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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Restrictive lung disease</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Restrictive ventilatory defect</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pulmonology</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Restrictive lung diseases</b> are a category of <a href="/wiki/Extrapulmonary_restriction" title="Extrapulmonary restriction">extrapulmonary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pleural_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleural space">pleural</a>, or parenchymal <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory diseases">respiratory diseases</a> that restrict lung expansion,<sup id="cite_ref-emedicineRLD_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emedicineRLD-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in a decreased <a href="/wiki/Lung_volume" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung volume">lung volume</a>, an increased work of <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">breathing</a>, and inadequate <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(physiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventilation (physiology)">ventilation</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Oxygenation_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygenation (medicine)">oxygenation</a>. Pulmonary function test demonstrates a decrease in the forced vital capacity. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presentation">Presentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restrictive_lung_disease&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Presentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the chronic nature of this disease, the leading symptom of restrictive lung disease is progressive exertional dyspnea.<sup id="cite_ref-urleMedicine_-_Restrictive_Lung_Disease_:_Article_by_Sat_Sharma_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urleMedicine_-_Restrictive_Lung_Disease_:_Article_by_Sat_Sharma-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  For acute on chronic cases, <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cough" title="Cough">cough</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_failure" title="Respiratory failure">respiratory failure</a> are some of the more common signs.<sup id="cite_ref-urleMedicine_-_Restrictive_Lung_Disease_:_Article_by_Sat_Sharma_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urleMedicine_-_Restrictive_Lung_Disease_:_Article_by_Sat_Sharma-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restrictive_lung_disease&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Restrictive lung diseases may be due to specific causes which can be intrinsic to the <a href="/wiki/Parenchyma" title="Parenchyma">parenchyma</a> of the lung, or extrinsic to it.<sup id="cite_ref-urleMedicine_-_Restrictive_Lung_Disease_:_Article_by_Sat_Sharma_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urleMedicine_-_Restrictive_Lung_Disease_:_Article_by_Sat_Sharma-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intrinsic">Intrinsic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restrictive_lung_disease&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Intrinsic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoconiosis" title="Pneumoconiosis">Pneumoconiosis</a> caused by long-term exposure to dusts, especially in mining. For example, <a href="/wiki/Asbestosis" title="Asbestosis">Asbestosis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiation_fibrosis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiation fibrosis (page does not exist)">Radiation fibrosis</a>, usually from the radiation given for cancer treatment.</li> <li>Certain drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">amiodarone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bleomycin" title="Bleomycin">bleomycin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">methotrexate</a>.</li> <li>As a consequence of another disease such as <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis" title="Hypersensitivity pneumonitis">Hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> due to an allergic reaction to inhaled particles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Acute respiratory distress syndrome">Acute respiratory distress syndrome</a> (ARDS), a severe lung condition occurring in response to a critical illness or injury.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Infant respiratory distress syndrome">Infant respiratory distress syndrome</a> due to a deficiency of <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactant</a> in the lungs of a baby born prematurely.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid26113680_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26113680-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Many cases of restrictive lung disease are <a href="/wiki/Idiopathic" class="mw-redirect" title="Idiopathic">idiopathic</a> (have no known cause). Still, there is generally <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Pulmonary fibrosis">pulmonary fibrosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-osborne_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osborne-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis">Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_interstitial_pneumonia" title="Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia">Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia</a>, of which there are several types</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">Sarcoidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_pneumonia" title="Eosinophilic pneumonia">Eosinophilic pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphangioleiomyomatosis" title="Lymphangioleiomyomatosis">Lymphangioleiomyomatosis</a></li> <li>Pulmonary <a href="/wiki/Langerhans%27_cell_histiocytosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Langerhans' cell histiocytosis">Langerhans' cell histiocytosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolar_proteinosis" title="Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis">Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis</a></li></ul> <p>Conditions specifically affecting the interstitium are called <a href="/wiki/Interstitial_lung_disease" title="Interstitial lung disease">interstitial lung diseases</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extrinsic">Extrinsic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restrictive_lung_disease&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Extrinsic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Nonmuscular diseases of the upper thorax such as <a href="/wiki/Kyphosis" title="Kyphosis">kyphosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pectus_carinatum" title="Pectus carinatum">pectus carinatum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pectus_excavatum" title="Pectus excavatum">pectus excavatum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-emedicine.medscape.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emedicine.medscape.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Diseases restricting lower thoracic/abdominal volume (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diaphragmatic_hernia" title="Diaphragmatic hernia">diaphragmatic hernia</a>, or the presence of <a href="/wiki/Ascites" title="Ascites">ascites</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-emedicine.medscape.