;position:absolute;top:100%;transform:translateY(8px);width:180px;z-index:100}.c-dropdown__menu:after,.c-dropdown__menu:before{border-style:solid;bottom:100%;content:"";display:block;height:0;left:16px;position:absolute;width:0}.c-dropdown__menu:before{border-color:transparent transparent #d9d9d9;border-width:0 9px 9px;transform:translateX(-1px)}.c-dropdown__menu:after{border-color:transparent transparent #fff;border-width:0 8px 8px}.c-dropdown__menu--right{left:auto;right:0}.c-dropdown__menu--right:after,.c-dropdown__menu--right:before{left:auto;right:16px}.c-dropdown__menu--right:before{transform:translateX(1px)}.c-dropdown__link{background-color:transparent;color:#004b83;display:block;padding:4px 16px}.c-header{background-color:#1b3051;border-bottom:4px solid #1b3051;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:14px;padding:16px 0}.c-header__container,.c-header__menu{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}@supports (gap:2em){.c-header__container,.c-header__menu{gap:2em 2em}}.c-header__menu{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-header__item{color:#fff}@supports not (gap:2em){.c-header__item{margin-left:24px}}.c-header__container{justify-content:space-between;margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:0 16px}@supports not (gap:2em){.c-header__brand{margin-right:48px}}.c-header__brand a{display:block;text-decoration:none}.c-header__link{color:#fff}.c-journal-title a{text-decoration:none}html.webfonts-loaded .c-journal-title{font-family:Europa,Trebuchet MS}.c-form-field{margin-bottom:1em}.c-form-field__label{color:#666;display:block;font-size:14px;margin-bottom:.4em}.c-form-field__input{border:1px solid #a6a6a6;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 3px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.21);font-size:14px;line-height:1.28571;padding:.75em 1em;vertical-align:middle;width:100%}.c-popup-search{background-color:#25426f;box-shadow:0 3px 3px -3px rgba(0,0,0,.21);padding:16px 0;position:relative;z-index:10}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.js .c-popup-search{position:absolute;top:100%;width:100%}.c-popup-search__container{margin:auto;max-width:70%}}.c-logo img{display:block}.ctx-search .c-form-field{margin-bottom:0}.ctx-search .c-form-field__label{color:#fff}.ctx-search .c-form-field__input{border-bottom-right-radius:0;border-top-right-radius:0;margin-right:0}.c-journal-header{overflow:hidden}.c-journal-header__inner{padding-bottom:8px;padding-top:8px}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-journal-header__inner{display:flex;justify-content:space-between}}.c-journal-header__identity{background-size:auto 80px;min-height:16px;padding:6px 0}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-journal-header__identity{background-position:0}}.c-journal-header__identity--default{background:url(/static/images/bmc/identities/patterns/default-7e3a6b1388.svg) 0 0 no-repeat #04caa8}.c-journal-title{color:#1b3051;display:flex;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:26px;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;line-height:1.4;margin-bottom:0}.c-journal-title>a{color:#0061a9;color:#1b3051;display:flex;text-decoration:none}.c-journal-title__text{align-self:center;display:block;flex:0 1 auto}.c-logo,.c-logo>a{align-items:baseline;display:flex}.c-logo__strapline{display:none}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-logo__strapline{display:block;margin:0 0 0 16px;transform:translateY(1px)}}.c-logo{display:block}html.webfonts-loaded .u-h3,html.webfonts-loaded .u-h4{font-family:Europa,Trebuchet MS}.u-button{align-items:center;background-color:#f2f2f2;background-image:linear-gradient(#fff,#f2f2f2);border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:2px;cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;justify-content:center;line-height:1.3;margin:0;padding:8px;position:relative;text-decoration:none;transition:all .25s ease 0s,color .25s ease 0s,border-color .25s ease 0s;width:auto}.u-button svg,.u-button--primary svg,.u-button--tertiary svg{fill:currentcolor}.u-button{color:#004b83}.u-button--primary,.u-button--tertiary{background-color:#33629d;background-image:linear-gradient(#4d76a9,#33629d);border:1px solid rgba(0,59,132,.5);color:#fff}.u-button--tertiary{font-weight:400}.u-button--full-width{display:flex;width:100%}.u-clearfix:after,.u-clearfix:before{content:"";display:table}.u-clearfix:after{clear:both}.u-color-open-access{color:#b74616}.u-container{margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:0 16px}.u-display-flex{display:flex;width:100%}.u-align-items-center{align-items:center}.u-justify-content-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.u-flex-static{flex:0 0 auto}.u-display-none{display:none}.js .u-js-hide{display:none;visibility:hidden}@media print{.u-hide-print{display:none}}.u-icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;height:1em;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:text-top;width:1em}.u-list-reset{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.u-position-relative{position:relative}.u-mt-32{margin-top:32px}.u-mr-24{margin-right:24px}.u-mr-48{margin-right:48px}.u-mb-32{margin-bottom:32px}.u-ml-8{margin-left:8px}.u-button-reset{background-color:transparent;border:0;padding:0}.u-text-sm{font-size:14px}.u-h3,.u-h4{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;line-height:1.4}.u-h3{color:#1b3051;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;margin-bottom:.7em}.u-h4{color:#1b3051;font-size:18px;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:.7em}.u-vh-full{min-height:100vh}.u-hide{display:none;visibility:hidden}.u-hide:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.u-hide-at-lg{display:none;visibility:hidden}}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.u-hide-at-lt-lg{display:none;visibility:hidden}.u-hide-at-lt-lg:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}}.u-visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;height:1px;margin:-100%;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;width:1px}.u-button--tertiary{font-size:.875rem;padding:8px 16px}@media only screen and (max-width:539px){.u-button--alt-colour-on-mobile{background-color:#f2f2f2;background-image:linear-gradient(#fff,#f2f2f2);border:1px solid #ccc;color:#004b83}}body{font-size:1.125rem}.c-header__navigation{display:flex;gap:.5rem .5rem} }</style> <style>@media only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { button{line-height:inherit}html,label{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif}html{-webkit-font-smoothing:subpixel-antialiased;box-sizing:border-box;color:#333;font-size:100%;height:100%;line-height:1.61803;overflow-y:scroll}*{box-sizing:inherit}body{background:#fff;margin:0;max-width:100%;min-height:100%}button,div,form,input,p{margin:0;padding:0}body{padding:0}a{color:#004b83;overflow-wrap:break-word;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-skip-ink:auto;word-break:break-word}a>img{vertical-align:middle}h1,h2{color:#1b3051;font-style:normal;font-weight:700}h1{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:28px;line-height:1.4}html.webfonts-loaded h1,html.webfonts-loaded h2,html.webfonts-loaded h3{font-family:Europa,Trebuchet MS}h2{font-size:26px;margin-bottom:.5em}h2,h3{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;line-height:1.4}h3{color:#1b3051;font-size:18px;font-style:normal;margin-bottom:.7em}p{overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word}.u-h3{font-size:1.5rem}.u-h3,.u-h4{font-weight:700}.u-h4{font-size:1.25rem}.c-reading-companion__figure-title{font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700}body{font-size:1.125rem}.c-article-header{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;margin-bottom:40px}.c-article-identifiers{color:#6f6f6f;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.3;list-style:none;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.c-article-identifiers__item{border-right:1px solid #6f6f6f;list-style:none;margin-right:8px;padding-right:8px}.c-article-identifiers__item:last-child{border-right:0;margin-right:0;padding-right:0}.c-article-title{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.25;margin-bottom:16px}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-article-title{font-size:1.875rem;line-height:1.2}}.c-article-author-list{display:inline;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0 8px 0 0;padding:0;width:100%}.c-article-author-list__item{display:inline;padding-right:0}.c-article-author-list svg{margin-left:4px}.c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none;margin-right:4px}.c-article-author-list__button,.js .c-article-author-list__item--hide,.js .c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none}.js .c-article-author-list--long .c-article-author-list__show-more,.js .c-article-author-list--long+.c-article-author-list__button{display:inline}@media only screen and (max-width:539px){.js .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen{display:none}.js .c-article-author-list--short .c-article-author-list__show-more,.js .c-article-author-list--short+.c-article-author-list__button{display:inline}}#uptodate-client,.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none!important}.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen{display:inline!important}.c-article-author-list__button,.c-button-author-list{background:#ebf1f5;border:4px solid #ebf1f5;border-radius:20px;color:#666;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4;padding:2px 11px 2px 8px;text-decoration:none}.c-article-author-list__button svg,.c-button-author-list svg{margin:1px 4px 0 0}.c-article-author-list__button:hover,.c-button-author-list:hover{background:#173962;border-color:transparent;color:#fff}.c-article-info-details{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:8px;margin-top:16px}.c-article-info-details__cite-as{border-left:1px solid #6f6f6f;margin-left:8px;padding-left:8px}.c-article-metrics-bar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.3}.c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper{margin:0 0 16px}.c-article-metrics-bar__item{align-items:baseline;border-right:1px solid #6f6f6f;margin-right:8px}.c-article-metrics-bar__item:last-child{border-right:0}.c-article-metrics-bar__count{font-weight:700;margin:0}.c-article-metrics-bar__label{color:#626262;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;margin:0 10px 0 5px}.c-article-metrics-bar__details{margin:0}.c-article-main-column{font-family:Georgia,Palatino,serif;margin-right:8.6%;width:60.2%}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.c-article-main-column{margin-right:0;width:100%}}.c-article-extras{float:left;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;width:31.2%}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.c-article-extras{display:none}}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__title,.c-article-section__title{border-bottom:2px solid #d5d5d5;font-size:1.25rem;margin:0;padding-bottom:8px}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__title,.c-article-section__title{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.24}}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__title{margin-bottom:8px}.c-article-section{clear:both}.c-article-section__content{margin-bottom:40px;margin-top:0;padding-top:8px}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.c-article-section__content{padding-left:0}}.c-article__sub-heading{color:#222;font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:1.3;margin:24px 0 8px}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-article__sub-heading{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.24}}.c-article__sub-heading:first-child{margin-top:0}.c-article-authors-search{margin-bottom:24px;margin-top:0}.c-article-authors-search__item,.c-article-authors-search__title{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif}.c-article-authors-search__title{color:#626262;font-size:1.05rem;font-weight:700;margin:0;padding:0}.c-article-authors-search__item{font-size:1rem}.c-article-authors-search__text{margin:0}.c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info{font-size:.813rem;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:24px;padding-top:4px}.c-article-share-box__only-read-input{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700;height:24px;margin-bottom:8px;padding:8px 10px}.c-article-share-box__button--link-like{background-color:transparent;border:0;color:#0067c5;cursor:pointer;font-size:.875rem;margin-bottom:8px;margin-left:10px}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-label{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-title{line-height:1.3}.c-context-bar{box-shadow:0 0 10px 0 rgba(51,51,51,.2);position:relative;width:100%}.c-context-bar__title{display:none}.c-reading-companion{clear:both;min-height:389px}.c-reading-companion__sticky{max-width:389px}.c-reading-companion__scroll-pane{margin:0;min-height:200px;overflow:hidden auto}.c-reading-companion__tabs{display:flex;flex-flow:row nowrap;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.c-reading-companion__tabs>li{flex-grow:1}.c-reading-companion__tab{background-color:#eee;border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-image:initial;border-left-width:0;color:#0067c5;font-size:1rem;padding:8px 8px 8px 15px;text-align:left;width:100%}.c-reading-companion__tabs li:first-child .c-reading-companion__tab{border-left-width:1px}.c-reading-companion__tab--active{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid #fff;color:#222;font-weight:700}.c-reading-companion__sections-list{list-style:none;padding:0}.c-reading-companion__figures-list,.c-reading-companion__references-list{list-style:none;min-height:389px;padding:0}.c-reading-companion__references-list--numeric{list-style:decimal inside}.c-reading-companion__sections-list{margin:0 0 8px;min-height:50px}.c-reading-companion__section-item{font-size:1rem;padding:0}.c-reading-companion__section-item a{display:block;line-height:1.5;overflow:hidden;padding:8px 0 8px 16px;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.c-reading-companion__figure-item{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;font-size:1rem;padding:16px 8px 16px 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-item:first-child{border-top:none;padding-top:8px}.c-reading-companion__reference-item{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;font-size:1rem;padding:8px 8px 8px 16px}.c-reading-companion__reference-item:first-child{border-top:none}.c-reading-companion__reference-item a{word-break:break-word}.c-reading-companion__reference-citation{display:inline}.c-reading-companion__reference-links{font-size:.813rem;font-weight:700;list-style:none;margin:8px 0 0;padding:0;text-align:right}.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a{display:inline-block;padding-left:8px}.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a:first-child{display:inline-block;padding-left:0}.c-reading-companion__figure-title{display:block;margin:0 0 8px}.c-reading-companion__figure-links{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin:8px 0 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-links>a{align-items:center;display:flex}.c-reading-companion__figure-full-link svg{height:.8em;margin-left:2px}.c-reading-companion__panel{border-top:none;display:none;margin-top:0;padding-top:0}.c-reading-companion__panel--active{display:block}.c-pdf-download__link .u-icon{padding-top:2px}.c-pdf-download{display:flex;margin-bottom:16px;max-height:48px}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-pdf-download{max-height:none}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-pdf-download{max-height:48px}}.c-pdf-download__link{display:flex;flex:1 1 0%;padding:13px 24px!important}.c-pdf-download__text{padding-right:4px}@media only screen and (max-width:539px){.c-pdf-download__text{text-transform:capitalize}}@media only screen and (min-width:540px){.c-pdf-download__text{padding-right:8px}}.c-pdf-container{display:flex;justify-content:flex-end}@media only screen and (max-width:539px){.c-pdf-container .c-pdf-download{display:flex;flex-basis:100%}}.c-article-associated-content__container a,.c-card__summary a{text-decoration:underline}.u-display-none{display:none}.js .u-js-hide,.u-hide{display:none;visibility:hidden}.u-hide:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}.u-visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;height:1px;margin:-100%;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;width:1px}@media print{.u-hide-print{display:none}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.u-hide-at-lg{display:none;visibility:hidden}}.u-icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;height:1em;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:text-top;width:1em}.u-list-reset{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.hide{display:none;visibility:hidden}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection.collection~.c-article-associated-content__collection.collection .c-article-associated-content__collection-label,.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection.section~.c-article-associated-content__collection.section .c-article-associated-content__collection-label,.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__title{display:none}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection.collection .c-article-associated-content__collection-label,.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection.section .c-article-associated-content__collection-label{display:block}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection.collection,.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection.section{margin-bottom:5px}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection.section~.c-article-associated-content__collection.collection{margin-top:28px}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection:first-child{margin-top:0}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection:last-child{margin-bottom:2.4rem}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-label{color:#1b3051}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-title{font-size:1.063rem;font-weight:400}.webfonts-loaded .c-article__sub-heading{font-family:-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Oxygen-Sans,Ubuntu,Cantarell,Helvetica Neue,sans-serif} }</style> <link rel="stylesheet" data-test="critical-css-handler" data-inline-css-source="critical-css" href="/static/app-bmc/css/enhanced-32c9abc865.css" media="print" onload="this.media='only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)';this.onload=null"> <link rel="stylesheet" data-test="critical-css-handler" data-inline-css-source="critical-css" href="/static/app-bmc/css/enhanced-article-215af16b37.css" media="print" onload="this.media='only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)';this.onload=null"> <script type="text/javascript"> config = { env: 'live', site: 'ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com', siteWithPath: 'ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com' + window.location.pathname, twitterHashtag: 'ACMA', cmsPrefix: 'https://studio-cms.springernature.com/studio/', doi: '10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3', figshareScriptUrl: 'https://widgets.figshare.com/static/figshare.js', hasFigshareInvoked: false, publisherBrand: 'BioMed Central', mustardcut: false }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" data-test="dataLayer"> window.dataLayer = [{"content":{"article":{"doi":"10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3","articleType":"Research","peerReviewType":"Closed","supplement":null,"keywords":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST);Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI);Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST);Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC)"},"contentInfo":{"imprint":"BioMed Central","title":"Comparison of Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing guidelines for the interpretation of antibiotic susceptibility at a University teaching hospital in Nairobi, Kenya: a cross-sectional study","publishedAt":1460332800000,"publishedAtDate":"2016-04-11","author":["Ali Kassim","Geoffrey Omuse","Zul Premji","Gunturu Revathi"],"collection":[]},"attributes":{"deliveryPlatform":"oscar","template":"rebrand","cms":null,"copyright":{"creativeCommonsType":"CC BY + CC0","openAccess":true},"environment":"live"},"journal":{"siteKey":"ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com","volume":"15","issue":"1","title":"Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials","type":null,"journalID":12941,"section":[]},"category":{"pmc":{"primarySubject":"Biomedicine"},"contentType":"Research","publishingSegment":"BMC AJ2","snt":["Medical Microbiology","Diseases","Antimicrobial Responses","Microbial Genetics","Chemical Biology","Parasitology"]}},"session":{"authentication":{"authenticationID":[]}},"version":"1.0.0","page":{"category":{"pageType":"article"},"attributes":{"featureFlags":[],"environment":"live","darwin":false}},"japan":false,"event":"dataLayerCreated","collection":null,"publisherBrand":"BioMed Central"}]; </script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ ga4MeasurementId: 'G-PJCTJWPV25', ga360TrackingId: 'UA-54492316-9', twitterId: 'o47a2', baiduId: 'd1b4bc3b5ada4eb7290535e72899bac1', ga4ServerUrl: 'https://collect.biomedcentral.com', imprint: 'biomedcentral' }); </script> <script> (function(w, d) { w.config = w.config || {}; w.config.mustardcut = false; if (w.matchMedia && w.matchMedia('only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches) { w.config.mustardcut = true; d.classList.add('js'); d.classList.remove('grade-c'); d.classList.remove('no-js'); } })(window, document.documentElement); </script> <script> (function () { if ( typeof window.CustomEvent === "function" ) return false; function CustomEvent ( event, params ) { params = params || { bubbles: false, cancelable: false, detail: null }; var evt = document.createEvent( 'CustomEvent' ); evt.initCustomEvent( event, params.bubbles, params.cancelable, params.detail ); return evt; } CustomEvent.prototype = window.Event.prototype; window.CustomEvent = CustomEvent; })(); </script> <script class="js-entry"> if (window.config.mustardcut) { (function(w, d) { window.Component = {}; window.suppressShareButton = true; window.onArticlePage = true; var currentScript = d.currentScript || d.head.querySelector('script.js-entry'); function catchNoModuleSupport() { var scriptEl = d.createElement('script'); return (!('noModule' in scriptEl) && 'onbeforeload' in scriptEl) } var headScripts = [ {'src': '/static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-572d4fec60.js', 'async': false} ]; var bodyScripts = [ {'src': '/static/js/app-es5-bundle-d0ac94c97e.js', 'async': false, 'module': false}, {'src': '/static/js/app-es6-bundle-5ee1a6879c.js', 'async': false, 'module': true} , {'src': '/static/js/global-article-es5-bundle-ae3b685a1c.js', 'async': false, 'module': false}, {'src': '/static/js/global-article-es6-bundle-f72e3cd2ca.js', 'async': false, 'module': true} ]; function createScript(script) { var scriptEl = d.createElement('script'); scriptEl.src = script.src; scriptEl.async = script.async; if (script.module === true) { scriptEl.type = "module"; if (catchNoModuleSupport()) { scriptEl.src = ''; } } else if (script.module === false) { scriptEl.setAttribute('nomodule', true) } if (script.charset) { scriptEl.setAttribute('charset', script.charset); } return scriptEl; } for (var i = 0; i < headScripts.length; ++i) { var scriptEl = createScript(headScripts[i]); currentScript.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptEl, currentScript.nextSibling); } d.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() { for (var i = 0; i < bodyScripts.length; ++i) { var scriptEl = createScript(bodyScripts[i]); d.body.appendChild(scriptEl); } }); // Webfont repeat view var config = w.config; if (config && config.publisherBrand && sessionStorage.fontsLoaded === 'true') { d.documentElement.className += ' webfonts-loaded'; } })(window, document); } </script> <script data-src="https://cdn.optimizely.com/js/27195530232.js" data-cc-script="C03"></script> <script data-test="gtm-head"> window.initGTM = function() { (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'}); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-MRVXSHQ'); } </script> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="2e1d87196f82c9ac5454a21aede69eda" /> <script> (function (w, d, t) { function cc() { var h = w.location.hostname; var e = d.createElement(t), s = d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0]; if (h.indexOf('springer.com') > -1 && h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com') === -1 && h.indexOf('springeropen.com') === -1) { if (h.indexOf('link-qa.springer.com') > -1 || h.indexOf('test-www.springer.com') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-52.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-52.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com.qa') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.biomedcentral.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-15-36.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.biomedcentral.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-15-36.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('springeropen.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('springeropen.com.qa') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-16-34.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-16-34.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('springernature.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('beta-qa.springernature.com') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-49-43.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NK22KLS')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-49-43.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NK22KLS')"); } } else { e.src = '/static/js/cookie-consent-es5-bundle-cb57c2c98a.js'; e.setAttribute('data-consent', h); } s.insertAdjacentElement('afterend', e); } cc(); })(window, document, 'script'); </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="BioMed Central"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Comparison of Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing guidelines for the interpretation of antibiotic susceptibility at a University teaching hospital in Nairobi, Kenya: a cross-sectional study - Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Background The Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines are the most popular breakpoint guidelines used in antimicrobial susceptibility testing worldwide. The EUCAST guidelines are freely available to users while CLSI is available for non-members as a package of three documents for US $500 annually. This is prohibitive for clinical microbiology laboratories in resource poor settings. We set out to compare antibiotic susceptibility determined by the two guidelines to determine whether adoption of EUCAST guidelines would significantly affect our susceptibility patterns. Methods We reviewed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of various antibiotics routinely reported for Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) isolates from an automated microbiology identification system (VITEK-2) at the Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi’s Pathology department. These MICs were then analyzed using both CLSI 2015 and EUCAST 2015 guidelines and classified as resistant, intermediate or susceptible. We compared the susceptibility and agreement between the CLSI and EUCAST categorizations. Results Susceptibility data from a total of 5165 E. coli, 1103 S. aureus and 532 P. aeruginosa isolates were included. The concordance rates of the two guidelines for E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa ranged from 78.2 to 100 %, 94.6 to 100 % and 89.1 to 95.5 % respectively. The kappa statistics for E. coli MICs revealed perfect agreement between CLSI and EUCAST for cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, almost perfect agreement for ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, gentamicin and ceftazidime, substantial agreement for meropenem, moderate agreement for cefepime and amoxicillin-clavulanate, fair agreement for nitrofurantoin and poor agreement for amikacin. For S. aureus the kappa statistics revealed perfect agreement for penicillin, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, levofloxacin, oxacillin, linezolid and vancomycin, almost perfect agreement for clindamycin, erythromycin and tetracycline and moderate agreement for gentamicin. For P. aeruginosa the kappa analysis revealed moderate to almost perfect agreement for all the anti-pseudomonal antibiotics. Conclusion The results show comparable antibiotic susceptibility patterns between CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints. Given that EUCAST guidelines are freely available, it makes it easier for laboratories in resource poor settings to have an updated and readily available reference for interpreting antibiotic susceptibilities."