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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newfoundland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Newfoundland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newfoundland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Saint Pierre and Miquelon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Battle of Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dieppe_Raid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dieppe_Raid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Dieppe Raid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dieppe_Raid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aleutian_Islands_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aleutian_Islands_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Aleutian Islands campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aleutian_Islands_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_theatre_(1943–45)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_theatre_(1943–45)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>European theatre (1943–45)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-European_theatre_(1943–45)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle European theatre (1943–45) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-European_theatre_(1943–45)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italian_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Italian campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberation_of_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberation_of_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Liberation of France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberation_of_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Low_Countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Low_Countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>The Low Countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Low_Countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Naval warfare</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Naval_warfare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Naval warfare subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Naval_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Atlantic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Atlantic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Battle of the Atlantic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Atlantic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia_and_the_Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia_and_the_Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Southeast Asia and the Pacific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia_and_the_Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks_in_Canadian_waters_and_the_mainland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_in_Canadian_waters_and_the_mainland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Attacks in Canadian waters and the mainland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_in_Canadian_waters_and_the_mainland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Home front</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Home_front-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Home front subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Home_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agriculture,_mining,_and_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture,_mining,_and_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Agriculture, mining, and industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture,_mining,_and_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Items_manufactured" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Items_manufactured"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Items manufactured</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Items_manufactured-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veterans_Guard_of_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterans_Guard_of_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Veterans Guard of Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterans_Guard_of_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Arts and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conscription_Crisis_of_1944" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conscription_Crisis_of_1944"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Conscription Crisis of 1944</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conscription_Crisis_of_1944-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography_and_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_and_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Historiography and memory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_and_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dark_chapters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dark_chapters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Dark chapters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dark_chapters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Official histories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B2_%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Канада във Втората световна война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Канада във Втората световна война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canad%C3%A1_en_la_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Canadá en la Segunda Guerra Mundial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Canadá en la Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="קנדה במלחמת העולם השנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קנדה במלחמת העולם השנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%86%DA%93%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87_%DA%A9%DB%90" title="کانادا په دویمه نړیواله جګړه کې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کانادا په دویمه نړیواله جګړه کې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canad%C3%A1_na_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Canadá na Segunda Guerra Mundial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Canadá na Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Канада во Второй мировой войне – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Канада во Второй мировой войне" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Канада в Другій світовій війні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Канада в Другій світовій війні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q106715343#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Canada" title="Category:Military history of Canada">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military history<br /> of Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Canadian_Forces_emblem.svg/90px-Canadian_Forces_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Canadian_Forces_emblem.svg/135px-Canadian_Forces_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Canadian_Forces_emblem.svg/180px-Canadian_Forces_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="281" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em; font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">History of...</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Canadian_Army" title="History of the Canadian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="History of the Royal Canadian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="History of the Royal Canadian Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Canada" title="Conscription in Canada">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces#History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Armed Forces">Crown and Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Militia" title="Canadian Militia">Militia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_militia_in_Canada" title="Colonial militia in Canada">Colonial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_New_France" title="Military of New France">New France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Acadia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Military history of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em; font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Conflicts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%931629)" title="Anglo-French War (1627–1629)">Anglo-French War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_Civil_War" title="Acadian Civil War">Acadian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Wars" title="Anglo-Dutch Wars">Anglo-Dutch Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Father Rale's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">French Revolutionary Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican_War" title="Pemmican War">Pemmican War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837%E2%80%931838" title="Rebellions of 1837–1838">Rebellions of 1837–1838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon_War" title="Fraser Canyon War">Fraser Canyon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilcotin_War" title="Chilcotin War">Chilcotin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Canada and the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">North-West Rebellion</a></li> <li><a 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Canadian_military_actions_in_World_War_II" title="Template:Campaignbox Canadian military actions in World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Canadian_military_actions_in_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Canadian military actions in World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Canadian_military_actions_in_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Canadian military actions in World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canadian_military_actions_in_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap"> Canadian military actions in World War II </span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Western Europe</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Aerial" title="Operation Aerial">France, 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gauntlet" title="Operation Gauntlet">Spitzbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy, 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Mesnil-Patry" title="Battle of Le Mesnil-Patry">Le Mesnil-Patry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windsor" title="Operation Windsor">Windsor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Charnwood" title="Operation Charnwood">Charnwood</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlantic" title="Operation Atlantic">Atlantic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verri%C3%A8res_Ridge" title="Battle of Verrières Ridge">Verrières Ridge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring" title="Operation Spring">Spring</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Totalize" title="Operation Totalize">Totalize</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tractable" title="Operation Tractable">Tractable</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falaise_pocket" title="Falaise pocket">Falaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Astonia" title="Operation Astonia">Le Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wellhit" title="Operation Wellhit">Boulogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Southern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Undergo" title="Operation Undergo">Calais, 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–1945)">Dunkirk, 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Scheldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pheasant" title="Operation Pheasant">North Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II#Final_year" title="Netherlands in World War II">Northern Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Arnhem" title="Liberation of Arnhem">Arnhem, 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Veritable" title="Operation Veritable">Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Germany</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Italy</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Avalanche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhardt_Line" title="Bernhardt Line">Bernhardt Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_River_campaign" title="Moro River campaign">Moro River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Amzio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Far East/Pacific</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other campaigns</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_Iceland" title="Allied occupation of Iceland">Allied occupation of Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_St._Lawrence" title="Battle of the St. Lawrence">Battle of the St. Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The history of <b>Canada during World War II</b> begins with the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> on 1 September 1939. While the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a> were eventually active in nearly every <a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">theatre of war</a>, most combat was centred in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northwestern Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the North Atlantic. In all, some 1.1 million Canadians served in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a>, out of a population that as of the 1941 Census had 11,506,655 people, and in forces across the empire, with approximately 42,000 killed and another 55,000 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war, Canada was subject to direct attack in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_St._Lawrence" title="Battle of the St. Lawrence">Battle of the St. Lawrence</a>, and in the shelling of a lighthouse at <a href="/wiki/Estevan_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Estevan Point">Estevan Point</a> on Vancouver Island, British Columbia.<sup id="cite_ref-Milner1999_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milner1999-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The financial cost was <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">$</a>21.8 billion between 1939 and 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the war Canada had the world's fourth largest air force,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and third largest navy.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Merchant_Navy" title="Canadian Merchant Navy">Canadian Merchant Navy</a> completed over 25,000 voyages across the Atlantic,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 130,000 <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> pilots were trained in Canada in the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan" title="British Commonwealth Air Training Plan">British Commonwealth Air Training Plan</a>. On <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">D-Day</a>, 6 June 1944 the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Division" title="3rd Canadian Division">3rd Canadian Infantry Division</a> landed on <a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">"Juno"</a> beach in Normandy, in conjunction with allied forces. The Second World War had significant cultural, political and economic effects on Canada, including the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1944" title="Conscription Crisis of 1944">conscription crisis</a> in 1944 which affected unity between francophones and anglophones. The war effort strengthened the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Canadian economy</a> and furthered Canada's global position.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations">Preparations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though Canada was the oldest <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> in the British Empire, it was, for the most part, reluctant to enter the war. Canada, with a population somewhere between 11 and 12 million, eventually raised very substantial armed forces. Around 10% of the entire population of Canada joined the army, with only a small portion being conscripted. After the long struggle of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Canada" title="Great Depression in Canada">Great Depression</a> of the 1930s, the challenges of the Second World War accelerated Canada's ongoing transformation into a modern urban and industrialized nation. </p><p>Canada informally followed the British <a href="/wiki/Ten_Year_Rule" title="Ten Year Rule">Ten Year Rule</a>, which reduced defence spending even after Britain abandoned it in 1932. Having suffered from nearly 20 years of neglect, Canada's armed forces were small, poorly equipped, and mostly unprepared for war in 1939. King's government began increasing spending in 1936, but the increase was unpopular. The government had to describe it as primarily for defending Canada, with an overseas war "a secondary responsibility of this country, though possibly one requiring much greater ultimate effort." The <a href="/wiki/Sudeten_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudeten crisis">Sudeten crisis</a> of 1938 caused annual spending to almost double. Nonetheless, in March 1939 the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Active_Militia" title="Permanent Active Militia">Permanent Active Militia</a> (or Permanent Force (PF), Canada's full-time army) had only 4,169 officers and men while the <a href="/wiki/Non-Permanent_Active_Militia" title="Non-Permanent Active Militia">Non-Permanent Active Militia</a> (Canada's reserve force) numbered 51,418 at the end of 1938, mostly armed with weapons from 1918. In March 1939 the Royal Canadian Navy had 309 officers and 2967 <a href="/wiki/Naval_rating" title="Naval rating">naval ratings</a>, and the Royal Canadian Air Force had 360 officers and 2797 airmen.<sup id="cite_ref-stacey1970_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stacey1970-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2–5">: 2–5 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_External_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for External Affairs">Under Secretary of State for External Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/Oscar_D._Skelton" title="Oscar D. Skelton">Oscar D. Skelton</a> stated the government's war policy. Among its highlights: </p> <ul><li>Consult with Britain and France, and "equally important, discreet consultation with <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Washington</a>."</li> <li>Prioritize Canadian defence, especially the Pacific coast.</li> <li>Possibly aid Newfoundland and the West Indies.</li> <li>The RCAF should be the first to serve overseas.</li> <li>Canada can "most effective[ly]" serve its allies by providing munitions, raw materials, and food.<sup id="cite_ref-stacey1970_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stacey1970-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup></li></ul> <p>King's cabinet approved this policy on 24 August 1939, and in September disapproved of the proposal by the <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Canadian_Army" title="Commander of the Canadian Army">Chiefs of Staff</a> to create two army divisions for overseas service, in part because of cost. His "moderate" war strategy soon demonstrated its national and bilingual support in two elections. When <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Quebec" title="Premier of Quebec">Premier of Quebec</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duplessis" title="Maurice Duplessis">Maurice Duplessis</a> <a href="/wiki/1939_Quebec_general_election" title="1939 Quebec general election">called an election</a> on an antiwar platform, <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lard_Godbout" title="Adélard Godbout">Adélard Godbout</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party of Quebec">Liberals</a> won a majority on 26 October 1939. When the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Ontario" title="Legislative Assembly of Ontario">Legislative Assembly of Ontario</a> passed a resolution criticizing the government for not fighting the war "in the vigorous manner the people of Canada desire to see," King dissolved the federal parliament, and at the resulting election on 26 March 1940, his Liberals <a href="/wiki/1940_Canadian_federal_election" title="1940 Canadian federal election">won the largest majority in history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stacey1970_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stacey1970-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9–11">: 9–11 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outbreak_of_war">Outbreak of war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Outbreak of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declaration_of_war">Declaration of war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Declaration of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_declaration_of_war_on_Germany" title="Canadian declaration of war on Germany">Canadian declaration of war on Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GeoVICan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GeoVICan.jpg/220px-GeoVICan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GeoVICan.jpg/330px-GeoVICan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GeoVICan.jpg/440px-GeoVICan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption>A request from Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">Mackenzie King</a> to King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> that war be declared against Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">United Kingdom declared war on Germany</a> in August 1914, Canada was a <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> of the British Empire with full control over only domestic affairs and thus automatically joined the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. After the war, the Canadian government wanted to avoid a repeat of the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Conscription Crisis of 1917</a>, which had divided the country and French and English Canadians. Stating that "Parliament will decide," Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a> avoided participating in the <a href="/wiki/Chanak_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanak Crisis">Chanak Crisis</a> in 1922, partly since the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> was not in session.<sup id="cite_ref-granatstein20090912_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-granatstein20090912-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1931 <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a> gave Canada autonomy in foreign policy. When <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1939)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)">Britain entered World War II</a> in September 1939, some experts suggested that Canada was still bound by Britain's declaration of war because it had been made in the name of their common monarch, but Prime Minister King again said that "Parliament will decide."<sup id="cite_ref-granatstein20090912_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-granatstein20090912-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stacey1970_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stacey1970-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1936, King had told Parliament, "Our country is being drawn into international situations to a degree that I myself think is alarming."<sup id="cite_ref-stacey1970_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stacey1970-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> Both the government and the public remained reluctant to participate in a European war, partly because of the Conscription Crisis of 1917. Both King and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Opposition Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Manion" title="Robert James Manion">Robert James Manion</a> stated their opposition to conscripting troops for overseas service in March 1939. Nonetheless, King had not changed his view of 1923 that Canada would participate in a war by the Empire whether or not the United States did. By August 1939 his cabinet, including <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a>, was united for war in a way that it probably would not have been during the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich Crisis">Munich Crisis</a>, although both cabinet members and the country based their support in part on expecting that Canada's participation would be "limited."<sup id="cite_ref-stacey1970_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stacey1970-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5–8">: 5–8 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Address_at_Vancouver_City_Hall_to_mark_Canadas_entry_into_Second_World_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Address_at_Vancouver_City_Hall_to_mark_Canadas_entry_into_Second_World_War.jpg/220px-Address_at_Vancouver_City_Hall_to_mark_Canadas_entry_into_Second_World_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Address_at_Vancouver_City_Hall_to_mark_Canadas_entry_into_Second_World_War.jpg/330px-Address_at_Vancouver_City_Hall_to_mark_Canadas_entry_into_Second_World_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Address_at_Vancouver_City_Hall_to_mark_Canadas_entry_into_Second_World_War.jpg/440px-Address_at_Vancouver_City_Hall_to_mark_Canadas_entry_into_Second_World_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2081" /></a><figcaption>The lieutenant governor of British Columbia announcing Canada's entry into the war on 10 September 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>It had been clear that Canada would elect to participate in the war before the invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939. Four days after the United Kingdom had declared war on 3 September 1939, Parliament was called in <a href="/wiki/Special_session" title="Special session">special session</a> and both King and Manion stated their support for Canada following Britain, but did not declare war immediately, partly to show that Canada was joining out of her own initiative and was not obligated to go to war.