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emedicine.medscape.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pleural thickening.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restrictive_lung_disease&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In normal respiratory function, the air flows in through the upper airway, down through the bronchi and into the lung parenchyma (the bronchioles down to the alveoli) where gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During inspiration, the lungs expand to allow airflow into the lungs and thereby increasing total volume. After inspiration follows expiration during which the lungs recoil and push air back out of the pulmonary pathway. <a href="/wiki/Lung_compliance" title="Lung compliance">Lung compliance</a> is the difference of volume during inspiration and expiration.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Restrictive lung disease is characterized by reduced lung volumes, and therefore reduced lung compliance, either due to an intrinsic reason, for example a change in the lung parenchyma, or due to an extrinsic reason, for example diseases of the chest wall, pleura, or respiratory muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-urleMedicine_-_Restrictive_Lung_Disease_:_Article_by_Sat_Sharma_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urleMedicine_-_Restrictive_Lung_Disease_:_Article_by_Sat_Sharma-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, intrinsic causes are from lung parenchyma diseases that cause inflammation or scarring of the lung tissue, such as interstitial lung disease or <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Pulmonary fibrosis">pulmonary fibrosis</a>, or from having the alveoli air spaces filled with external material such as debris or exudate in pneumonitis.<sup id="cite_ref-urleMedicine_-_Restrictive_Lung_Disease_:_Article_by_Sat_Sharma_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urleMedicine_-_Restrictive_Lung_Disease_:_Article_by_Sat_Sharma-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As some diseases of the lung parenchyma progress, the normal lung tissue can be gradually replaced with scar tissue that is interspersed with pockets of air.<sup id="cite_ref-osborne_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osborne-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can lead to parts of the lung having a honeycomb-like appearance. The extrinsic causes result in lung restriction, impaired ventilatory function, and even respiratory failure due to the diseases that effect the lungs ability to create a change in lung volumes during respiration due to the diseases of the systems stated above.<sup id="cite_ref-urleMedicine_-_Restrictive_Lung_Disease_:_Article_by_Sat_Sharma_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urleMedicine_-_Restrictive_Lung_Disease_:_Article_by_Sat_Sharma-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restrictive_lung_disease&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In restrictive lung disease, both forced expiratory volume in one second (<a href="/wiki/FEV1" class="mw-redirect" title="FEV1">FEV1</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Forced_vital_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced vital capacity">forced vital capacity</a> (FVC) are reduced, however, the decline in FVC is more than that of FEV1, resulting in a higher than 80% <a href="/wiki/FEV1/FVC_ratio" title="FEV1/FVC ratio">FEV1/FVC ratio</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Obstructive_lung_disease" title="Obstructive lung disease">obstructive lung disease</a> however, the FEV1/FVC is less than 0.7, indicating that FEV1 is significantly reduced when compared to the total expired volume. This indicates that the FVC is also reduced, but not by the same ratio as FEV1.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One definition requires a <a href="/wiki/Total_lung_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Total lung capacity">total lung capacity</a> which is 80% or less of the expected value.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11991875_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11991875-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restrictive_lung_disease&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medical treatment for restrictive lung disease is normally limited to supportive care since both the intrinsic and extrinsic causes can have irreversible effects on lung compliance.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supportive therapies focus on maximizing pulmonary function and preserving activity tolerance through oxygen therapy, bronchodilators, inhaled beta-adrenergic agonists, and diuretics.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because there is no effective treatment for restrictive lung disease, prevention is key.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restrictive_lung_disease&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrapulmonary_restriction" title="Extrapulmonary restriction">Extrapulmonary restriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstructive_lung_disease" title="Obstructive lung disease">Obstructive lung disease</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restrictive_lung_disease&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oac.med.jhmi.edu/res_phys/Encyclopedia/RestrictVentDefect/RestrictVentDefect.HTML">Johns Hopkins School of Medicine's Interactive Respiratory Physiology > Restrictive Ventilatory Defect</a> Retrieved on February 25, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-emedicineRLD-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-emedicineRLD_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSharma,_Sat" class="citation web cs1">Sharma, Sat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2012.htm">"Restrictive Lung Disease"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Restrictive+Lung+Disease&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Sat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emedicine.com%2Fmed%2Ftopic2012.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestrictive+lung+disease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urleMedicine_-_Restrictive_Lung_Disease_:_Article_by_Sat_Sharma-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-urleMedicine_-_Restrictive_Lung_Disease_:_Article_by_Sat_Sharma_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-urleMedicine_-_Restrictive_Lung_Disease_:_Article_by_Sat_Sharma_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-urleMedicine_-_Restrictive_Lung_Disease_:_Article_by_Sat_Sharma_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-urleMedicine_-_Restrictive_Lung_Disease_:_Article_by_Sat_Sharma_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-urleMedicine_-_Restrictive_Lung_Disease_:_Article_by_Sat_Sharma_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-urleMedicine_-_Restrictive_Lung_Disease_:_Article_by_Sat_Sharma_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2012.htm">"eMedicine - Restrictive Lung Disease : Article by Sat Sharma"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=eMedicine+-+Restrictive+Lung+Disease+%3A+Article+by+Sat+Sharma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emedicine.com%2Fmed%2Ftopic2012.