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/12941"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{"mainEntity":{"headline":"Comparison of Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing guidelines for the interpretation of antibiotic susceptibility at a University teaching hospital in Nairobi, Kenya: a cross-sectional study","description":"The Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines are the most popular breakpoint guidelines used in antimicrobial susceptibility testing worldwide. The EUCAST guidelines are freely available to users while CLSI is available for non-members as a package of three documents for US $500 annually. This is prohibitive for clinical microbiology laboratories in resource poor settings. We set out to compare antibiotic susceptibility determined by the two guidelines to determine whether adoption of EUCAST guidelines would significantly affect our susceptibility patterns. We reviewed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of various antibiotics routinely reported for Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) isolates from an automated microbiology identification system (VITEK-2) at the Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi’s Pathology department. These MICs were then analyzed using both CLSI 2015 and EUCAST 2015 guidelines and classified as resistant, intermediate or susceptible. We compared the susceptibility and agreement between the CLSI and EUCAST categorizations. Susceptibility data from a total of 5165 E. coli, 1103 S. aureus and 532 P. aeruginosa isolates were included. The concordance rates of the two guidelines for E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa ranged from 78.2 to 100 %, 94.6 to 100 % and 89.1 to 95.5 % respectively. The kappa statistics for E. coli MICs revealed perfect agreement between CLSI and EUCAST for cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, almost perfect agreement for ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, gentamicin and ceftazidime, substantial agreement for meropenem, moderate agreement for cefepime and amoxicillin-clavulanate, fair agreement for nitrofurantoin and poor agreement for amikacin. For S. aureus the kappa statistics revealed perfect agreement for penicillin, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, levofloxacin, oxacillin, linezolid and vancomycin, almost perfect agreement for clindamycin, erythromycin and tetracycline and moderate agreement for gentamicin. For P. aeruginosa the kappa analysis revealed moderate to almost perfect agreement for all the anti-pseudomonal antibiotics. The results show comparable antibiotic susceptibility patterns between CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints. Given that EUCAST guidelines are freely available, it makes it easier for laboratories in resource poor settings to have an updated and readily available reference for interpreting antibiotic susceptibilities.","datePublished":"2016-04-11T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2016-04-11T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"1","pageEnd":"7","license":"http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3","keywords":["European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST)","Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)","Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST)","Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC)","Medical Microbiology","Infectious Diseases","Drug Resistance","Microbial Genetics and Genomics","Biochemistry","general","Parasitology"],"image":[],"isPartOf":{"name":"Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials","issn":["1476-0711"],"volumeNumber":"15","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"BioMed Central","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Ali Kassim","affiliation":[{"name":"Aga Khan University Hospital","address":{"name":"Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"alliassimo@gmail.com","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Geoffrey Omuse","affiliation":[{"name":"Aga Khan University Hospital","address":{"name":"Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Zul Premji","affiliation":[{"name":"Aga Khan University Hospital","address":{"name":"Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Gunturu Revathi","affiliation":[{"name":"Aga Khan University Hospital","address":{"name":"Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"}],"isAccessibleForFree":true,"@type":"ScholarlyArticle"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage"}</script> </head> <body class="journal journal-fulltext" > <div class="ctm"></div>  <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>  <div class="u-visually-hidden" aria-hidden="true"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><defs><path id="a" d="M0 .74h56.72v55.24H0z"/></defs><symbol id="icon-access" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m14 8c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1v7h2.5c.2761424 0 .5.2238576.5.5v1.5h-18v-1.5c0-.2761424.22385763-.5.5-.5h2.5v-7c0-.55228475.44771525-1 1-1s1 .44771525 1 1v6.9996556h8v-6.9996556c0-.55228475.4477153-1 1-1zm-8 0 2 1v5l-2 1zm6 0v7l-2-1v-5zm-2.42653766-7.59857636 7.03554716 4.92488299c.4162533.29137735.5174853.86502537.226108 1.28127873-.1721584.24594054-.4534847.39241464-.7536934.39241464h-14.16284822c-.50810197 0-.92-.41189803-.92-.92 0-.30020869.1464741-.58153499.39241464-.75369337l7.03554714-4.92488299c.34432015-.2410241.80260453-.2410241 1.14692468 0zm-.57346234 2.03988748-3.65526982 2.55868888h7.31053962z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-account" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m10.2379028 16.9048051c1.3083556-.2032362 2.5118471-.7235183 3.5294683-1.4798399-.8731327-2.5141501-2.0638925-3.935978-3.7673711-4.3188248v-1.27684611c1.1651924-.41183641 2-1.52307546 2-2.82929429 0-1.65685425-1.3431458-3-3-3-1.65685425 0-3 1.34314575-3 3 0 1.30621883.83480763 2.41745788 2 2.82929429v1.27684611c-1.70347856.3828468-2.89423845 1.8046747-3.76737114 4.3188248 1.01762123.7563216 2.22111275 1.2766037 3.52946833 1.4798399.40563808.0629726.81921174.0951949 1.23790281.0951949s.83226473-.0322223 1.2379028-.0951949zm4.3421782-2.1721994c1.4927655-1.4532925 2.419919-3.484675 2.419919-5.7326057 0-4.418278-3.581722-8-8-8s-8 3.581722-8 8c0 2.2479307.92715352 4.2793132 2.41991895 5.7326057.75688473-2.0164459 1.83949951-3.6071894 3.48926591-4.3218837-1.14534283-.70360829-1.90918486-1.96796271-1.90918486-3.410722 0-2.209139 1.790861-4 4-4s4 1.790861 4 4c0 1.44275929-.763842 2.70711371-1.9091849 3.410722 1.6497664.7146943 2.7323812 2.3054378 3.4892659 4.3218837zm-5.580081 3.2673943c-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9 4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-alert" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m4 10h2.5c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-3.08578644l-1.12132034 1.1213203c-.18753638.1875364-.29289322.4418903-.29289322.7071068v.1715729h14v-.1715729c0-.2652165-.1053568-.5195704-.2928932-.7071068l-1.7071068-1.7071067v-3.4142136c0-2.76142375-2.2385763-5-5-5-2.76142375 0-5 2.23857625-5 5zm3 4c0 1.1045695.8954305 2 2 2s2-.8954305 2-2zm-5 0c-.55228475 0-1-.4477153-1-1v-.1715729c0-.530433.21071368-1.0391408.58578644-1.4142135l1.41421356-1.4142136v-3c0-3.3137085 2.6862915-6 6-6s6 2.6862915 6 6v3l1.4142136 1.4142136c.3750727.3750727.5857864.8837805.5857864 1.4142135v.1715729c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1h-4c0 1.6568542-1.3431458 3-3 3-1.65685425 0-3-1.3431458-3-3z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-broad" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m6.10307866 2.97190702v7.69043288l2.44965196-2.44676915c.38776071-.38730439 1.0088052-.39493524 1.38498697-.01919617.38609051.38563612.38643641 1.01053024-.00013864 1.39665039l-4.12239817 4.11754683c-.38616704.3857126-1.01187344.3861062-1.39846576-.0000311l-4.12258206-4.11773056c-.38618426-.38572979-.39254614-1.00476697-.01636437-1.38050605.38609047-.38563611 1.01018509-.38751562 1.4012233.00306241l2.44985644 2.4469734v-8.67638639c0-.54139983.43698413-.98042709.98493125-.98159081l7.89910522-.0043627c.5451687 0 .9871152.44142642.9871152.98595351s-.4419465.98595351-.9871152.98595351z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(-1 0 0 -1 14 15)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-down" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m3.28337502 11.5302405 4.03074001 4.176208c.37758093.3912076.98937525.3916069 1.367372-.0000316l4.03091977-4.1763942c.3775978-.3912252.3838182-1.0190815.0160006-1.4001736-.3775061-.39113013-.9877245-.39303641-1.3700683.003106l-2.39538585 2.4818345v-11.6147896l-.00649339-.11662112c-.055753-.49733869-.46370161-.88337888-.95867408-.88337888-.49497246 0-.90292107.38604019-.95867408.88337888l-.00649338.11662112v11.6147896l-2.39518594-2.4816273c-.37913917-.39282218-.98637524-.40056175-1.35419292-.0194697-.37750607.3911302-.37784433 1.0249269.00013556 1.4165479z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-left" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m4.46975946 3.28337502-4.17620792 4.03074001c-.39120768.37758093-.39160691.98937525.0000316 1.367372l4.1763942 4.03091977c.39122514.3775978 1.01908149.3838182 1.40017357.0160006.39113012-.3775061.3930364-.9877245-.00310603-1.3700683l-2.48183446-2.39538585h11.61478958l.1166211-.00649339c.4973387-.055753.8833789-.46370161.8833789-.95867408 0-.49497246-.3860402-.90292107-.8833789-.95867408l-.1166211-.00649338h-11.61478958l2.4816273-2.39518594c.39282216-.37913917.40056173-.98637524.01946965-1.35419292-.39113012-.37750607-1.02492687-.37784433-1.41654791.00013556z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-right" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m11.5302405 12.716625 4.176208-4.03074003c.3912076-.37758093.3916069-.98937525-.0000316-1.367372l-4.1763942-4.03091981c-.3912252-.37759778-1.0190815-.38381821-1.4001736-.01600053-.39113013.37750607-.39303641.98772445.003106 1.37006824l2.4818345 2.39538588h-11.6147896l-.11662112.00649339c-.49733869.055753-.88337888.46370161-.88337888.95867408 0 .49497246.38604019.90292107.88337888.95867408l.11662112.00649338h11.6147896l-2.4816273 2.39518592c-.39282218.3791392-.40056175.9863753-.0194697 1.3541929.3911302.3775061 1.0249269.3778444 1.4165479-.0001355z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-sub" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m7.89692134 4.97190702v7.69043288l-2.44965196-2.4467692c-.38776071-.38730434-1.0088052-.39493519-1.38498697-.0191961-.38609047.3856361-.38643643 1.0105302.00013864 1.3966504l4.12239817 4.1175468c.38616704.3857126 1.01187344.3861062 1.39846576-.0000311l4.12258202-4.1177306c.3861843-.3857298.3925462-1.0047669.0163644-1.380506-.3860905-.38563612-1.0101851-.38751563-1.4012233.0030624l-2.44985643 2.4469734v-8.67638639c0-.54139983-.43698413-.98042709-.98493125-.98159081l-7.89910525-.0043627c-.54516866 0-.98711517.44142642-.98711517.98595351s.44194651.98595351.98711517.98595351z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-up" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m12.716625 4.46975946-4.03074003-4.17620792c-.37758093-.39120768-.98937525-.39160691-1.367372.0000316l-4.03091981 4.1763942c-.37759778.39122514-.38381821 1.01908149-.01600053 1.40017357.37750607.39113012.98772445.3930364 1.37006824-.00310603l2.39538588-2.48183446v11.61478958l.00649339.1166211c.055753.4973387.46370161.8833789.95867408.8833789.49497246 0 .90292107-.3860402.95867408-.8833789l.00649338-.1166211v-11.61478958l2.39518592 2.4816273c.3791392.39282216.9863753.40056173 1.3541929.01946965.3775061-.39113012.3778444-1.02492687-.0001355-1.41654791z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-article" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m13 15v-12.9906311c0-.0073595-.0019884-.0093689.0014977-.0093689l-11.00158888.00087166v13.00506804c0 .5482678.44615281.9940603.99415146.9940603h10.27350412c-.1701701-.2941734-.2675644-.6357129-.2675644-1zm-12 .0059397v-13.00506804c0-.5562408.44704472-1.00087166.99850233-1.00087166h11.00299537c.5510129 0 .9985023.45190985.9985023 1.0093689v2.9906311h3v9.9914698c0 1.1065798-.8927712 2.0085302-1.9940603 2.0085302h-12.01187942c-1.09954652 0-1.99406028-.8927712-1.99406028-1.9940603zm13-9.0059397v9c0 .5522847.4477153 1 1 1s1-.4477153 1-1v-9zm-10-2h7v4h-7zm1 1v2h5v-2zm-1 4h7v1h-7zm0 2h7v1h-7zm0 2h7v1h-7z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-audio" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m13.0957477 13.5588459c-.195279.1937043-.5119137.193729-.7072234.0000551-.1953098-.193674-.1953346-.5077061-.0000556-.7014104 1.0251004-1.0168342 1.6108711-2.3905226 1.6108711-3.85745208 0-1.46604976-.5850634-2.83898246-1.6090736-3.85566829-.1951894-.19379323-.1950192-.50782531.0003802-.70141028.1953993-.19358497.512034-.19341614.7072234.00037709 1.2094886 1.20083761 1.901635 2.8250555 1.901635 4.55670148 0 1.73268608-.6929822 3.35779608-1.9037571 4.55880738zm2.1233994 2.1025159c-.195234.193749-.5118687.1938462-.7072235.0002171-.1953548-.1936292-.1954528-.5076613-.0002189-.7014104 1.5832215-1.5711805 2.4881302-3.6939808 2.4881302-5.96012998 0-2.26581266-.9046382-4.3883241-2.487443-5.95944795-.1952117-.19377107-.1950777-.50780316.0002993-.70141031s.5120117-.19347426.7072234.00029682c1.7683321 1.75528196 2.7800854 4.12911258 2.7800854 6.66056144 0 2.53182498-1.0120556 4.90597838-2.7808529 6.66132328zm-14.21898205-3.6854911c-.5523759 0-1.00016505-.4441085-1.00016505-.991944v-3.96777631c0-.54783558.44778915-.99194407 1.00016505-.99194407h2.0003301l5.41965617-3.8393633c.44948677-.31842296 1.07413994-.21516983 1.39520191.23062232.12116339.16823446.18629727.36981184.18629727.57655577v12.01603479c0 .5478356-.44778914.9919441-1.00016505.9919441-.20845738 0-.41170538-.0645985-.58133413-.184766l-5.41965617-3.8393633zm0-.991944h2.32084805l5.68047235 4.0241292v-12.01603479l-5.68047235 4.02412928h-2.32084805z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-block" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m0 0h24v24h-24z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-book" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m4 13v-11h1v11h11v-11h-13c-.55228475 0-1 .44771525-1 1v10.2675644c.29417337-.1701701.63571286-.2675644 1-.2675644zm12 1h-13c-.55228475 0-1 .4477153-1 1s.44771525 1 1 1h13zm0 3h-13c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-12c0-1.1045695.8954305-2 2-2h13c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1v14c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1zm-8.5-13h6c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-6c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm1 2h4c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-4c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-broad" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m9.18274226 7.81v7.7999954l2.48162734-2.4816273c.3928221-.3928221 1.0219731-.4005617 1.4030652-.0194696.3911301.3911301.3914806 1.0249268-.0001404 1.4165479l-4.17620796 4.1762079c-.39120769.3912077-1.02508144.3916069-1.41671995-.0000316l-4.1763942-4.1763942c-.39122514-.3912251-.39767006-1.0190815-.01657798-1.4001736.39113012-.3911301 1.02337106-.3930364 1.41951349.0031061l2.48183446 2.4818344v-8.7999954c0-.54911294.4426881-.99439484.99778758-.99557515l8.00221246-.00442485c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1s-.4477153 1-1 1z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(-1 0 0 -1 20.182742 24.805206)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-calendar" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m12.5 0c.2761424 0 .5.21505737.5.49047852v.50952148h2c1.1072288 0 2 .89451376 2 2v12c0 1.1072288-.8945138 2-2 2h-12c-1.1072288 0-2-.8945138-2-2v-12c0-1.1072288.89451376-2 2-2h1v1h-1c-.55393837 0-1 .44579254-1 1v3h14v-3c0-.55393837-.4457925-1-1-1h-2v1.50952148c0 .27088381-.2319336.49047852-.5.49047852-.2761424 0-.5-.21505737-.5-.49047852v-3.01904296c0-.27088381.2319336-.49047852.5-.49047852zm3.5 7h-14v8c0 .5539384.44579254 1 1 1h12c.5539384 0 1-.4457925 1-1zm-11 6v1h-1v-1zm3 0v1h-1v-1zm3 0v1h-1v-1zm-6-2v1h-1v-1zm3 0v1h-1v-1zm6 0v1h-1v-1zm-3 0v1h-1v-1zm-3-2v1h-1v-1zm6 0v1h-1v-1zm-3 0v1h-1v-1zm-5.5-9c.27614237 0 .5.21505737.5.49047852v.50952148h5v1h-5v1.50952148c0 .27088381-.23193359.49047852-.5.49047852-.27614237 0-.5-.21505737-.5-.49047852v-3.01904296c0-.27088381.23193359-.49047852.5-.49047852z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-cart" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m5 14c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2s-.8954305 2-2 2-2-.8954305-2-2 .8954305-2 2-2zm10 0c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2s-.8954305 2-2 2-2-.8954305-2-2 .8954305-2 2-2zm-10 1c-.55228475 0-1 .4477153-1 1s.44771525 1 1 1 1-.4477153 1-1-.44771525-1-1-1zm10 0c-.5522847 0-1 .4477153-1 1s.4477153 1 1 1 1-.4477153 1-1-.4477153-1-1-1zm-12.82032249-15c.47691417 0 .88746157.33678127.98070211.80449199l.23823144 1.19501025 13.36277974.00045554c.5522847.00001882.9999659.44774934.9999659 1.00004222 0 .07084994-.0075361.14150708-.022474.2107727l-1.2908094 5.98534344c-.1007861.46742419-.5432548.80388386-1.0571651.80388386h-10.24805106c-.59173366 0-1.07142857.4477153-1.07142857 1 0 .5128358.41361449.9355072.94647737.9932723l.1249512.0067277h10.35933776c.2749512 0 .4979349.2228539.4979349.4978051 0 .2749417-.2227336.4978951-.4976753.4980063l-10.35959736.0041886c-1.18346732 0-2.14285714-.8954305-2.14285714-2 0-.6625717.34520317-1.24989198.87690425-1.61383592l-1.63768102-8.19004794c-.01312273-.06561364-.01950005-.131011-.0196107-.19547395l-1.71961253-.00064219c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385762-.5-.5 0-.27614237.22385763-.5.5-.5zm14.53193359 2.99950224h-13.11300004l1.20580469 6.02530174c.11024034-.0163252.22327998-.02480398.33844139-.02480398h10.27064786z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-less" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.58578644 4-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 -1 0 9 9)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-more" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.58578644 6-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4.00000002c-.39052429.3905243-1.02368927.3905243-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368929 0-1.41421358z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 1)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-circle-fill" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m8 14c-3.3137085 0-6-2.6862915-6-6s2.6862915-6 6-6 6 2.6862915 6 6-2.6862915 6-6 6z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-circle" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m8 12c2.209139 0 4-1.790861 4-4s-1.790861-4-4-4-4 1.790861-4 4 1.790861 4 4 4zm0 2c-3.3137085 0-6-2.6862915-6-6s2.6862915-6 6-6 6 2.6862915 6 6-2.6862915 6-6 6z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-citation" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m8.63593473 5.99995183c2.20913897 0 3.99999997 1.79084375 3.99999997 3.99996146 0 1.40730761-.7267788 2.64486871-1.8254829 3.35783281 1.6240224.6764218 2.8754442 2.0093871 3.4610603 3.6412466l-1.0763845.000006c-.5310008-1.2078237-1.5108121-2.1940153-2.7691712-2.7181346l-.79002167-.329052v-1.023992l.63016577-.4089232c.8482885-.5504661 1.3698342-1.4895187 1.3698342-2.51898361 0-1.65683828-1.3431457-2.99996146-2.99999997-2.99996146-1.65685425 0-3 1.34312318-3 2.99996146 0 1.02946491.52154569 1.96851751 1.36983419 2.51898361l.63016581.4089232v1.023992l-.79002171.329052c-1.25835905.5241193-2.23817037 1.5103109-2.76917113 2.7181346l-1.07638453-.000006c.58561612-1.6318595 1.8370379-2.9648248 3.46106024-3.6412466-1.09870405-.7129641-1.82548287-1.9505252-1.82548287-3.35783281 0-2.20911771 1.790861-3.99996146 4-3.99996146zm7.36897597-4.99995183c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.89353404 1.9950893 2.00274083v5.994422c0 1.10608317-.8926228 2.00274087-1.9950893 2.00274087l-3.0049107-.0009037v-1l3.0049107.00091329c.5490631 0 .9950893-.44783123.9950893-1.00275046v-5.994422c0-.55646537-.4450595-1.00275046-.9950893-1.00275046h-14.00982141c-.54906309 0-.99508929.44783123-.99508929 1.00275046v5.9971821c0 .66666024.33333333.99999036 1 .99999036l2-.00091329v1l-2 .0009037c-1 0-2-.99999041-2-1.99998077v-5.9971821c0-1.10608322.8926228-2.00274083 1.99508929-2.00274083zm-8.5049107 2.9999711c.27614237 0 .5.22385547.5.5 0 .2761349-.22385763.5-.5.5h-4c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238651-.5-.5 0-.27614453.22385763-.5.5-.5zm3 0c.2761424 0 .5.22385547.5.5 0 .2761349-.2238576.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238651-.5-.5 0-.27614453.22385763-.5.5-.5zm4 0c.2761424 0 .5.22385547.5.5 0 .2761349-.2238576.5-.5.5h-2c-.2761424 0-.5-.2238651-.5-.5 0-.27614453.2238576-.5.5-.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-close" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.29679575 12.2772478c-.39658757.3965876-.39438847 1.0328109-.00062148 1.4265779.39651227.3965123 1.03246768.3934888 1.42657791-.0006214l4.27724782-4.27724787 4.2772478 4.27724787c.3965876.3965875 1.0328109.3943884 1.4265779.0006214.3965123-.3965122.3934888-1.0324677-.0006214-1.4265779l-4.27724787-4.2772478 4.27724787-4.27724782c.3965875-.39658757.3943884-1.03281091.0006214-1.42657791-.3965122-.39651226-1.0324677-.39348875-1.4265779.00062148l-4.2772478 4.27724782-4.27724782-4.27724782c-.39658757-.39658757-1.03281091-.39438847-1.42657791-.00062148-.39651226.39651227-.39348875 1.03246768.00062148 1.42657791l4.27724782 4.27724782z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-collections" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m15 4c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2v9c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-8c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2h1c0 .5128358.38604019.9355072.88337887.9932723l.11662113.0067277h8c.5128358 0 .9355072-.3860402.9932723-.8833789l.0067277-.1166211v-9c0-.51283584-.3860402-.93550716-.8833789-.99327227l-.1166211-.00672773h-1v-1zm-4-3c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2v9c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-8c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-9c0-1.1045695.8954305-2 2-2zm0 1h-8c-.51283584 0-.93550716.38604019-.99327227.88337887l-.00672773.11662113v9c0 .5128358.38604019.9355072.88337887.9932723l.11662113.0067277h8c.5128358 0 .9355072-.3860402.9932723-.8833789l.0067277-.1166211v-9c0-.51283584-.3860402-.93550716-.8833789-.99327227zm-1.5 7c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-5c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm0-2c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-5c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm0-2c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-5c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-compare" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m12 3c3.3137085 0 6 2.6862915 6 6s-2.6862915 6-6 6c-1.0928452 0-2.11744941-.2921742-2.99996061-.8026704-.88181407.5102749-1.90678042.8026704-3.00003939.8026704-3.3137085 0-6-2.6862915-6-6s2.6862915-6 6-6c1.09325897 0 2.11822532.29239547 3.00096303.80325037.88158756-.51107621 1.90619177-.80325037 2.99903697-.80325037zm-6 1c-2.76142375 0-5 2.23857625-5 5 0 2.7614237 2.23857625 5 5 5 .74397391 0 1.44999672-.162488 2.08451611-.4539116-1.27652344-1.1000812-2.08451611-2.7287264-2.08451611-4.5460884s.80799267-3.44600721 2.08434391-4.5463015c-.63434719-.29121054-1.34037-.4536985-2.08434391-.4536985zm6 0c-.7439739 0-1.4499967.16248796-2.08451611.45391156 1.27652341 1.10008123 2.08451611 2.72872644 2.08451611 4.54608844s-.8079927 3.4460072-2.08434391 4.5463015c.63434721.2912105 1.34037001.4536985 2.08434391.4536985 2.7614237 0 5-2.2385763 5-5 0-2.76142375-2.2385763-5-5-5zm-1.4162763 7.0005324h-3.16744736c.15614659.3572676.35283837.6927622.58425872 1.0006671h1.99892988c.23142036-.3079049.42811216-.6433995.58425876-1.0006671zm.4162763-2.0005324h-4c0 .34288501.0345146.67770871.10025909 1.0011864h3.79948181c.0657445-.32347769.1002591-.65830139.1002591-1.0011864zm-.4158423-1.99953894h-3.16831543c-.13859957.31730812-.24521946.651783-.31578599.99935097h3.79988742c-.0705665-.34756797-.1771864-.68204285-.315786-.99935097zm-1.58295822-1.999926-.08316107.06199199c-.34550042.27081213-.65446126.58611297-.91825862.93727862h2.00044041c-.28418626-.37830727-.6207872-.71499149-.99902072-.99927061z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-download-file" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m10.0046024 0c.5497429 0 1.3179837.32258606 1.707238.71184039l4.5763192 4.57631922c.3931386.39313859.7118404 1.16760135.7118404 1.71431368v8.98899651c0 1.1092806-.8945138 2.0085302-1.9940603 2.0085302h-12.01187942c-1.10128908 0-1.99406028-.8926228-1.99406028-1.9950893v-14.00982141c0-1.10185739.88743329-1.99508929 1.99961498-1.99508929zm0 1h-7.00498742c-.55709576 0-.99961498.44271433-.99961498.99508929v14.00982141c0 .5500396.44491393.9950893.99406028.9950893h12.01187942c.5463747 0 .9940603-.4506622.9940603-1.0085302v-8.98899651c0-.28393444-.2150684-.80332809-.4189472-1.0072069l-4.5763192-4.57631922c-.2038461-.20384606-.718603-.41894717-1.0001312-.41894717zm-1.5046024 4c.27614237 0 .5.21637201.5.49209595v6.14827645l1.7462789-1.77990922c.1933927-.1971171.5125222-.19455839.7001689-.0069117.1932998.19329992.1910058.50899492-.0027774.70277812l-2.59089271 2.5908927c-.19483374.1948337-.51177825.1937771-.70556873-.0000133l-2.59099079-2.5909908c-.19484111-.1948411-.19043735-.5151448-.00279066-.70279146.19329987-.19329987.50465175-.19237083.70018565.00692852l1.74638684 1.78001764v-6.14827695c0-.27177709.23193359-.49209595.5-.49209595z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m12.9975267 12.999368c.5467123 0 1.0024733.4478567 1.0024733 1.000316 0 .5563109-.4488226 1.000316-1.0024733 1.000316h-9.99505341c-.54671233 0-1.00247329-.4478567-1.00247329-1.000316 0-.5563109.44882258-1.000316 1.00247329-1.000316zm-4.9975267-11.999368c.55228475 0 1 .44497754 1 .99589209v6.80214418l2.4816273-2.48241149c.3928222-.39294628 1.0219732-.4006883 1.4030652-.01947579.3911302.39125371.3914806 1.02525073-.0001404 1.41699553l-4.17620792 4.17752758c-.39120769.3913313-1.02508144.3917306-1.41671995-.0000316l-4.17639421-4.17771394c-.39122513-.39134876-.39767006-1.01940351-.01657797-1.40061601.39113012-.39125372 1.02337105-.3931606 1.41951349.00310701l2.48183446 2.48261871v-6.80214418c0-.55001601.44386482-.99589209 1-.99589209z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-editors" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m8.72592184 2.54588137c-.48811714-.34391207-1.08343326-.54588137-1.72592184-.54588137-1.65685425 0-3 1.34314575-3 3 0 1.02947485.5215457 1.96853646 1.3698342 2.51900785l.6301658.40892721v1.02400182l-.79002171.32905522c-1.93395773.8055207-3.20997829 2.7024791-3.20997829 4.8180274v.9009805h-1v-.9009805c0-2.5479714 1.54557359-4.79153984 3.82548288-5.7411543-1.09870406-.71297106-1.82548288-1.95054399-1.82548288-3.3578652 0-2.209139 1.790861-4 4-4 1.09079823 0 2.07961816.43662103 2.80122451 1.1446278-.37707584.09278571-.7373238.22835063-1.07530267.40125357zm-2.72592184 14.45411863h-1v-.9009805c0-2.5479714 1.54557359-4.7915398 3.82548288-5.7411543-1.09870406-.71297106-1.82548288-1.95054399-1.82548288-3.3578652 0-2.209139 1.790861-4 4-4s4 1.790861 4 4c0 1.40732121-.7267788 2.64489414-1.8254829 3.3578652 2.2799093.9496145 3.8254829 3.1931829 3.8254829 5.7411543v.9009805h-1v-.9009805c0-2.1155483-1.2760206-4.0125067-3.2099783-4.8180274l-.7900217-.3290552v-1.02400184l.6301658-.40892721c.8482885-.55047139 1.3698342-1.489533 1.3698342-2.51900785 0-1.65685425-1.3431458-3-3-3-1.65685425 0-3 1.34314575-3 3 0 1.02947485.5215457 1.96853646 1.3698342 2.51900785l.6301658.40892721v1.02400184l-.79002171.3290552c-1.93395773.8055207-3.20997829 2.7024791-3.20997829 4.8180274z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-email" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m16.0049107 2c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.89706013 1.9950893 2.00585866v9.98828264c0 1.1078052-.8926228 2.0058587-1.9950893 2.0058587h-14.00982141c-1.10185739 0-1.99508929-.8970601-1.99508929-2.0058587v-9.98828264c0-1.10780515.8926228-2.00585866 1.99508929-2.00585866zm0 1h-14.00982141c-.54871518 0-.99508929.44887827-.99508929 1.00585866v9.98828264c0 .5572961.44630695 1.0058587.99508929 1.0058587h14.00982141c.5487152 0 .9950893-.4488783.9950893-1.0058587v-9.98828264c0-.55729607-.446307-1.00585866-.9950893-1.00585866zm-.0049107 2.55749512v1.44250488l-7 4-7-4v-1.44250488l7 4z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-error" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 0c4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9zm2.8630343 4.71100931-2.8630343 2.86303426-2.86303426-2.86303426c-.39658757-.39658757-1.03281091-.39438847-1.4265779-.00062147-.39651227.39651226-.39348876 1.03246767.00062147 1.4265779l2.86303426 2.86303426-2.86303426 2.8630343c-.39658757.3965875-.39438847 1.0328109-.00062147 1.4265779.39651226.3965122 1.03246767.3934887 1.4265779-.0006215l2.86303426-2.8630343 2.8630343 2.8630343c.3965875.3965876 1.0328109.3943885 1.4265779.0006215.3965122-.3965123.3934887-1.0324677-.0006215-1.4265779l-2.8630343-2.8630343 2.8630343-2.86303426c.3965876-.39658757.3943885-1.03281091.0006215-1.4265779-.3965123-.39651227-1.0324677-.39348876-1.4265779.00062147z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-ethics" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.76384967 1.41421356.83301651-.8330165c.77492941-.77492941 2.03133823-.77492941 2.80626762 0l.8330165.8330165c.3750728.37507276.8837806.58578644 1.4142136.58578644h1.3496361c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2v1.34963611c0 .53043298.2107137 1.03914081.5857864 1.41421356l.8330165.83301651c.7749295.77492941.7749295 2.03133823 0 2.80626762l-.8330165.8330165c-.3750727.3750728-.5857864.8837806-.5857864 1.4142136v1.3496361c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-1.3496361c-.530433 0-1.0391408.2107137-1.4142136.5857864l-.8330165.8330165c-.77492939.7749295-2.03133821.7749295-2.80626762 0l-.83301651-.8330165c-.37507275-.3750727-.88378058-.5857864-1.41421356-.5857864h-1.34963611c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-1.3496361c0-.530433-.21071368-1.0391408-.58578644-1.4142136l-.8330165-.8330165c-.77492941-.77492939-.77492941-2.03133821 0-2.80626762l.8330165-.83301651c.37507276-.37507275.58578644-.88378058.58578644-1.41421356v-1.34963611c0-1.1045695.8954305-2 2-2h1.34963611c.53043298 0 1.03914081-.21071368 1.41421356-.58578644zm-1.41421356 1.58578644h-1.34963611c-.55228475 0-1 .44771525-1 1v1.34963611c0 .79564947-.31607052 1.55871121-.87867966 2.12132034l-.8330165.83301651c-.38440512.38440512-.38440512 1.00764896 0 1.39205408l.8330165.83301646c.56260914.5626092.87867966 1.3256709.87867966 2.1213204v1.3496361c0 .5522847.44771525 1 1 1h1.34963611c.79564947 0 1.55871121.3160705 2.12132034.8786797l.83301651.8330165c.38440512.3844051 1.00764896.3844051 1.39205408 0l.83301646-.8330165c.5626092-.5626092 1.3256709-.8786797 2.1213204-.8786797h1.3496361c.5522847 0 1-.4477153 1-1v-1.3496361c0-.7956495.3160705-1.5587112.8786797-2.1213204l.8330165-.83301646c.3844051-.38440512.3844051-1.00764896 0-1.39205408l-.8330165-.83301651c-.5626092-.56260913-.8786797-1.32567087-.8786797-2.12132034v-1.34963611c0-.55228475-.4477153-1-1-1h-1.3496361c-.7956495 0-1.5587112-.31607052-2.1213204-.87867966l-.83301646-.8330165c-.38440512-.38440512-1.00764896-.38440512-1.39205408 0l-.83301651.8330165c-.56260913.56260914-1.32567087.87867966-2.12132034.87867966zm3.58698944 11.4960218c-.02081224.002155-.04199226.0030286-.06345763.002542-.98766446-.0223875-1.93408568-.3063547-2.75885125-.8155622-.23496767-.1450683-.30784554-.4531483-.16277726-.688116.14506827-.2349677.45314827-.3078455.68811595-.1627773.67447084.4164161 1.44758575.6483839 2.25617384.6667123.01759529.0003988.03495764.0017019.05204365.0038639.01713363-.0017748.03452416-.0026845.05212715-.0026845 2.4852814 0 4.5-2.0147186 4.5-4.5 0-1.04888973-.3593547-2.04134635-1.0074477-2.83787157-.1742817-.21419731-.1419238-.5291218.0722736-.70340353.2141973-.17428173.5291218-.14192375.7034035.07227357.7919032.97327203 1.2317706 2.18808682 1.2317706 3.46900153 0 3.0375661-2.4624339 5.5-5.5 5.5-.02146768 0-.04261937-.0013529-.06337445-.0039782zm1.57975095-10.78419583c.2654788.07599731.419084.35281842.3430867.61829728-.0759973.26547885-.3528185.419084-.6182973.3430867-.37560116-.10752146-.76586237-.16587951-1.15568824-.17249193-2.5587807-.00064534-4.58547766 2.00216524-4.58547766 4.49928198 0 .62691557.12797645 1.23496.37274865 1.7964426.11035133.2531347-.0053975.5477984-.25853224.6581497-.25313473.1103514-.54779841-.0053975-.65814974-.2585322-.29947131-.6869568-.45606667-1.43097603-.45606667-2.1960601 0-3.05211432 2.47714695-5.50006595 5.59399617-5.49921198.48576182.00815502.96289603.0795037 1.42238033.21103795zm-1.9766658 6.41091303 2.69835-2.94655317c.1788432-.21040373.4943901-.23598862.7047939-.05714545.2104037.17884318.2359886.49439014.0571454.70479387l-3.01637681 3.34277395c-.18039088.1999106-.48669547.2210637-.69285412.0478478l-1.93095347-1.62240047c-.21213845-.17678204-.24080048-.49206439-.06401844-.70420284.17678204-.21213844.49206439-.24080048.70420284-.06401844z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-expand"><path d="M7.498 11.918a.997.997 0 0 0-.003-1.411.995.995 0 0 0-1.412-.003l-4.102 4.102v-3.51A1 1 0 0 0 .98 10.09.992.992 0 0 0 0 11.092V17c0 .554.448 1.002 1.002 1.002h5.907c.554 0 1.002-.45 1.002-1.003 0-.539-.45-.978-1.006-.978h-3.51zm3.005-5.835a.997.997 0 0 0 .003 1.412.995.995 0 0 0 1.411.003l4.103-4.103v3.51a1 1 0 0 0 1.001 1.006A.992.992 0 0 0 18 6.91V1.002A1 1 0 0 0 17 0h-5.907a1.003 1.003 0 0 0-1.002 1.003c0 .539.45.978 1.006.978h3.51z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-explore" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 17c4.418278 0 8-3.581722 8-8s-3.581722-8-8-8-8 3.581722-8 8 3.581722 8 8 8zm0 1c-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9 4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9zm0-2.5c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5c2.969509 0 5.400504-2.3575119 5.497023-5.31714844.0090007-.27599565.2400359-.49243782.5160315-.48343711.2759957.0090007.4924378.2400359.4834371.51603155-.114093 3.4985237-2.9869632 6.284554-6.4964916 6.284554zm-.29090657-12.99359748c.27587424-.01216621.50937715.20161139.52154336.47748563.01216621.27587423-.20161139.50937715-.47748563.52154336-2.93195733.12930094-5.25315116 2.54886451-5.25315116 5.49456849 0 .27614237-.22385763.5-.5.5s-.5-.22385763-.5-.5c0-3.48142406 2.74307146-6.34074398 6.20909343-6.49359748zm1.13784138 8.04763908-1.2004882-1.20048821c-.19526215-.19526215-.19526215-.51184463 0-.70710678s.51184463-.19526215.70710678 0l1.20048821 1.2004882 1.6006509-4.00162734-4.50670359 1.80268144-1.80268144 4.50670359zm4.10281269-6.50378907-2.6692597 6.67314927c-.1016411.2541026-.3029834.4554449-.557086.557086l-6.67314927 2.6692597 2.66925969-6.67314926c.10164107-.25410266.30298336-.45544495.55708602-.55708602z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-filter" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m14.9738641 0c.5667192 0 1.0261359.4477136 1.0261359 1 0 .24221858-.0902161.47620768-.2538899.65849851l-5.6938314 6.34147206v5.49997973c0 .3147562-.1520673.6111434-.4104543.7999971l-2.05227171 1.4999945c-.45337535.3313696-1.09655869.2418269-1.4365902-.1999993-.13321514-.1730955-.20522717-.3836284-.20522717-.5999978v-6.99997423l-5.69383133-6.34147206c-.3731872-.41563511-.32996891-1.0473954.09653074-1.41107611.18705584-.15950448.42716133-.2474224.67571519-.2474224zm-5.9218641 8.5h-2.105v6.491l.01238459.0070843.02053271.0015705.01955278-.0070558 2.0532976-1.4990996zm-8.02585008-7.5-.01564945.00240169 5.83249953 6.49759831h2.313l5.836-6.499z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-home" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 5-6 6v5h4v-4h4v4h4v-5zm7 6.5857864v4.4142136c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1h-5v-4h-2v4h-5c-.55228475 0-1-.4477153-1-1v-4.4142136c-.25592232 0-.51184464-.097631-.70710678-.2928932l-.58578644-.5857864c-.39052429-.3905243-.39052429-1.02368929 0-1.41421358l8.29289322-8.29289322 8.2928932 8.29289322c.3905243.39052429.3905243 1.02368928 0 1.41421358l-.5857864.5857864c-.1952622.1952622-.4511845.2928932-.7071068.2928932zm-7-9.17157284-7.58578644 7.58578644.58578644.5857864 7-6.99999996 7 6.99999996.5857864-.5857864z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-image" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m10.0046024 0c.5497429 0 1.3179837.32258606 1.707238.71184039l4.5763192 4.57631922c.3931386.39313859.7118404 1.16760135.7118404 1.71431368v8.98899651c0 1.1092806-.8945138 2.0085302-1.9940603 2.0085302h-12.01187942c-1.10128908 0-1.99406028-.8926228-1.99406028-1.9950893v-14.00982141c0-1.10185739.88743329-1.99508929 1.99961498-1.99508929zm-3.49645283 10.1752453-3.89407257 6.7495552c.11705545.048464.24538859.0751995.37998328.0751995h10.60290092l-2.4329715-4.2154691-1.57494129 2.7288098zm8.49779013 6.8247547c.5463747 0 .9940603-.4506622.9940603-1.0085302v-8.98899651c0-.28393444-.2150684-.80332809-.4189472-1.0072069l-4.5763192-4.57631922c-.2038461-.20384606-.718603-.41894717-1.0001312-.41894717h-7.00498742c-.55709576 0-.99961498.44271433-.99961498.99508929v13.98991071l4.50814957-7.81026689 3.08089884 5.33809539 1.57494129-2.7288097 3.5875735 6.2159812zm-3.0059397-11c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2s-.8954305 2-2 2-2-.8954305-2-2 .8954305-2 2-2zm0 1c-.5522847 0-1 .44771525-1 1s.4477153 1 1 1 1-.44771525 1-1-.4477153-1-1-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-info" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 0c4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9zm0 7h-1.5l-.11662113.00672773c-.49733868.05776511-.88337887.48043643-.88337887.99327227 0 .47338693.32893365.86994729.77070917.97358929l.1126697.01968298.11662113.00672773h.5v3h-.5l-.11662113.0067277c-.42082504.0488782-.76196299.3590206-.85696816.7639815l-.01968298.1126697-.00672773.1166211.00672773.1166211c.04887817.4208251.35902055.761963.76398144.8569682l.1126697.019683.11662113.0067277h3l.1166211-.0067277c.4973387-.0577651.8833789-.4804365.8833789-.9932723 0-.4733869-.3289337-.8699473-.7707092-.9735893l-.1126697-.019683-.1166211-.0067277h-.5v-4l-.00672773-.11662113c-.04887817-.42082504-.35902055-.76196299-.76398144-.85696816l-.1126697-.01968298zm0-3.25c-.69035594 0-1.25.55964406-1.25 1.25s.55964406 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25-.55964406 1.25-1.25-.55964406-1.25-1.25-1.25z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-institution" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m7 16.9998189v-2.0003623h4v2.0003623h2v-3.0005434h-8v3.0005434zm-3-10.00181122h-1.52632364c-.27614237 0-.5-.22389817-.5-.50009056 0-.13995446.05863589-.27350497.16166338-.36820841l1.23156713-1.13206327h-2.36690687v12.00217346h3v-2.0003623h-3v-1.0001811h3v-1.0001811h1v-4.00072448h-1zm10 0v2.00036224h-1v4.00072448h1v1.0001811h3v1.0001811h-3v2.0003623h3v-12.00217346h-2.3695309l1.2315671 1.13206327c.2033191.186892.2166633.50325042.0298051.70660631-.0946863.10304615-.2282126.16169266-.3681417.16169266zm3-3.00054336c.5522847 0 1 .44779634 1 1.00018112v13.00235456h-18v-13.00235456c0-.55238478.44771525-1.00018112 1-1.00018112h3.45499992l4.20535144-3.86558216c.19129876-.17584288.48537447-.17584288.67667324 0l4.2053514 3.86558216zm-4 3.00054336h-8v1.00018112h8zm-2 6.00108672h1v-4.00072448h-1zm-1 0v-4.00072448h-2v4.00072448zm-3 0v-4.00072448h-1v4.00072448zm8-4.00072448c.5522847 0 1 .44779634 1 1.00018112v2.00036226h-2v-2.00036226c0-.55238478.4477153-1.00018112 1-1.00018112zm-12 0c.55228475 0 1 .44779634 1 1.00018112v2.00036226h-2v-2.00036226c0-.55238478.44771525-1.00018112 1-1.00018112zm5.99868798-7.81907007-5.24205601 4.81852671h10.48411203zm.00131202 3.81834559c-.55228475 0-1-.44779634-1-1.00018112s.44771525-1.00018112 1-1.00018112 1 .44779634 1 1.00018112-.44771525 1.00018112-1 1.00018112zm-1 11.00199236v1.0001811h2v-1.0001811z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-location" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9.39521328 16.2688008c.79596342-.7770119 1.59208152-1.6299956 2.33285652-2.5295081 1.4020032-1.7024324 2.4323601-3.3624519 2.9354918-4.871847.2228715-.66861448.3364384-1.29323246.3364384-1.8674457 0-3.3137085-2.6862915-6-6-6-3.36356866 0-6 2.60156856-6 6 0 .57421324.11356691 1.19883122.3364384 1.8674457.50313169 1.5093951 1.53348863 3.1694146 2.93549184 4.871847.74077492.8995125 1.53689309 1.7524962 2.33285648 2.5295081.13694479.1336842.26895677.2602648.39521328.3793207.12625651-.1190559.25826849-.2456365.39521328-.3793207zm-.39521328 1.7311992s-7-6-7-11c0-4 3.13400675-7 7-7 3.8659932 0 7 3.13400675 7 7 0 5-7 11-7 11zm0-8c-1.65685425 0-3-1.34314575-3-3s1.34314575-3 3-3c1.6568542 0 3 1.34314575 3 3s-1.3431458 3-3 3zm0-1c1.1045695 0 2-.8954305 2-2s-.8954305-2-2-2-2 .8954305-2 2 .8954305 2 2 2z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-minus" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.00087166 7h11.99825664c.5527662 0 1.0008717.44386482 1.0008717 1 0 .55228475-.4446309 1-1.0008717 1h-11.99825664c-.55276616 0-1.00087166-.44386482-1.00087166-1 0-.55228475.44463086-1 1.00087166-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-newsletter" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 11.8482489 2-1.1428571v-1.7053918h-4v1.7053918zm-3-1.7142857v-2.1339632h6v2.1339632l3-1.71428574v-6.41967746h-12v6.41967746zm10-5.3839632 1.5299989.95624934c.2923814.18273835.4700011.50320827.4700011.8479983v8.44575236c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-14c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-8.44575236c0-.34479003.1776197-.66525995.47000106-.8479983l1.52999894-.95624934v-2.75c0-.55228475.44771525-1 1-1h12c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1zm0 1.17924764v3.07075236l-7 4-7-4v-3.07075236l-1 .625v8.44575236c0 .5522847.44771525 1 1 1h14c.5522847 0 1-.4477153 1-1v-8.44575236zm-10-1.92924764h6v1h-6zm-1 2h8v1h-8z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-orcid" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 1c4.418278 0 8 3.581722 8 8s-3.581722 8-8 8-8-3.581722-8-8 3.581722-8 8-8zm-2.90107518 5.2732337h-1.41865256v7.1712107h1.41865256zm4.55867178.02508949h-2.99247027v7.14612121h2.91062487c.7673039 0 1.4476365-.1483432 2.0410182-.445034s1.0511995-.7152915 1.3734671-1.2558144c.3222677-.540523.4833991-1.1603247.4833991-1.85942385 0-.68545815-.1602789-1.30270225-.4808414-1.85175082-.3205625-.54904856-.7707074-.97532211-1.3504481-1.27883343-.5797408-.30351132-1.2413173-.45526471-1.9847495-.45526471zm-.1892674 1.07933542c.7877654 0 1.4143875.22336734 1.8798852.67010873.4654977.44674138.698243 1.05546001.698243 1.82617415 0 .74343221-.2310402 1.34447791-.6931277 1.80315511-.4620874.4586773-1.0750688.6880124-1.8389625.6880124h-1.46810075v-4.98745039zm-5.08652545-3.71099194c-.21825533 0-.410525.08444276-.57681478.25333081-.16628977.16888806-.24943341.36245684-.24943341.58071218 0 .22345188.08314364.41961891.24943341.58850696.16628978.16888806.35855945.25333082.57681478.25333082.233845 0 .43390938-.08314364.60019916-.24943342.16628978-.16628977.24943342-.36375592.24943342-.59240436 0-.233845-.08314364-.43131115-.24943342-.59240437s-.36635416-.24163862-.60019916-.24163862z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-plus" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.00087166 7h4.99912834v-4.99912834c0-.55276616.44386482-1.00087166 1-1.00087166.55228475 0 1 .44463086 1 1.00087166v4.99912834h4.9991283c.5527662 0 1.0008717.44386482 1.0008717 1 0 .55228475-.4446309 1-1.0008717 1h-4.9991283v4.9991283c0 .5527662-.44386482 1.0008717-1 1.0008717-.55228475 0-1-.4446309-1-1.0008717v-4.9991283h-4.99912834c-.55276616 0-1.00087166-.44386482-1.00087166-1 0-.55228475.44463086-1 1.00087166-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-print" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m16.0049107 5h-14.00982141c-.54941618 0-.99508929.4467783-.99508929.99961498v6.00077002c0 .5570958.44271433.999615.99508929.999615h1.00491071v-3h12v3h1.0049107c.5494162 0 .9950893-.4467783.9950893-.999615v-6.00077002c0-.55709576-.4427143-.99961498-.9950893-.99961498zm-2.0049107-1v-2.00208688c0-.54777062-.4519464-.99791312-1.0085302-.99791312h-7.9829396c-.55661731 0-1.0085302.44910695-1.0085302.99791312v2.00208688zm1 10v2.0018986c0 1.103521-.9019504 1.9981014-2.0085302 1.9981014h-7.9829396c-1.1092806 0-2.0085302-.8867064-2.0085302-1.9981014v-2.0018986h-1.00491071c-1.10185739 0-1.99508929-.8874333-1.99508929-1.999615v-6.00077002c0-1.10435686.8926228-1.99961498 1.99508929-1.99961498h1.00491071v-2.00208688c0-1.10341695.90195036-1.99791312 2.0085302-1.99791312h7.9829396c1.1092806 0 2.0085302.89826062 2.0085302 1.99791312v2.00208688h1.0049107c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.88743329 1.9950893 1.99961498v6.00077002c0 1.1043569-.8926228 1.999615-1.9950893 1.999615zm-1-3h-10v5.0018986c0 .5546075.44702548.9981014 1.0085302.9981014h7.9829396c.5565964 0 1.0085302-.4491701 1.0085302-.9981014zm-9 1h8v1h-8zm0 2h5v1h-5zm9-5c-.5522847 0-1-.44771525-1-1s.4477153-1 1-1 1 .44771525 1 1-.4477153 1-1 1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-search" viewBox="0 0 22 22"><path d="M21.697 20.261a1.028 1.028 0 01.01 1.448 1.034 1.034 0 01-1.448-.01l-4.267-4.267A9.812 9.811 0 010 9.812a9.812 9.811 0 1117.43 6.182zM9.812 18.222A8.41 8.41 0 109.81 1.403a8.41 8.41 0 000 16.82z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-social-facebook" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m6.00368507 20c-1.10660471 0-2.00368507-.8945138-2.00368507-1.9940603v-12.01187942c0-1.10128908.89451376-1.99406028 1.99406028-1.99406028h12.01187942c1.1012891 0 1.9940603.89451376 1.9940603 1.99406028v12.01187942c0 1.1012891-.88679 1.9940603-2.0032184 1.9940603h-2.9570132v-6.1960818h2.0797387l.3114113-2.414723h-2.39115v-1.54164807c0-.69911803.1941355-1.1755439 1.1966615-1.1755439l1.2786739-.00055875v-2.15974763l-.2339477-.02492088c-.3441234-.03134957-.9500153-.07025255-1.6293054-.07025255-1.8435726 0-3.1057323 1.12531866-3.1057323 3.19187953v1.78079225h-2.0850778v2.414723h2.0850778v6.1960818z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-social-twitter" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m18.8767135 6.87445248c.7638174-.46908424 1.351611-1.21167363 1.6250764-2.09636345-.7135248.43394112-1.50406.74870123-2.3464594.91677702-.6695189-.73342162-1.6297913-1.19486605-2.6922204-1.19486605-2.0399895 0-3.6933555 1.69603749-3.6933555 3.78628909 0 .29642457.0314329.58673729.0942985.8617704-3.06469922-.15890802-5.78835241-1.66547825-7.60988389-3.9574208-.3174714.56076194-.49978171 1.21167363-.49978171 1.90536824 0 1.31404706.65223085 2.47224203 1.64236444 3.15218497-.60350999-.0198635-1.17401554-.1925232-1.67222562-.47366811v.04583885c0 1.83355406 1.27302891 3.36609966 2.96411421 3.71294696-.31118484.0886217-.63651445.1329326-.97441718.1329326-.2357461 0-.47149219-.0229194-.69466516-.0672303.47149219 1.5065703 1.83253297 2.6036468 3.44975116 2.632678-1.2651707 1.0160946-2.85724264 1.6196394-4.5891906 1.6196394-.29861172 0-.59093688-.0152796-.88011875-.0504227 1.63450624 1.0726291 3.57548241 1.6990934 5.66104951 1.6990934 6.79263079 0 10.50641749-5.7711113 10.50641749-10.7751859l-.0094298-.48894775c.7229547-.53478659 1.3516109-1.20250585 1.8419628-1.96190282-.6632323.30100846-1.3751855.50422736-2.1217148.59590507z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-social-youtube" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m10.1415 14.3973208-.0005625-5.19318431 4.863375 2.60554491zm9.963-7.92753362c-.6845625-.73643756-1.4518125-.73990314-1.803375-.7826454-2.518875-.18714178-6.2971875-.18714178-6.2971875-.18714178-.007875 0-3.7861875 0-6.3050625.18714178-.352125.04274226-1.1188125.04620784-1.8039375.7826454-.5394375.56084773-.7149375 1.8344515-.7149375 1.8344515s-.18 1.49597903-.18 2.99138042v1.4024082c0 1.495979.18 2.9913804.18 2.9913804s.1755 1.2736038.7149375 1.8344515c.685125.7364376 1.5845625.7133337 1.9850625.7901542 1.44.1420891 6.12.1859866 6.12.1859866s3.78225-.005776 6.301125-.1929178c.3515625-.0433198 1.1188125-.0467854 1.803375-.783223.5394375-.5608477.7155-1.8344515.7155-1.8344515s.18-1.4954014.18-2.9913804v-1.4024082c0-1.49540139-.18-2.99138042-.18-2.99138042s-.1760625-1.27360377-.7155-1.8344515z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-subject-medicine" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m12.5 8h-6.5c-1.65685425 0-3 1.34314575-3 3v1c0 1.6568542 1.34314575 3 3 3h1v-2h-.5c-.82842712 0-1.5-.6715729-1.5-1.5s.67157288-1.5 1.5-1.5h1.5 2 1 2c1.6568542 0 3-1.34314575 3-3v-1c0-1.65685425-1.3431458-3-3-3h-2v2h1.5c.8284271 0 1.5.67157288 1.5 1.5s-.6715729 1.5-1.5 1.5zm-5.5-1v-1h-3.5c-1.38071187 0-2.5-1.11928813-2.5-2.5s1.11928813-2.5 2.5-2.5h1.02786405c.46573528 0 .92507448.10843528 1.34164078.31671843l1.13382424.56691212c.06026365-1.05041141.93116291-1.88363055 1.99667093-1.88363055 1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2h2c2.209139 0 4 1.790861 4 4v1c0 2.209139-1.790861 4-4 4h-2v1h2c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2s-.8954305 2-2 2h-2c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2s-2-.8954305-2-2h-1c-2.209139 0-4-1.790861-4-4v-1c0-2.209139 1.790861-4 4-4zm0-2v-2.05652691c-.14564246-.03538148-.28733393-.08714006-.42229124-.15461871l-1.15541752-.57770876c-.27771087-.13885544-.583937-.21114562-.89442719-.21114562h-1.02786405c-.82842712 0-1.5.67157288-1.5 1.5s.67157288 1.5 1.5 1.5zm4 1v1h1.5c.2761424 0 .5-.22385763.5-.5s-.2238576-.5-.5-.5zm-1 1v-5c0-.55228475-.44771525-1-1-1s-1 .44771525-1 1v5zm-2 4v5c0 .5522847.44771525 1 1 1s1-.4477153 1-1v-5zm3 2v2h2c.5522847 0 1-.4477153 1-1s-.4477153-1-1-1zm-4-1v-1h-.5c-.27614237 0-.5.2238576-.5.5s.22385763.5.5.5zm-3.5-9h1c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-success" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 0c4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9zm3.4860198 4.98163161-4.71802968 5.50657859-2.62834168-2.02300024c-.42862421-.36730544-1.06564993-.30775346-1.42283677.13301307-.35718685.44076653-.29927542 1.0958383.12934879 1.46314377l3.40735508 2.7323063c.42215801.3385221 1.03700951.2798252 1.38749189-.1324571l5.38450527-6.33394549c.3613513-.43716226.3096573-1.09278382-.115462-1.46437175-.4251192-.37158792-1.0626796-.31842941-1.4240309.11873285z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-table" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m16.0049107 2c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.89706013 1.9950893 2.00585866v9.98828264c0 1.1078052-.8926228 2.0058587-1.9950893 2.0058587l-4.0059107-.001.001.001h-1l-.001-.001h-5l.001.001h-1l-.001-.001-3.00391071.001c-1.10185739 0-1.99508929-.8970601-1.99508929-2.0058587v-9.98828264c0-1.10780515.8926228-2.00585866 1.99508929-2.00585866zm-11.0059107 5h-3.999v6.9941413c0 .5572961.44630695 1.0058587.99508929 1.0058587h3.00391071zm6 0h-5v8h5zm5.0059107-4h-4.0059107v3h5.001v1h-5.001v7.999l4.0059107.001c.5487152 0 .9950893-.4488783.9950893-1.0058587v-9.98828264c0-.55729607-.446307-1.00585866-.9950893-1.00585866zm-12.5049107 9c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm12 0c.2761424 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-2c-.2761424 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.2238576-.5.5-.5zm-6 0c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-2c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm-6-2c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm12 0c.2761424 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-2c-.2761424 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.2238576-.5.5-.5zm-6 0c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-2c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm-6-2c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm12 0c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-2c-.2761424 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.2238576-.5.5-.5zm-6 0c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-2c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm1.499-5h-5v3h5zm-6 0h-3.00391071c-.54871518 0-.99508929.44887827-.99508929 1.00585866v1.99414134h3.999z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-tick-circle" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12 2c5.5228475 0 10 4.4771525 10 10s-4.4771525 10-10 10-10-4.4771525-10-10 4.4771525-10 10-10zm0 1c-4.97056275 0-9 4.02943725-9 9 0 4.9705627 4.02943725 9 9 9 4.9705627 0 9-4.0294373 9-9 0-4.97056275-4.0294373-9-9-9zm4.2199868 5.36606669c.3613514-.43716226.9989118-.49032077 1.424031-.11873285s.4768133 1.02720949.115462 1.46437175l-6.093335 6.94397871c-.3622945.4128716-.9897871.4562317-1.4054264.0971157l-3.89719065-3.3672071c-.42862421-.3673054-.48653564-1.0223772-.1293488-1.4631437s.99421256-.5003185 1.42283677-.1330131l3.11097438 2.6987741z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-tick" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m6.76799012 9.21106946-3.1109744-2.58349728c-.42862421-.35161617-1.06564993-.29460792-1.42283677.12733148s-.29927541 1.04903009.1293488 1.40064626l3.91576307 3.23873978c.41034319.3393961 1.01467563.2976897 1.37450571-.0948578l6.10568327-6.660841c.3613513-.41848908.3096572-1.04610608-.115462-1.4018218-.4251192-.35571573-1.0626796-.30482786-1.424031.11366122z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-update" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m1 13v1c0 .5522847.44771525 1 1 1h14c.5522847 0 1-.4477153 1-1v-1h-1v-10h-14v10zm16-1h1v2c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-14c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-2h1v-9c0-.55228475.44771525-1 1-1h14c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1zm-1 0v1h-4.5857864l-1 1h-2.82842716l-1-1h-4.58578644v-1h5l1 1h2l1-1zm-13-8h12v7h-12zm1 1v5h10v-5zm1 1h4v1h-4zm0 2h4v1h-4z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-upload" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m10.0046024 0c.5497429 0 1.3179837.32258606 1.707238.71184039l4.5763192 4.57631922c.3931386.39313859.7118404 1.16760135.7118404 1.71431368v8.98899651c0 1.1092806-.8945138 2.0085302-1.9940603 2.0085302h-12.01187942c-1.10128908 0-1.99406028-.8926228-1.99406028-1.9950893v-14.00982141c0-1.10185739.88743329-1.99508929 1.99961498-1.99508929zm0 1h-7.00498742c-.55709576 0-.99961498.44271433-.99961498.99508929v14.00982141c0 .5500396.44491393.9950893.99406028.9950893h12.01187942c.5463747 0 .9940603-.4506622.9940603-1.0085302v-8.98899651c0-.28393444-.2150684-.80332809-.4189472-1.0072069l-4.5763192-4.57631922c-.2038461-.20384606-.718603-.41894717-1.0001312-.41894717zm-1.85576936 4.14572769c.19483374-.19483375.51177826-.19377714.70556874.00001334l2.59099082 2.59099079c.1948411.19484112.1904373.51514474.0027906.70279143-.1932998.19329987-.5046517.19237083-.7001856-.00692852l-1.74638687-1.7800176v6.14827687c0 .2717771-.23193359.492096-.5.492096-.27614237 0-.5-.216372-.5-.492096v-6.14827641l-1.74627892 1.77990922c-.1933927.1971171-.51252214.19455839-.70016883.0069117-.19329987-.19329988-.19100584-.50899493.00277731-.70277808z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-video" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m16.0049107 2c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.89706013 1.9950893 2.00585866v9.98828264c0 1.1078052-.8926228 2.0058587-1.9950893 2.0058587h-14.00982141c-1.10185739 0-1.99508929-.8970601-1.99508929-2.0058587v-9.98828264c0-1.10780515.8926228-2.00585866 1.99508929-2.00585866zm0 1h-14.00982141c-.54871518 0-.99508929.44887827-.99508929 1.00585866v9.98828264c0 .5572961.44630695 1.0058587.99508929 1.0058587h14.00982141c.5487152 0 .9950893-.4488783.9950893-1.0058587v-9.98828264c0-.55729607-.446307-1.00585866-.9950893-1.00585866zm-8.30912922 2.24944486 4.60460462 2.73982242c.9365543.55726659.9290753 1.46522435 0 2.01804082l-4.60460462 2.7398224c-.93655425.5572666-1.69578148.1645632-1.69578148-.8937585v-5.71016863c0-1.05087579.76670616-1.446575 1.69578148-.89375851zm-.67492769.96085624v5.5750128c0 .2995102-.10753745.2442517.16578928.0847713l4.58452283-2.67497259c.3050619-.17799716.3051624-.21655446 0-.39461026l-4.58452283-2.67497264c-.26630747-.15538481-.16578928-.20699944-.16578928.08477139z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-warning" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 11.75c.69035594 0 1.25.5596441 1.25 1.25s-.55964406 1.25-1.25 1.25-1.25-.5596441-1.25-1.25.55964406-1.25 1.25-1.25zm.41320045-7.75c.55228475 0 1.00000005.44771525 1.00000005 1l-.0034543.08304548-.3333333 4c-.043191.51829212-.47645714.91695452-.99654578.91695452h-.15973424c-.52008864 0-.95335475-.3986624-.99654576-.91695452l-.33333333-4c-.04586475-.55037702.36312325-1.03372649.91350028-1.07959124l.04148683-.00259031zm-.41320045 14c-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9 4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-left-bullet" viewBox="0 0 8 16"><path d="M3 8l5 5v3L0 8l8-8v3L3 8z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-down" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m5.58578644 3-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 3)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-download-rounded"><path d="M0 13c0-.556.449-1 1.002-1h9.996a.999.999 0 110 2H1.002A1.006 1.006 0 010 13zM7 1v6.8l2.482-2.482c.392-.392 1.022-.4 1.403-.02a1.001 1.001 0 010 1.417l-4.177 4.177a1.001 1.001 0 01-1.416 0L1.115 6.715a.991.991 0 01-.016-1.4 1 1 0 011.42.003L5 7.8V1c0-.55.444-.996 1-.996.552 0 1 .445 1 .996z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-ext-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M12.9 16H3.1C1.4 16 0 14.6 0 12.9V3.2C0 1.4 1.4 0 3.1 0h3.7v1H3.1C2 1 1 2 1 3.2v9.7C1 14 2 15 3.1 15h9.7c1.2 0 2.1-1 2.1-2.1V8.7h1v4.2c.1 1.7-1.3 3.1-3 3.1z"/><path d="M12.8 2.5l.7.7-9 8.9-.7-.7 9-8.9z"/><path d="M9.7 0L16 6.2V0z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-remove" viewBox="-296 388 18 18"><path d="M-291.7 396.1h9v2h-9z"/><path d="M-287 405.5c-4.7 0-8.5-3.8-8.5-8.5s3.8-8.5 8.5-8.5 8.5 3.8 8.5 8.5-3.8 8.5-8.5 8.5zm0-16c-4.1 0-7.5 3.4-7.5 7.5s3.4 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5-3.4 7.5-7.5-3.4-7.5-7.5-7.5z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-rss" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m.97480857 6.01583891.11675372.00378391c5.75903295.51984988 10.34261021 5.10537458 10.85988231 10.86480098.0494035.5500707-.3564674 1.0360406-.906538 1.0854441-.5500707.0494036-1.0360406-.3564673-1.08544412-.906538-.43079083-4.7965248-4.25151132-8.61886853-9.04770289-9.05180573-.55004837-.04965115-.95570047-.53580366-.90604933-1.08585203.04610464-.5107592.46858035-.89701345.96909831-.90983323zm1.52519143 6.95474179c1.38071187 0 2.5 1.1192881 2.5 2.5s-1.11928813 2.5-2.5 2.5-2.5-1.1192881-2.5-2.5 1.11928813-2.5 2.5-2.5zm-1.43253846-12.96884168c9.09581416.53242539 16.37540296 7.8163886 16.90205336 16.91294558.0319214.5513615-.389168 1.0242056-.9405294 1.056127-.5513615.0319214-1.0242057-.389168-1.0561271-.9405294-.4679958-8.08344784-6.93949306-14.55883389-15.02226722-15.03196077-.55134101-.03227286-.97212889-.50538538-.93985602-1.05672639.03227286-.551341.50538538-.97212888 1.05672638-.93985602z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-springer-arrow-left"><path d="M15 7a1 1 0 000-2H3.385l2.482-2.482a.994.994 0 00.02-1.403 1.001 1.001 0 00-1.417 0L.294 5.292a1.001 1.001 0 000 1.416l4.176 4.177a.991.991 0 001.4.016 1 1 0 00-.003-1.42L3.385 7H15z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-springer-arrow-right"><path d="M1 7a1 1 0 010-2h11.615l-2.482-2.482a.994.994 0 01-.02-1.403 1.001 1.001 0 011.417 0l4.176 4.177a1.001 1.001 0 010 1.416l-4.176 4.177a.991.991 0 01-1.4.016 1 1 0 01.003-1.42L12.615 7H1z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-springer-collections" viewBox="3 3 32 32"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M25.583333,30.1249997 L25.583333,7.1207574 C25.583333,7.10772495 25.579812,7.10416665 25.5859851,7.10416665 L6.10400517,7.10571021 L6.10400517,30.1355179 C6.10400517,31.1064087 6.89406744,31.8958329 7.86448169,31.8958329 L26.057145,31.8958329 C25.7558021,31.374901 25.583333,30.7700915 25.583333,30.1249997 Z M4.33333333,30.1355179 L4.33333333,7.10571021 C4.33333333,6.12070047 5.12497502,5.33333333 6.10151452,5.33333333 L25.5859851,5.33333333 C26.5617372,5.33333333 27.3541664,6.13359035 27.3541664,7.1207574 L27.3541664,12.4166666 L32.6666663,12.4166666 L32.6666663,30.1098941 C32.6666663,32.0694626 31.0857174,33.6666663 29.1355179,33.6666663 L7.86448169,33.6666663 C5.91736809,33.6666663 4.33333333,32.0857174 4.33333333,30.1355179 Z M27.3541664,14.1874999 L27.3541664,30.1249997 C27.3541664,31.1030039 28.1469954,31.8958329 29.1249997,31.8958329 C30.1030039,31.8958329 30.8958329,31.1030039 30.8958329,30.1249997 L30.8958329,14.1874999 L27.3541664,14.1874999 Z M9.64583326,10.6458333 L22.0416665,10.6458333 L22.0416665,17.7291665 L9.64583326,17.7291665 L9.64583326,10.6458333 Z M11.4166666,12.4166666 L11.4166666,15.9583331 L20.2708331,15.9583331 L20.2708331,12.4166666 L11.4166666,12.4166666 Z M9.64583326,19.4999998 L22.0416665,19.4999998 L22.0416665,21.2708331 L9.64583326,21.2708331 L9.64583326,19.4999998 Z M9.64583326,23.0416665 L22.0416665,23.0416665 L22.0416665,24.8124997 L9.64583326,24.8124997 L9.64583326,23.0416665 Z M9.64583326,26.583333 L22.0416665,26.583333 L22.0416665,28.3541664 L9.64583326,28.3541664 L9.64583326,26.583333 Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-springer-download" viewBox="-301 390 9 14"><path d="M-301 395.6l4.5 5.1 4.5-5.1h-3V390h-3v5.6h-3zm0 6.5h9v1.9h-9z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-springer-info" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g id="V&I" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="info" fill-rule="nonzero"><path d="M12,0 C18.627417,0 24,5.372583 24,12 C24,18.627417 18.627417,24 12,24 C5.372583,24 0,18.627417 0,12 C0,5.372583 5.372583,0 12,0 Z M12.5540543,9.1 L11.5540543,9.1 C11.0017696,9.1 10.5540543,9.54771525 10.5540543,10.1 L10.5540543,10.1 L10.5540543,18.1 C10.5540543,18.6522847 11.0017696,19.1 11.5540543,19.1 L11.5540543,19.1 L12.5540543,19.1 C13.1063391,19.1 13.5540543,18.6522847 13.5540543,18.1 L13.5540543,18.1 L13.5540543,10.1 C13.5540543,9.54771525 13.1063391,9.1 12.5540543,9.1 L12.5540543,9.1 Z M12,5 C11.5356863,5 11.1529412,5.14640523 10.8517647,5.43921569 C10.5505882,5.73202614 10.4,6.11546841 10.4,6.58954248 C10.4,7.06361656 10.5505882,7.45054466 10.8517647,7.7503268 C11.1529412,8.05010893 11.5356863,8.2 12,8.2 C12.4768627,8.2 12.8627451,8.05010893 13.1576471,7.7503268 C13.452549,7.45054466 13.6,7.06361656 13.6,6.58954248 C13.6,6.11546841 13.452549,5.73202614 13.1576471,5.43921569 C12.8627451,5.14640523 12.4768627,5 12,5 Z" id="Combined-Shape"/></g></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-springer-tick-circle" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g id="Page-1" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="springer-tick-circle" fill-rule="nonzero"><path d="M12,24 C5.372583,24 0,18.627417 0,12 C0,5.372583 5.372583,0 12,0 C18.627417,0 24,5.372583 24,12 C24,18.627417 18.627417,24 12,24 Z M7.657,10.79 C7.45285634,10.6137568 7.18569967,10.5283283 6.91717333,10.5534259 C6.648647,10.5785236 6.40194824,10.7119794 6.234,10.923 C5.87705269,11.3666969 5.93445559,12.0131419 6.364,12.387 L10.261,15.754 C10.6765468,16.112859 11.3037113,16.0695601 11.666,15.657 L17.759,8.713 C18.120307,8.27302248 18.0695334,7.62621189 17.644,7.248 C17.4414817,7.06995024 17.1751516,6.9821166 16.9064461,7.00476032 C16.6377406,7.02740404 16.3898655,7.15856958 16.22,7.368 L10.768,13.489 L7.657,10.79 Z" id="path-1"/></g></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-updates" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><g fill-rule="nonzero"><path d="M16.98 3.484h-.48c-2.52-.058-5.04 1.161-7.44 2.903-2.46-1.8-4.74-2.903-8.04-2.903-.3 0-.54.29-.54.58v9.813c0 .29.24.523.54.581 2.76.348 4.86 1.045 7.62 2.903.24.116.54.116.72 0 2.76-1.858 4.86-2.555 7.62-2.903.3-.058.54-.29.54-.58V4.064c0-.29-.24-.523-.54-.581zm-15.3 1.22c2.34 0 4.86 1.509 6.72 2.786v8.478c-2.34-1.394-4.38-2.09-6.72-2.439V4.703zm14.58 8.767c-2.34.348-4.38 1.045-6.72 2.439V7.374C12 5.632 14.1 4.645 16.26 4.645v8.826z"/><path d="M9 .058c-1.56 0-2.76 1.22-2.76 2.671C6.24 4.181 7.5 5.4 9 5.4c1.5 0 2.76-1.22 2.76-2.671 0-1.452-1.2-2.67-2.76-2.67zm0 4.413c-.96 0-1.8-.755-1.8-1.742C7.2 1.8 7.98.987 9 .987s1.8.755 1.8 1.742c0 .93-.84 1.742-1.8 1.742z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-checklist-banner" viewBox="0 0 56.69 56.69"><path style="fill:none" d="M0 0h56.69v56.69H0z"/><clipPath id="b"><use xlink:href="#a" style="overflow:visible"/></clipPath><path d="M21.14 34.46c0-6.77 5.48-12.26 12.24-12.26s12.24 5.49 12.24 12.26-5.48 12.26-12.24 12.26c-6.76-.01-12.24-5.49-12.24-12.26zm19.33 10.66 10.23 9.22s1.21 1.09 2.3-.12l2.09-2.32s1.09-1.21-.12-2.3l-10.23-9.22m-19.29-5.92c0-4.38 3.55-7.94 7.93-7.94s7.93 3.55 7.93 7.94c0 4.38-3.55 7.94-7.93 7.94-4.38-.01-7.93-3.56-7.93-7.94zm17.58 12.99 4.14-4.81" style="clip-path:url(#b);fill:none;stroke:#01324b;stroke-width:2;stroke-linecap:round"/><path d="M8.26 9.75H28.6M8.26 15.98H28.6m-20.34 6.2h12.5m14.42-5.2V4.86s0-2.93-2.93-2.93H4.13s-2.93 0-2.93 2.93v37.57s0 2.93 2.93 2.93h15.01M8.26 9.75H28.6M8.26 15.98H28.6m-20.34 6.2h12.5" style="clip-path:url(#b);fill:none;stroke:#01324b;stroke-width:2;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-submit-closed" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m15 0c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2v4.5c0 .27614237-.2238576.5-.5.5s-.5-.22385763-.5-.5v-4.5c0-.51283584-.3860402-.93550716-.8833789-.99327227l-.1166211-.00672773h-9v3c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-3v10c0 .5128358.38604019.9355072.88337887.9932723l.11662113.0067277h4.5c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-4.5c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-10.17157288c0-.53043297.21071368-1.0391408.58578644-1.41421356l3.82842712-3.82842712c.37507276-.37507276.88378059-.58578644 1.41421356-.58578644zm-2.5 7c3.0375661 0 5.5 2.46243388 5.5 5.5 0 3.0375661-2.4624339 5.5-5.5 5.5-3.03756612 0-5.5-2.4624339-5.5-5.5 0-3.03756612 2.46243388-5.5 5.5-5.5zm0 1c-2.4852814 0-4.5 2.0147186-4.5 4.5s2.0147186 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5-2.0147186 4.5-4.5-2.0147186-4.5-4.5-4.5zm2.3087379 2.1912621c.2550161.2550162.2550161.668479 0 .9234952l-1.3859024 