<sup id="cite_ref-Case_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Case-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike 1914 when war came as a surprise, the government had prepared various measures for <a href="/wiki/Price_controls" title="Price controls">price controls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/War_Measures_Act" title="War Measures Act">War Measures Act</a> of 1914 was re-invoked.<sup id="cite_ref-bishop19390902_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bishop19390902-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After two days of debate, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> approved an Address in Reply to the <a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_Throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech from the Throne">Speech from the Throne</a> on 9 September 1939 giving authority to declare war to King's government. A small group of Quebec legislators attempted to amend the bill, and <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation">CCF</a> party leader <a href="/wiki/J._S._Woodsworth" title="J. S. Woodsworth">J. S. Woodsworth</a> stated that some of his party opposed it. Woodsworth was the only Member of Parliament to vote against the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> also passed the bill that day. The <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet</a> drafted a proclamation of war that night, which <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General of Canada">Governor-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Tweedsmuir" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Tweedsmuir">Lord Tweedsmuir</a> signed on 10 September.<sup id="cite_ref-mears19390910_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mears19390910-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King George VI approved Canada's declaration of war with Germany on Sept. 10.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada later also declared war on <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> (11 June 1940), Japan (7 December 1941), and other <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>, enshrining the principle that the Statute of Westminster conferred those sovereign powers on Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobilization_and_deployment">Mobilization and deployment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mobilization and deployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conn_Smythe_enlisting_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Conn_Smythe_enlisting_1939.jpg/220px-Conn_Smythe_enlisting_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Conn_Smythe_enlisting_1939.jpg/330px-Conn_Smythe_enlisting_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Conn_Smythe_enlisting_1939.jpg/440px-Conn_Smythe_enlisting_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>A recruitment station at <a href="/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Gardens" title="Maple Leaf Gardens">Maple Leaf Gardens</a> in Toronto, 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>At the outbreak of war, Canada's commitment to the war in Europe was limited by the government to one division, and one division in reserve for home defence. Nevertheless, the eventual size of the Canadian armed forces greatly exceeded those envisioned in the pre-war period's so-called mobilization "schemes." Over the course of the war, the army enlisted 730,000; the air force 260,000; and the navy 115,000 personnel. In addition, thousands of Canadians served in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>. Approximately half of Canada's army and three quarters of its air force personnel never left the country, compared to the overseas deployment of approximately three-quarters of the forces of Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. By war's end, however, 1.1 million men and women had served in uniform for Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-Granatstein2016_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Granatstein2016-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The navy grew from only a few ships in 1939 to over 400 ships, including three <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a> and two cruisers. That maritime effort helped keep the shipping lanes open across the Atlantic throughout the war. </p><p>In part, this reflected Mackenzie King's policy of "limited liability" and the labour requirements of Canada's industrial war effort, but it also reflected the objective circumstances of the war. With France defeated and occupied, there was no Second World War equivalent of the First World War's <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">invasion of Normandy</a> occurred in June 1944. While Canada sent 348 troops, the manpower requirements of the <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a> and Mediterranean theatres were comparatively small and readily met by British and other British Empire/Commonwealth forces. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMCS_St_Laurent_20_August_1941_IKMD-04199.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/HMCS_St_Laurent_20_August_1941_IKMD-04199.jpg/220px-HMCS_St_Laurent_20_August_1941_IKMD-04199.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/HMCS_St_Laurent_20_August_1941_IKMD-04199.jpg/330px-HMCS_St_Laurent_20_August_1941_IKMD-04199.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/HMCS_St_Laurent_20_August_1941_IKMD-04199.jpg/440px-HMCS_St_Laurent_20_August_1941_IKMD-04199.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3142" data-file-height="1270" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_Cygnet_(H83)#Transfer_to_the_Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="HMS Cygnet (H83)">HMCS <i>St. Laurent</i></a> departed with Convoy HX 1 just six days after the Canadian Declaration of War.</figcaption></figure> <p>While the response to war was initially intended to be limited, resources were mobilized quickly. <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">Convoy</a> HX 1 departed <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a> just six days after the nation declared war, escorted by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Cygnet_(H83)#Transfer_to_the_Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="HMS Cygnet (H83)">HMCS <i>St. Laurent</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Saguenay_(D79)" title="HMCS Saguenay (D79)">HMCS <i>Saguenay</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Canadian Infantry Division">1st Canadian Infantry Division</a> arrived in Britain on 1 January 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 13 June 1940, the 1st Battalion of <a href="/wiki/The_Hastings_and_Prince_Edward_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment">The Hastings and Prince Edward Regiment</a> was deployed to France in an attempt to secure the southern flank of the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">British Expeditionary Force</a> in Belgium. By the time the battalion arrived, the British and allies were cut off at <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>, Paris had fallen, and after penetrating 200 km inland, the battalion returned to <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> and then to Britain. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torontoscottishkingsguard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Torontoscottishkingsguard.jpg/220px-Torontoscottishkingsguard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Torontoscottishkingsguard.jpg/330px-Torontoscottishkingsguard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Torontoscottishkingsguard.jpg/440px-Torontoscottishkingsguard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">king of Canada</a>, salutes, with his consort, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth</a> beside him, as the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Scottish_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto Scottish Regiment">Toronto Scottish Regiment</a> mount the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Guard" title="King's Guard">King's Guard</a> at <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a>, December 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>Apart from the <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a> in August 1942, the frustrated Canadian Army fought no significant engagement in the European theatre of operations until the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">invasion of Sicily</a> in the summer of 1943. With the Sicily Campaign, the Canadians had the opportunity to enter combat and later were among the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Rome">first to enter Rome</a>. </p><p>Canada was the only country of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">actively</a> involved in the war prior to the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canadian support for the war was mobilized through a propaganda campaign, including <a href="/wiki/If_Day" title="If Day">If Day</a>, a staged Nazi invasion of Winnipeg that generated more than $3 million in war bonds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_campaigns">Early campaigns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_naval_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic naval operations of World War II">Arctic naval operations of World War II</a></div> <p>Although it regularly consulted with Canada, Britain was essentially in charge of both countries' war plans during the first nine months of the war. Neither nation seriously planned for Canada's own defence; Canada's training, production, and equipment emphasized combat in Europe. Its primary role was to supply food, raw materials, and to train pilots from throughout the Empire with the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan" title="British Commonwealth Air Training Plan">British Commonwealth Air Training Plan</a> the British proposed on 26 September 1939, not send hundreds of thousands of troops overseas as it had done in World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-dean194010_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dean194010-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-douglas1975_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douglas1975-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Instructor_and_student_with_North_American_Harvard_II_aircraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Instructor_and_student_with_North_American_Harvard_II_aircraft.jpg/220px-Instructor_and_student_with_North_American_Harvard_II_aircraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Instructor_and_student_with_North_American_Harvard_II_aircraft.jpg/330px-Instructor_and_student_with_North_American_Harvard_II_aircraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Instructor_and_student_with_North_American_Harvard_II_aircraft.jpg/440px-Instructor_and_student_with_North_American_Harvard_II_aircraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan" title="British Commonwealth Air Training Plan">British Commonwealth Air Training Plan</a> (BCAT) facility in <a href="/wiki/CFB_Uplands" title="CFB Uplands">Uplands</a>, Ontario. More than half of BCAT graduates were Canadian.</figcaption></figure> <p>It is possible that Britain did not want Canada to send troops overseas at all. The Canadian government agreed, because doing so might result in the need for conscription, and it did not want a recurrence of the problem with French Canadians that caused the 1917 crisis. Public opinion did cause King to send the 1st Canadian Infantry Division in late 1939, possibly against British wishes, but it is possible that had the air training proposal arrived ten days earlier no Canadian troops would have left North America that year. Canada fully cooperated with Britain otherwise, devoting 90% of the manpower of the small <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a> (RCAF) to the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan;<sup id="cite_ref-dean194010_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dean194010-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-douglas1975_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douglas1975-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a force that had trained 125 pilots annually when the war began now produced 1,460 airmen every four weeks under the plan,<sup id="cite_ref-stacey1970_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stacey1970-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 252">: 252 </span></sup> the largest air force training program in history. 