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestrictive+lung+disease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26113680-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid26113680_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmaralCotonKatoTan2015" class="citation journal cs1">Amaral, André F.S.; Coton, Sonia; Kato, Bernet; Tan, Wan C.; Studnicka, Michael; Janson, Christer; Gislason, Thorarinn; Mannino, David; Bateman, Eric D.; Buist, Sonia; Burney, Peter G.J. (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4594762">"Tuberculosis associates with both airflow obstruction and low lung function: BOLD results"</a>. <i>European Respiratory Journal</i>. <b>46</b> (4): 1104–1112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1183%2F13993003.02325-2014">10.1183/13993003.02325-2014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4594762">4594762</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26113680">26113680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Respiratory+Journal&rft.atitle=Tuberculosis+associates+with+both+airflow+obstruction+and+low+lung+function%3A+BOLD+results&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1104-1112&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4594762%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26113680&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1183%2F13993003.02325-2014&rft.aulast=Amaral&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9+F.S.&rft.au=Coton%2C+Sonia&rft.au=Kato%2C+Bernet&rft.au=Tan%2C+Wan+C.&rft.au=Studnicka%2C+Michael&rft.au=Janson%2C+Christer&rft.au=Gislason%2C+Thorarinn&rft.au=Mannino%2C+David&rft.au=Bateman%2C+Eric+D.&rft.au=Buist%2C+Sonia&rft.au=Burney%2C+Peter+G.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4594762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestrictive+lung+disease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osborne-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-osborne_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osborne_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sallyosborne.com/Workshop%20on%20PFTs-PreReading%20-%202009.pdf">PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS A Workshop on Simple Spirometry & Flow Volume Loops.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100331172158/http://www.sallyosborne.com/Workshop%20on%20PFTs-PreReading%20-%202009.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-03-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Dr. S. Osborne, Dept. Cellular & Physiological Sciences. Mars 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-emedicine.medscape.com-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-emedicine.medscape.com_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-emedicine.medscape.com_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301760-overview">eMedicine Specialties > Pulmonology > Interstitial Lung Diseases > Restrictive Lung Disease</a> Author: Lalit K Kanaparthi, MD, Klaus-Dieter Lessnau, MD, Sat Sharma, MD. Updated: Jul 27, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapriotti,_Theresa2016" class="citation book cs1">Capriotti, Theresa (2016). <i>Pathophysiology : introductory concepts and clinical perspectives</i>. Frizzell, Joan Parker. Philadelphia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8036-1571-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8036-1571-7"><bdi>978-0-8036-1571-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/900626405">900626405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pathophysiology+%3A+introductory+concepts+and+clinical+perspectives&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F900626405&rft.isbn=978-0-8036-1571-7&rft.au=Capriotti%2C+Theresa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestrictive+lung+disease" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, H., Lim, S., Kim, J., Ha, H., & Park, H. (2015). Comparison Of Various Pulmonary Function Parameters In The Diagnosis Of Obstructive Lung Disease In Patients With Normal Fev1/FVC And Low FVC. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 191, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2015, Vol.191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11991875-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11991875_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrackJubranTobin2002" class="citation journal cs1">Brack T, Jubran A, Tobin MJ (May 2002). "Dyspnea and decreased variability of breathing in patients with restrictive lung disease". <i>Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med</i>. <b>165</b> (9): 1260–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1164%2Frccm.2201018">10.1164/rccm.2201018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11991875">11991875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Respir.+Crit.+Care+Med.&rft.atitle=Dyspnea+and+decreased+variability+of+breathing+in+patients+with+restrictive+lung+disease&rft.volume=165&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1260-4&rft.date=2002-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1164%2Frccm.2201018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11991875&rft.aulast=Brack&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Jubran%2C+A&rft.au=Tobin%2C+MJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestrictive+lung+disease" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Focus on adult health : medical-surgical nursing</i>. Honan, Linda, 1955- (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58255-877-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58255-877-6"><bdi>978-1-58255-877-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/756895022">756895022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Focus+on+adult+health+%3A+medical-surgical+nursing&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Health%2FLippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F756895022&rft.isbn=978-1-58255-877-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARestrictive+lung+disease" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restrictive_lung_disease&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=518.89">518.89</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/301760-overview">article/301760</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Respiratory_pathology" title="Template talk:Respiratory pathology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory_pathology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory pathology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_respiratory_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">Diseases of the respiratory system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">Upper RT</a><br />(including <a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">URTIs</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinuses" title="Paranasal sinuses">sinuses</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sinusitis" title="Sinusitis">Sinusitis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhinitis" title="Rhinitis">Rhinitis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nonallergic_rhinitis" title="Nonallergic rhinitis">Vasomotor rhinitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chronic_atrophic_rhinitis" title="Chronic