1.3845831 1.3859024 1.3859023c.2550161.2550162.2550161.668479 0 .9234952-.2550162.2550161-.668479.2550161-.9234952 0l-1.3859023-1.3859024-1.3845831 1.3859024c-.2550162.2550161-.668479.2550161-.9234952 0-.25501614-.2550162-.25501614-.668479 0-.9234952l1.3845831-1.3859023-1.3845831-1.3845831c-.25501614-.2550162-.25501614-.668479 0-.9234952.2550162-.25501614.668479-.25501614.9234952 0l1.3845831 1.3845831 1.3859023-1.3845831c.2550162-.25501614.668479-.25501614.9234952 0zm-9.8087379-8.7782621-3.587 3.587h2.587c.55228475 0 1-.44771525 1-1z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-submit-open" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m15 0c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2v5.5c0 .27614237-.2238576.5-.5.5s-.5-.22385763-.5-.5v-5.5c0-.51283584-.3860402-.93550716-.8833789-.99327227l-.1166211-.00672773h-9v3c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-3v10c0 .5128358.38604019.9355072.88337887.9932723l.11662113.0067277h7.5c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-7.5c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-10.17157288c0-.53043297.21071368-1.0391408.58578644-1.41421356l3.82842712-3.82842712c.37507276-.37507276.88378059-.58578644 1.41421356-.58578644zm-.5442863 8.18867991 3.3545404 3.35454039c.2508994.2508994.2538696.6596433.0035959.909917-.2429543.2429542-.6561449.2462671-.9065387-.0089489l-2.2609825-2.3045251.0010427 7.2231989c0 .3569916-.2898381.6371378-.6473715.6371378-.3470771 0-.6473715-.2852563-.6473715-.6371378l-.0010428-7.2231995-2.2611222 2.3046654c-.2531661.2580415-.6562868.2592444-.9065605.0089707-.24295423-.2429542-.24865597-.6576651.0036132-.9099343l3.3546673-3.35466731c.2509089-.25090888.6612706-.25227691.9135302-.00001728zm-.9557137-3.18867991c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-6c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm-8.5-3.587-3.587 3.587h2.587c.55228475 0 1-.44771525 1-1zm8.5 1.587c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-6c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-submit-upcoming" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m15 0c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2v4.5c0 .27614237-.2238576.5-.5.5s-.5-.22385763-.5-.5v-4.5c0-.51283584-.3860402-.93550716-.8833789-.99327227l-.1166211-.00672773h-9v3c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-3v10c0 .5128358.38604019.9355072.88337887.9932723l.11662113.0067277h4.5c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-4.5c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-10.17157288c0-.53043297.21071368-1.0391408.58578644-1.41421356l3.82842712-3.82842712c.37507276-.37507276.88378059-.58578644 1.41421356-.58578644zm-2.5 7c3.0375661 0 5.5 2.46243388 5.5 5.5 0 3.0375661-2.4624339 5.5-5.5 5.5-3.03756612 0-5.5-2.4624339-5.5-5.5 0-1.6607442.73606908-3.14957021 1.89976608-4.15803695l-1.51549374.02214397c-.27613212.00263356-.49998143-.22483432-.49998143-.49020681 0-.24299316.17766103-.44509007.40961587-.48700057l.08928713-.00797472h2.66407569c.2449213 0 .4486219.17766776.490865.40963137l.008038.08929051v2.6642143c0 .275547-.2296028.4989219-.4949753.4989219-.24299317 0-.44342617-.1744719-.4830969-.4093269l-.00710993-.0906783.01983146-1.46576707c-.96740882.82538117-1.58082193 2.05345007-1.58082193 3.42478927 0 2.4852814 2.0147186 4.5 4.5 4.5s4.5-2.0147186 4.5-4.5-2.0147186-4.5-4.5-4.5c-.7684937 0-.7684937-1 0-1zm0 2.85c.3263501 0 .5965265.2405082.6429523.5539478l.0070477.0960522v1.731l.8096194.8093806c.2284567.2284567.2513024.5846637.068537.8386705l-.068537.0805683c-.2284567.2284567-.5846637.2513024-.8386705.068537l-.0805683-.068537-.9707107-.9707107c-.1125218-.1125218-.1855975-.257116-.2103268-.412296l-.0093431-.1180341v-1.9585786c0-.3589851.2910149-.65.65-.65zm-7.5-8.437-3.587 3.587h2.587c.55228475 0 1-.44771525 1-1z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-facebook-bordered" viewBox="463.812 263.868 32 32"><path d="M479.812,263.868c-8.837,0-16,7.163-16,16s7.163,16,16,16s16-7.163,16-16S488.649,263.868,479.812,263.868z M479.812,293.868c-7.732,0-14-6.269-14-14s6.268-14,14-14s14,6.269,14,14S487.545,293.868,479.812,293.868z"/><path d="M483.025,280.48l0.32-2.477h-2.453v-1.582c0-0.715,0.199-1.207,1.227-1.207h1.311v-2.213 c-0.227-0.029-1.003-0.098-1.907-0.098c-1.894,0-3.186,1.154-3.186,3.271v1.826h-2.142v2.477h2.142v6.354h2.557v-6.354 L483.025,280.48L483.025,280.48z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-twitter-bordered" viewBox="463.812 263.868 32 32"><g><path d="M486.416,276.191c-0.483,0.215-1.007,0.357-1.554,0.429c0.558-0.338,0.991-0.868,1.19-1.502 c-0.521,0.308-1.104,0.536-1.72,0.657c-0.494-0.526-1.2-0.854-1.979-0.854c-1.496,0-2.711,1.213-2.711,2.71 c0,0.212,0.023,0.419,0.069,0.616c-2.252-0.111-4.25-1.19-5.586-2.831c-0.231,0.398-0.365,0.866-0.365,1.361 c0,0.94,0.479,1.772,1.204,2.257c-0.441-0.015-0.861-0.138-1.227-0.339v0.031c0,1.314,0.937,2.41,2.174,2.656 c-0.227,0.062-0.47,0.098-0.718,0.098c-0.171,0-0.343-0.018-0.511-0.049c0.35,1.074,1.347,1.859,2.531,1.883 c-0.928,0.726-2.095,1.16-3.366,1.16c-0.22,0-0.433-0.014-0.644-0.037c1.2,0.768,2.621,1.215,4.155,1.215 c4.983,0,7.71-4.129,7.71-7.711c0-0.115-0.004-0.232-0.006-0.351C485.592,277.212,486.054,276.734,486.416,276.191z"/></g><path d="M479.812,263.868c-8.837,0-16,7.163-16,16s7.163,16,16,16s16-7.163,16-16S488.649,263.868,479.812,263.868z M479.812,293.868c-7.732,0-14-6.269-14-14s6.268-14,14-14s14,6.269,14,14S487.545,293.868,479.812,293.868z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-weibo-bordered" viewBox="463.812 263.868 32 32"><path d="M479.812,263.868c-8.838,0-16,7.163-16,16s7.162,16,16,16c8.837,0,16-7.163,16-16S488.649,263.868,479.812,263.868z M479.812,293.868c-7.732,0-14-6.269-14-14s6.268-14,14-14c7.731,0,14,6.269,14,14S487.545,293.868,479.812,293.868z"/><g><path d="M478.552,285.348c-2.616,0.261-4.876-0.926-5.044-2.649c-0.167-1.722,1.814-3.33,4.433-3.588 c2.609-0.263,4.871,0.926,5.041,2.647C483.147,283.479,481.164,285.089,478.552,285.348 M483.782,279.63 c-0.226-0.065-0.374-0.109-0.259-0.403c0.25-0.639,0.276-1.188,0.005-1.581c-0.515-0.734-1.915-0.693-3.521-0.021 c0,0-0.508,0.224-0.378-0.181c0.247-0.798,0.209-1.468-0.178-1.852c-0.87-0.878-3.194,0.032-5.183,2.027 c-1.489,1.494-2.357,3.082-2.357,4.453c0,2.619,3.354,4.213,6.631,4.213c4.297,0,7.154-2.504,7.154-4.493 C485.697,280.594,484.689,279.911,483.782,279.63"/><path d="M486.637,274.833c-1.039-1.154-2.57-1.592-3.982-1.291l0,0c-0.325,0.068-0.532,0.391-0.465,0.72 c0.068,0.328,0.391,0.537,0.72,0.466c1.005-0.215,2.092,0.104,2.827,0.92c0.736,0.818,0.938,1.939,0.625,2.918l0,0 c-0.102,0.318,0.068,0.661,0.39,0.762c0.32,0.104,0.658-0.069,0.763-0.391v-0.001C487.953,277.558,487.674,275.985,486.637,274.833 "/><path d="M485.041,276.276c-0.504-0.562-1.25-0.774-1.938-0.63c-0.279,0.06-0.461,0.339-0.396,0.621 c0.062,0.281,0.335,0.461,0.617,0.398l0,0c0.336-0.071,0.702,0.03,0.947,0.307s0.312,0.649,0.207,0.979l0,0 c-0.089,0.271,0.062,0.565,0.336,0.654c0.274,0.09,0.564-0.062,0.657-0.336C485.686,277.604,485.549,276.837,485.041,276.276"/><path d="M478.694,282.227c-0.09,0.156-0.293,0.233-0.451,0.166c-0.151-0.062-0.204-0.235-0.115-0.389 c0.093-0.155,0.284-0.229,0.44-0.168C478.725,281.892,478.782,282.071,478.694,282.227 M477.862,283.301 c-0.253,0.405-0.795,0.58-1.202,0.396c-0.403-0.186-0.521-0.655-0.27-1.051c0.248-0.39,0.771-0.566,1.176-0.393 C477.979,282.423,478.109,282.889,477.862,283.301 M478.812,280.437c-1.244-0.326-2.65,0.294-3.19,1.396 c-0.553,1.119-0.021,2.369,1.236,2.775c1.303,0.42,2.84-0.225,3.374-1.436C480.758,281.989,480.1,280.77,478.812,280.437"/></g></symbol></svg> </div> <div class="u-vh-full"> <a class="c-skip-link" href="#main-content">Skip to main content</a> <div class="u-hide u-show-following-ad"></div> <aside class="adsbox c-ad c-ad--728x90" data-component-mpu> <div class="c-ad__inner"> <p class="c-ad__label">Advertisement</p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-LB1" data-ad-type="LB1" data-test="LB1-ad" data-pa11y-ignore data-gpt data-gpt-unitpath="/270604982/bmc/ann-clinmicrob/articles" data-gpt-sizes="728x90,970x90" data-gpt-targeting="pos=LB1;doi=10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3;type=article;kwrd=European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST),Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI),Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST),Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC);pmc=B16003,H33096,B16020,L32010,L14005,B19002;" > <noscript> <a href="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?iu=/270604982/bmc/ann-clinmicrob/articles&sz=728x90,970x90&pos=LB1&doi=10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3&type=article&kwrd=European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST),Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI),Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST),Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC)&pmc=B16003,H33096,B16020,L32010,L14005,B19002&"> <img data-test="gpt-advert-fallback-img" src="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/270604982/bmc/ann-clinmicrob/articles&sz=728x90,970x90&pos=LB1&doi=10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3&type=article&kwrd=European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST),Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI),Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST),Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC)&pmc=B16003,H33096,B16020,L32010,L14005,B19002&" alt="Advertisement" width="728" height="90"> </a> </noscript> </div> </div> </aside> <div id="membership-message-loader-desktop" class="placeholder" data-placeholder="/placeholder/v1/membership/message"></div> <div id="top" class="u-position-relative"> <header class="c-header" data-test="publisher-header"> <div class="c-header__container"> <div class="c-header__brand u-mr-48" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" data-test="navbar-logo-header"> <div class="c-logo"> <a href="https://www.biomedcentral.com" itemprop="url"> <img alt="BMC" itemprop="logo" width="76" height="18" role="img" src=/static/images/bmc/logos/logo-bmc-white-flagship-6c54473310.svg> <div class="c-logo__strapline"> <img alt="Part of Springer Nature" width="173" height="16" role="img" src=/static/images/bmc/logos/logo-bmc-white-strapline-sn-f224388d67.svg> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="c-header__navigation"> <button type="button" class="c-header__link u-button-reset u-mr-24" data-expander data-expander-target="#publisher-header-search" data-expander-autofocus="firstTabbable" data-test="header-search-button" aria-controls="publisher-header-search" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="u-display-flex u-align-items-center"> <span>Search</span> <svg class="u-icon u-flex-static u-ml-8" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-search"></use> </svg> </span> </button> <nav> <ul class="c-header__menu" data-enhanced-menu data-test="publisher-navigation"> <li class="c-header__item u-hide-at-lt-lg"> <a class="c-header__link" href="//www.biomedcentral.com/journals"> Explore journals </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item u-hide-at-lt-lg"> <a class="c-header__link" href="//www.biomedcentral.com/getpublished"> Get published </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item u-hide-at-lt-lg"> <a class="c-header__link" href="//www.biomedcentral.com/about"> About BMC </a> </li> <li class="c-header__item"> <a data-enhanced-account class="c-header__link" href="https://www.biomedcentral.com/account" data-test="login-link"> My account </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </header> <div class="c-popup-search u-js-hide" id="publisher-header-search"> <div class="u-container"> <div class="c-popup-search__container"> <div class="ctx-search"> <form role="search" class="c-form-field js-skip-validation" method="GET" action="//www.biomedcentral.com/search" data-track="search" data-track-context="pop out website-wide search in bmc website header" data-track-category="Search and Results" data-track-action="Submit search" data-dynamic-track-label data-track-label="" data-test="global-search"> <label for="publisherSearch" class="c-form-field__label">Search all BMC articles</label> <div class="u-display-flex"> <input id="publisherSearch" class="c-form-field__input" data-search-input autocomplete="off" role="textbox" data-test="search-input" name="query" type="text" value=""/> <div> <button class="u-button" type="submit" data-test="search-submit-button"> <span class="u-visually-hidden">Search</span> <svg class="u-icon u-flex-static" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-search"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="searchType" value="publisherSearch"/> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <header class="c-journal-header c-journal-header--annals-of-clinical-microbiology-and-antimicrobials ctx-journal-header"> <div class="u-container"> <div class="c-journal-header__inner "> <div class="c-journal-title" id="journalTitle"> <a href="/"> <span class="c-journal-title__text ">Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-navbar c-navbar--with-submit-button"> <div class="c-navbar__container"> <div class="c-navbar__content"> <nav class="c-navbar__nav"> <ul class="c-navbar__nav c-navbar__nav--journal" role="menu" data-test="site-navigation"> <li class="c-navbar__item" role="menuitem"> <a class="c-navbar__link" data-track="click" data-track-category="Home" data-track-action="Clicked journal navigation link" href='/'>Home</a> </li> <li class="c-navbar__item" role="menuitem"> <a class="c-navbar__link" data-track="click" data-track-category="About" data-track-action="Clicked journal navigation link" href='/about'>About</a> </li> <li class="c-navbar__item" role="menuitem"> <a class="c-navbar__link c-navbar__link--is-shown" data-track="click" data-track-category="Articles" data-track-action="Clicked journal navigation link" href='/articles'>Articles</a> </li> <li class="c-navbar__item" role="menuitem"> <a class="c-navbar__link" data-track="click" data-track-category="Submission Guidelines" data-track-action="Clicked journal navigation link" href='/submission-guidelines'>Submission Guidelines</a> </li> <li class="c-navbar__item" role="menuitem" data-test="journal-header-submit-button"> <div class=""> <a class="u-button u-button--tertiary u-button--alt-colour-on-mobile" href="https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12941/3" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-action="manuscript submission" data-track-category="article" data-track-label="button in journal nav" data-track-context="journal header on article page" data-track-external data-test="submit-manuscript-button">Submit manuscript<svg class="u-ml-8" width="15" height="16" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use xlink:href="#icon-submit-open"></use></svg></a> </div> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-journal-header__identity c-journal-header__identity--midnight-light-grey"> </div> </header> <div class="u-container u-mt-32 u-mb-32 u-clearfix" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="c-article-main-column u-float-left js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-context-bar u-hide" data-test="context-bar" data-context-bar aria-hidden="true"> <div class="c-context-bar__container u-container" data-track-context="sticky banner"> <div class="c-context-bar__title"> Comparison of Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing guidelines for the interpretation of antibiotic susceptibility at a University teaching hospital in Nairobi, Kenya: a cross-sectional study </div> <div class="c-pdf-container"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both"> <a href="//ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="pdf-link" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="link" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-download"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-pdf-button__container u-hide-at-lg js-context-bar-sticky-point-mobile"> <div class="c-pdf-container" data-track-context="article body"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both"> <a href="//ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="pdf-link" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="link" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-download"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <article lang="en"> <div class="c-article-header"> <ul class="c-article-identifiers" data-test="article-identifier"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Research</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/about/the-fundamentals-of-open-access-and-open-research" data-track="click" data-track-action="open access" data-track-label="link" class="u-color-open-access" data-test="open-access">Open access</a> </li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item">Published: <time datetime="2016-04-11">11 April 2016</time></li> </ul> <h1 class="c-article-title c-article-title--long" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">Comparison of Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing guidelines for the interpretation of antibiotic susceptibility at a University teaching hospital in Nairobi, Kenya: a cross-sectional study</h1> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Ali-Kassim-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Ali-Kassim-Aff1" data-author-search="Kassim, Ali" data-corresp-id="c1">Ali Kassim<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Geoffrey-Omuse-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Geoffrey-Omuse-Aff1" data-author-search="Omuse, Geoffrey">Geoffrey Omuse</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Zul-Premji-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Zul-Premji-Aff1" data-author-search="Premji, Zul">Zul Premji</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 4 authors for this article" title="Show all 4 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Gunturu-Revathi-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Gunturu-Revathi-Aff1" data-author-search="Revathi, Gunturu">Gunturu Revathi</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 15</b>, Article number: <span data-test="article-number">21</span> (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2016</span>) <a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">20k <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="citation-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">91 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">5 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" data-test="abstract-sub-heading">Background</h3><p>The Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines are the most popular breakpoint guidelines used in antimicrobial susceptibility testing worldwide. The EUCAST guidelines are freely available to users while CLSI is available for non-members as a package of three documents for US $500 annually. This is prohibitive for clinical microbiology laboratories in resource poor settings. We set out to compare antibiotic susceptibility determined by the two guidelines to determine whether adoption of EUCAST guidelines would significantly affect our susceptibility patterns.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" data-test="abstract-sub-heading">Methods</h3><p>We reviewed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of various antibiotics routinely reported for <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>), <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (<i>P. aeruginosa</i>) isolates from an automated microbiology identification system (VITEK-2) at the Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi’s Pathology department. These MICs were then analyzed using both CLSI 2015 and EUCAST 2015 guidelines and classified as resistant, intermediate or susceptible. We compared the susceptibility and agreement between the CLSI and EUCAST categorizations.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" data-test="abstract-sub-heading">Results</h3><p>Susceptibility data from a total of 5165 <i>E. coli</i>, 1103 <i>S. aureus</i> and 532 <i>P. aeruginosa</i> isolates were included. The concordance rates of the two guidelines for <i>E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa</i> ranged from 78.2 to 100 %, 94.6 to 100 % and 89.1 to 95.5 % respectively. The kappa statistics for <i>E. coli</i> MICs revealed perfect agreement between CLSI and EUCAST for cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, almost perfect agreement for ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, gentamicin and ceftazidime, substantial agreement for meropenem, moderate agreement for cefepime and amoxicillin-clavulanate, fair agreement for nitrofurantoin and poor agreement for amikacin. For <i>S. aureus</i> the kappa statistics revealed perfect agreement for penicillin, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, levofloxacin, oxacillin, linezolid and vancomycin, almost perfect agreement for clindamycin, erythromycin and tetracycline and moderate agreement for gentamicin. For <i>P. aeruginosa</i> the kappa analysis revealed moderate to almost perfect agreement for all the anti-pseudomonal antibiotics.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" data-test="abstract-sub-heading">Conclusion</h3><p>The results show comparable antibiotic susceptibility patterns between CLSI and EUCAST breakpoints. Given that EUCAST guidelines are freely available, it makes it easier for laboratories in resource poor settings to have an updated and readily available reference for interpreting antibiotic susceptibilities.</p></div></div></section> <section data-title="Background"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec1">Background</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec1-content"><p>Over the last two decades, there has been emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance in many bacterial clinical pathogens [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1" title="Marchese A, Esposito S, Barbieri R, Bassetti M, Debbia E. Does the adoption of EUCAST susceptibility breakpoints affect the selection of antimicrobials to treat acute community-acquired respiratory tract infections? BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12(1):181." href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d36745641e907">1</a>]. Categorization of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of various antibiotics in antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) depends on breakpoints set by various international agencies. These breakpoints affect clinical decision making by determining whether an antibiotic is reported as susceptible or not. One of the most popular guidelines used worldwide is from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) whose interpretive cut offs for antibiotics is based on MIC distributions, pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) properties and the mechanisms of resistance [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1" title="Marchese A, Esposito S, Barbieri R, Bassetti M, Debbia E. Does the adoption of EUCAST susceptibility breakpoints affect the selection of antimicrobials to treat acute community-acquired respiratory tract infections? BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12(1):181." href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d36745641e910">1</a>]. The adoption of antibiotic susceptibility guidelines in the US is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In 1997 various national agencies in Europe came together to form the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) that has since harmonized antibiotic interpretive breakpoints throughout Europe and most European countries have since switched from CLSI and their local guidelines to EUCAST guidelines [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2" title="EUCAST. 
 http://www.eucast.org/
 
 . Accessed 31 Aug 2015." href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d36745641e913">2</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="Kahlmeter G. The 2014 Garrod Lecture: EUCAST—are we heading towards international agreement? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70(9):2427–39. 
 http://www.jac.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1093/jac/dkv145
 
 ." href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d36745641e916">3</a>]. EUCAST bases its clinical breakpoints on epidemiological MIC cut-offs (ECOFFS) and PK-PD properties. All documents on MIC distributions and ECOFFS are freely available on the EUCAST website [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="Wolfensberger A, Sax H, Weber R, Zbinden R, Kuster SP, Hombach M. Change of antibiotic susceptibility testing guidelines from CLSI to EUCAST: influence on cumulative hospital antibiograms. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):1–8." href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d36745641e919">4</a>].</p><p>Polsfuss et al. compared EUCAST with CLSI in screening for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> isolates. They found no significant difference in the sensitivity of the two guidelines in the detection of ESBL-producing isolates [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Polsfuss S, Bloemberg GV, Giger J, Meyer V, Hombach M. Comparison of European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) and CLSI screening parameters for the detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase production in clinical enterobacteriaceae isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;2012(67):159–66." href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d36745641e928">5</a>]. A more recent study by Hombach et al. demonstrated significant differences in the susceptibility rates for drugs including cefepime, ceftazidime and cefotaxime in the detection of ESBLs between the CLSI 2013 and EUCAST 2013 AST guidelines. This study recommended adjustments to the clinical breakpoints to further harmonize the two guidelines [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 6" title="Hombach M, Mouttet B, Bloemberg GV. Consequences of revised CLSI and EUCAST guidelines for antibiotic susceptibility patterns of ESBL- and AmpC β-lactamase-producing clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68:2092–8." href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d36745641e931">6</a>]. Since then 2014 and 2015 guidelines for both systems have been released in an effort to harmonize the clinical breakpoints [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 7" title="CLSI. M100-S25 performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; Twenty-fifth informational supplement; 2015." href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d36745641e934">7</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 8" title="EUCAST: European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. 2015. 
 http://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUC
 
 ." href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d36745641e937">8</a>].</p><p>CLSI guidelines have a number of disadvantages. First, it is based on annual subscriptions of US $350 for members and a cost of US $500 to non-members annually and this may be a problem for microbiology laboratories in resource poor settings. Secondly, details on the decision making process are not accessible to the public. Thirdly, the FDA has a major influence in determining official clinical breakpoints before they are adopted by CLSI and this raises major concerns on the influence of pharmaceutical industries in establishing the guidelines. CLSI has a voting committee comprising representatives of both the profession and the industry and hence the industry plays a role in the decision making process. As for EUCAST, the industry only plays a consultative role and is not allowed to finance or participate in decision making [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="Kahlmeter G. The 2014 Garrod Lecture: EUCAST—are we heading towards international agreement? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70(9):2427–39. 
 http://www.jac.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1093/jac/dkv145
 
 ." href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d36745641e943">3</a>]. EUCAST encourages the formation of National Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Committees (NAC) that can send a representative to sit in its General Committee (GC) thus fostering inclusivity in the decision making process [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="Kahlmeter G. The 2014 Garrod Lecture: EUCAST—are we heading towards international agreement? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70(9):2427–39. 
 http://www.jac.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1093/jac/dkv145
 
 ." href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d36745641e946">3</a>]. Finally, antibiotics that are not registered in the US may not be included in the CLSI guidelines.</p><p>For resource poor settings like Africa, there is need for guidelines that are accessible and affordable while still maintaining quality of reported susceptibility. Given that antibiotic susceptibility is quite variable across different settings, we set out to compare the susceptibility rates of selected antibiotics based on CLSI 2015 and EUCAST 2015 AST guidelines and the level of agreement between the two guidelines.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Methods"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec2-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec2">Methods</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec2-content"><p>The study was carried out at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi’s (AKUHN) Department of Pathology. Ethical exemption was granted by the AKUHN’s research and ethics committee (Ref 2015/REC-44) since this type of study is low risk and classified as a clinical audit. This was a retrospective study reviewing the MICs of various antimicrobials on one commonly isolated gram positive organism, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>), one fermenting gram negative organism, <i>Escherichia coli</i> (<i>E. coli</i>) and one non-fermenting gram negative organism, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (<i>P. aeruginosa</i>). MIC data for <i>E. coli, P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>S. aureus</i> isolates was collected from two Vitek 2 (version 4.01, bioMerieux, Marcy-l’Etoile, France) automated microbiology systems for the period January 2012 to December 2014. The Vitek 2 AST-P580 and AST-GN26/AST-GN83 cards were used for antibiotic susceptibility for <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>E. coli/P. aeruginosa</i> respectively. Ceftriaxone MICs were only available for the year 2014 in the AST-GN83 cards for a total of 1673 <i>E. coli</i> isolates. The data was summarized using Microsoft Excel 2013 and imported into IBM (International Business Machines, Corporation; Armonk, New York, United States of America) SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) Version 22.0 that was used for analysis. The MICs were then analyzed using both the CLSI 2015 and EUCAST 2015 guidelines to categorize them as either susceptible, intermediate or resistant [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 7" title="CLSI. M100-S25 performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; Twenty-fifth informational supplement; 2015." href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#ref-CR7" id="ref-link-section-d36745641e995">7</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 8" title="EUCAST: European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. 2015. 