131,553 air force personnel, including 49,808 pilots, were trained at airbases in Canada from October 1940 to March 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than half of the BCAT graduates were Canadians who went on to serve with the RCAF and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF). One out of the six <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber Command</a> groups flying in Europe was Canadian. </p><p>In 1937 the two nations had agreed that any Canadian military equipment manufactured in Canada would use British designs. While this reasonably assumed that its troops would presumably always fight with Britain so the two forces should share equipment, it also resulted in Canada being dependent on components from a source across the Atlantic. Canadian manufacturing methods and tooling used American, not British designs, so implementing the plan would have meant complete changes to Canadian factories. Once war began, however, British companies refused Canadians their designs and Britain was uninterested in Canadian military equipment production.<sup id="cite_ref-dean194010_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dean194010-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (When Canada suggested in early 1940 that its factories could replace British equipment given to the 1st Canadian Division, Britain replied that Canada might provide regimental badges.) While Britain gave Canada priority over the United States for purchases, Canada had very little military production capacity in 1939 and Britain had a shortage of Canadian dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-stacey1970_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stacey1970-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31, 494">: 31, 494 </span></sup> As late as 12 June 1940, King's government and the Canadian Manufacturers' Association asked the British and French governments to end their "small experimental orders" and "make known at the earliest moment their pressing needs of munitions and supplies" since "Canadian plants might be utilized to a far greater extent as a source of supply."<sup id="cite_ref-mg19400612_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mg19400612-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QF_4_inch_Mk_XVI_gun_manufacture_Sorel_Industries_1940_LAC_3193082.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/QF_4_inch_Mk_XVI_gun_manufacture_Sorel_Industries_1940_LAC_3193082.jpg/220px-QF_4_inch_Mk_XVI_gun_manufacture_Sorel_Industries_1940_LAC_3193082.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/QF_4_inch_Mk_XVI_gun_manufacture_Sorel_Industries_1940_LAC_3193082.jpg/330px-QF_4_inch_Mk_XVI_gun_manufacture_Sorel_Industries_1940_LAC_3193082.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/QF_4_inch_Mk_XVI_gun_manufacture_Sorel_Industries_1940_LAC_3193082.jpg/440px-QF_4_inch_Mk_XVI_gun_manufacture_Sorel_Industries_1940_LAC_3193082.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Workers machining a <a href="/wiki/QF_4-inch_naval_gun_Mk_XVI" title="QF 4-inch naval gun Mk XVI">QF 4-inch naval gun Mk XVI</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sorel-Tracy" title="Sorel-Tracy">Sorel</a>, 1940.</figcaption></figure> <p>This situation began to change on 24 May 1940, during the Battle for France, when Britain told Canada that it could no longer provide equipment. 48 hours later, Britain asked Canada for equipment. On 28 May, seven Canadian destroyers sailed to the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> and left only two French submarines to defend the nation's Atlantic coast. Canada also sent 50 to 60 million rounds of small arms ammunition and 75,000 <a href="/wiki/Ross_rifle" title="Ross rifle">Ross rifles</a>, leaving itself with a shortage. The air training plan's first graduates were intended to become instructors for future students, but they were sent to Europe immediately because of the danger to Britain. The end of British equipment deliveries threatened the training plan, and King had to ask US President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> for aircraft and engines by stating that they would help defend North America.<sup id="cite_ref-dean194010_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dean194010-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stacey1970_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stacey1970-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35–36">: 35–36 </span></sup> </p><p>As the fall of France grew imminent Britain looked to Canada to provide additional troops to strategic locations in North America rapidly, the Atlantic and Caribbean. In addition to the Canadian destroyer already on station from 1939, Canada provided troops from May 1940 to assist in the defence of the West Indies with several companies serving throughout the war in Bermuda, Jamaica, the Bahamas and British Guiana.<sup id="cite_ref-stacey1970_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stacey1970-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canadian forces played a small role during the Battle of France, with the 1st Canadian Infantry Brigade being deployed to <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> as a part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)#Second_BEF" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">second British Expeditionary Force</a> (BEF).<sup id="cite_ref-france40_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-france40-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brigade advanced towards <a href="/wiki/Le_Mans" title="Le Mans">Le Mans</a> on 14 June before they withdrew to the United Kingdom from Brest, and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a> on 18 June.<sup id="cite_ref-france40_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-france40-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Royal Canadian Navy assisted with the evacuation of the BEF, the 1st Canadian Division, and additional Allied troops in a series of naval forays known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cycle" title="Operation Cycle">Operation Cycle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ariel" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Ariel">Operation Ariel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence_of_the_United_Kingdom">Defence of the United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Defence of the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Iceland">Occupation of Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gauntlet" title="Operation Gauntlet">Operation Gauntlet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilots_of_No._1_Squadron_RCAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes_at_Prestwick,_Scotland,_30_October_1940._CH1733.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pilots_of_No._1_Squadron_RCAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes_at_Prestwick%2C_Scotland%2C_30_October_1940._CH1733.jpg/220px-Pilots_of_No._1_Squadron_RCAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes_at_Prestwick%2C_Scotland%2C_30_October_1940._CH1733.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pilots_of_No._1_Squadron_RCAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes_at_Prestwick%2C_Scotland%2C_30_October_1940._CH1733.jpg/330px-Pilots_of_No._1_Squadron_RCAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes_at_Prestwick%2C_Scotland%2C_30_October_1940._CH1733.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pilots_of_No._1_Squadron_RCAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes_at_Prestwick%2C_Scotland%2C_30_October_1940._CH1733.jpg/440px-Pilots_of_No._1_Squadron_RCAF_with_one_of_their_Hawker_Hurricanes_at_Prestwick%2C_Scotland%2C_30_October_1940._CH1733.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2421" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Pilots of <a href="/wiki/401_Tactical_Fighter_Squadron" title="401 Tactical Fighter Squadron">No. 1 Squadron RCAF</a> in the UK, October 1940. The squadron was deployed to the UK in June 1940, shortly before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>From France's collapse in June 1940 to the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">German invasion of the USSR</a> in June 1941, Canada supplied Britain with urgently needed food, weapons, and war materials by naval convoys and <a href="/wiki/Airlift" title="Airlift">airlifts</a>, as well as pilots and planes who fought in the Battle of Britain and the Blitz. During the Battle of Britain between 88 and 112 Canadian pilots served in the RAF,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most having come to Britain on their own initiative. For political necessity an "all Canadian" squadron, <a href="/wiki/No._242_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 242 Squadron RAF">No. 242 Squadron RAF</a>, was formed under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan at the start of the war and the squadron served in the Battle of France. They were later joined by <a href="/wiki/No._401_Squadron_RCAF" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 401 Squadron RCAF">No. 1 Squadron RCAF</a> in June 1940 during the Battle for Britain and they were in "the thick" of fighting in August. By the end of the battle in October 1940, 23 Canadian pilots had been killed.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Squadrons of the RCAF and individual Canadian pilots flying with the British RAF fought with distinction in <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Spitfire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hurricane</a> fighters during the Battle of Britain. By 1 January 1943, there were enough RCAF bombers and crews in Britain to form <a href="/wiki/No._6_Group_RCAF" title="No. 6 Group RCAF">No. 6 Group</a>, one of eight bomber groups within RAF Bomber Command. If the planned German <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sealion" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Sealion">invasion of Britain</a> had taken place in 1941, units of the formation later known as <a href="/wiki/I_Canadian_Corps" title="I Canadian Corps">I Canadian Corps</a> were already deployed between the English Channel and London to meet them. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMCS_COBALT_leaving_Hvalfjord._From_HMS_Victorious._16_and_17_November_1941,_at_Hvalfjord,_Iceland._IWM_A6403.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/HMCS_COBALT_leaving_Hvalfjord._From_HMS_Victorious._16_and_17_November_1941%2C_at_Hvalfjord%2C_Iceland._IWM_A6403.jpg/220px-HMCS_COBALT_leaving_Hvalfjord._From_HMS_Victorious._16_and_17_November_1941%2C_at_Hvalfjord%2C_Iceland._IWM_A6403.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/HMCS_COBALT_leaving_Hvalfjord._From_HMS_Victorious._16_and_17_November_1941%2C_at_Hvalfjord%2C_Iceland._IWM_A6403.jpg/330px-HMCS_COBALT_leaving_Hvalfjord._From_HMS_Victorious._16_and_17_November_1941%2C_at_Hvalfjord%2C_Iceland._IWM_A6403.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/HMCS_COBALT_leaving_Hvalfjord._From_HMS_Victorious._16_and_17_November_1941%2C_at_Hvalfjord%2C_Iceland._IWM_A6403.jpg/440px-HMCS_COBALT_leaving_Hvalfjord._From_HMS_Victorious._16_and_17_November_1941%2C_at_Hvalfjord%2C_Iceland._IWM_A6403.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Cobalt" title="HMCS Cobalt">HMCS <i>Cobalt</i></a> near <a href="/wiki/Hvalfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur" title="Hvalfjörður">Hvalfjörður</a>, Iceland. Canada occupied Iceland following the British <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Iceland" title="Invasion of Iceland">invasion of Iceland</a>. in June 1940.