atrophic rhinitis">Atrophic rhinitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis" title="Allergic rhinitis">Hay fever</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nasal_polyp" title="Nasal polyp">Nasal polyp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhinorrhea" title="Rhinorrhea">Rhinorrhea</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum" title="Nasal septum">nasal septum</a></i> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum_deviation" title="Nasal septum deviation">Nasal septum deviation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum_perforation" title="Nasal septum perforation">Nasal septum perforation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nasal_septal_hematoma" title="Nasal septal hematoma">Nasal septal hematoma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Tonsil" title="Tonsil">tonsil</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tonsillitis" title="Tonsillitis">Tonsillitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adenoid_hypertrophy" title="Adenoid hypertrophy">Adenoid hypertrophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peritonsillar_abscess" title="Peritonsillar abscess">Peritonsillar abscess</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharyngitis" title="Pharyngitis">Pharyngitis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis" title="Streptococcal pharyngitis">Strep throat</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Retropharyngeal_abscess" title="Retropharyngeal abscess">Retropharyngeal abscess</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Croup" title="Croup">Croup</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngomalacia" title="Laryngomalacia">Laryngomalacia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_cyst" title="Laryngeal cyst">Laryngeal cyst</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngitis" title="Laryngitis">Laryngitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngospasm" title="Laryngospasm">Laryngospasm</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Vocal_cords" title="Vocal cords">vocal cords</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord_nodule" title="Vocal cord nodule">Vocal fold nodule</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord_paresis" title="Vocal cord paresis">Vocal fold paresis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord_dysfunction" title="Vocal cord dysfunction">Vocal cord dysfunction</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Epiglottis" title="Epiglottis">epiglottis</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Epiglottitis" title="Epiglottitis">Epiglottitis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a></i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tracheitis" title="Tracheitis">Tracheitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngotracheal_stenosis" title="Laryngotracheal stenosis">Laryngotracheal stenosis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower respiratory tract">Lower RT</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">lung disease</a><br />(including <a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Lower respiratory tract infection">LRTIs</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchial</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Obstructive_lung_disease" title="Obstructive lung disease">obstructive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><i>acute</i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acute_bronchitis" title="Acute bronchitis">Acute bronchitis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>chronic</i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">COPD</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchitis#Chronic_bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">Chronic bronchitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acute_exacerbation_of_chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">Acute exacerbation of COPD</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Status_asthmaticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Status asthmaticus">Status asthmaticus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aspirin-exacerbated_respiratory_disease" title="Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease">AERD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Exercise-induced_asthma" class="mw-redirect" title="Exercise-induced asthma">Exercise-induced</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchiectasis" title="Bronchiectasis">Bronchiectasis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">Cystic fibrosis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><i>unspecified</i></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">Bronchitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis" title="Bronchiolitis">Bronchiolitis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis_obliterans" title="Bronchiolitis obliterans">Bronchiolitis obliterans</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_panbronchiolitis" title="Diffuse panbronchiolitis">Diffuse panbronchiolitis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_lung_disease" title="Interstitial lung disease">Interstitial</a>/<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">restrictive</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Pulmonary fibrosis">fibrosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External agents/<br /><a href="/wiki/Occupational_disease" title="Occupational disease">occupational</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Occupational_lung_disease" title="Occupational lung disease">lung disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pneumoconiosis" title="Pneumoconiosis">Pneumoconiosis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Aluminosis" title="Aluminosis">Aluminosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Asbestosis" title="Asbestosis">Asbestosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baritosis" title="Baritosis">Baritosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bauxite_fibrosis" title="Bauxite fibrosis">Bauxite fibrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berylliosis" title="Berylliosis">Berylliosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caplan%27s_syndrome" title="Caplan's syndrome">Caplan's syndrome</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chalicosis" title="Chalicosis">Chalicosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coalworker%27s_pneumoconiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalworker's pneumoconiosis">Coalworker's pneumoconiosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siderosis" title="Siderosis">Siderosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">Silicosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_talcosis" title="Pulmonary talcosis">Talcosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Byssinosis" title="Byssinosis">Byssinosis</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis" title="Hypersensitivity pneumonitis">Hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bagassosis" title="Bagassosis">Bagassosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bird_fancier%27s_lung" title="Bird fancier's lung">Bird fancier's lung</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_lung" title="Farmer's lung">Farmer's