 http://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUC
 
 ." href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d36745641e998">8</a>]. The concordance rate between the two guidelines in percentage was compared. The susceptibility rates for the various antimicrobial agents were also calculated in percentages for each organism. Analysis of the extent of agreement between CLSI 2015 and EUCAST 2015 for the various antimicrobials was carried out using Cohen’s kappa statistics and graded from perfect agreement to poor agreement [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 9" title="Viera AJ, Garrett JM. Understanding interobserver agreement: the kappa statistic. Fam Med. 2005;37(5):360–3." href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#ref-CR9" id="ref-link-section-d36745641e1001">9</a>]. Cohen’s Kappa statistics determines the proportion of agreement over and above chance between two independent observations. This ranges from −1 to 1 and a p value less than 0.05 means that the agreement reported is significantly different from 0 and is not due to chance. For all inferential statistics, a p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Results"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec3-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec3">Results</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec3-content"><p>A total of 5165 <i>E. coli,</i> 1103 <i>S. aureus</i> and 532 <i>P. aeruginosa</i> non-duplicate isolates were included in the analysis. Of the 5165 <i>E. coli</i> MICs analyzed, there was comparable susceptibility to most antibiotics including ampicillin, amoxicillin–clavulanate, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and meropenem between the two guidelines. The concordance between the two guidelines ranged from 78.2 to 100 %. Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#Tab1">1</a> summarizes the susceptibilities, concordance and kappa statistics between the two guidelines for <i>E. coli</i>.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-1"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab1" data-test="table-caption">Table 1 Susceptibilities of <i>E. coli</i> to various antibiotics, concordance and kappa statistics between CLSI 2015 and EUCAST 2015 guidelines</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3/tables/1" aria-label="Full size table 1"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <p>The <i>E. coli</i> susceptibility patterns achieved after analysis using EUCAST 2015 and CLSI 2015 guidelines are similar except for amoxicillin–clavulanate, amikacin and nitrofurantoin. Analysis year by year did not show any difference in the trends and overall susceptibilities. The kappa analysis revealed perfect agreement for ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole with kappa (κ) of 1 (p < 0.000). An almost perfect agreement was noted with ampicillin κ = 0.985 (95 % CI 0.979, 0.991), p < 0.000, ciprofloxacin κ = 0.969 (95 % CI 0.963, 0.975), p < 0.000, cefuroxime κ = 0.924 (95 % CI 0.914, 0.934), p < 0.000, ceftazidime κ = 0.859 (95 % CI 0.843, 0.85), p < 0.000 and gentamicin κ = 0.979 (95 % CI 0.973, 0.985), p < 0.000. Substantial agreement was noted with meropenem κ = 0.724 (95 % CI 0.573, 0.875), p < 0.000 while moderate agreement was noted with amoxicillin-clavulanate κ = 0.581 (95 % CI 0.567, 0.595), p < 0.000 and cefepime κ = 0.600 (95 % CI 0.578, 0.622), p < 0.000. Fair agreement was seen with nitrofurantoin κ = 0.351 (95 % CI 0.314, 0.388), p < 0.000 while poor agreement was noted with amikacin κ = 0.112 (95 % CI 0.079, 0.145), p < 0.000.</p><p>Of the 1103 <i>S. aureus</i> MICs analyzed, susceptibility to penicillin, oxacillin, levofloxacin, linezolid, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, vancomycin, clindamycin, erythromycin and tetracycline was comparable between the two guidelines. The susceptibilities, concordance and kappa statistics between the two guidelines are shown in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#Tab2">2</a>.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-2"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab2" data-test="table-caption">Table 2 Susceptibilities of <i>S.aureus</i> to various antibiotics and the concordance and kappa statistics between CLSI 2015 and EUCAST 2015 guidelines</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3/tables/2" aria-label="Full size table 2"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <p>For <i>S. aureus</i> the susceptibilities are generally very similar between the two guidelines. Year by year analysis did not show any differences in trends and susceptibility patterns. The kappa analysis for CLSI 2015 and EUCAST 2015 guidelines revealed perfect agreement for levofloxacin, linezolid, vancomycin, oxacillin, penicillin and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole with a kappa statistic of 1 (p < 0.000). An almost perfect agreement was noted with clindamycin κ = 0.904 (95 % CI 0.826, 0.982), p < 0.000, erythromycin κ = 0.978 (95 % CI 0.960, 0.996), p < 0.000 and tetracycline κ = 0.962 (95 % CI 0.940, 0.984), p < 0.000. Moderate agreement was noted with gentamicin κ = 0.537 (95 % CI 0.441, 0.633), p < 0.000.</p><p>For the 532 <i>P. aeruginosa</i> analyzed there were similar susceptibility patterns noted between CLSI 2015 and EUCAST 2015. Antibiotics analyzed included amikacin, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, cefepime, gentamicin, meropenem and piperacillin–tazobactum. The susceptibilities, concordance and kappa statistics between the two guidelines are shown in Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#Tab3">3</a>. Year by year analysis did not show any differences in trends and susceptibility patterns. The kappa analysis for CLSI 2015 and EUCAST 2015 guidelines revealed moderate to almost perfect agreement for all the anti-pseudomonal antibiotics. P values for the kappa statistics for all the antibiotics were statistically significant at p < 0.000. Overall, the antibiotic susceptibility patterns were quite similar regardless of whether CLSI or EUCAST 2015 guidelines were used.</p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-3"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab3" data-test="table-caption">Table 3 Susceptibilities of <i>P.aeruginosa</i> to various antibiotics and the concordance and kappa statistics between CLSI 2015 and EUCAST 2015 guidelines</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3/tables/3" aria-label="Full size table 3"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> </div></div></section><section data-title="Discussion"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec4-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec4">Discussion</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec4-content"><p>The morbidity and mortality associated with communicable diseases including bacterial infections is quite significant in developing countries [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 10" title="GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf. 
 http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf
 
 . Accessed 22 Dec 2015." href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#ref-CR10" id="ref-link-section-d36745641e2922">10</a>]. Antibiotics play a critical role in treating such infections especially when instituted in a timely fashion more so when the bacteria is susceptible to the antibiotic given. The determination of accurate antibiotic susceptibility is therefore an important cog in the clinical care of bacterial infections especially in organisms that possess acquired resistance mechanisms and careful consideration should be given when deciding how to interpret phenotypic susceptibility data [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 11" title="Jorgensen JH, Ferraro MJ. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: a review of general principles and contemporary practices. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(11):1749–55." href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#ref-CR11" id="ref-link-section-d36745641e2925">11</a>]. In Kenya, many laboratories have adopted CLSI guidelines as a basis for interpreting their susceptibility data despite the fact that it costs between US $300–$500. These guidelines are updated annually and therefore require laboratories to keep on purchasing them at a cost that is prohibitive to most public laboratories. Failure to stay updated may result in misinterpretation of susceptibility. For example in 2013, CLSI abandoned the use of oxacillin disc diffusion in determining whether a <i>S. aureus</i> isolate is methicillin resistant in favour of cefoxitin because it was more accurate in determining the presence of a <i>mecA</i> mediated mechanism of resistance [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 12" title="CLSI. M100-S23 performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty-third informational supplement; 2013." href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d36745641e2934">12</a>]. In 2012, it adopted a new disc diffusion susceptibility cut off for ciprofloxacin of 31 mm up from 21 mm for non-typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i> (NTS) isolated from invasive specimens and all <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi isolated from both invasive and non-invasive specimens. The MIC for the same was reduced from 1 to 0.06 μg/mL resulting in many <i>Salmonella</i> spp. previously reported as susceptible to fall into the intermediate category, and many that were intermediate were now categorized as resistant [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 13" title="CLSI. M100-S22: performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty-second informational supplement—M100S22E.pdf. 
 http://www.antimicrobianos.com.ar/ATB/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/M100S22E.pdf
 
 . Accessed 22 Dec 2015." href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d36745641e2947">13</a>]. In 2013, CLSI recommended that these cut offs should apply to all <i>Salmonella</i> spp. including NTS from non-invasive specimens [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 12" title="CLSI. M100-S23 performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty-third informational supplement; 2013." href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#ref-CR12" id="ref-link-section-d36745641e2953">12</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 14" title="Humphries RM, Fang FC, Aarestrup FM, Hindler JA. In vitro susceptibility testing of fluoroquinolone activity against Salmonella: recent changes to CLSI standards. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(8):1107–13." href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#ref-CR14" id="ref-link-section-d36745641e2957">14</a>]. In the same year new levofloxacin and ofloxacin breakpoints were introduced for <i>Salmonella</i> spp. including <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi. These changes were motivated by an increased risk of treatment failure in patients with decreased ciprofloxacin susceptible <i>Salmonella spp</i> [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 15" title="Crump JA, Kretsinger K, Gay K, Hoekstra RM, Vugia DJ, Hurd S, et al. Clinical response and outcome of infection with Salmonella enterica serotype typhi with decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones: A United States FoodNet multicenter retrospective cohort study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(4):1278–84." href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#ref-CR15" id="ref-link-section-d36745641e2969">15</a>]. In 2012 again, CLSI reduced meropenem and piperacillin-tazobactum MIC breakpoints for <i>P. aeruginosa</i> from ≤4 to ≤2 ug/mL and ≤64 ug/mL to ≤16 ug/mL respectively [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 13" title="CLSI. M100-S22: performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty-second informational supplement—M100S22E.pdf. 
 http://www.antimicrobianos.com.ar/ATB/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/M100S22E.pdf
 
 . Accessed 22 Dec 2015." href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#ref-CR13" id="ref-link-section-d36745641e2976">13</a>]. These examples highlight the importance of remaining up-to-date and emphasizes the need for an affordable, up-to-date and readily available guideline for the interpretation of antibiotic susceptibility.</p><p>In our comparison of CLSI and EUCAST guidelines for interpretation of antibiotic susceptibility, for <i>E. coli</i>, most of the antibiotics had moderate to perfect agreement between the two guidelines with kappa values ranging from 0.581 to 1 and two-thirds of them having almost perfect or perfect agreement with kappa values ranging from 0.859 to 1. Poor agreement was noted with amikacin with EUCAST having a more stringent breakpoint for susceptibility of ≤8 mg/L compared to the CLSI breakpoint of ≤16 mg/L. The major discrepancy was in the intermediate and susceptible categories as 8.8 % of isolates labeled as intermediate by EUCAST were all categorized as susceptible by CLSI. EUCAST guidelines eliminated the intermediate category for some antibiotics and this explains the reduced level of agreement for some of the antibiotics. For example, CLSI categorized 23.8 % of <i>E. coli</i> as having intermediate susceptibility to amoxicillin-clavulanate but were all categorized as resistant by EUCAST while 11.9 % categorized as intermediate susceptibility to nitrofurantoin by CLSI were categorized as susceptible by EUCAST. From a clinical stand point, reclassifying amoxicillin-clavulanate from intermediate to resistant is unlikely to adversely affect the patient as it simply removes it from being a therapeutic consideration. As for nitrofurantoin, its ability to concentrate in urine enables it to achieve significant concentrations and eliminate isolates that may have intermediate susceptibility. Therefore, the reclassification of isolates that are intermediate by CLSI to susceptible by EUCAST is unlikely to contribute to adverse outcomes for patients with urinary tract infections. The EUCAST guidelines have slightly more stringent breakpoints for some antibiotics in an effort to curb the inappropriate use of antibiotics and control the rising rates of antibiotic resistance.</p><p>For <i>S. aureus</i>, all except one of the antibiotics had moderate to perfect agreement and three quarters of them had almost perfect or perfect agreement with kappa values ranging from 0.862 to 1. The two guidelines performed equally in the detection of the rate of methicillin resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) of 7.2 %. Vancomycin susceptible <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (VSSA) were also detected equally by the two guidelines. EUCAST eliminated the intermediate category for vancomycin in a bid to discourage the reporting of Glycopeptide-intermediate <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (GISA) due to poor response even to increased doses of vancomycin [<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 8" title="EUCAST: European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. 2015. 
 http://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUC
 
 ." href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#ref-CR8" id="ref-link-section-d36745641e3003">8</a>, <a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 16" title="Uçkay I, Bernard L, Buzzi M, Harbarth S, François P, Huggler E, et al. High prevalence of isolates with reduced glycopeptide susceptibility in persistent or recurrent bloodstream infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(3):1258–64. 
 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3294919&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
 
 ." href="/articles/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3#ref-CR16" id="ref-link-section-d36745641e3007">16</a>]. In view of the fact that no vancomycin resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (VRSA) has been identified in our set up as yet, these changes are unlikely to influence interpretation of breakpoints. The moderate level of agreement for gentamicin is due to the more stringent breakpoints by EUCAST leading to a much higher resistance rate of 8.6 % compared to 3.2 % by CLSI. The difference between the two susceptibility cut-offs is two dilutions and this may require further harmonization. Gentamicin is rarely used as monotherapy in treating gram positive bacteria and as such this difference in MIC cut off is unlikely to be clinically significant.</p><p>For <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, five out of seven of the antibiotics had almost perfect agreement with kappa values ranging from 0.830 to 0.912 with the remaining two having moderate agreement with kappa values of 0.762 and 0.734. EUCAST abolished the intermediate category for ceftazidime, cefepime, gentamicin and piperacillin-tazobactum reclassifying the MICs as resistant. This accounts for the slightly reduced level of agreement. For amikacin and ciprofloxacin, with moderate agreement, EUCAST has more stringent breakpoints for susceptibility of ≤8 and ≤0.5 ug/mL compared to CLSI breakpoints of ≤16 and ≤1 ug/mL respectively. These accounted for the reduced level of agreement and may require further harmonization between the two breakpoints. For meropenem, EUCAST uses a resistant breakpoint of >8 ug/mL while CLSI uses ≥8 ug/mL. In effect this has led to a slightly higher meropenem resistance of 27.6 % compared to 23.1 % for CLSI and EUCAST respectively. This is another aspect that will require harmonization.</p><p>Our study is limited by the fact that we only compared the susceptibility for three bacteria whose results may not necessarily be generalizable to all clinically relevant gram positive and negative bacteria. However, these three bacteria represent a significant proportion of common bacterial pathogens both in the community and healthcare settings namely <i>Enterobacteriaceae,</i> non-fermenting gram negative bacteria and <i>Staphylococci</i>. The results obtained are also limited to MICs generated by an automated bacterial identification system which is not widely used in developing countries. For <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, Colistin had not yet been included in the gram negative AST cards being used at the time the study was being conducted. Colistin Etest<sup>®</sup> (bioMerieux, Durham, NC, USA) was only run for multi-drug resistant isolates of clinical significance but this data was not available for analysis. In most laboratories in sub-Saharan Africa, disk diffusion is the preferred mode of antibiotic susceptibility testing. However, disk diffusion cut offs generally approximate MIC cut offs fairly well and we think a similar comparison based on disc diffusion cut offs would yield similar results.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Conclusion"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec5-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec5">Conclusion</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec5-content"><p>Our study shows acceptable level of agreement between EUCAST and CLSI 2015 AST guidelines for <i>E. coli, S. aureus</i> and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and laboratories with similar antibiotic susceptibility patterns may choose to adopt either guideline without fear of significantly altering reported antibiotic susceptibility. With EUCAST guidelines being freely available it should be considered as an alternative especially in resource poor settings in order to maintain up-to-date antibiotic susceptibility interpretation. </p></div></div></section> <section data-title="Abbreviations"><div class="c-article-section" id="abbreviations-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="abbreviations">Abbreviations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="abbreviations-content"><dl class="c-abbreviation_list"><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>AKUHN:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>Amox-Clav:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>amoxicillin–clavulanate</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>AST:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>antimicrobial susceptibility testing</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>CLSI:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>ECOFFS:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>epidemiological cut-offs</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>ESBL:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>extended spectrum beta lactamase</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>Etest:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>epsilometer test</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>EUCAST:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn> <i>E. coli</i> :</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p> <i>Escherichia coli</i> </p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>FDA:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Food and Drug Administration</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>GC:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>General Committee</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>GISA:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>Glycopeptide-intermediate <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> </p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>IBM:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>International Business Machines Corporation (Armonk, New York, United States of America)</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>MIC:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>minimum inhibitory concentration</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>MRSA:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>methicillin resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> </p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>NAC:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>National Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Committees</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>NTS:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>non-typhoidal salmonella</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>Pip-Taz:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>piperacillin–tazobactum</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>PK-PD:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamics</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>SPSS:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>statistical package for the social sciences</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn> <i>S. aureus</i> :</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p> <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> </p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>TMP/SMX:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>US $:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>United States of America dollar</p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>VRSA:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>vancomycin resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> </p> </dd><dt class="c-abbreviation_list__term u-text-bold u-float-left u-pr-16" style="min-width:50px;"><dfn>VSSA:</dfn></dt><dd class="c-abbreviation_list__description u-mb-24"> <p>vancomycin susceptible <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> </p> </dd></dl></div></div></section><div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ol class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="1."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Marchese A, Esposito S, Barbieri R, Bassetti M, Debbia E. Does the adoption of EUCAST susceptibility breakpoints affect the selection of antimicrobials to treat acute community-acquired respiratory tract infections? BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12(1):181.</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="noopener" data-track-label="10.1186/1471-2334-12-181" data-track-item_id="10.1186/1471-2334-12-181" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1186/1471-2334-12-181" aria-label="Article reference 1" data-doi="10.1186/1471-2334-12-181">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=22866984" aria-label="PubMed reference 1">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3449191" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 1">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 1" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Does%20the%20adoption%20of%20EUCAST%20susceptibility%20breakpoints%20affect%20the%20selection%20of%20antimicrobials%20to%20treat%20acute%20community-acquired%20respiratory%20tract%20infections%3F&journal=BMC%20Infect%20Dis&doi=10.1186%2F1471-2334-12-181&volume=12&issue=1&publication_year=2012&author=Marchese%2CA&author=Esposito%2CS&author=Barbieri%2CR&author=Bassetti%2CM&author=Debbia%2CE"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="2."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR2">EUCAST. <a href="http://www.eucast.org/" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="http://www.eucast.org/">http://www.eucast.org/</a>. Accessed 31 Aug 2015.</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="3."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR3">Kahlmeter G. The 2014 Garrod Lecture: EUCAST—are we heading towards international agreement? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70(9):2427–39. <a href="http://www.jac.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1093/jac/dkv145" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="http://www.jac.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1093/jac/dkv145">http://www.jac.oxfordjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.1093/jac/dkv145</a>.</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="4."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR4">Wolfensberger A, Sax H, Weber R, Zbinden R, Kuster SP, Hombach M. Change of antibiotic susceptibility testing guidelines from CLSI to EUCAST: influence on cumulative hospital antibiograms. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):1–8.</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1371/journal.pone.0079130" data-track-item_id="10.1371/journal.pone.0079130" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0079130" aria-label="Article reference 4" data-doi="10.1371/journal.pone.0079130">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 4" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Change%20of%20antibiotic%20susceptibility%20testing%20guidelines%20from%20CLSI%20to%20EUCAST%3A%20influence%20on%20cumulative%20hospital%20antibiograms&journal=PLoS%20One&doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0079130&volume=8&issue=11&pages=1-8&publication_year=2013&author=Wolfensberger%2CA&author=Sax%2CH&author=Weber%2CR&author=Zbinden%2CR&author=Kuster%2CSP&author=Hombach%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="5."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR5">Polsfuss S, Bloemberg GV, Giger J, Meyer V, Hombach M. Comparison of European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) and CLSI screening parameters for the detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase production in clinical enterobacteriaceae isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;2012(67):159–66.</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 5" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Comparison%20of%20European%20Committee%20on%20Antimicrobial%20Susceptibility%20Testing%20%28EUCAST%29%20and%20CLSI%20screening%20parameters%20for%20the%20detection%20of%20extended-spectrum%20%CE%B2-lactamase%20production%20in%20clinical%20enterobacteriaceae%20isolates&journal=J%20Antimicrob%20Chemother&volume=2012&issue=67&pages=159-166&publication_year=2011&author=Polsfuss%2CS&author=Bloemberg%2CGV&author=Giger%2CJ&author=Meyer%2CV&author=Hombach%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="6."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR6">Hombach M, Mouttet B, Bloemberg GV. Consequences of revised CLSI and EUCAST guidelines for antibiotic susceptibility patterns of ESBL- and AmpC β-lactamase-producing clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68:2092–8.</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1093/jac/dkt136" data-track-item_id="10.1093/jac/dkt136" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkt136" aria-label="Article reference 6" data-doi="10.1093/jac/dkt136">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXht12hurrF" aria-label="CAS reference 6">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=23633681" aria-label="PubMed reference 6">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 6" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Consequences%20of%20revised%20CLSI%20and%20EUCAST%20guidelines%20for%20antibiotic%20susceptibility%20patterns%20of%20ESBL-%20and%20AmpC%20%CE%B2-lactamase-producing%20clinical%20Enterobacteriaceae%20isolates&journal=J%20Antimicrob%20Chemother&doi=10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkt136&volume=68&pages=2092-2098&publication_year=2013&author=Hombach%2CM&author=Mouttet%2CB&author=Bloemberg%2CGV"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="7."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR7">CLSI. M100-S25 performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; Twenty-fifth informational supplement; 2015.</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="8."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR8">EUCAST: European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. 2015. <a href="http://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUC" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="http://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUC">http://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUC</a>.</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="9."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR9">Viera AJ, Garrett JM. Understanding interobserver agreement: the kappa statistic. Fam Med. 2005;37(5):360–3.</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15883903" aria-label="PubMed reference 9">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 9" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Understanding%20interobserver%20agreement%3A%20the%20kappa%20statistic&journal=Fam%20Med&volume=37&issue=5&pages=360-363&publication_year=2005&author=Viera%2CAJ&author=Garrett%2CJM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="10."