</figcaption></figure> <p>After France's surrender Britain told Canada that a German invasion of North America was not impossible, and that Canadians needed to plan accordingly. From June 1940 Canada viewed defending itself as important as aiding Britain, perhaps slightly more so. Canadian troops were sent to the defence of the colony of Newfoundland, on Canada's east coast, the closest point in North America to Germany. Fearing the loss of a land link to the British Isles, Canada was requested to also occupy Iceland, which it did from June 1940 to the spring of 1941, following the initial British invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-stacey1970_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stacey1970-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada also produced military equipment using American methods and tooling. Cost was no longer an issue; on 24 June King's government presented the first $1 billion budget in Canadian history. It included $700 million in war expenses compared to $126 million in the 1939–1940 fiscal year; however, the war, caused the overall economy to be the strongest in Canadian history. With opposition support, the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Resources_Mobilization_Act" title="National Resources Mobilization Act">National Resources Mobilization Act</a></i> initiated nationwide conscription across Canada. Hoping to avoid the issue that sparked the 1917 crisis, conscripted Canadians could not be sent to fight overseas unless they volunteered. Nonetheless, many remained adamantly opposed to any form of conscription; when Mayor of Montreal <a href="/wiki/Camilien_Houde" class="mw-redirect" title="Camilien Houde">Camilien Houde</a> spoke out against the draft in August 1940, he was arrested and sent to an <a href="/wiki/Internment_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Internment camp">internment camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dean194010_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dean194010-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stacey1970_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stacey1970-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32–33">: 32–33 </span></sup> </p><p>The United States government also feared the consequences to North America of a German victory in Europe. Because of the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> the American military had long considered any foreign attack on Canada as the same as attacking the United States. <a href="/wiki/American_isolation" class="mw-redirect" title="American isolation">American isolationists</a> who criticized Roosevelt administration aid to Europe could not criticize helping Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-dean194010_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dean194010-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dziuban1959_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dziuban1959-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which a survey of Americans in the summer of 1940 found that 81 per cent supported defending.<sup id="cite_ref-life19400729_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life19400729-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The isolationist <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i> advocating a military alliance on 19 June surprised and pleased Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-dziuban1959_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dziuban1959-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through King, the United States asked the United Kingdom to disperse the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> around the Empire so that the Germans could not control it. On 16 August 1940, King met with Roosevelt at the border town of <a href="/wiki/Ogdensburg,_New_York" title="Ogdensburg, New York">Ogdensburg, New York</a>. Through the <a href="/wiki/Ogdensburg_Agreement" title="Ogdensburg Agreement">Ogdensburg Agreement</a>, they agreed to create the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Joint_Board_on_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Joint Board on Defence">Permanent Joint Board on Defence</a>, an organization that would plan joint defence of both countries and would continue to exist after the war. In the fall of 1940 a British defeat seemed so likely the joint board agreed to give the United States command of the Canadian military if Germany won in Europe. By the spring of 1941, as the military situation improved, Canada refused to accept American control of its forces if and when the United States entered the war.<sup id="cite_ref-canadaandtheworld_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canadaandtheworld-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Newfoundland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland#Second_World_War" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland in World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Dominion_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the Dominion of Newfoundland during World War II">Military history of the Dominion of Newfoundland during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulling_the_Digby_from_the_sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Pulling_the_Digby_from_the_sea.jpg/220px-Pulling_the_Digby_from_the_sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Pulling_the_Digby_from_the_sea.jpg/330px-Pulling_the_Digby_from_the_sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Pulling_the_Digby_from_the_sea.jpg/440px-Pulling_the_Digby_from_the_sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1884" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption>Pulling a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_B-18_Bolo" title="Douglas B-18 Bolo">Douglas B-18 Bolo</a> out of <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> waters, 1940. Newfoundland was occupied by Canadian forces during the war.</figcaption></figure> <p>When war was declared, Britain expected Canada to take responsibility for defending British North America.<sup id="cite_ref-stacey1970_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stacey1970-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939, <a href="/wiki/L._E._Emerson" class="mw-redirect" title="L. E. Emerson">L. E. Emerson</a> was the Commissioner of Defence for <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> instructed Emerson to cooperate with Canada and comply with a "friendly invasion," as he encouraged <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">Mackenzie King</a> to advise the occupation of Newfoundland by the king as <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">monarch of Canada</a>. By March 1942, Commissioner Emerson had restructured official organizations, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Aircraft_Detection_Corps_Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="The Aircraft Detection Corps Newfoundland">The Aircraft Detection Corps Newfoundland</a>, and integrated them into Canadian units, like The Canadian <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Identity_Corps" title="Aircraft Identity Corps">Aircraft Identity Corps</a>. </p><p>Several Canadian regiments were garrisoned in Newfoundland during the Second World War: the most famous regiment was <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Rifles_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Rifles of Canada">The Royal Rifles of Canada</a> who were stationed at Cape Spear before being dispatched to British Hong Kong; In July 1941, <a href="/wiki/The_Prince_Edward_Island_Highlanders" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prince Edward Island Highlanders">The Prince Edward Island Highlanders</a> arrived to replace them; In 1941 and 1942, <a href="/wiki/The_Lincoln_%26_Welland_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lincoln & Welland Regiment">The Lincoln & Welland Regiment</a> was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Gander_International_Airport" title="Gander International Airport">Gander Airport</a> and then <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:9.2inchHowitzerMkIIAndChurchill7August1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/9.2inchHowitzerMkIIAndChurchill7August1940.jpg/220px-9.2inchHowitzerMkIIAndChurchill7August1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/9.2inchHowitzerMkIIAndChurchill7August1940.jpg/330px-9.2inchHowitzerMkIIAndChurchill7August1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/9.2inchHowitzerMkIIAndChurchill7August1940.jpg/440px-9.2inchHowitzerMkIIAndChurchill7August1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>The 57th (Newfoundland) Heavy Regiment, August 1940. Several regiments from Newfoundland were formed under the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Artillery" title="Royal Artillery">Royal Artillery</a>, serving in <a href="/wiki/North_African_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign">North Africa</a>, and Europe.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Canadian Army built a concrete fort at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Spear" title="Cape Spear">Cape Spear</a> with several large guns to deter German naval raids. Other forts were built overlooking St. John's Harbour; magazines and bunkers were cut into the South Side Hills and torpedo nets were draped across the harbour mouth. Cannons were erected at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Island_(Newfoundland_and_Labrador)" title="Bell Island (Newfoundland and Labrador)">Bell Island</a> to protect the merchant navy from submarine attacks and guns were mounted at Rigolette to protect Goose Bay. </p><p>The British Army mustered two units in Newfoundland for overseas service: The 59th Field Artillery and the 166th Field Artillery. The 59th served in northern Europe, the 166th served in Italy and North Africa. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Newfoundland_Regiment" title="Royal Newfoundland Regiment">Royal Newfoundland Regiment</a> was also mustered, but was never deployed overseas. No. 125 (Newfoundland) Squadron R.A.F. served in England and Wales and provided support during <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a>: the squadron was disbanded on 20 November 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, Newfoundland sent over three thousand skilled foresters to Scotland in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Overseas_Forestry_Unit" title="Newfoundland Overseas Forestry Unit">Newfoundland Overseas Forestry Unit</a>. The NOFU helped the war effort by supplying timber to meet the increasing demands. </p><p>All Canadian soldiers assigned to Newfoundland from 1939 to 1945 received a silver clasp to their <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Volunteer_Service_Medal" title="Canadian Volunteer Service Medal">Canadian Volunteer Service Medal</a> for overseas service. Because Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia had all issued their own volunteer service medals, the Newfoundland government minted its own volunteer service medal in 1978. The <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Volunteer_War_Service_Medal" title="Newfoundland Volunteer War Service Medal">Newfoundland Volunteer War Service Medal</a> was awarded only to Newfoundlanders who served overseas in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> Forces but had not received a volunteer service medal. The medal is bronze: on its obverse is a crown and a caribou; on its reverse is <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a> and two lions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Saint Pierre and Miquelon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></div> <p>After the fall of France, the French <a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">overseas collectivity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a>, located off the coast of Newfoundland, pledged allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>. The Canadian government considered the possibility that the Axis might use Saint Pierre and Miquelon as a base of operations. The colony's proximity to Canada and Newfoundland could offer German submariners an excellent position to re-supply and coordinate attacks upon Allied convoys. This was helped by the fact that the islands could communicate with the French mainland through wireless communication and transatlantic cables. The governments of Newfoundland and the UK considered an invasion of the islands in consultation with Canada. However, Canada's War Cabinet refused to initiate an action for fear of offending the US. A <a href="/wiki/Free_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French">Free French</a> flotilla landed 230 sailors on the islands on 24 December 1941. Saint Pierre and Miquelon administrator Gilbert de Bournat offered no resistance. A plebiscite on the island later voted overwhelmingly to endorse the Free French administration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Hong_Kong">Battle of Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Battle of Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_soldiers_training_in_the_hills_on_Hong_Kong_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canadian_soldiers_training_in_the_hills_on_Hong_Kong_Island.jpg/220px-Canadian_soldiers_training_in_the_hills_on_Hong_Kong_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canadian_soldiers_training_in_the_hills_on_Hong_Kong_Island.jpg/330px-Canadian_soldiers_training_in_the_hills_on_Hong_Kong_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canadian_soldiers_training_in_the_hills_on_Hong_Kong_Island.jpg/440px-Canadian_soldiers_training_in_the_hills_on_Hong_Kong_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Canadian soldiers on exercise in Hong Kong prior to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Japanese invasion of the colony</a>, 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>In Autumn 1941, the British government accepted an offer by the Canadian Government to send two infantry battalions and a brigade headquarters (1,975 personnel) to reinforce British, Indian, and Hong Kong personnel garrisoned at <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. It was known as "<a href="/wiki/C_Force" title="C Force">C Force</a>" and arrived in Hong Kong in mid-November 1941, but did not have all of its equipment. They were initially positioned on the south side of the Island to counter any amphibious landing. On 8 December, following the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese began their attack on Hong Kong with a force 4 times bigger than the Allied garrison. Canadian soldiers were called upon to counterattack, and saw their first combat on 11 December. After bitter fighting, allied forces surrendered on 25 December 1941. "C Force" lost 290 personnel during the battle and a further 267 subsequently perished in Japanese prisoner of war camps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dieppe_Raid">Dieppe Raid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dieppe Raid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodies_of_Canadian_soldiers_-_Dieppe_Raid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bodies_of_Canadian_soldiers_-_Dieppe_Raid.jpg/220px-Bodies_of_Canadian_soldiers_-_Dieppe_Raid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bodies_of_Canadian_soldiers_-_Dieppe_Raid.jpg/330px-Bodies_of_Canadian_soldiers_-_Dieppe_Raid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bodies_of_Canadian_soldiers_-_Dieppe_Raid.jpg/440px-Bodies_of_Canadian_soldiers_-_Dieppe_Raid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2355" data-file-height="1596" /></a><figcaption>Bodies of Canadian soldiers at <a href="/wiki/Dieppe" title="Dieppe">Dieppe</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieppe raid">failed raid</a> against the port, August 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>There was pressure from the Canadian government to ensure that Canadian troops were put into action.