lung</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lycoperdonosis" title="Lycoperdonosis">Lycoperdonosis</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Acute respiratory distress syndrome">ARDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_pulmonary_fibrosis_and_emphysema" title="Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema">Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">Pulmonary edema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6ffler%27s_syndrome" title="Löffler's syndrome">Löffler's syndrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_pneumonia" title="Eosinophilic pneumonia">Eosinophilic pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_hypersensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory hypersensitivity">Respiratory hypersensitivity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_bronchopulmonary_aspergillosis" title="Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis">Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamman%E2%80%93Rich_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamman–Rich syndrome">Hamman–Rich syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis">Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">Sarcoidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaping-associated_pulmonary_injury" title="Vaping-associated pulmonary injury">Vaping-associated pulmonary injury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obstructive /<br /> Restrictive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Pneumonitis" title="Pneumonitis">pneumonitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By pathogen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_pneumonia" title="Viral pneumonia">Viral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_pneumonia" title="Bacterial pneumonia">Bacterial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_infection" title="Pneumococcal infection">Pneumococcal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_pneumoniae#Klebsiella_pneumonia" title="Klebsiella pneumoniae">Klebsiella</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_pneumonia" title="Atypical pneumonia">Atypical bacterial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumonia" title="Mycoplasma pneumonia">Mycoplasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionellosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionellosis">Legionnaires' disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota">Chlamydiae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_pneumonia" title="Fungal pneumonia">Fungal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_pneumonia" title="Pneumocystis pneumonia">Pneumocystis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitic_pneumonia" title="Parasitic pneumonia">Parasitic</a></li> <li><i>noninfectious</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical pneumonia">Chemical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mendelson%27s_syndrome" title="Mendelson's syndrome">Mendelson's syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_pneumonia" title="Aspiration pneumonia">Aspiration</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lipid_pneumonia" title="Lipid pneumonia">Lipid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By vector/route</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community-acquired_pneumonia" title="Community-acquired pneumonia">Community-acquired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare-associated_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare-associated pneumonia">Healthcare-associated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital-acquired_pneumonia" title="Hospital-acquired pneumonia">Hospital-acquired</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By distribution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchopneumonia" title="Bronchopneumonia">Broncho-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobar_pneumonia" title="Lobar pneumonia">Lobar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_interstitial_pneumonia" title="Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia">IIP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usual_interstitial_pneumonia" title="Usual interstitial pneumonia">UIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desquamative_interstitial_pneumonia" title="Desquamative interstitial pneumonia">DIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis_obliterans_organizing_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia">BOOP-COP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonspecific_interstitial_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia">NSIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_bronchiolitis" title="Respiratory bronchiolitis">RB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atelectasis" title="Atelectasis">Atelectasis</a></li> <li><i>circulatory</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">Pulmonary hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">Pulmonary embolism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung_abscess" title="Lung abscess">Lung abscess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pleural_cavity" title="Pleural cavity">Pleural cavity</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pleural_disease" title="Pleural disease">Pleural disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">Pleuritis/pleurisy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">Pneumothorax</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hemopneumothorax" title="Hemopneumothorax">Hemopneumothorax</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pleural_effusion" title="Pleural effusion">Pleural effusion</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hemothorax" title="Hemothorax">Hemothorax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hydrothorax" title="Hydrothorax">Hydrothorax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chylothorax" title="Chylothorax">Chylothorax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pleural_empyema" title="Pleural empyema">Empyema/pyothorax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Malignant_pleural_effusion" title="Malignant pleural effusion">Malignant</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Fibrothorax" title="Fibrothorax">Fibrothorax</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediastinal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediastinal disease">Mediastinal disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediastinitis" title="Mediastinitis">Mediastinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumomediastinum" title="Pneumomediastinum">Mediastinal emphysema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other/general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_failure" title="Respiratory failure">Respiratory failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">Influenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">Common cold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">SARS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_pulmonary_haemosiderosis" title="Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis">Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolar_proteinosis" title="Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis">Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> 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