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR10">GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf. <a href="http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf">http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf</a>. Accessed 22 Dec 2015.</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="11."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR11">Jorgensen JH, Ferraro MJ. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: a review of general principles and contemporary practices. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(11):1749–55.</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1086/647952" data-track-item_id="10.1086/647952" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F647952" aria-label="Article reference 11" data-doi="10.1086/647952">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhs1Sjt7fI" aria-label="CAS reference 11">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=19857164" aria-label="PubMed reference 11">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 11" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Antimicrobial%20susceptibility%20testing%3A%20a%20review%20of%20general%20principles%20and%20contemporary%20practices&journal=Clin%20Infect%20Dis&doi=10.1086%2F647952&volume=49&issue=11&pages=1749-1755&publication_year=2009&author=Jorgensen%2CJH&author=Ferraro%2CMJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="12."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR12">CLSI. M100-S23 performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty-third informational supplement; 2013.</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="13."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR13">CLSI. M100-S22: performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty-second informational supplement—M100S22E.pdf. <a href="http://www.antimicrobianos.com.ar/ATB/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/M100S22E.pdf" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="http://www.antimicrobianos.com.ar/ATB/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/M100S22E.pdf">http://www.antimicrobianos.com.ar/ATB/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/M100S22E.pdf</a>. Accessed 22 Dec 2015.</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="14."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR14">Humphries RM, Fang FC, Aarestrup FM, Hindler JA. In vitro susceptibility testing of fluoroquinolone activity against Salmonella: recent changes to CLSI standards. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(8):1107–13.</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1093/cid/cis600" data-track-item_id="10.1093/cid/cis600" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcid%2Fcis600" aria-label="Article reference 14" data-doi="10.1093/cid/cis600">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=22752519" aria-label="PubMed reference 14">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 14" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=In%20vitro%20susceptibility%20testing%20of%20fluoroquinolone%20activity%20against%20Salmonella%3A%20recent%20changes%20to%20CLSI%20standards&journal=Clin%20Infect%20Dis&doi=10.1093%2Fcid%2Fcis600&volume=55&issue=8&pages=1107-1113&publication_year=2012&author=Humphries%2CRM&author=Fang%2CFC&author=Aarestrup%2CFM&author=Hindler%2CJA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="15."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR15">Crump JA, Kretsinger K, Gay K, Hoekstra RM, Vugia DJ, Hurd S, et al. Clinical response and outcome of infection with <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serotype typhi with decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones: A United States FoodNet multicenter retrospective cohort study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(4):1278–84.</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1128/AAC.01509-07" data-track-item_id="10.1128/AAC.01509-07" data-track-value="article reference" data-track-action="article reference" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FAAC.01509-07" aria-label="Article reference 15" data-doi="10.1128/AAC.01509-07">Article</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXksFajsbk%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 15">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed reference" data-track-action="pubmed reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=18212096" aria-label="PubMed reference 15">PubMed</a> <a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="pubmed central reference" data-track-action="pubmed central reference" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2292528" aria-label="PubMed Central reference 15">PubMed Central</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 15" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Clinical%20response%20and%20outcome%20of%20infection%20with%20Salmonella%20enterica%20serotype%20typhi%20with%20decreased%20susceptibility%20to%20fluoroquinolones%3A%20A%20United%20States%20FoodNet%20multicenter%20retrospective%20cohort%20study&journal=Antimicrob%20Agents%20Chemother&doi=10.1128%2FAAC.01509-07&volume=52&issue=4&pages=1278-1284&publication_year=2008&author=Crump%2CJA&author=Kretsinger%2CK&author=Gay%2CK&author=Hoekstra%2CRM&author=Vugia%2CDJ&author=Hurd%2CS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item" data-counter="16."><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR16">Uçkay I, Bernard L, Buzzi M, Harbarth S, François P, Huggler E, et al. High prevalence of isolates with reduced glycopeptide susceptibility in persistent or recurrent bloodstream infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(3):1258–64. <a href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3294919&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract" data-track="click_references" data-track-action="external reference" data-track-value="external reference" data-track-label="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3294919&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract">http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3294919&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract</a>.</p></li></ol><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3?format=refman&flavour=references">Download references<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><section data-title="Authors’ contributions"><div class="c-article-section" id="Ack1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Ack1">Authors’ contributions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Ack1-content"><p>AK and GO contributed equally in conceiving and designing the study, data collection, data analysis and drafting the manuscript. ZP and GR participated in study design, coordination and critical revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.</p> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar1">Acknowledgements</h3> <p>None.</p> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="FPar2">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p> </div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital, P.O. Box 30270, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Ali Kassim, Geoffrey Omuse, Zul Premji & Gunturu Revathi</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Ali-Kassim-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Ali Kassim</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="https://www.biomedcentral.com/search?query=author%23Ali%20Kassim" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Ali%20Kassim" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Ali%20Kassim%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Geoffrey-Omuse-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Geoffrey Omuse</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="https://www.biomedcentral.com/search?query=author%23Geoffrey%20Omuse" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Geoffrey%20Omuse" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Geoffrey%20Omuse%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Zul-Premji-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Zul Premji</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="https://www.biomedcentral.com/search?query=author%23Zul%20Premji" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Zul%20Premji" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Zul%20Premji%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Gunturu-Revathi-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Gunturu Revathi</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="https://www.biomedcentral.com/search?query=author%23Gunturu%20Revathi" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Gunturu%20Revathi" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Gunturu%20Revathi%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:alliassimo@gmail.com">Ali Kassim</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"> <p> <b>Open Access</b> This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rel="license">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (<a href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" rel="license">http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/</a>) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.</p> <p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=Comparison%20of%20Clinical%20Laboratory%20Standards%20Institute%20and%20European%20Committee%20on%20Antimicrobial%20Susceptibility%20Testing%20guidelines%20for%20the%20interpretation%20of%20antibiotic%20susceptibility%20at%20a%20University%20teaching%20hospital%20in%20Nairobi%2C%20Kenya%3A%20a%20cross-sectional%20study&author=Ali%20Kassim%20et%20al&contentID=10.1186%2Fs12941-016-0135-3&copyright=Kassim%20et%20al.&publication=1476-0711&publicationDate=2016-04-11&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true&oa=CC%20BY%20%2B%20CC0">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="u-hide-print c-bibliographic-information__column c-bibliographic-information__column--border"><a data-crossmark="10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3" data-track="click" data-track-action="Click Crossmark" data-track-label="link" data-test="crossmark"><img loading="lazy" width="57" height="81" alt="Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,<svg height="81" width="57" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m17.35 35.45 21.3-14.2v-17.03h-21.3" fill="#989898"/><path d="m38.65 35.45-21.3-14.2v-17.03h21.3" fill="#747474"/><path d="m28 .5c-12.98 0-23.5 10.52-23.5 23.5s10.52 23.5 23.5 23.5 23.5-10.52 23.5-23.5c0-6.23-2.48-12.21-6.88-16.62-4.41-4.4-10.39-6.88-16.62-6.88zm0 41.25c-9.8 0-17.75-7.95-17.75-17.75s7.95-17.75 17.75-17.75 17.75 7.95 17.75 17.75c0 4.71-1.87 9.22-5.2 12.55s-7.84 5.2-12.55 5.2z" fill="#535353"/><path d="m41 36c-5.81 6.23-15.23 7.45-22.43 2.9-7.21-4.55-10.16-13.57-7.03-21.5l-4.92-3.11c-4.95 10.7-1.19 23.42 8.78 29.71 9.97 6.3 23.07 4.22 30.6-4.86z" fill="#9c9c9c"/><path d="m.2 58.45c0-.75.11-1.42.33-2.01s.52-1.09.91-1.5c.38-.41.83-.73 1.34-.94.51-.22 1.06-.32 1.65-.32.56 0 1.06.11 1.51.35.44.23.81.5 1.1.81l-.91 1.01c-.24-.24-.49-.42-.75-.56-.27-.13-.58-.2-.93-.2-.39 0-.73.08-1.05.23-.31.16-.58.37-.81.66-.23.28-.41.63-.53 1.04-.13.41-.19.88-.19 1.39 0 1.04.23 1.86.68 2.46.45.59 1.06.88 1.84.88.41 0 .77-.07 1.07-.23s.59-.39.85-.68l.91 1c-.38.43-.8.76-1.28.99-.47.22-1 .34-1.58.34-.59 0-1.13-.1-1.64-.31-.5-.2-.94-.51-1.31-.91-.38-.4-.67-.9-.88-1.48-.22-.59-.33-1.26-.33-2.02zm8.4-5.33h1.61v2.54l-.05 1.33c.29-.27.61-.51.96-.72s.76-.31 1.24-.31c.73 0 1.27.23 1.61.71.33.47.5 1.14.5 2.02v4.31h-1.61v-4.1c0-.57-.08-.97-.25-1.21-.17-.23-.45-.35-.83-.35-.3 0-.56.08-.79.22-.23.15-.49.36-.78.64v4.8h-1.61zm7.37 6.45c0-.56.09-1.06.26-1.51.18-.45.42-.83.71-1.14.29-.3.63-.54 1.01-.71.39-.17.78-.25 1.18-.25.47 0 .88.08 1.23.24.36.16.65.38.89.67s.42.63.54 1.03c.12.41.18.84.18 1.32 0 .32-.02.57-.07.76h-4.36c.07.62.29 1.1.65 1.44.36.33.82.5 1.38.5.29 0 .57-.04.83-.13s.51-.21.76-.37l.55 1.01c-.33.21-.69.39-1.09.53-.41.14-.83.21-1.26.21-.48 0-.92-.08-1.34-.25-.41-.16-.76-.4-1.07-.7-.31-.31-.55-.69-.72-1.13-.18-.44-.26-.95-.26-1.52zm4.6-.62c0-.55-.11-.98-.34-1.28-.23-.31-.58-.47-1.06-.47-.41 0-.77.15-1.07.45-.31.29-.5.73-.58 1.3zm2.5.62c0-.57.09-1.08.28-1.53.18-.44.43-.82.75-1.13s.69-.54 1.1-.71c.42-.16.85-.24 1.31-.24.45 0 .84.08 1.17.23s.61.34.85.57l-.77 1.02c-.19-.16-.38-.28-.56-.37-.19-.09-.39-.14-.61-.14-.56 0-1.01.21-1.35.63-.35.41-.52.97-.52 1.67 0 .69.17 1.24.51 1.66.34.41.78.62 1.32.62.28 0 .54-.06.78-.17.24-.12.45-.26.64-.42l.67 1.03c-.33.29-.69.51-1.08.65-.39.15-.78.23-1.18.23-.46 0-.9-.08-1.31-.24-.4-.16-.75-.39-1.05-.7s-.53-.69-.7-1.13c-.17-.45-.25-.96-.25-1.53zm6.91-6.45h1.58v6.17h.05l2.54-3.16h1.77l-2.35 2.8 2.59 4.07h-1.75l-1.77-2.98-1.08 1.23v1.75h-1.58zm13.69 1.27c-.25-.11-.5-.17-.75-.17-.58 0-.87.39-.87 1.16v.75h1.34v1.27h-1.34v5.6h-1.61v-5.6h-.92v-1.2l.92-.07v-.72c0-.35.04-.68.13-.98.08-.31.21-.57.4-.79s.42-.39.71-.51c.28-.12.63-.18 1.04-.18.24 0 .48.02.69.07.22.05.41.1.57.17zm.48 5.18c0-.57.09-1.08.27-1.53.17-.44.41-.82.72-1.13.3-.31.65-.54 1.04-.71.39-.16.8-.24 1.23-.24s.84.08 1.24.24c.4.17.74.4 1.04.71s.54.69.72 1.13c.19.45.28.96.28 1.53s-.09 1.08-.28 1.53c-.18.44-.42.82-.72 1.13s-.64.54-1.04.7-.81.24-1.24.24-.84-.08-1.23-.24-.74-.39-1.04-.7c-.31-.31-.55-.69-.72-1.13-.18-.45-.27-.96-.27-1.53zm1.65 0c0 .69.14 1.24.43 1.66.28.41.68.62 1.18.62.51 0 .9-.21 1.19-.62.29-.42.44-.97.44-1.66 0-.7-.15-1.26-.44-1.67-.29-.42-.68-.63-1.19-.63-.5 0-.9.21-1.18.63-.29.41-.43.97-.43 1.67zm6.48-3.44h1.33l.12 1.21h.05c.24-.44.54-.79.88-1.02.35-.24.7-.36 1.07-.36.32 0 .59.05.78.14l-.28 1.4-.33-.09c-.11-.01-.23-.02-.38-.02-.27 0-.56.1-.86.31s-.55.58-.77 1.1v4.2h-1.61zm-47.87 15h1.61v4.1c0 .57.08.97.25 1.2.17.24.44.35.81.35.3 0 .57-.07.8-.22.22-.15.47-.39.73-.73v-4.7h1.61v6.87h-1.32l-.12-1.01h-.04c-.3.36-.63.64-.98.86-.35.21-.76.32-1.24.32-.73 0-1.27-.24-1.61-.71-.33-.47-.5-1.14-.5-2.02zm9.46 7.43v2.16h-1.61v-9.59h1.33l.12.72h.05c.29-.24.61-.45.97-.63.35-.17.72-.26 1.1-.26.43 0 .81.08 1.15.24.33.17.61.4.84.71.24.31.41.68.53 1.11.13.42.19.91.19 1.44 0 .59-.09 1.11-.25 1.57-.16.47-.38.85-.65 1.16-.27.32-.58.56-.94.73-.35.16-.72.25-1.1.25-.3 0-.6-.07-.9-.2s-.59-.31-.87-.56zm0-2.3c.26.22.5.37.73.45.24.09.46.13.66.13.46 0 .84-.2 1.15-.6.31-.39.46-.98.46-1.77 0-.69-.12-1.22-.35-1.61-.23-.38-.61-.57-1.13-.57-.49 0-.99.26-1.52.77zm5.87-1.69c0-.56.08-1.06.25-1.51.16-.45.37-.83.65-1.14.27-.3.58-.54.93-.71s.71-.25 1.08-.25c.39 0 .73.07 1 .2.27.14.54.32.81.55l-.06-1.1v-2.49h1.61v9.88h-1.33l-.11-.74h-.06c-.25.25-.54.46-.88.64-.33.18-.69.27-1.06.27-.87 0-1.56-.32-2.07-.95s-.76-1.51-.76-2.65zm1.67-.01c0 .74.13 1.31.4 1.7.26.38.65.58 1.15.58.51 0 .99-.26 1.44-.77v-3.21c-.24-.21-.48-.36-.7-.45-.23-.08-.46-.12-.7-.12-.45 0-.82.19-1.13.59-.31.39-.46.95-.46 1.68zm6.35 1.59c0-.73.32-1.3.97-1.71.64-.4 1.67-.68 3.08-.84 0-.17-.02-.34-.07-.51-.05-.16-.12-.3-.22-.43s-.22-.22-.38-.3c-.15-.06-.34-.1-.58-.1-.34 0-.68.07-1 .2s-.63.29-.93.47l-.59-1.08c.39-.24.81-.45 1.28-.63.47-.17.99-.26 1.54-.26.86 0 1.51.25 1.93.76s.63 1.25.63 2.21v4.07h-1.32l-.12-.76h-.05c-.3.27-.63.48-.98.66s-.73.27-1.14.27c-.61 0-1.1-.19-1.48-.56-.38-.36-.57-.85-.57-1.46zm1.57-.12c0 .3.09.53.27.67.19.14.42.21.71.21.28 0 .54-.07.77-.2s.48-.31.73-.56v-1.54c-.47.06-.86.13-1.18.23-.31.09-.57.19-.76.31s-.33.25-.41.4c-.09.15-.13.31-.13.48zm6.29-3.63h-.98v-1.2l1.06-.07.2-1.88h1.34v1.88h1.75v1.27h-1.75v3.28c0 .8.32 1.2.97 1.2.12 0 .24-.01.37-.04.12-.03.24-.07.34-.11l.28 1.19c-.19.06-.4.12-.64.17-.23.05-.49.08-.76.08-.4 0-.74-.06-1.02-.18-.27-.13-.49-.3-.67-.52-.17-.21-.3-.48-.37-.78-.08-.3-.12-.64-.12-1.01zm4.36 2.17c0-.56.09-1.06.27-1.51s.41-.83.71-1.14c.29-.3.63-.54 1.01-.71.39-.17.78-.25 1.18-.25.47 0 .88.08 1.23.24.36.16.65.38.89.67s.42.63.54 1.03c.12.41.18.84.18 1.32 0 .32-.02.57-.07.76h-4.37c.08.62.29 1.1.65 1.44.36.33.82.5 1.38.5.3 0 .58-.04.84-.13.25-.09.51-.21.76-.37l.54 1.01c-.32.21-.69.39-1.09.53s-.82.21-1.26.21c-.47 0-.92-.08-1.33-.25-.41-.16-.77-.4-1.08-.7-.3-.31-.54-.69-.72-1.13-.17-.44-.26-.95-.26-1.52zm4.61-.62c0-.55-.11-.98-.34-1.28-.23-.31-.58-.47-1.06-.47-.41 0-.77.15-1.08.45-.31.29-.5.73-.57 1.3zm3.01 2.23c.31.24.61.43.92.57.3.13.63.2.98.2.38 0 .65-.08.83-.23s.27-.35.27-.6c0-.14-.05-.26-.13-.37-.08-.1-.2-.2-.34-.28-.14-.09-.29-.16-.47-.23l-.53-.22c-.23-.09-.46-.18-.69-.3-.23-.11-.44-.24-.62-.4s-.33-.35-.45-.55c-.12-.21-.18-.46-.18-.75 0-.61.23-1.1.68-1.49.44-.38 1.06-.57 1.83-.57.48 0 .91.08 1.29.25s.71.36.99.57l-.74.98c-.24-.17-.49-.32-.73-.42-.25-.11-.51-.16-.78-.16-.35 0-.6.07-.76.21-.17.15-.25.33-.25.54 0 .14.04.26.12.36s.18.18.31.26c.14.07.29.14.46.21l.54.19c.23.09.47.18.7.29s.44.24.64.4c.19.16.34.35.46.58.11.23.17.5.17.82 0 .3-.06.58-.17.83-.12.26-.29.48-.51.68-.23.19-.51.34-.84.45-.34.11-.72.17-1.15.17-.48 0-.95-.09-1.41-.27-.46-.19-.86-.41-1.2-.68z" fill="#535353"/></g></svg>"></a></div><div class="c-bibliographic-information__column"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Kassim, A., Omuse, G., Premji, Z. <i>et al.</i> Comparison of Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute and European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing guidelines for the interpretation of antibiotic susceptibility at a University teaching hospital in Nairobi, Kenya: a cross-sectional study. <i>Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob</i> <b>15</b>, 21 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2016-01-22">22 January 2016</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2016-03-25">25 March 2016</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2016-04-11">11 April 2016</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3</span></p></li></ul><div data-component="share-box"><div class="c-article-share-box u-display-none" hidden=""><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Share this article</h3><p class="c-article-share-box__description">Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:</p><button class="js-get-share-url c-article-share-box__button" type="button" id="get-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-external="" data-track-action="get shareable link">Get shareable link</button><div class="js-no-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info">Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.</p></div><div class="js-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-share-url c-article-share-box__only-read-input" id="share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="select share url"></p><button class="js-copy-share-url c-article-share-box__button--link-like" type="button" id="copy-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="copy share url" data-track-external="">Copy to clipboard</button></div><p class="js-c-article-share-box__additional-info c-article-share-box__additional-info"> Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative </p></div></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Keywords</h3><ul class="c-article-subject-list"><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=European%20Committee%20on%20Antimicrobial%20Susceptibility%20Testing%20%28EUCAST%29&facet-discipline="Biomedicine"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST)</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Clinical%20Laboratory%20Standards%20Institute%20%28CLSI%29&facet-discipline="Biomedicine"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Antimicrobial%20susceptibility%20testing%20%28AST%29&facet-discipline="Biomedicine"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST)</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Minimum%20inhibitory%20concentrations%20%28MIC%29&facet-discipline="Biomedicine"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC)</a></span></li></ul><div data-component="article-info-list"></div></div></div></div></div></section> </article> </main> <div class="c-article-extras u-text-sm u-hide-print" data-container-type="reading-companion" data-track-component="reading companion"> <aside> <div data-test="download-article-link-wrapper" class="js-context-bar-sticky-point-desktop" data-track-context="reading companion"> <div class="c-pdf-download u-clear-both"> <a href="//ann-clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3.pdf" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-article-pdf="true" data-readcube-pdf-url="true" data-test="pdf-link" data-draft-ignore="true" data-track="content_download" data-track-type="article pdf download" data-track-action="download pdf" data-track-label="link" data-track-external download> <span class="c-pdf-download__text">Download PDF</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-download"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion"> <div class="c-reading-companion__sticky" data-component="reading-companion-sticky" data-test="reading-companion-sticky"> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__sections c-reading-companion__panel--active" id="tabpanel-sections"> <div class="js-ad u-lazy-ad-wrapper u-mt-16 u-hide" data-component-mpu> <aside class="adsbox c-ad c-ad--300x250 u-mt-16" data-component-mpu> <div class="c-ad__inner"> <p class="c-ad__label">Advertisement</p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-MPU1" data-ad-type="MPU1" data-test="MPU1-ad" data-pa11y-ignore data-gpt data-gpt-unitpath="/270604982/bmc/ann-clinmicrob/articles" data-gpt-sizes="300x250" data-gpt-targeting="pos=MPU1;doi=10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3;type=article;kwrd=European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST),Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI),Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST),Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC);pmc=B16003,H33096,B16020,L32010,L14005,B19002;" > <noscript> <a href="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?iu=/270604982/bmc/ann-clinmicrob/articles&sz=300x250&pos=MPU1&doi=10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3&type=article&kwrd=European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST),Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI),Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST),Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC)&pmc=B16003,H33096,B16020,L32010,L14005,B19002&"> <img data-test="gpt-advert-fallback-img" src="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/270604982/bmc/ann-clinmicrob/articles&sz=300x250&pos=MPU1&doi=10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3&type=article&kwrd=European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST),Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI),Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST),Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC)&pmc=B16003,H33096,B16020,L32010,L14005,B19002&" alt="Advertisement" width="300" height="250"> </a> </noscript> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__figures c-reading-companion__panel--full-width" id="tabpanel-figures"></div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__references c-reading-companion__panel--full-width" id="tabpanel-references"></div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </div> <div class="c-journal-footer"> <div class="c-journal-footer__inner"> <div class="c-journal-footer__summary"> <h4 class="c-journal-title c-journal-title--footer"> <span class="c-journal-title__text">Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials</span> </h4> <p class="c-journal-footer__issn">ISSN: 1476-0711</p> </div> <div class="c-journal-footer__contact"> <h4 class="c-journal-footer__contact-title ">Contact us</h4> <ul class="c-journal-footer__contact-list"> <li class="c-journal-footer__contact-item">Submission enquiries: <a href="mailto:journalsubmissions@springernature.com">journalsubmissions@springernature.com</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <img rel="nofollow" class='tracker' style='display:none' src='/track/article/10.1186/s12941-016-0135-3' alt=""/> <footer> <div class="c-publisher-footer u-color-inherit" data-test="publisher-footer"> <div class="u-container"> <div class="u-display-flex u-flex-wrap u-justify-content-space-between" data-test="publisher-footer-menu"> <div class="u-display-flex"> <ul class="c-list-group c-list-group--sm u-mr-24 u-mb-16"> <li class="c-list-group__item"> <a class="u-gray-link" href="https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/">Read more on our blogs</a> </li> <li class="c-list-group__item"> <a class="u-gray-link" href="//www.biomedcentral.com/login">Receive BMC newsletters</a> </li> <li class="c-list-group__item"> <a class="u-gray-link" href="//www.biomedcentral.com/account">Manage article alerts</a> </li> <li class="c-list-group__item"> <a class="u-gray-link" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/go/sn/?utm_source=Website&utm_medium=BMC&utm_campaign=SNAS+Referrals+2022&utm_id=ref2022">Language editing for authors</a> </li> <li class="c-list-group__item"> <a class="u-gray-link" href="https://authorservices.springernature.com/go/sn/?utm_source=Website&utm_medium=BMC&utm_campaign=SNAS+Referrals+2022&utm_id=ref2022">Scientific editing for authors</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="c-list-group c-list-group--sm u-mr-24 u-mb-16"> <li class="c-list-group__item"> <a class="u-gray-link" href="//www.biomedcentral.com/about/policies">Policies</a> </li> <li class="c-list-group__item"> <a class="u-gray-link" href="//www.biomedcentral.com/accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="c-list-group__item"> <a class="u-gray-link" href="//www.biomedcentral.com/about/press-centre">Press center</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="c-list-group c-list-group--sm u-mr-24 u-mb-16"> <li class="c-list-group__item"> <a class="u-gray-link" href="https://support.biomedcentral.com/support/home">Support and Contact</a> </li> <li class="c-list-group__item"> <a class="u-gray-link" href="https://biomedcentral.typeform.com/to/VLXboo">Leave feedback</a> </li> <li class="c-list-group__item"> <a class="u-gray-link" href="//www.biomedcentral.com/about/jobs">Careers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mb-24"> <h3 id="social-menu" class="u-text-sm u-reset-margin u-text-normal">Follow BMC</h3> <ul class="u-display-flex u-list-reset" data-test="footer-social-links"> <li class="u-mt-8 u-mr-8"> <a href="https://twitter.com/biomedcentral" data-track="click" data-track-category="Social" data-track-action="Clicked BMC Twitter" class="u-gray-link"> <span class="u-visually-hidden">BMC Twitter page</span> <svg class="u-icon u-text-lg" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-twitter-bordered"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="u-mt-8 u-mr-8"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/BioMedCentral" data-track="click" data-track-category="Social" data-track-action="Clicked BMC Facebook" class="u-gray-link"> <span class="u-visually-hidden">BMC Facebook page</span> <svg class="u-icon u-text-lg" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-facebook-bordered"></use> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="u-mt-8 u-mr-8"> <a href="http://www.weibo.com/biomedcentral" data-track="click" data-track-category="Social" data-track-action="Clicked BMC Weibo" class="u-gray-link"> <span class="u-visually-hidden">BMC Weibo page</span> <svg class="u-icon u-text-lg" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-weibo-bordered"></use> </svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <p class="u-reset-margin"> By using this website, you agree to our <a class="u-gray-link" href="//www.biomedcentral.com/terms-and-conditions">Terms and Conditions</a>, <a class="u-gray-link" href="https://www.springernature.com/ccpa">Your US state privacy rights</a>, <a class="u-gray-link" href="//www.biomedcentral.com/privacy-statement">Privacy statement</a> and <a class="u-gray-link" href="//www.biomedcentral.com/cookies" data-test="cookie-link">Cookies</a> policy. <a class="u-gray-link" data-cc-action="preferences" href="javascript:void(0);">Your privacy choices/Manage cookies</a> we use in the preference centre. </p> </div> </div> <div class="c-corporate-footer"> <div class="u-container"> <img src=/static/images/logo-springernature-acb40b85fb.svg class="c-corporate-footer__logo" alt="Springer Nature" itemprop="logo" role="img"> <p class="c-corporate-footer__legal" data-test="copyright"> © 2024 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Part of <a class="c-corporate-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemid="#parentOrganization">Springer Nature</a>. </p> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <div class="u-visually-hidden" aria-hidden="true"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><defs><path id="a" d="M0 .74h56.72v55.24H0z"/></defs><symbol id="icon-access" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m14 8c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1v7h2.5c.2761424 0 .5.2238576.5.5v1.5h-18v-1.5c0-.2761424.22385763-.5.5-.5h2.5v-7c0-.55228475.44771525-1 1-1s1 .44771525 1 1v6.9996556h8v-6.9996556c0-.55228475.4477153-1 1-1zm-8 0 2 1v5l-2 1zm6 0v7l-2-1v-5zm-2.42653766-7.59857636 7.03554716 4.92488299c.4162533.29137735.5174853.86502537.226108 1.28127873-.1721584.24594054-.4534847.39241464-.7536934.39241464h-14.16284822c-.50810197 0-.92-.41189803-.92-.92 0-.30020869.1464741-.58153499.39241464-.75369337l7.03554714-4.92488299c.34432015-.2410241.80260453-.2410241 1.14692468 0zm-.57346234 2.03988748-3.65526982 2.55868888h7.31053962z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-account" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m10.2379028 16.9048051c1.3083556-.2032362 2.5118471-.7235183 3.5294683-1.4798399-.8731327-2.5141501-2.0638925-3.935978-3.7673711-4.3188248v-1.27684611c1.1651924-.41183641 2-1.52307546 2-2.82929429 0-1.65685425-1.3431458-3-3-3-1.65685425 0-3 1.34314575-3 3 0 1.30621883.83480763 2.41745788 2 2.82929429v1.27684611c-1.70347856.3828468-2.89423845 1.8046747-3.76737114 4.3188248 1.01762123.7563216 2.22111275 1.2766037 3.52946833 1.4798399.40563808.0629726.81921174.0951949 1.23790281.0951949s.83226473-.0322223 1.2379028-.0951949zm4.3421782-2.1721994c1.4927655-1.4532925 2.419919-3.484675 2.419919-5.7326057 0-4.418278-3.581722-8-8-8s-8 3.581722-8 8c0 2.2479307.92715352 4.2793132 2.41991895 5.7326057.75688473-2.0164459 1.83949951-3.6071894 3.48926591-4.3218837-1.14534283-.70360829-1.90918486-1.96796271-1.90918486-3.410722 0-2.209139 1.790861-4 4-4s4 1.790861 4 4c0 1.44275929-.763842 2.70711371-1.9091849 3.410722 1.6497664.7146943 2.7323812 2.3054378 3.4892659 4.3218837zm-5.580081 3.2673943c-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9 4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-alert" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m4 10h2.5c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-3.08578644l-1.12132034 1.1213203c-.18753638.1875364-.29289322.4418903-.29289322.7071068v.1715729h14v-.1715729c0-.2652165-.1053568-.5195704-.2928932-.7071068l-1.7071068-1.7071067v-3.4142136c0-2.76142375-2.2385763-5-5-5-2.76142375 0-5 2.23857625-5 5zm3 4c0 1.1045695.8954305 2 2 2s2-.8954305 2-2zm-5 0c-.55228475 0-1-.4477153-1-1v-.1715729c0-.530433.21071368-1.0391408.58578644-1.4142135l1.41421356-1.4142136v-3c0-3.3137085 2.6862915-6 6-6s6 2.6862915 6 6v3l1.4142136 1.4142136c.3750727.3750727.5857864.8837805.5857864 1.4142135v.1715729c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1h-4c0 1.6568542-1.3431458 3-3 3-1.65685425 0-3-1.3431458-3-3z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-broad" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m6.10307866 2.97190702v7.69043288l2.44965196-2.44676915c.38776071-.38730439 1.0088052-.39493524 1.38498697-.01919617.38609051.38563612.38643641 1.01053024-.00013864 1.39665039l-4.12239817 4.11754683c-.38616704.3857126-1.01187344.3861062-1.39846576-.0000311l-4.12258206-4.11773056c-.38618426-.38572979-.39254614-1.00476697-.01636437-1.38050605.38609047-.38563611 1.01018509-.38751562 1.4012233.00306241l2.44985644 2.4469734v-8.67638639c0-.54139983.43698413-.98042709.98493125-.98159081l7.89910522-.0043627c.5451687 0 .9871152.44142642.9871152.98595351s-.4419465.98595351-.9871152.98595351z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(-1 0 0 -1 14 15)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-down" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m3.28337502 11.5302405 4.03074001 4.176208c.37758093.3912076.98937525.3916069 1.367372-.0000316l4.03091977-4.1763942c.3775978-.3912252.3838182-1.0190815.0160006-1.4001736-.3775061-.39113013-.9877245-.39303641-1.3700683.003106l-2.39538585 2.4818345v-11.6147896l-.00649339-.11662112c-.055753-.49733869-.46370161-.88337888-.95867408-.88337888-.49497246 0-.90292107.38604019-.95867408.88337888l-.00649338.11662112v11.6147896l-2.39518594-2.4816273c-.37913917-.39282218-.98637524-.40056175-1.35419292-.0194697-.37750607.3911302-.37784433 1.0249269.00013556 1.4165479z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-left" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m4.46975946 3.28337502-4.17620792 4.03074001c-.39120768.37758093-.39160691.98937525.0000316 1.367372l4.1763942 4.03091977c.39122514.3775978 1.01908149.3838182 1.40017357.0160006.39113012-.3775061.3930364-.9877245-.00310603-1.3700683l-2.48183446-2.39538585h11.61478958l.1166211-.00649339c.4973387-.055753.8833789-.46370161.8833789-.95867408 0-.49497246-.3860402-.90292107-.8833789-.95867408l-.1166211-.00649338h-11.61478958l2.4816273-2.39518594c.39282216-.37913917.40056173-.98637524.01946965-1.35419292-.39113012-.37750607-1.02492687-.37784433-1.41654791.00013556z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-right" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m11.5302405 12.716625 4.176208-4.03074003c.3912076-.37758093.3916069-.98937525-.0000316-1.367372l-4.1763942-4.03091981c-.3912252-.37759778-1.0190815-.38381821-1.4001736-.01600053-.39113013.37750607-.39303641.98772445.003106 1.37006824l2.4818345 2.39538588h-11.6147896l-.11662112.00649339c-.49733869.055753-.88337888.46370161-.88337888.95867408 0 .49497246.38604019.90292107.88337888.95867408l.11662112.00649338h11.6147896l-2.4816273 2.39518592c-.39282218.3791392-.40056175.9863753-.0194697 1.3541929.3911302.3775061 1.0249269.3778444 1.4165479-.0001355z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-sub" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m7.89692134 4.97190702v7.69043288l-2.44965196-2.4467692c-.38776071-.38730434-1.0088052-.39493519-1.38498697-.0191961-.38609047.3856361-.38643643 1.0105302.00013864 1.3966504l4.12239817 4.1175468c.38616704.3857126 1.01187344.3861062 1.39846576-.0000311l4.12258202-4.1177306c.3861843-.3857298.3925462-1.0047669.0163644-1.380506-.3860905-.38563612-1.0101851-.38751563-1.4012233.0030624l-2.44985643 2.4469734v-8.67638639c0-.54139983-.43698413-.98042709-.98493125-.98159081l-7.89910525-.0043627c-.54516866 0-.98711517.44142642-.98711517.98595351s.44194651.98595351.98711517.98595351z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-arrow-up" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m12.716625 4.46975946-4.03074003-4.17620792c-.37758093-.39120768-.98937525-.39160691-1.367372.0000316l-4.03091981 4.1763942c-.37759778.39122514-.38381821 1.01908149-.01600053 1.40017357.37750607.39113012.98772445.3930364 1.37006824-.00310603l2.39538588-2.48183446v11.61478958l.00649339.1166211c.055753.4973387.46370161.8833789.95867408.8833789.49497246 0 .90292107-.3860402.95867408-.8833789l.00649338-.1166211v-11.61478958l2.39518592 2.4816273c.3791392.39282216.9863753.40056173 1.3541929.01946965.3775061-.39113012.3778444-1.02492687-.0001355-1.41654791z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-article" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m13 15v-12.9906311c0-.0073595-.0019884-.0093689.0014977-.0093689l-11.00158888.00087166v13.00506804c0 .5482678.44615281.9940603.99415146.9940603h10.27350412c-.1701701-.2941734-.2675644-.6357129-.2675644-1zm-12 .0059397v-13.00506804c0-.5562408.44704472-1.00087166.99850233-1.00087166h11.00299537c.5510129 0 .9985023.45190985.9985023 1.0093689v2.9906311h3v9.9914698c0 1.1065798-.8927712 2.0085302-1.9940603 2.0085302h-12.01187942c-1.09954652 0-1.99406028-.8927712-1.99406028-1.9940603zm13-9.0059397v9c0 .5522847.4477153 1 1 1s1-.4477153 1-1v-9zm-10-2h7v4h-7zm1 1v2h5v-2zm-1 4h7v1h-7zm0 2h7v1h-7zm0 2h7v1h-7z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-audio" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m13.0957477 13.5588459c-.195279.1937043-.5119137.193729-.7072234.0000551-.1953098-.193674-.1953346-.5077061-.0000556-.7014104 1.0251004-1.0168342 1.6108711-2.3905226 1.6108711-3.85745208 0-1.46604976-.5850634-2.83898246-1.6090736-3.85566829-.1951894-.19379323-.1950192-.50782531.0003802-.70141028.1953993-.19358497.512034-.19341614.7072234.00037709 1.2094886 1.20083761 1.901635 2.8250555 1.901635 4.55670148 0 1.73268608-.6929822 3.35779608-1.9037571 4.55880738zm2.1233994 2.1025159c-.195234.193749-.5118687.1938462-.7072235.0002171-.1953548-.1936292-.1954528-.5076613-.0002189-.7014104 1.5832215-1.5711805 2.4881302-3.6939808 2.4881302-5.96012998 0-2.26581266-.9046382-4.3883241-2.487443-5.95944795-.1952117-.19377107-.1950777-.50780316.0002993-.70141031s.5120117-.19347426.7072234.00029682c1.7683321 1.75528196 2.7800854 4.12911258 2.7800854 6.66056144 0 2.53182498-1.0120556 4.90597838-2.7808529 6.66132328zm-14.21898205-3.6854911c-.5523759 0-1.00016505-.4441085-1.00016505-.991944v-3.96777631c0-.54783558.44778915-.99194407 1.00016505-.99194407h2.0003301l5.41965617-3.8393633c.44948677-.31842296 1.07413994-.21516983 1.39520191.23062232.12116339.16823446.18629727.36981184.18629727.57655577v12.01603479c0 .5478356-.44778914.9919441-1.00016505.9919441-.20845738 0-.41170538-.0645985-.58133413-.184766l-5.41965617-3.8393633zm0-.991944h2.32084805l5.68047235 4.0241292v-12.01603479l-5.68047235 4.02412928h-2.32084805z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-block" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m0 0h24v24h-24z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-book" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m4 13v-11h1v11h11v-11h-13c-.55228475 0-1 .44771525-1 1v10.2675644c.29417337-.1701701.63571286-.2675644 1-.2675644zm12 1h-13c-.55228475 0-1 .4477153-1 1s.44771525 1 1 1h13zm0 3h-13c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-12c0-1.1045695.8954305-2 2-2h13c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1v14c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1zm-8.5-13h6c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-6c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm1 2h4c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-4c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-broad" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m9.18274226 7.81v7.7999954l2.48162734-2.4816273c.3928221-.3928221 1.0219731-.4005617 1.4030652-.0194696.3911301.3911301.3914806 1.0249268-.0001404 1.4165479l-4.17620796 4.1762079c-.39120769.3912077-1.02508144.3916069-1.41671995-.0000316l-4.1763942-4.1763942c-.39122514-.3912251-.39767006-1.0190815-.01657798-1.4001736.39113012-.3911301 1.02337106-.3930364 1.41951349.0031061l2.48183446 2.4818344v-8.7999954c0-.54911294.4426881-.99439484.99778758-.99557515l8.00221246-.00442485c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1s-.4477153 1-1 1z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(-1 0 0 -1 20.182742 24.805206)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-calendar" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m12.5 0c.2761424 0 .5.21505737.5.49047852v.50952148h2c1.1072288 0 2 .89451376 2 2v12c0 1.1072288-.8945138 2-2 2h-12c-1.1072288 0-2-.8945138-2-2v-12c0-1.1072288.89451376-2 2-2h1v1h-1c-.55393837 0-1 .44579254-1 1v3h14v-3c0-.55393837-.4457925-1-1-1h-2v1.50952148c0 .27088381-.2319336.49047852-.5.49047852-.2761424 0-.5-.21505737-.5-.49047852v-3.01904296c0-.27088381.2319336-.49047852.5-.49047852zm3.5 7h-14v8c0 .5539384.44579254 1 1 1h12c.5539384 0 1-.4457925 1-1zm-11 6v1h-1v-1zm3 0v1h-1v-1zm3 0v1h-1v-1zm-6-2v1h-1v-1zm3 0v1h-1v-1zm6 0v1h-1v-1zm-3 0v1h-1v-1zm-3-2v1h-1v-1zm6 0v1h-1v-1zm-3 0v1h-1v-1zm-5.5-9c.27614237 0 .5.21505737.5.49047852v.50952148h5v1h-5v1.50952148c0 .27088381-.23193359.49047852-.5.49047852-.27614237 0-.5-.21505737-.5-.49047852v-3.01904296c0-.27088381.23193359-.49047852.5-.49047852z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-cart" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m5 14c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2s-.8954305 2-2 2-2-.8954305-2-2 .8954305-2 2-2zm10 0c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2s-.8954305 2-2 2-2-.8954305-2-2 .8954305-2 2-2zm-10 1c-.55228475 0-1 .4477153-1 1s.44771525 1 1 1 1-.4477153 1-1-.44771525-1-1-1zm10 0c-.5522847 0-1 .4477153-1 1s.4477153 1 1 1 1-.4477153 1-1-.4477153-1-1-1zm-12.82032249-15c.47691417 0 .88746157.33678127.98070211.80449199l.23823144 1.19501025 13.36277974.00045554c.5522847.00001882.9999659.44774934.9999659 1.00004222 0 .07084994-.0075361.14150708-.022474.2107727l-1.2908094 5.98534344c-.1007861.46742419-.5432548.80388386-1.0571651.80388386h-10.24805106c-.59173366 0-1.07142857.4477153-1.07142857 1 0 .5128358.41361449.9355072.94647737.9932723l.1249512.0067277h10.35933776c.2749512 0 .4979349.2228539.4979349.4978051 0 .2749417-.2227336.4978951-.4976753.4980063l-10.35959736.0041886c-1.18346732 0-2.14285714-.8954305-2.14285714-2 0-.6625717.34520317-1.24989198.87690425-1.61383592l-1.63768102-8.19004794c-.01312273-.06561364-.01950005-.131011-.0196107-.19547395l-1.71961253-.00064219c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385762-.5-.5 0-.27614237.22385763-.5.5-.5zm14.53193359 2.99950224h-13.11300004l1.20580469 6.02530174c.11024034-.0163252.22327998-.02480398.33844139-.02480398h10.27064786z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-less" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.58578644 4-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 -1 0 9 9)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-more" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.58578644 6-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4.00000002c-.39052429.3905243-1.02368927.3905243-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368929 0-1.41421358z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 1)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-right" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-circle-fill" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m8 14c-3.3137085 0-6-2.6862915-6-6s2.6862915-6 6-6 6 2.6862915 6 6-2.6862915 6-6 6z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-circle" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m8 12c2.209139 0 4-1.790861 4-4s-1.790861-4-4-4-4 1.790861-4 4 1.790861 4 4 4zm0 2c-3.3137085 0-6-2.6862915-6-6s2.6862915-6 6-6 6 2.6862915 6 6-2.6862915 6-6 6z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-citation" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m8.63593473 5.99995183c2.20913897 0 3.99999997 1.79084375 3.99999997 3.99996146 0 1.40730761-.7267788 2.64486871-1.8254829 3.35783281 1.6240224.6764218 2.8754442 2.0093871 3.4610603 3.6412466l-1.0763845.000006c-.5310008-1.2078237-1.5108121-2.1940153-2.7691712-2.7181346l-.79002167-.329052v-1.023992l.63016577-.4089232c.8482885-.5504661 1.3698342-1.4895187 1.3698342-2.51898361 0-1.65683828-1.3431457-2.99996146-2.99999997-2.99996146-1.65685425 0-3 1.34312318-3 2.99996146 0 1.02946491.52154569 1.96851751 1.36983419 2.51898361l.63016581.4089232v1.023992l-.79002171.329052c-1.25835905.5241193-2.23817037 1.5103109-2.76917113 2.7181346l-1.07638453-.000006c.58561612-1.6318595 1.8370379-2.9648248 3.46106024-3.6412466-1.09870405-.7129641-1.82548287-1.9505252-1.82548287-3.35783281 0-2.20911771 1.790861-3.99996146 4-3.99996146zm7.36897597-4.99995183c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.89353404 1.9950893 2.00274083v5.994422c0 1.10608317-.8926228 2.00274087-1.9950893 2.00274087l-3.0049107-.0009037v-1l3.0049107.00091329c.5490631 0 .9950893-.44783123.9950893-1.00275046v-5.994422c0-.55646537-.4450595-1.00275046-.9950893-1.00275046h-14.00982141c-.54906309 0-.99508929.44783123-.99508929 1.00275046v5.9971821c0 .66666024.33333333.99999036 1 .99999036l2-.00091329v1l-2 .0009037c-1 0-2-.99999041-2-1.99998077v-5.9971821c0-1.10608322.8926228-2.00274083 1.99508929-2.00274083zm-8.5049107 2.9999711c.27614237 0 .5.22385547.5.5 0 .2761349-.22385763.5-.5.5h-4c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238651-.5-.5 0-.27614453.22385763-.5.5-.5zm3 0c.2761424 0 .5.22385547.5.5 0 .2761349-.2238576.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238651-.5-.5 0-.27614453.22385763-.5.5-.5zm4 0c.2761424 0 .5.22385547.5.5 0 .2761349-.2238576.5-.5.5h-2c-.2761424 0-.5-.2238651-.5-.5 0-.27614453.2238576-.5.5-.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-close" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.29679575 12.2772478c-.39658757.3965876-.39438847 1.0328109-.00062148 1.4265779.39651227.3965123 1.03246768.3934888 1.42657791-.0006214l4.27724782-4.27724787 4.2772478 4.27724787c.3965876.3965875 1.0328109.3943884 1.4265779.0006214.3965123-.3965122.3934888-1.0324677-.0006214-1.4265779l-4.27724787-4.2772478 4.27724787-4.27724782c.3965875-.39658757.3943884-1.03281091.0006214-1.42657791-.3965122-.39651226-1.0324677-.39348875-1.4265779.00062148l-4.2772478 4.27724782-4.27724782-4.27724782c-.39658757-.39658757-1.03281091-.39438847-1.42657791-.00062148-.39651226.39651227-.39348875 1.03246768.00062148 1.42657791l4.27724782 4.27724782z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-collections" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m15 4c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2v9c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-8c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2h1c0 .5128358.38604019.9355072.88337887.9932723l.11662113.0067277h8c.5128358 0 .9355072-.3860402.9932723-.8833789l.0067277-.1166211v-9c0-.51283584-.3860402-.93550716-.8833789-.99327227l-.1166211-.00672773h-1v-1zm-4-3c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2v9c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-8c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-9c0-1.1045695.8954305-2 2-2zm0 1h-8c-.51283584 0-.93550716.38604019-.99327227.88337887l-.00672773.11662113v9c0 .5128358.38604019.9355072.88337887.9932723l.11662113.0067277h8c.5128358 0 .9355072-.3860402.9932723-.8833789l.0067277-.1166211v-9c0-.51283584-.3860402-.93550716-.8833789-.99327227zm-1.5 7c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-5c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm0-2c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-5c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm0-2c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-5c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-compare" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m12 3c3.3137085 0 6 2.6862915 6 6s-2.6862915 6-6 6c-1.0928452 0-2.11744941-.2921742-2.99996061-.8026704-.88181407.5102749-1.90678042.8026704-3.00003939.8026704-3.3137085 0-6-2.6862915-6-6s2.6862915-6 6-6c1.09325897 0 2.11822532.29239547 3.00096303.80325037.88158756-.51107621 1.90619177-.80325037 2.99903697-.80325037zm-6 1c-2.76142375 0-5 2.23857625-5 5 0 2.7614237 2.23857625 5 5 5 .74397391 0 1.44999672-.162488 2.08451611-.4539116-1.27652344-1.1000812-2.08451611-2.7287264-2.08451611-4.5460884s.80799267-3.44600721 2.08434391-4.5463015c-.63434719-.29121054-1.34037-.4536985-2.08434391-.4536985zm6 0c-.7439739 0-1.4499967.16248796-2.08451611.45391156 1.27652341 1.10008123 2.08451611 2.72872644 2.08451611 4.54608844s-.8079927 3.4460072-2.08434391 4.5463015c.63434721.2912105 1.34037001.4536985 2.08434391.4536985 2.7614237 0 5-2.2385763 5-5 0-2.76142375-2.2385763-5-5-5zm-1.4162763 7.0005324h-3.16744736c.15614659.3572676.35283837.6927622.58425872 1.0006671h1.99892988c.23142036-.3079049.42811216-.6433995.58425876-1.0006671zm.4162763-2.0005324h-4c0 .34288501.0345146.67770871.10025909 1.0011864h3.79948181c.0657445-.32347769.1002591-.65830139.1002591-1.0011864zm-.4158423-1.99953894h-3.16831543c-.13859957.31730812-.24521946.651783-.31578599.99935097h3.79988742c-.0705665-.34756797-.1771864-.68204285-.315786-.99935097zm-1.58295822-1.999926-.08316107.06199199c-.34550042.27081213-.65446126.58611297-.91825862.93727862h2.00044041c-.28418626-.37830727-.6207872-.71499149-.99902072-.99927061z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-download-file" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m10.0046024 0c.5497429 0 1.3179837.32258606 1.707238.71184039l4.5763192 4.57631922c.3931386.39313859.7118404 1.16760135.7118404 1.71431368v8.98899651c0 1.1092806-.8945138 2.0085302-1.9940603 2.0085302h-12.01187942c-1.10128908 0-1.99406028-.8926228-1.99406028-1.9950893v-14.00982141c0-1.10185739.88743329-1.99508929 1.99961498-1.99508929zm0 1h-7.00498742c-.55709576 0-.99961498.44271433-.99961498.99508929v14.00982141c0 .5500396.44491393.9950893.99406028.9950893h12.01187942c.5463747 0 .9940603-.4506622.9940603-1.0085302v-8.98899651c0-.28393444-.2150684-.80332809-.4189472-1.0072069l-4.5763192-4.57631922c-.2038461-.20384606-.718603-.41894717-1.0001312-.41894717zm-1.5046024 4c.27614237 0 .5.21637201.5.49209595v6.14827645l1.7462789-1.77990922c.1933927-.1971171.5125222-.19455839.7001689-.0069117.1932998.19329992.1910058.50899492-.0027774.70277812l-2.59089271 2.5908927c-.19483374.1948337-.51177825.1937771-.70556873-.0000133l-2.59099079-2.5909908c-.19484111-.1948411-.19043735-.5151448-.00279066-.70279146.19329987-.19329987.50465175-.19237083.70018565.00692852l1.74638684 1.78001764v-6.14827695c0-.27177709.23193359-.49209595.5-.49209595z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-download" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m12.9975267 12.999368c.5467123 0 1.0024733.4478567 1.0024733 1.000316 0 .5563109-.4488226 1.000316-1.0024733 1.000316h-9.99505341c-.54671233 0-1.00247329-.4478567-1.00247329-1.000316 0-.5563109.44882258-1.000316 1.00247329-1.000316zm-4.9975267-11.999368c.55228475 0 1 .44497754 1 .99589209v6.80214418l2.4816273-2.48241149c.3928222-.39294628 1.0219732-.4006883 1.4030652-.01947579.3911302.39125371.3914806 1.02525073-.0001404 1.41699553l-4.17620792 4.17752758c-.39120769.3913313-1.02508144.3917306-1.41671995-.0000316l-4.17639421-4.17771394c-.39122513-.39134876-.39767006-1.01940351-.01657797-1.40061601.39113012-.39125372 1.02337105-.3931606 1.41951349.00310701l2.48183446 2.48261871v-6.80214418c0-.55001601.44386482-.99589209 1-.99589209z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-editors" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m8.72592184 2.54588137c-.48811714-.34391207-1.08343326-.54588137-1.72592184-.54588137-1.65685425 0-3 1.34314575-3 3 0 1.02947485.5215457 1.96853646 1.3698342 2.51900785l.6301658.40892721v1.02400182l-.79002171.32905522c-1.93395773.8055207-3.20997829 2.7024791-3.20997829 4.8180274v.9009805h-1v-.9009805c0-2.5479714 1.54557359-4.79153984 3.82548288-5.7411543-1.09870406-.71297106-1.82548288-1.95054399-1.82548288-3.3578652 0-2.209139 1.790861-4 4-4 1.09079823 0 2.07961816.43662103 2.80122451 1.1446278-.37707584.09278571-.7373238.22835063-1.07530267.40125357zm-2.72592184 14.45411863h-1v-.9009805c0-2.5479714 1.54557359-4.7915398 3.82548288-5.7411543-1.09870406-.71297106-1.82548288-1.95054399-1.82548288-3.3578652 0-2.209139 1.790861-4 4-4s4 1.790861 4 4c0 1.40732121-.7267788 2.64489414-1.8254829 3.3578652 2.2799093.9496145 3.8254829 3.1931829 3.8254829 5.7411543v.9009805h-1v-.9009805c0-2.1155483-1.2760206-4.0125067-3.2099783-4.8180274l-.7900217-.3290552v-1.02400184l.6301658-.40892721c.8482885-.55047139 1.3698342-1.489533 1.3698342-2.51900785 0-1.65685425-1.3431458-3-3-3-1.65685425 0-3 1.34314575-3 3 0 1.02947485.5215457 1.96853646 1.3698342 2.51900785l.6301658.40892721v1.02400184l-.79002171.3290552c-1.93395773.8055207-3.20997829 2.7024791-3.20997829 4.8180274z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-email" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m16.0049107 2c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.89706013 1.9950893 2.00585866v9.98828264c0 1.1078052-.8926228 2.0058587-1.9950893 2.0058587h-14.00982141c-1.10185739 0-1.99508929-.8970601-1.99508929-2.0058587v-9.98828264c0-1.10780515.8926228-2.00585866 1.99508929-2.00585866zm0 1h-14.00982141c-.54871518 0-.99508929.44887827-.99508929 1.00585866v9.98828264c0 .5572961.44630695 1.0058587.99508929 1.0058587h14.00982141c.5487152 0 .9950893-.4488783.9950893-1.0058587v-9.98828264c0-.55729607-.446307-1.00585866-.9950893-1.00585866zm-.0049107 2.55749512v1.44250488l-7 4-7-4v-1.44250488l7 4z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-error" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 0c4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9zm2.8630343 4.71100931-2.8630343 2.86303426-2.86303426-2.86303426c-.39658757-.39658757-1.03281091-.39438847-1.4265779-.00062147-.39651227.39651226-.39348876 1.03246767.00062147 1.4265779l2.86303426 2.86303426-2.86303426 2.8630343c-.39658757.3965875-.39438847 1.0328109-.00062147 1.4265779.39651226.3965122 1.03246767.3934887 1.4265779-.0006215l2.86303426-2.8630343 2.8630343 2.8630343c.3965875.3965876 1.0328109.3943885 1.4265779.0006215.3965122-.3965123.3934887-1.0324677-.0006215-1.4265779l-2.8630343-2.8630343 2.8630343-2.86303426c.3965876-.39658757.3943885-1.03281091.0006215-1.4265779-.3965123-.39651227-1.0324677-.39348876-1.4265779.00062147z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-ethics" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m6.76384967 1.41421356.83301651-.8330165c.77492941-.77492941 2.03133823-.77492941 2.80626762 0l.8330165.8330165c.3750728.37507276.8837806.58578644 1.4142136.58578644h1.3496361c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2v1.34963611c0 .53043298.2107137 1.03914081.5857864 1.41421356l.8330165.83301651c.7749295.77492941.7749295 2.03133823 0 2.80626762l-.8330165.8330165c-.3750727.3750728-.5857864.8837806-.5857864 1.4142136v1.3496361c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-1.3496361c-.530433 0-1.0391408.2107137-1.4142136.5857864l-.8330165.8330165c-.77492939.7749295-2.03133821.7749295-2.80626762 0l-.83301651-.8330165c-.37507275-.3750727-.88378058-.5857864-1.41421356-.5857864h-1.34963611c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-1.3496361c0-.530433-.21071368-1.0391408-.58578644-1.4142136l-.8330165-.8330165c-.77492941-.77492939-.77492941-2.03133821 0-2.80626762l.8330165-.83301651c.37507276-.37507275.58578644-.88378058.58578644-1.41421356v-1.34963611c0-1.1045695.8954305-2 2-2h1.34963611c.53043298 0 1.03914081-.21071368 1.41421356-.58578644zm-1.41421356 1.58578644h-1.34963611c-.55228475 0-1 .44771525-1 1v1.34963611c0 .79564947-.31607052 1.55871121-.87867966 2.12132034l-.8330165.83301651c-.38440512.38440512-.38440512 1.00764896 0 1.39205408l.8330165.83301646c.56260914.5626092.87867966 1.3256709.87867966 2.1213204v1.3496361c0 .5522847.44771525 1 1 1h1.34963611c.79564947 0 1.55871121.3160705 2.12132034.8786797l.83301651.8330165c.38440512.3844051 1.00764896.3844051 1.39205408 0l.83301646-.8330165c.5626092-.5626092 1.3256709-.8786797 2.1213204-.8786797h1.3496361c.5522847 0 1-.4477153 1-1v-1.3496361c0-.7956495.3160705-1.5587112.8786797-2.1213204l.8330165-.83301646c.3844051-.38440512.3844051-1.00764896 0-1.39205408l-.8330165-.83301651c-.5626092-.56260913-.8786797-1.32567087-.8786797-2.12132034v-1.34963611c0-.55228475-.4477153-1-1-1h-1.3496361c-.7956495 0-1.5587112-.31607052-2.1213204-.87867966l-.83301646-.8330165c-.38440512-.38440512-1.00764896-.38440512-1.39205408 0l-.83301651.8330165c-.56260913.56260914-1.32567087.87867966-2.12132034.87867966zm3.58698944 11.4960218c-.02081224.002155-.04199226.0030286-.06345763.002542-.98766446-.0223875-1.93408568-.3063547-2.75885125-.8155622-.23496767-.1450683-.30784554-.4531483-.16277726-.688116.14506827-.2349677.45314827-.3078455.68811595-.1627773.67447084.4164161 1.44758575.6483839 2.25617384.6667123.01759529.0003988.03495764.0017019.05204365.0038639.01713363-.0017748.03452416-.0026845.05212715-.0026845 2.4852814 0 4.5-2.0147186 4.5-4.5 0-1.04888973-.3593547-2.04134635-1.0074477-2.83787157-.1742817-.21419731-.1419238-.5291218.0722736-.70340353.2141973-.17428173.5291218-.14192375.7034035.07227357.7919032.97327203 1.2317706 2.18808682 1.2317706 3.46900153 0 3.0375661-2.4624339 5.5-5.5 5.5-.02146768 0-.04261937-.0013529-.06337445-.0039782zm1.57975095-10.78419583c.2654788.07599731.419084.35281842.3430867.61829728-.0759973.26547885-.3528185.419084-.6182973.3430867-.37560116-.10752146-.76586237-.16587951-1.15568824-.17249193-2.5587807-.00064534-4.58547766 2.00216524-4.58547766 4.49928198 0 .62691557.12797645 1.23496.37274865 1.7964426.11035133.2531347-.0053975.5477984-.25853224.6581497-.25313473.1103514-.54779841-.0053975-.65814974-.2585322-.29947131-.6869568-.45606667-1.43097603-.45606667-2.1960601 0-3.05211432 2.47714695-5.50006595 5.59399617-5.49921198.48576182.00815502.96289603.0795037 1.42238033.21103795zm-1.9766658 6.41091303 2.69835-2.94655317c.1788432-.21040373.4943901-.23598862.7047939-.05714545.2104037.17884318.2359886.49439014.0571454.70479387l-3.01637681 3.34277395c-.18039088.1999106-.48669547.2210637-.69285412.0478478l-1.93095347-1.62240047c-.21213845-.17678204-.24080048-.49206439-.06401844-.70420284.17678204-.21213844.49206439-.24080048.70420284-.06401844z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-expand"><path d="M7.498 11.918a.997.997 0 0 0-.003-1.411.995.995 0 0 0-1.412-.003l-4.102 4.102v-3.51A1 1 0 0 0 .98 10.09.992.992 0 0 0 0 11.092V17c0 .554.448 1.002 1.002 1.002h5.907c.554 0 1.002-.45 1.002-1.003 0-.539-.45-.978-1.006-.978h-3.51zm3.005-5.835a.997.997 0 0 0 .003 1.412.995.995 0 0 0 1.411.003l4.103-4.103v3.51a1 1 0 0 0 1.001 1.006A.992.992 0 0 0 18 6.91V1.002A1 1 0 0 0 17 0h-5.907a1.003 1.003 0 0 0-1.002 1.003c0 .539.45.978 1.006.978h3.51z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-explore" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 17c4.418278 0 8-3.581722 8-8s-3.581722-8-8-8-8 3.581722-8 8 3.581722 8 8 8zm0 1c-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9 4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9zm0-2.5c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5c2.969509 0 5.400504-2.3575119 5.497023-5.31714844.0090007-.27599565.2400359-.49243782.5160315-.48343711.2759957.0090007.4924378.2400359.4834371.51603155-.114093 3.4985237-2.9869632 6.284554-6.4964916 6.284554zm-.29090657-12.99359748c.27587424-.01216621.50937715.20161139.52154336.47748563.01216621.27587423-.20161139.50937715-.47748563.52154336-2.93195733.12930094-5.25315116 2.54886451-5.25315116 5.49456849 0 .27614237-.22385763.5-.5.5s-.5-.22385763-.5-.5c0-3.48142406 2.74307146-6.34074398 6.20909343-6.49359748zm1.13784138 8.04763908-1.2004882-1.20048821c-.19526215-.19526215-.19526215-.51184463 0-.70710678s.51184463-.19526215.70710678 0l1.20048821 1.2004882 1.6006509-4.00162734-4.50670359 1.80268144-1.80268144 4.50670359zm4.10281269-6.50378907-2.6692597 6.67314927c-.1016411.2541026-.3029834.4554449-.557086.557086l-6.67314927 2.6692597 2.66925969-6.67314926c.10164107-.25410266.30298336-.45544495.55708602-.55708602z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-filter" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m14.9738641 0c.5667192 0 1.0261359.4477136 1.0261359 1 0 .24221858-.0902161.47620768-.2538899.65849851l-5.6938314 6.34147206v5.49997973c0 .3147562-.1520673.6111434-.4104543.7999971l-2.05227171 1.4999945c-.45337535.3313696-1.09655869.2418269-1.4365902-.1999993-.13321514-.1730955-.20522717-.3836284-.20522717-.5999978v-6.99997423l-5.69383133-6.34147206c-.3731872-.41563511-.32996891-1.0473954.09653074-1.41107611.18705584-.15950448.42716133-.2474224.67571519-.2474224zm-5.9218641 8.5h-2.105v6.491l.01238459.0070843.02053271.0015705.01955278-.0070558 2.0532976-1.4990996zm-8.02585008-7.5-.01564945.00240169 5.83249953 6.49759831h2.313l5.836-6.499z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-home" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 5-6 6v5h4v-4h4v4h4v-5zm7 6.5857864v4.4142136c0 .5522847-.4477153 1-1 1h-5v-4h-2v4h-5c-.55228475 0-1-.4477153-1-1v-4.4142136c-.25592232 0-.51184464-.097631-.70710678-.2928932l-.58578644-.5857864c-.39052429-.3905243-.39052429-1.02368929 0-1.41421358l8.29289322-8.29289322 8.2928932 8.29289322c.3905243.39052429.3905243 1.02368928 0 1.41421358l-.5857864.5857864c-.1952622.1952622-.4511845.2928932-.7071068.2928932zm-7-9.17157284-7.58578644 7.58578644.58578644.5857864 7-6.99999996 7 6.99999996.5857864-.5857864z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-image" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m10.0046024 0c.5497429 0 1.3179837.32258606 1.707238.71184039l4.5763192 4.57631922c.3931386.39313859.7118404 1.16760135.7118404 1.71431368v8.98899651c0 1.1092806-.8945138 2.0085302-1.9940603 2.0085302h-12.01187942c-1.10128908 0-1.99406028-.8926228-1.99406028-1.9950893v-14.00982141c0-1.10185739.88743329-1.99508929 1.99961498-1.99508929zm-3.49645283 10.1752453-3.89407257 6.7495552c.11705545.048464.24538859.0751995.37998328.0751995h10.60290092l-2.4329715-4.2154691-1.57494129 2.7288098zm8.49779013 6.8247547c.5463747 0 .9940603-.4506622.9940603-1.0085302v-8.98899651c0-.28393444-.2150684-.80332809-.4189472-1.0072069l-4.5763192-4.57631922c-.2038461-.20384606-.718603-.41894717-1.0001312-.41894717h-7.00498742c-.55709576 0-.99961498.44271433-.99961498.99508929v13.98991071l4.50814957-7.81026689 3.08089884 5.33809539 1.57494129-2.7288097 3.5875735 6.2159812zm-3.0059397-11c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2s-.8954305 2-2 2-2-.8954305-2-2 .8954305-2 2-2zm0 1c-.5522847 0-1 .44771525-1 1s.4477153 1 1 1 1-.44771525 1-1-.4477153-1-1-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-info" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 0c4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9zm0 7h-1.5l-.11662113.00672773c-.49733868.05776511-.88337887.48043643-.88337887.99327227 0 .47338693.32893365.86994729.77070917.97358929l.1126697.01968298.11662113.00672773h.5v3h-.5l-.11662113.0067277c-.42082504.0488782-.76196299.3590206-.85696816.7639815l-.01968298.1126697-.00672773.1166211.00672773.1166211c.04887817.4208251.35902055.761963.76398144.8569682l.1126697.019683.11662113.0067277h3l.1166211-.0067277c.4973387-.0577651.8833789-.4804365.8833789-.9932723 0-.4733869-.3289337-.8699473-.7707092-.9735893l-.1126697-.019683-.1166211-.0067277h-.5v-4l-.00672773-.11662113c-.04887817-.42082504-.35902055-.76196299-.76398144-.85696816l-.1126697-.01968298zm0-3.25c-.69035594 0-1.25.55964406-1.25 1.25s.55964406 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25-.55964406 1.25-1.25-.55964406-1.25-1.25-1.25z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-institution" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m7 16.9998189v-2.0003623h4v2.0003623h2v-3.0005434h-8v3.0005434zm-3-10.00181122h-1.52632364c-.27614237 0-.5-.22389817-.5-.50009056 0-.13995446.05863589-.27350497.16166338-.36820841l1.23156713-1.13206327h-2.36690687v12.00217346h3v-2.0003623h-3v-1.0001811h3v-1.0001811h1v-4.00072448h-1zm10 0v2.00036224h-1v4.00072448h1v1.0001811h3v1.0001811h-3v2.0003623h3v-12.00217346h-2.3695309l1.2315671 1.13206327c.2033191.186892.2166633.50325042.0298051.70660631-.0946863.10304615-.2282126.16169266-.3681417.16169266zm3-3.00054336c.5522847 0 1 .44779634 1 1.00018112v13.00235456h-18v-13.00235456c0-.55238478.44771525-1.00018112 1-1.00018112h3.45499992l4.20535144-3.86558216c.19129876-.17584288.48537447-.17584288.67667324 0l4.2053514 3.86558216zm-4 3.00054336h-8v1.00018112h8zm-2 6.00108672h1v-4.00072448h-1zm-1 0v-4.00072448h-2v4.00072448zm-3 0v-4.00072448h-1v4.00072448zm8-4.00072448c.5522847 0 1 .44779634 1 1.00018112v2.00036226h-2v-2.00036226c0-.55238478.4477153-1.00018112 1-1.00018112zm-12 0c.55228475 0 1 .44779634 1 1.00018112v2.00036226h-2v-2.00036226c0-.55238478.44771525-1.00018112 1-1.00018112zm5.99868798-7.81907007-5.24205601 4.81852671h10.48411203zm.00131202 3.81834559c-.55228475 0-1-.44779634-1-1.00018112s.44771525-1.00018112 1-1.00018112 1 .44779634 1 1.00018112-.44771525 1.00018112-1 1.00018112zm-1 11.00199236v1.0001811h2v-1.0001811z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-location" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9.39521328 16.2688008c.79596342-.7770119 1.59208152-1.6299956 2.33285652-2.5295081 1.4020032-1.7024324 2.4323601-3.3624519 2.9354918-4.871847.2228715-.66861448.3364384-1.29323246.3364384-1.8674457 0-3.3137085-2.6862915-6-6-6-3.36356866 0-6 2.60156856-6 6 0 .57421324.11356691 1.19883122.3364384 1.8674457.50313169 1.5093951 1.53348863 3.1694146 2.93549184 4.871847.74077492.8995125 1.53689309 1.7524962 2.33285648 2.5295081.13694479.1336842.26895677.2602648.39521328.3793207.12625651-.1190559.25826849-.2456365.39521328-.3793207zm-.39521328 1.7311992s-7-6-7-11c0-4 3.13400675-7 7-7 3.8659932 0 7 3.13400675 7 7 0 5-7 11-7 11zm0-8c-1.65685425 0-3-1.34314575-3-3s1.34314575-3 3-3c1.6568542 0 3 1.34314575 3 3s-1.3431458 3-3 3zm0-1c1.1045695 0 2-.8954305 2-2s-.8954305-2-2-2-2 .8954305-2 2 .8954305 2 2 2z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-minus" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.00087166 7h11.99825664c.5527662 0 1.0008717.44386482 1.0008717 1 0 .55228475-.4446309 1-1.0008717 1h-11.99825664c-.55276616 0-1.00087166-.44386482-1.00087166-1 0-.55228475.44463086-1 1.00087166-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-newsletter" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 11.8482489 2-1.1428571v-1.7053918h-4v1.7053918zm-3-1.7142857v-2.1339632h6v2.1339632l3-1.71428574v-6.41967746h-12v6.41967746zm10-5.3839632 1.5299989.95624934c.2923814.18273835.4700011.50320827.4700011.8479983v8.44575236c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-14c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-8.44575236c0-.34479003.1776197-.66525995.47000106-.8479983l1.52999894-.95624934v-2.75c0-.55228475.44771525-1 1-1h12c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1zm0 1.17924764v3.07075236l-7 4-7-4v-3.07075236l-1 .625v8.44575236c0 .5522847.44771525 1 1 1h14c.5522847 0 1-.4477153 1-1v-8.44575236zm-10-1.92924764h6v1h-6zm-1 2h8v1h-8z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-orcid" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 1c4.418278 0 8 3.581722 8 8s-3.581722 8-8 8-8-3.581722-8-8 3.581722-8 8-8zm-2.90107518 5.2732337h-1.41865256v7.1712107h1.41865256zm4.55867178.02508949h-2.99247027v7.14612121h2.91062487c.7673039 0 1.4476365-.1483432 2.0410182-.445034s1.0511995-.7152915 1.3734671-1.2558144c.3222677-.540523.4833991-1.1603247.4833991-1.85942385 0-.68545815-.1602789-1.30270225-.4808414-1.85175082-.3205625-.54904856-.7707074-.97532211-1.3504481-1.27883343-.5797408-.30351132-1.2413173-.45526471-1.9847495-.45526471zm-.1892674 1.07933542c.7877654 0 1.4143875.22336734 1.8798852.67010873.4654977.44674138.698243 1.05546001.698243 1.82617415 0 .74343221-.2310402 1.34447791-.6931277 1.80315511-.4620874.4586773-1.0750688.6880124-1.8389625.6880124h-1.46810075v-4.98745039zm-5.08652545-3.71099194c-.21825533 0-.410525.08444276-.57681478.25333081-.16628977.16888806-.24943341.36245684-.24943341.58071218 0 .22345188.08314364.41961891.24943341.58850696.16628978.16888806.35855945.25333082.57681478.25333082.233845 0 .43390938-.08314364.60019916-.24943342.16628978-.16628977.24943342-.36375592.24943342-.59240436 0-.233845-.08314364-.43131115-.24943342-.59240437s-.36635416-.24163862-.60019916-.24163862z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-plus" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.00087166 7h4.99912834v-4.99912834c0-.55276616.44386482-1.00087166 1-1.00087166.55228475 0 1 .44463086 1 1.00087166v4.99912834h4.9991283c.5527662 0 1.0008717.44386482 1.0008717 1 0 .55228475-.4446309 1-1.0008717 1h-4.9991283v4.9991283c0 .5527662-.44386482 1.0008717-1 1.0008717-.55228475 0-1-.4446309-1-1.0008717v-4.9991283h-4.99912834c-.55276616 0-1.00087166-.44386482-1.00087166-1 0-.55228475.44463086-1 1.00087166-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-print" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m16.0049107 5h-14.00982141c-.54941618 0-.99508929.4467783-.99508929.99961498v6.00077002c0 .5570958.44271433.999615.99508929.999615h1.00491071v-3h12v3h1.0049107c.5494162 0 .9950893-.4467783.9950893-.999615v-6.00077002c0-.55709576-.4427143-.99961498-.9950893-.99961498zm-2.0049107-1v-2.00208688c0-.54777062-.4519464-.99791312-1.0085302-.99791312h-7.9829396c-.55661731 0-1.0085302.44910695-1.0085302.99791312v2.00208688zm1 10v2.0018986c0 1.103521-.9019504 1.9981014-2.0085302 1.9981014h-7.9829396c-1.1092806 0-2.0085302-.8867064-2.0085302-1.9981014v-2.0018986h-1.00491071c-1.10185739 0-1.99508929-.8874333-1.99508929-1.999615v-6.00077002c0-1.10435686.8926228-1.99961498 1.99508929-1.99961498h1.00491071v-2.00208688c0-1.10341695.90195036-1.99791312 2.0085302-1.99791312h7.9829396c1.1092806 0 2.0085302.89826062 2.0085302 1.99791312v2.00208688h1.0049107c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.88743329 1.9950893 1.99961498v6.00077002c0 1.1043569-.8926228 1.999615-1.9950893 1.999615zm-1-3h-10v5.0018986c0 .5546075.44702548.9981014 1.0085302.9981014h7.9829396c.5565964 0 1.0085302-.4491701 1.0085302-.9981014zm-9 1h8v1h-8zm0 2h5v1h-5zm9-5c-.5522847 0-1-.44771525-1-1s.4477153-1 1-1 1 .44771525 1 1-.4477153 1-1 1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-search" viewBox="0 0 22 22"><path d="M21.697 20.261a1.028 1.028 0 01.01 1.448 1.034 1.034 0 01-1.448-.01l-4.267-4.267A9.812 9.811 0 010 9.812a9.812 9.811 0 1117.43 6.182zM9.812 18.222A8.41 8.41 0 109.81 1.403a8.41 8.41 0 000 16.82z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-social-facebook" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m6.00368507 20c-1.10660471 0-2.00368507-.8945138-2.00368507-1.9940603v-12.01187942c0-1.10128908.89451376-1.99406028 1.99406028-1.99406028h12.01187942c1.1012891 0 1.9940603.89451376 1.9940603 1.99406028v12.01187942c0 1.1012891-.88679 1.9940603-2.0032184 1.9940603h-2.9570132v-6.1960818h2.0797387l.3114113-2.414723h-2.39115v-1.54164807c0-.69911803.1941355-1.1755439 1.1966615-1.1755439l1.2786739-.00055875v-2.15974763l-.2339477-.02492088c-.3441234-.03134957-.9500153-.07025255-1.6293054-.07025255-1.8435726 0-3.1057323 1.12531866-3.1057323 3.19187953v1.78079225h-2.0850778v2.414723h2.0850778v6.1960818z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-social-twitter" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m18.8767135 6.87445248c.7638174-.46908424 1.351611-1.21167363 1.6250764-2.09636345-.7135248.43394112-1.50406.74870123-2.3464594.91677702-.6695189-.73342162-1.6297913-1.19486605-2.6922204-1.19486605-2.0399895 0-3.6933555 1.69603749-3.6933555 3.78628909 0 .29642457.0314329.58673729.0942985.8617704-3.06469922-.15890802-5.78835241-1.66547825-7.60988389-3.9574208-.3174714.56076194-.49978171 1.21167363-.49978171 1.90536824 0 1.31404706.65223085 2.47224203 1.64236444 3.15218497-.60350999-.0198635-1.17401554-.1925232-1.67222562-.47366811v.04583885c0 1.83355406 1.27302891 3.36609966 2.96411421 3.71294696-.31118484.0886217-.63651445.1329326-.97441718.1329326-.2357461 0-.47149219-.0229194-.69466516-.0672303.47149219 1.5065703 1.83253297 2.6036468 3.44975116 2.632678-1.2651707 1.0160946-2.85724264 1.6196394-4.5891906 1.6196394-.29861172 0-.59093688-.0152796-.88011875-.0504227 1.63450624 1.0726291 3.57548241 1.6990934 5.66104951 1.6990934 6.79263079 0 10.50641749-5.7711113 10.50641749-10.7751859l-.0094298-.48894775c.7229547-.53478659 1.3516109-1.20250585 1.8419628-1.96190282-.6632323.30100846-1.3751855.50422736-2.1217148.59590507z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-social-youtube" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m10.1415 14.3973208-.0005625-5.19318431 4.863375 2.60554491zm9.963-7.92753362c-.6845625-.73643756-1.4518125-.73990314-1.803375-.7826454-2.518875-.18714178-6.2971875-.18714178-6.2971875-.18714178-.007875 0-3.7861875 0-6.3050625.18714178-.352125.04274226-1.1188125.04620784-1.8039375.7826454-.5394375.56084773-.7149375 1.8344515-.7149375 1.8344515s-.18 1.49597903-.18 2.99138042v1.4024082c0 1.495979.18 2.9913804.18 2.9913804s.1755 1.2736038.7149375 1.8344515c.685125.7364376 1.5845625.7133337 1.9850625.7901542 1.44.1420891 6.12.1859866 6.12.1859866s3.78225-.005776 6.301125-.1929178c.3515625-.0433198 1.1188125-.0467854 1.803375-.783223.5394375-.5608477.7155-1.8344515.7155-1.8344515s.18-1.4954014.18-2.9913804v-1.4024082c0-1.49540139-.18-2.99138042-.18-2.99138042s-.1760625-1.27360377-.7155-1.8344515z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-subject-medicine" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m12.5 8h-6.5c-1.65685425 0-3 1.34314575-3 3v1c0 1.6568542 1.34314575 3 3 3h1v-2h-.5c-.82842712 0-1.5-.6715729-1.5-1.5s.67157288-1.5 1.5-1.5h1.5 2 1 2c1.6568542 0 3-1.34314575 3-3v-1c0-1.65685425-1.3431458-3-3-3h-2v2h1.5c.8284271 0 1.5.67157288 1.5 1.5s-.6715729 1.5-1.5 1.5zm-5.5-1v-1h-3.5c-1.38071187 0-2.5-1.11928813-2.5-2.5s1.11928813-2.5 2.5-2.5h1.02786405c.46573528 0 .92507448.10843528 1.34164078.31671843l1.13382424.56691212c.06026365-1.05041141.93116291-1.88363055 1.99667093-1.88363055 1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2h2c2.209139 0 4 1.790861 4 4v1c0 2.209139-1.790861 4-4 4h-2v1h2c1.1045695 0 2 .8954305 2 2s-.8954305 2-2 2h-2c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2s-2-.8954305-2-2h-1c-2.209139 0-4-1.790861-4-4v-1c0-2.209139 1.790861-4 4-4zm0-2v-2.05652691c-.14564246-.03538148-.28733393-.08714006-.42229124-.15461871l-1.15541752-.57770876c-.27771087-.13885544-.583937-.21114562-.89442719-.21114562h-1.02786405c-.82842712 0-1.5.67157288-1.5 1.5s.67157288 1.5 1.5 1.5zm4 1v1h1.5c.2761424 0 .5-.22385763.5-.5s-.2238576-.5-.5-.5zm-1 1v-5c0-.55228475-.44771525-1-1-1s-1 .44771525-1 1v5zm-2 4v5c0 .5522847.44771525 1 1 1s1-.4477153 1-1v-5zm3 2v2h2c.5522847 0 1-.4477153 1-1s-.4477153-1-1-1zm-4-1v-1h-.5c-.27614237 0-.5.2238576-.5.5s.22385763.5.5.5zm-3.5-9h1c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-success" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 0c4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9zm3.4860198 4.98163161-4.71802968 5.50657859-2.62834168-2.02300024c-.42862421-.36730544-1.06564993-.30775346-1.42283677.13301307-.35718685.44076653-.29927542 1.0958383.12934879 1.46314377l3.40735508 2.7323063c.42215801.3385221 1.03700951.2798252 1.38749189-.1324571l5.38450527-6.33394549c.3613513-.43716226.3096573-1.09278382-.115462-1.46437175-.4251192-.37158792-1.0626796-.31842941-1.4240309.11873285z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-table" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m16.0049107 2c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.89706013 1.9950893 2.00585866v9.98828264c0 1.1078052-.8926228 2.0058587-1.9950893 2.0058587l-4.0059107-.001.001.001h-1l-.001-.001h-5l.001.001h-1l-.001-.001-3.00391071.001c-1.10185739 0-1.99508929-.8970601-1.99508929-2.0058587v-9.98828264c0-1.10780515.8926228-2.00585866 1.99508929-2.00585866zm-11.0059107 5h-3.999v6.9941413c0 .5572961.44630695 1.0058587.99508929 1.0058587h3.00391071zm6 0h-5v8h5zm5.0059107-4h-4.0059107v3h5.001v1h-5.001v7.999l4.0059107.001c.5487152 0 .9950893-.4488783.9950893-1.0058587v-9.98828264c0-.55729607-.446307-1.00585866-.9950893-1.00585866zm-12.5049107 9c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm12 0c.2761424 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-2c-.2761424 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.2238576-.5.5-.5zm-6 0c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-2c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm-6-2c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm12 0c.2761424 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-2c-.2761424 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.2238576-.5.5-.5zm-6 0c.27614237 0 .5.2238576.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-2c-.27614237 0-.5-.2238576-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm-6-2c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-1c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm12 0c.2761424 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.2238576.5-.5.5h-2c-.2761424 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.2238576-.5.5-.5zm-6 0c.27614237 0 .5.22385763.5.5s-.22385763.5-.5.5h-2c-.27614237 0-.5-.22385763-.5-.5s.22385763-.5.5-.5zm1.499-5h-5v3h5zm-6 0h-3.00391071c-.54871518 0-.99508929.44887827-.99508929 1.00585866v1.99414134h3.999z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-tick-circle" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12 2c5.5228475 0 10 4.4771525 10 10s-4.4771525 10-10 10-10-4.4771525-10-10 4.4771525-10 10-10zm0 1c-4.97056275 0-9 4.02943725-9 9 0 4.9705627 4.02943725 9 9 9 4.9705627 0 9-4.0294373 9-9 0-4.97056275-4.0294373-9-9-9zm4.2199868 5.36606669c.3613514-.43716226.9989118-.49032077 1.424031-.11873285s.4768133 1.02720949.115462 1.46437175l-6.093335 6.94397871c-.3622945.4128716-.9897871.4562317-1.4054264.0971157l-3.89719065-3.3672071c-.42862421-.3673054-.48653564-1.0223772-.1293488-1.4631437s.99421256-.5003185 1.42283677-.1330131l3.11097438 2.6987741z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-tick" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m6.76799012 9.21106946-3.1109744-2.58349728c-.42862421-.35161617-1.06564993-.29460792-1.42283677.12733148s-.29927541 1.04903009.1293488 1.40064626l3.91576307 3.23873978c.41034319.3393961 1.01467563.2976897 1.37450571-.0948578l6.10568327-6.660841c.3613513-.41848908.3096572-1.04610608-.115462-1.4018218-.4251192-.35571573-1.0626796-.30482786-1.424031.11366122z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-update" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m1 13v1c0 .5522847.44771525 1 1 1h14c.5522847 0 1-.4477153 1-1v-1h-1v-10h-14v10zm16-1h1v2c0 1.1045695-.8954305 2-2 2h-14c-1.1045695 0-2-.8954305-2-2v-2h1v-9c0-.55228475.44771525-1 1-1h14c.5522847 0 1 .44771525 1 1zm-1 0v1h-4.5857864l-1 1h-2.82842716l-1-1h-4.58578644v-1h5l1 1h2l1-1zm-13-8h12v7h-12zm1 1v5h10v-5zm1 1h4v1h-4zm0 2h4v1h-4z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-upload" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m10.0046024 0c.5497429 0 1.3179837.32258606 1.707238.71184039l4.5763192 4.57631922c.3931386.39313859.7118404 1.16760135.7118404 1.71431368v8.98899651c0 1.1092806-.8945138 2.0085302-1.9940603 2.0085302h-12.01187942c-1.10128908 0-1.99406028-.8926228-1.99406028-1.9950893v-14.00982141c0-1.10185739.88743329-1.99508929 1.99961498-1.99508929zm0 1h-7.00498742c-.55709576 0-.99961498.44271433-.99961498.99508929v14.00982141c0 .5500396.44491393.9950893.99406028.9950893h12.01187942c.5463747 0 .9940603-.4506622.9940603-1.0085302v-8.98899651c0-.28393444-.2150684-.80332809-.4189472-1.0072069l-4.5763192-4.57631922c-.2038461-.20384606-.718603-.41894717-1.0001312-.41894717zm-1.85576936 4.14572769c.19483374-.19483375.51177826-.19377714.70556874.00001334l2.59099082 2.59099079c.1948411.19484112.1904373.51514474.0027906.70279143-.1932998.19329987-.5046517.19237083-.7001856-.00692852l-1.74638687-1.7800176v6.14827687c0 .2717771-.23193359.492096-.5.492096-.27614237 0-.5-.216372-.5-.492096v-6.14827641l-1.74627892 1.77990922c-.1933927.1971171-.51252214.19455839-.70016883.0069117-.19329987-.19329988-.19100584-.50899493.00277731-.70277808z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-video" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m16.0049107 2c1.1018574 0 1.9950893.89706013 1.9950893 2.00585866v9.98828264c0 1.1078052-.8926228 2.0058587-1.9950893 2.0058587h-14.00982141c-1.10185739 0-1.99508929-.8970601-1.99508929-2.0058587v-9.98828264c0-1.10780515.8926228-2.00585866 1.99508929-2.00585866zm0 1h-14.00982141c-.54871518 0-.99508929.44887827-.99508929 1.00585866v9.98828264c0 .5572961.44630695 1.0058587.99508929 1.0058587h14.00982141c.5487152 0 .9950893-.4488783.9950893-1.0058587v-9.98828264c0-.55729607-.446307-1.00585866-.9950893-1.00585866zm-8.30912922 2.24944486 4.60460462 2.73982242c.9365543.55726659.9290753 1.46522435 0 2.01804082l-4.60460462 2.7398224c-.93655425.5572666-1.69578148.1645632-1.69578148-.8937585v-5.71016863c0-1.05087579.76670616-1.446575 1.69578148-.89375851zm-.67492769.96085624v5.5750128c0 .2995102-.10753745.2442517.16578928.0847713l4.58452283-2.67497259c.3050619-.17799716.3051624-.21655446 0-.39461026l-4.58452283-2.67497264c-.26630747-.15538481-.16578928-.20699944-.16578928.08477139z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-warning" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 11.75c.69035594 0 1.25.5596441 1.25 1.25s-.55964406 1.25-1.25 1.25-1.25-.5596441-1.25-1.25.55964406-1.25 1.25-1.25zm.41320045-7.75c.55228475 0 1.00000005.44771525 1.00000005 1l-.0034543.08304548-.3333333 4c-.043191.51829212-.47645714.91695452-.99654578.91695452h-.15973424c-.52008864 0-.95335475-.3986624-.99654576-.91695452l-.33333333-4c-.04586475-.55037702.36312325-1.03372649.91350028-1.07959124l.04148683-.00259031zm-.41320045 14c-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9 4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-checklist-banner" viewBox="0 0 56.69 56.69"><path style="fill:none" d="M0 0h56.69v56.69H0z"/><clipPath id="b"><use xlink:href="#a" style="overflow:visible"/></clipPath><path d="M21.14 34.46c0-6.77 5.48-12.26 12.24-12.26s12.24 5.49 12.24 12.26-5.48 12.26-12.24 12.26c-6.76-.01-12.24-5.49-12.24-12.26zm19.33 10.66 10.23 9.22s1.21 1.09 2.3-.12l2.09-2.32s1.09-1.21-.12-2.3l-10.23-9.22m-19.29-5.92c0-4.38 3.55-7.94 7.93-7.94s7.93 3.55 7.93 7.94c0 4.38-3.55 7.94-7.93 7.94-4.38-.01-7.93-3.56-7.93-7.94zm17.58 12.99 4.14-4.81" style="clip-path:url(#b);fill:none;stroke:#01324b;stroke-width:2;stroke-linecap:round"/><path d="M8.26 9.75H28.6M8.26 15.98H28.6m-20.34 6.2h12.5m14.42-5.2V4.86s0-2.93-2.93-2.93H4.13s-2.93 0-2.93 2.93v37.57s0 2.93 2.93 2.93h15.01M8.26 9.75H28.6M8.26 15.98H28.6m-20.34 6.2h12.5" style="clip-path:url(#b);fill:none;stroke:#01324b;stroke-width:2;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-down" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m5.58578644 3-3.29289322-3.29289322c-.39052429-.39052429-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356s1.02368927-.39052429 1.41421356 0l4 4c.39052429.39052429.39052429 1.02368927 0 1.41421356l-4 4c-.39052429.39052429-1.02368927.39052429-1.41421356 0s-.39052429-1.02368927 0-1.41421356z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 1 -1 0 11 1)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.728 3.293 7.98 7.99a.996.996 0 0 1 .281.561l.011.157c0 .32-.15.605-.384.788l-7.908 7.918a1 1 0 0 1-1.416-1.414L17.576 13H4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h13.598l-6.285-6.293a1 1 0 0 1-.082-1.32l.083-.095a1 1 0 0 1 1.414.001Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.00087166 7h4.99912834v-4.99912834c0-.55276616.44386482-1.00087166 1-1.00087166.55228475 0 1 .44463086 1 1.00087166v4.99912834h4.9991283c.5527662 0 1.0008717.44386482 1.0008717 1 0 .55228475-.4446309 1-1.0008717 1h-4.9991283v4.9991283c0 .5527662-.44386482 1.0008717-1 1.0008717-.55228475 0-1-.4446309-1-1.0008717v-4.9991283h-4.99912834c-.55276616 0-1.00087166-.44386482-1.00087166-1 0-.55228475.44463086-1 1.00087166-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.692 5.278a1 1 0 0 1 .03 1.414L9.103 11.51a1.491 1.491 0 0 1-2.188.019L2.278 6.692a1 1 0 0 1 1.444-1.384L8 9.771l4.278-4.463a1 1 0 0 1 1.318-.111l.096.081Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small" viewBox="0 0 10 10"><path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.00087166 7h11.99825664c.5527662 0 1.0008717.44386482 1.0008717 1 0 .55228475-.4446309 1-1.0008717 1h-11.99825664c-.55276616 0-1.00087166-.44386482-1.00087166-1 0-.55228475.44463086-1 1.00087166-1z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-close-medium" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2.29679575 12.2772478c-.39658757.3965876-.39438847 1.0328109-.00062148 1.4265779.39651227.3965123 1.03246768.3934888 1.42657791-.0006214l4.27724782-4.27724787 4.2772478 4.27724787c.3965876.3965875 1.0328109.3943884 1.4265779.0006214.3965123-.3965122.3934888-1.0324677-.0006214-1.4265779l-4.27724787-4.2772478 4.27724787-4.27724782c.3965875-.39658757.3943884-1.03281091.0006214-1.42657791-.3965122-.39651226-1.0324677-.39348875-1.4265779.00062148l-4.2772478 4.27724782-4.27724782-4.27724782c-.39658757-.39658757-1.03281091-.39438847-1.42657791-.00062148-.39651226.39651227-.39348875 1.03246768.00062148 1.42657791l4.27724782 4.27724782z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-download-medium" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m12.9975267 12.999368c.5467123 0 1.0024733.4478567 1.0024733 1.000316 0 .5563109-.4488226 1.000316-1.0024733 1.000316h-9.99505341c-.54671233 0-1.00247329-.4478567-1.00247329-1.000316 0-.5563109.44882258-1.000316 1.00247329-1.000316zm-4.9975267-11.999368c.55228475 0 1 .44497754 1 .99589209v6.80214418l2.4816273-2.48241149c.3928222-.39294628 1.0219732-.4006883 1.4030652-.01947579.3911302.39125371.3914806 1.02525073-.0001404 1.41699553l-4.17620792 4.17752758c-.39120769.3913313-1.02508144.3917306-1.41671995-.0000316l-4.17639421-4.17771394c-.39122513-.39134876-.39767006-1.01940351-.01657797-1.40061601.39113012-.39125372 1.02337105-.3931606 1.41951349.00310701l2.48183446 2.48261871v-6.80214418c0-.55001601.44386482-.99589209 1-.99589209z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 0c4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9zm0 7h-1.5l-.11662113.00672773c-.49733868.05776511-.88337887.48043643-.88337887.99327227 0 .47338693.32893365.86994729.77070917.97358929l.1126697.01968298.11662113.00672773h.5v3h-.5l-.11662113.0067277c-.42082504.0488782-.76196299.3590206-.85696816.7639815l-.01968298.1126697-.00672773.1166211.00672773.1166211c.04887817.4208251.35902055.761963.76398144.8569682l.1126697.019683.11662113.0067277h3l.1166211-.0067277c.4973387-.0577651.8833789-.4804365.8833789-.9932723 0-.4733869-.3289337-.8699473-.7707092-.9735893l-.1126697-.019683-.1166211-.0067277h-.5v-4l-.00672773-.11662113c-.04887817-.42082504-.35902055-.76196299-.76398144-.85696816l-.1126697-.01968298zm0-3.25c-.69035594 0-1.25.55964406-1.25 1.25s.55964406 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25-.55964406 1.25-1.25-.55964406-1.25-1.25-1.25z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mail-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m19.462 0c1.413 0 2.538 1.184 2.538 2.619v12.762c0 1.435-1.125 2.619-2.538 2.619h-16.924c-1.413 0-2.538-1.184-2.538-2.619v-12.762c0-1.435 1.125-2.619 2.538-2.619zm.538 5.158-7.378 6.258a2.549 2.549 0 0 1 -3.253-.008l-7.369-6.248v10.222c0 .353.253.619.538.619h16.924c.285 0 .538-.266.538-.619zm-.538-3.158h-16.924c-.264 0-.5.228-.534.542l8.65 7.334c.2.165.492.165.684.007l8.656-7.342-.001-.025c-.044-.3-.274-.516-.531-.516z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-menu-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h18Zm-4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h14Zm4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h18Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-search-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11 1c5.523 0 10 4.477 10 10 0 2.4-.846 4.604-2.256 6.328l3.963 3.965a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-3.965-3.963A9.959 9.959 0 0 1 11 21C5.477 21 1 16.523 1 11S5.477 1 11 1Zm0 2a8 8 0 1 0 0 16 8 8 0 0 0 0-16Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-single-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10 5 5 0 0 1 0-10Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm-.406 9.008a8.965 8.965 0 0 1 6.596 2.494A9.161 9.161 0 0 1 21 21.025V22a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H4a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.985c.05-4.825 3.815-8.777 8.594-9.007Zm.39 1.992-.299.006c-3.63.175-6.518 3.127-6.678 6.775L5 21h13.998l-.009-.268a7.157 7.157 0 0 0-1.97-4.573l-.214-.213A6.967 6.967 0 0 0 11.984 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-warning-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m9 11.75c.69035594 0 1.25.5596441 1.25 1.25s-.55964406 1.25-1.25 1.25-1.25-.5596441-1.25-1.25.55964406-1.25 1.25-1.25zm.41320045-7.75c.55228475 0 1.00000005.44771525 1.00000005 1l-.0034543.08304548-.3333333 4c-.043191.51829212-.47645714.91695452-.99654578.91695452h-.15973424c-.52008864 0-.95335475-.3986624-.99654576-.91695452l-.33333333-4c-.04586475-.55037702.36312325-1.03372649.91350028-1.07959124l.04148683-.00259031zm-.41320045 14c-4.97056275 0-9-4.0294373-9-9 0-4.97056275 4.02943725-9 9-9 4.9705627 0 9 4.02943725 9 9 0 4.9705627-4.0294373 9-9 9z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-expand-image" viewBox="0 0 18 18"><path d="m7.49754099 11.9178212c.38955542-.3895554.38761957-1.0207846-.00290473-1.4113089-.39324695-.3932469-1.02238878-.3918247-1.41130883-.0029047l-4.10273549 4.1027355.00055454-3.5103985c.00008852-.5603185-.44832171-1.006032-1.00155062-1.0059446-.53903074.0000852-.97857527.4487442-.97866268 1.0021075l-.00093318 5.9072465c-.00008751.553948.44841131 1.001882 1.00174994 1.0017946l5.906983-.0009331c.5539233-.0000875 1.00197907-.4486389 1.00206646-1.0018679.00008515-.5390307-.45026621-.9784332-1.00588841-.9783454l-3.51010549.0005545zm3.00571741-5.83449376c-.3895554.38955541-.3876196 1.02078454.0029047 1.41130883.393247.39324696 1.0223888.39182478 1.4113089.00290473l4.1027355-4.10273549-.0005546 3.5103985c-.0000885.56031852.4483217 1.006032 1.0015506 1.00594461.5390308-.00008516.9785753-.44874418.9786627-1.00210749l.0009332-5.9072465c.0000875-.553948-.4484113-1.00188204-1.0017499-1.00179463l-5.906983.00093313c-.5539233.00008751-1.0019791.44863892-1.0020665 1.00186784-.0000852.53903074.4502662.97843325 1.0058884.97834547l3.5101055-.00055449z" fill-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-github" viewBox="0 0 100 100"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M48.854 0C21.839 0 0 22 0 49.217c0 21.756 13.993 40.172 33.405 46.69 2.427.49 3.316-1.059 3.316-2.362 0-1.141-.08-5.052-.08-9.127-13.59 2.934-16.42-5.867-16.42-5.867-2.184-5.704-5.42-7.17-5.42-7.17-4.448-3.015.324-3.015.324-3.015 4.934.326 7.523 5.052 7.523 5.052 4.367 7.496 11.404 5.378 14.235 4.074.404-3.178 1.699-5.378 3.074-6.6-10.839-1.141-22.243-5.378-22.243-24.283 0-5.378 1.94-9.778 5.014-13.2-.485-1.222-2.184-6.275.486-13.038 0 0 4.125-1.304 13.426 5.052a46.97 46.97 0 0 1 12.214-1.63c4.125 0 8.33.571 12.213 1.63 9.302-6.356 13.427-5.052 13.427-5.052 2.67 6.763.97 11.816.485 13.038 3.155 3.422 5.015 7.822 5.015 13.2 0 18.905-11.404 23.06-22.324 24.283 1.78 1.548 3.316 4.481 3.316 9.126 0 6.6-.08 11.897-.08 13.526 0 1.304.89 2.853 3.316 2.364 19.412-6.52 33.405-24.935 33.405-46.691C97.707 22 75.788 0 48.854 0z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-springer-arrow-left"><path d="M15 7a1 1 0 000-2H3.385l2.482-2.482a.994.994 0 00.02-1.403 1.001 1.001 0 00-1.417 0L.294 5.292a1.001 1.001 0 000 1.416l4.176 4.177a.991.991 0 001.4.016 1 1 0 00-.003-1.42L3.385 7H15z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-springer-arrow-right"><path d="M1 7a1 1 0 010-2h11.615l-2.482-2.482a.994.994 0 01-.02-1.403 1.001 1.001 0 011.417 0l4.176 4.177a1.001 1.001 0 010 1.416l-4.176 4.177a.991.991 0 01-1.4.016 1 1 0 01.003-1.42L12.615 7H1z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-submit-open" viewBox="0 0 16 17"><path d="M12 0c1.10457 0 2 .895431 2 2v5c0 .276142-.223858.5-.5.5S13 7.276142 13 7V2c0-.512836-.38604-.935507-.883379-.993272L12 1H6v3c0 1.10457-.89543 2-2 2H1v8c0 .512836.38604.935507.883379.993272L2 15h6.5c.276142 0 .5.223858.5.5s-.223858.5-.5.5H2c-1.104569 0-2-.89543-2-2V5.828427c0-.530433.210714-1.039141.585786-1.414213L4.414214.585786C4.789286.210714 5.297994 0 5.828427 0H12Zm3.41 11.14c.250899.250899.250274.659726 0 .91-.242954.242954-.649606.245216-.9-.01l-1.863671-1.900337.001043 5.869492c0 .356992-.289839.637138-.647372.637138-.347077 0-.647371-.285256-.647371-.637138l-.001043-5.869492L9.5 12.04c-.253166.258042-.649726.260274-.9.01-.242954-.242954-.252269-.657731 0-.91l2.942184-2.951303c.250908-.250909.66127-.252277.91353-.000017L15.41 11.14ZM5 1.413 1.413 5H4c.552285 0 1-.447715 1-1V1.413ZM11 3c.276142 0 .5.223858.5.5s-.223858.5-.5.5H7.5c-.276142 0-.5-.223858-.5-.5s.223858-.5.5-.5H11Zm0 2c.276142 0 .5.223858.5.5s-.223858.5-.5.5H7.5c-.276142 0-.5-.223858-.5-.5s.223858-.5.5-.5H11Z" fill-rule="nonzero"/></symbol></svg> </div> </body> </html>