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a> of 19 August 1942, landed nearly 5,000 soldiers of the inexperienced <a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Canadian Infantry Division">Second Canadian Division</a> and 1,000 British commandos on the coast of occupied France, in the only major combined forces assault on France prior to the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">Normandy invasion</a>. While a large number of aircraft flew in support, naval gunfire was deliberately limited to avoid damage to the town and civilian casualties. As a result, the Canadian forces assaulted a heavily defended coast line with no supportive bombardment. Of the 6,086 men who made it ashore, 3,367 (60%) were killed, wounded, or captured.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> failed to lure the <i><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></i> into open battle, and lost 106 aircraft (at least 32 to flak or accidents), compared to 48 lost by the <i>Luftwaffe</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Franks_1998,_pp._56-62_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franks_1998,_pp._56-62-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Royal Navy lost 33 landing craft and one destroyer. Two Canadians received the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a> for actions at Dieppe: Lieutenant-Colonel <a href="/wiki/Charles_Merritt" title="Charles Merritt">Charles Merritt</a> of the <a href="/wiki/South_Saskatchewan_Regiment" title="South Saskatchewan Regiment">South Saskatchewan Regiment</a> and Honorary Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Weir_Foote" title="John Weir Foote">John Foote</a>, military chaplain of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hamilton_Light_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Hamilton Light Infantry">Royal Hamilton Light Infantry</a>. </p><p>The lessons learned at Dieppe became the textbook of "what not to do" in amphibious operations, and laid the framework for the later (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>) landings in North Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a> in France. Most notably, Dieppe highlighted: </p> <ol><li>the need for preliminary artillery support, including aerial bombardment;<sup id="cite_ref-bbcdieppe_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcdieppe-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the need for a sustained element of surprise;</li> <li>the need for proper intelligence concerning enemy fortifications;</li> <li>the avoidance of a direct frontal attack on a defended port city; and,</li> <li>the need for proper re-embarkation craft.<sup id="cite_ref-green1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-291-1207-11,_Dieppe,_Landungsversuch,_englischer_Sp%C3%A4hpanzer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-291-1207-11%2C_Dieppe%2C_Landungsversuch%2C_englischer_Sp%C3%A4hpanzer.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-291-1207-11%2C_Dieppe%2C_Landungsversuch%2C_englischer_Sp%C3%A4hpanzer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-291-1207-11%2C_Dieppe%2C_Landungsversuch%2C_englischer_Sp%C3%A4hpanzer.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-291-1207-11%2C_Dieppe%2C_Landungsversuch%2C_englischer_Sp%C3%A4hpanzer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-291-1207-11%2C_Dieppe%2C_Landungsversuch%2C_englischer_Sp%C3%A4hpanzer.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-291-1207-11%2C_Dieppe%2C_Landungsversuch%2C_englischer_Sp%C3%A4hpanzer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>German soldiers inspect an abandoned Canadian Army <a href="/wiki/Daimler_Dingo" title="Daimler Dingo">Daimler scout car</a> after the Dieppe Raid. The raid led to the development of specialized armoured vehicles for later Allied landings.</figcaption></figure> <p>The British developed a range of specialist armoured vehicles which allowed their engineers to perform many of their tasks protected by armour, most famously <a href="/wiki/Hobart%27s_Funnies" title="Hobart's Funnies">Hobart's Funnies</a>. The major deficiencies in RAF ground support techniques led to the creation of a fully integrated Tactical Air Force to support major ground offensives.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the treads of most Churchill tanks were caught up in the shingle beaches of Dieppe, the Allies initiated pre-operation environmental intelligence collection, and devised appropriate vehicles to meet the challenges of future landing sites.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The raid also challenged the Allies' belief that the seizure of a major port would be essential in the creation of a second front. Their revised view was that the amount of damage sustained by bombardment in order to capture a port, would almost certainly render it useless. As a result, the decision was taken to construct prefabricated <a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">"Mulberry"</a> harbours, and tow them to beaches as part of a large-scale invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-Atkin_1980,_p._274_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkin_1980,_p._274-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aleutian_Islands_campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aleutian Islands campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian-airmen-cooperate-with-U-S-in-operations-over-Alaska-391852450095.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Canadian-airmen-cooperate-with-U-S-in-operations-over-Alaska-391852450095.jpg/220px-Canadian-airmen-cooperate-with-U-S-in-operations-over-Alaska-391852450095.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Canadian-airmen-cooperate-with-U-S-in-operations-over-Alaska-391852450095.jpg/330px-Canadian-airmen-cooperate-with-U-S-in-operations-over-Alaska-391852450095.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Canadian-airmen-cooperate-with-U-S-in-operations-over-Alaska-391852450095.jpg/440px-Canadian-airmen-cooperate-with-U-S-in-operations-over-Alaska-391852450095.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>Fighter planes of the Royal Canadian Air Force conducting patrol operations in Alaska.</figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly after the attack of Pearl Harbor, and the American entry into the war, Japanese troops invaded the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a>. RCAF planes flew anti-submarine patrols against the Japanese while on land, Canadian troops were deployed side by side with American troops against the Japanese. Owing to circumstances, Canadians troops were only once sent into combat during the Aleutian campaign during the invasion of the island of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Kiska</a>. However, the Japanese had already withdrawn their forces at that point. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_theatre_(1943–45)"><span id="European_theatre_.281943.E2.80.9345.29"></span>European theatre (1943–45)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: European theatre (1943–45)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European theatre of World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front (World War II)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_campaign">Italian campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Italian campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loyal_Edmonton_Regiment_soldiers_entering_Modica_Sicily_July_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Loyal_Edmonton_Regiment_soldiers_entering_Modica_Sicily_July_1943.jpg/220px-Loyal_Edmonton_Regiment_soldiers_entering_Modica_Sicily_July_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Loyal_Edmonton_Regiment_soldiers_entering_Modica_Sicily_July_1943.jpg/330px-Loyal_Edmonton_Regiment_soldiers_entering_Modica_Sicily_July_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Loyal_Edmonton_Regiment_soldiers_entering_Modica_Sicily_July_1943.jpg/440px-Loyal_Edmonton_Regiment_soldiers_entering_Modica_Sicily_July_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Loyal_Edmonton_Regiment" title="Loyal Edmonton Regiment">Loyal Edmonton Regiment</a> enter <a href="/wiki/Modica" title="Modica">Modica</a>, Sicily, 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>While Canadians served at sea, in the air, and in small numbers attached to Allied formations and independently, the Italian campaign was the first full scale combat engagement by full Canadian divisions since <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Canadian soldiers went ashore in 1943 in the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a>, the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a>, and then fought through the long Italian Campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the course of the Allied campaign in Italy, over 25,000 Canadian soldiers became casualties of war.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Division" title="1st Canadian Division">1st Canadian Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Armoured_Brigade" title="1st Canadian Armoured Brigade">1st Canadian Armoured Brigade</a> took part in the Allied invasion of Sicily in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Husky" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Husky">Operation Husky</a>, 10 July 1943 and also <a href="/wiki/Operation_Baytown" title="Operation Baytown">Operation Baytown</a>, part of the Allied invasion of Italy on 3 September 1943. Canadian participation in the Sicily and Italy campaigns were made possible after the government decided to break up the <a href="/wiki/First_Canadian_Army" title="First Canadian Army">First Canadian Army</a>, sitting idle in Britain. Public pressure for Canadian troops to begin fighting forced a move before the awaited invasion of northwest Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moro_48th_counterattack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Moro_48th_counterattack.jpg/220px-Moro_48th_counterattack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Moro_48th_counterattack.jpg/330px-Moro_48th_counterattack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Moro_48th_counterattack.jpg/440px-Moro_48th_counterattack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>Riflemen of the <a href="/wiki/48th_Highlanders_of_Canada" title="48th Highlanders of Canada">48th Highlanders of Canada</a> take cover during a German counterattack in the <a href="/wiki/Moro_River_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro River Campaign">Moro River Campaign</a>, 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>Fighting continued on the Italian mainland during the long and difficult Italian campaign, until Canadian troops were redeployed to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a> in February–March 1945 during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Goldflake" title="Operation Goldflake">Operation Goldflake</a>. By this time the Canadian contribution to the Italian theatre had grown to include <a href="/wiki/I_Canadian_Corps" title="I Canadian Corps">I Canadian Corps</a> headquarters, the 1st Division, <a href="/wiki/5th_Canadian_Division" title="5th Canadian Division">5th Canadian (Armoured) Division</a> and an independent armoured brigade. Notable battles in Italy included the <a href="/wiki/Moro_River_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro River Campaign">Moro River Campaign</a> (4 December 1943 – 4 January 1944), the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ortona" title="Battle of Ortona">Battle of Ortona</a> (20–28 December 1943) and the battles to break the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Line" title="Hitler Line">Hitler Line</a>, later fighting on the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a>. </p><p>Three <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Crosses</a> were awarded to Canadian Army troops in Italy: <a href="/wiki/Captain_(Canadian_army_and_air_force)" title="Captain (Canadian army and air force)">Captain</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Triquet" title="Paul Triquet">Paul Triquet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_22e_R%C3%A9giment" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal 22e Régiment">Royal 22<sup>e</sup> Régiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Private_(rank)" title="Private (rank)">Private</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Smith" title="Ernest Smith">Smokey Smith</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Seaforth_Highlanders_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada">The Seaforth Highlanders of Canada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Major_(Canada)" title="Major (Canada)">Major</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Keefer_Mahony" title="John Keefer Mahony">John Mahoney</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Westminster_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Westminster Regiment">The Westminster Regiment</a> (Motor). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberation_of_France">Liberation of France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Liberation of France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Operation Dragoon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg/220px-Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg/330px-Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg/440px-Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="2161" /></a><figcaption>Canadians aboard <a href="/wiki/Landing_Craft_Assault" title="Landing Craft Assault">LCAs</a> heading towards <a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno Beach</a> during D-Day, June 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>On 6 June 1944, the 3rd Canadian Division landed on <a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno Beach</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a> and sustained heavy casualties in their first hour of attack. By the end of D-Day, the Canadians had penetrated deeper into France than either the British or the American troops at their landing sites, overcoming stronger resistance than the other beachheads except <a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha Beach</a>. In the first month of the Normandy campaign, Canadian, British and Polish troops were opposed by some of the strongest and best trained German troops in the theatre, including the <a href="/wiki/1st_SS_Panzer_Division_Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler" title="1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler">1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler</a>, the <a href="/wiki/12th_SS_Panzer_Division_Hitlerjugend" title="12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend">12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Panzer-Lehr-Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer-Lehr-Division">Panzer-Lehr-Division</a>. One in seven Canadian soldiers killed between June 6–11 were murdered after surrendering, in a series of executions that would be coined the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_Massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandy Massacres">Normandy Massacres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:112_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several costly operations were mounted by the Canadians to fight a path to the pivotal city of <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a> and then south towards <a href="/wiki/Falaise,_Calvados" title="Falaise, Calvados">Falaise</a>, part of the Allied attempt to liberate Paris. By the time the First Canadian Army linked up with U.S. forces, closing the <a href="/wiki/Falaise_pocket" title="Falaise pocket">Falaise pocket</a>, the destruction of the German Army in Normandy was nearly complete. Three Victoria Crosses were earned by Canadians in Northwest Europe; Major <a href="/wiki/David_Vivian_Currie" title="David Vivian Currie">David Currie</a> of the <a href="/wiki/South_Alberta_Regiment" title="South Alberta Regiment">South Alberta Regiment</a> received the Victoria Cross for his actions at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Lambert-sur-Dive" title="Saint-Lambert-sur-Dive">Saint-Lambert</a>, Captain <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Albert_Tilston" title="Frederick Albert Tilston">Frederick Tilston</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Essex_Scottish_Regiment" title="Essex Scottish Regiment">Essex Scottish</a> and Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Cosens" title="Aubrey Cosens">Aubrey Cosens</a> of the Queen's Own Rifles of Canada were rewarded for their service in the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> fighting in 1945, the latter posthumously. 50,000 Canadians fought in D-Day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Low_Countries">The Low Countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Low Countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Allied_advance_from_Paris_to_the_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine">Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western Allied invasion of Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acrossthescheldt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Acrossthescheldt.jpg/220px-Acrossthescheldt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Acrossthescheldt.jpg/330px-Acrossthescheldt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Acrossthescheldt.jpg/440px-Acrossthescheldt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Amphibious vehicles of the <a href="/wiki/First_Canadian_Army" title="First Canadian Army">First Canadian Army</a> cross the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">effort to open shipping routes</a> to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, September 1944.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most important Canadian contributions was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Battle of the Scheldt</a>, involving <a href="/wiki/II_Canadian_Corps" title="II Canadian Corps">II Canadian Corps</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(Canada)" title="Lieutenant-general (Canada)">Lieutenant-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Guy_Simonds" title="Guy Simonds">Guy Simonds</a>, under command of the <a href="/wiki/First_Canadian_Army" title="First Canadian Army">First Canadian Army</a>, commanded by <a href="/wiki/General_(Canada)" title="General (Canada)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Crerar" title="Harry Crerar">Henry Duncan Graham Crerar</a>. The Corps included the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Canadian Infantry Division">2nd Canadian Infantry Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Division" title="3rd Canadian Division">3rd Canadian Infantry Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/4th_Canadian_Division" title="4th Canadian Division">4th Canadian (Armoured) Division</a>. Although nominally a Canadian formation, II Canadian Corps contained the <a href="/wiki/1st_Armoured_Division_(Poland)" title="1st Armoured Division (Poland)">Polish 1st Armoured Division</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/1st_Belgian_Infantry_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Belgian Infantry Brigade">1st Belgian Infantry Brigade</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Motorized_Infantry_Brigade" title="Royal Netherlands Motorized Infantry Brigade">Royal Netherlands Motorized Infantry Brigade</a>. The <a href="/wiki/51st_(Highland)_Division" title="51st (Highland) Division">British 51st Infantry Division</a> was attached to the Corps. </p><p>The British had liberated <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, but that city's port could not be used until the Germans were driven from the heavily fortified <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> estuary.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In several weeks of heavy fighting in the fall of 1944, the Canadians succeeded in defeating the Germans in this region. The Canadians then turned east and played a central role in the liberation of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. In 1944–45, the First Canadian Army was responsible for liberating much of the Netherlands from German occupation. Canada lost 7,600 troops in those operations.<sup id="cite_ref-canadaatwar.ca_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canadaatwar.ca-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This day is celebrated on <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Netherlands)" title="Liberation Day (Netherlands)">5 May</a> commemorating the surrender of the German <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</a> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Blaskowitz" title="Johannes Blaskowitz">Johannes Blaskowitz</a> to Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Foulkes_(Canadian_Army_general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Foulkes (Canadian Army general)">Charles Foulkes</a>, commanding <a href="/wiki/I_Canadian_Corps" title="I Canadian Corps">I Canadian Corps</a>, consisting of the 1st Canadian Infantry Division, <a href="/wiki/5th_Canadian_Division" title="5th Canadian Division">5th Canadian (Armoured) Division</a> and the 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade, together with supporting units. The Corps had returned from fighting on the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian Front</a> in February 1945 as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Goldflake" title="Operation Goldflake">Operation Goldflake</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Manna_-_Many_Thanks_In_Tulips.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Operation_Manna_-_Many_Thanks_In_Tulips.jpg/220px-Operation_Manna_-_Many_Thanks_In_Tulips.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Operation_Manna_-_Many_Thanks_In_Tulips.jpg/330px-Operation_Manna_-_Many_Thanks_In_Tulips.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Operation_Manna_-_Many_Thanks_In_Tulips.jpg/440px-Operation_Manna_-_Many_Thanks_In_Tulips.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption><i>Many Thanks</i> spelt in <a href="/wiki/Tulips" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulips">tulips</a> after <a href="/wiki/Operations_Manna_and_Chowhound" title="Operations Manna and Chowhound">Operation Manna</a>. The operation saw humanitarian <a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">airdrops</a>, to help relieve the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%9345" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch famine of 1944–45">famine in the Netherlands</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The arrival of Canadian troops came at a time of crisis for the Netherlands: the "<a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch famine of 1944">hunger winter</a>." Canadian troops gave their rations to children, and blankets to civilians. Bombers were used to drop food packets to hungry civilians in German-occupied <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">the Hague</a> in "<a href="/wiki/Operations_Manna_and_Chowhound" title="Operations Manna and Chowhound">Operation Manna</a>," with permission from Germany if the bombers did not fly above 200 feet.<sup id="cite_ref-cnews.canoe.ca_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnews.canoe.ca-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">royal family</a> of the Netherlands had moved to <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> until the Netherlands were liberated, and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Margriet_of_the_Netherlands" title="Princess Margriet of the Netherlands">Princess Margriet</a> was born during this Canadian exile. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Juliana_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Juliana of the Netherlands">Princess Juliana of the Netherlands</a>, the only child of then-Queen Wilhelmina and heir to the throne, sought refuge in Canada with her two daughters, Beatrix and Irene, during the war. During Princess Juliana's stay in Canada, preparations were made for the birth of her third child. To ensure the Dutch citizenship of this royal baby, the Canadian Parliament passed a special law declaring Princess Juliana's suite at the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Civic_Hospital" title="Ottawa Civic Hospital">Ottawa Civic Hospital</a> "extraterritorial." On 19 January 1943, Princess Margriet was born. The day after Princess Margriet's birth, the Dutch flag was flown on the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Tower" title="Peace Tower">Peace Tower</a>. That was the only time a foreign flag has waved atop Canada's Parliament Buildings. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Familieportret_van_de_koninklijke_familie_in_Ottawa,_RP-F-F01305.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Familieportret_van_de_koninklijke_familie_in_Ottawa%2C_RP-F-F01305.jpg/220px-Familieportret_van_de_koninklijke_familie_in_Ottawa%2C_RP-F-F01305.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Familieportret_van_de_koninklijke_familie_in_Ottawa%2C_RP-F-F01305.jpg/330px-Familieportret_van_de_koninklijke_familie_in_Ottawa%2C_RP-F-F01305.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Familieportret_van_de_koninklijke_familie_in_Ottawa%2C_RP-F-F01305.jpg/440px-Familieportret_van_de_koninklijke_familie_in_Ottawa%2C_RP-F-F01305.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3752" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_royal_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch royal family">Dutch royal family</a> in Ottawa, 1943. Members of the Dutch royal family were sheltered in Canada during the war.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1945, the people of the Netherlands sent 100,000 handpicked tulip bulbs as a postwar gift for the role played by Canadian soldiers in the liberation of the Netherlands. Those tulips were planted on <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a> and along the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Driveway" title="Queen Elizabeth Driveway">Queen Elizabeth Driveway</a>. Princess Juliana was so pleased at the prominence given to the gift that in 1946, she decided to send a personal gift of 20,000 tulip bulbs to show her gratitude for the hospitality received in Ottawa. The gift was part of a lifelong bequest. Since then, tulips have proliferated in Ottawa as a symbol of peace, freedom and international friendship. Every year, Canada's capital receives 10,000 bulbs from the Dutch royal family, celebrated in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Tulip_Festival" title="Canadian Tulip Festival">Canadian Tulip Festival</a>. In 1995, the Netherlands donated an additional 5,000 bulbs for <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill" title="Parliament Hill">Parliament Hill</a>, 1,000 for each provincial and territorial capital and 1,000 for Ste. Anne's Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec">Saint-Anne-de-Bellevue</a>, Quebec, (the only remaining federal hospital in Canada, administered by <a href="/wiki/Veterans_Affairs_Canada" title="Veterans Affairs Canada">Veterans Affairs Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-canadaatwar.ca_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canadaatwar.ca-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that the Netherlands and the Dutch people have had an enduring <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Canada–Netherlands relations">affection for Canada</a> and Canadians long after the war, lingering into the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-cnews.canoe.ca_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnews.canoe.ca-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naval_warfare">Naval warfare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Naval warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="History of the Royal Canadian Navy">History of the Royal Canadian Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Canadian_Navy_ships_of_the_Second_World_War" title="List of Royal Canadian Navy ships of the Second World War">List of Royal Canadian Navy ships of the Second World War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_the_Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Battle of the Atlantic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_battle_of_the_Atlantic_1941_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_battle_of_the_Atlantic_1941_map.svg/220px-The_battle_of_the_Atlantic_1941_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_battle_of_the_Atlantic_1941_map.svg/330px-The_battle_of_the_Atlantic_1941_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/The_battle_of_the_Atlantic_1941_map.svg/440px-The_battle_of_the_Atlantic_1941_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="1696" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Atlantic Ocean and ships sunk in 1941. Canada was given the responsibility of defending Allied convoys traversing the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Atlantic Gap">Mid-Atlantic Gap</a> from German <a href="/wiki/Wolfpack_(naval_tactic)" title="Wolfpack (naval tactic)">wolfpacks</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest ongoing battle in World War II. Once Britain declared war on Germany, Canada quickly followed, entering the war on 10 September 1939, as they had a vested interest in sustaining Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarty_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarty-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56">: 56 </span></sup> </p><p>Canadian security relied on British success in this war, along with maintaining national security, politically speaking, some felt it was Canada's duty to assist her allies. For example, the Canadian prime minister Mackenzie King had been utterly convinced that it was Canada's "Self-evident national duty" to "back Britain."<sup id="cite_ref-Sarty_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarty-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38">: 38 </span></sup> </p><p>Once World War II had erupted in 1939, Canada had a small navy. In 1939 Canada had seven warships. Once entering the war, Canada needed a naval reformation in order to keep up with and aid the British. On the outbreak of the war Canada had roughly 3,500 men supporting the RCN. In September 1940 "the RCN grew to 10,000 men."<sup id="cite_ref-Sarty_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarty-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 134">: 134 </span></sup> </p><p>The Canadian government agencies also played a major role in the patterns of warfare in the Atlantic. The Canadian Navies Division operated a network of naval control of shipping agents in the neutral United States from 1939 to 1941.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What do "Canadian Navies Division" and "naval control of shipping agents" mean? (November 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Those agents managed the shipping movements of British shipping in the United States and also managed the growing United States Navy systems in regards to basic trade movements. Special publications on trade matters were supplied to the United States Navy from Ottawa in 1941, and by the time of Pearl Harbor American port directors were working with Ottawa as a team. Ottawa's job of studying trade movements and keeping track of intelligence was so effective and crucial that they were given the task of controlling shipping west of 40〫and north of the equator from December 1941 to July 1942, along with supplying the USN trade directorate with daily intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QF_2_pounder_HMCS_Assiniboine_a104057-v6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/QF_2_pounder_HMCS_Assiniboine_a104057-v6.jpg/220px-QF_2_pounder_HMCS_Assiniboine_a104057-v6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/QF_2_pounder_HMCS_Assiniboine_a104057-v6.jpg/330px-QF_2_pounder_HMCS_Assiniboine_a104057-v6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/QF_2_pounder_HMCS_Assiniboine_a104057-v6.jpg/440px-QF_2_pounder_HMCS_Assiniboine_a104057-v6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Royal Canadian Navy sailors man a gun aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Kempenfelt_(I18)" title="HMS Kempenfelt (I18)">HMCS <i>Assiniboine</i></a>, while escorting a convoy to the UK</figcaption></figure> <p>Canada was also given the responsibility of covering two strategically-key points in the Atlantic. The first is known as the "Mid-Atlantic Gap," located off the coast of Greenland. The gap was a very hostile point in the supply line, which was very difficult to take control. With the use of Iceland as a refuelling point and Canada to the west, the gap was narrowed down to 300 nautical miles (560 km). "The Surface gap was closed by the Royal Canadian Navy [in 1943]. The <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Escort_Force" title="Newfoundland Escort Force">Newfoundland Escort Force</a> started with 5 Canadian corvettes and two British destroyers [manned by Canadian seamen], followed by other Canadian-manned British destroyers when available."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMCS_Algonquin_4.7_inch_gun_crew_LAC_3223884.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/HMCS_Algonquin_4.7_inch_gun_crew_LAC_3223884.jpg/220px-HMCS_Algonquin_4.7_inch_gun_crew_LAC_3223884.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/HMCS_Algonquin_4.7_inch_gun_crew_LAC_3223884.jpg/330px-HMCS_Algonquin_4.7_inch_gun_crew_LAC_3223884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/HMCS_Algonquin_4.7_inch_gun_crew_LAC_3223884.jpg/440px-HMCS_Algonquin_4.7_inch_gun_crew_LAC_3223884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Gun crew of <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Algonquin_(R17)" title="HMCS Algonquin (R17)">HMCS <i>Algonquin</i></a> during a naval bombardment of German positions at Normandy, prior to the D-Day landings.</figcaption></figure> <p>The second task Canada was given was to control the English Channel during Operation Overlord (the Normandy landings). "On the 6th of June, 50 RCN escorts were redeployed from the North Atlantic and Canadian Waters for invasion duties."<sup id="cite_ref-Sarty_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarty-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 144">: 144 </span></sup> Their tasks were to cover the flanks of the invasion to ensure submarine defence of the invasion fleet, also to provide distant patrols of the southern flank of the invasion area, and lastly to prevent submarine flotillas in the channel from gaining reinforcements. That invasion relied on the RCN to cover British and American flanks to ensure a successful landing on the beaches of Normandy.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarty_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarty-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 144">: 144 </span></sup> </p><p>Canada saw enormous growth during World War II, going from a limited amount of warships to becoming the third largest navy in the world after the Axis powers were defeated and the role they played in aiding the USN in intelligence. Their primary role in protecting merchant ships from North America to Britain was ultimately successful, though that victory was shared with the major Allied powers. Throughout the war Canada had made 25,343 successful escort voyages delivering 164,783,921 tons of cargo.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarty_51-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarty-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56">: 56 </span></sup> By the end of the war, German documents state that the Royal Canadian Navy was responsible for the loss of 52 submarines in the Atlantic. In return 59 Canadian merchant ships, and 24 warships were sunk during the battle of the Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>"Canadians solved the problem of the Atlantic convoys." – British Admiral Sir Percy Noble</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia_and_the_Pacific">Southeast Asia and the Pacific</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia and the Pacific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombardment_by_HMCS_UGANDA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bombardment_by_HMCS_UGANDA.jpg/220px-Bombardment_by_HMCS_UGANDA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bombardment_by_HMCS_UGANDA.jpg/330px-Bombardment_by_HMCS_UGANDA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bombardment_by_HMCS_UGANDA.jpg/440px-Bombardment_by_HMCS_UGANDA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_Uganda_(66)" title="HMS Uganda (66)">HMCS <i>Uganda</i></a> bombards <a href="/wiki/Miyako-jima" title="Miyako-jima">Miyako-jima</a>, serving as a part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Pacific_Fleet" title="British Pacific Fleet">British Pacific Fleet</a>, May 1945.</figcaption></figure> <p>Canadian naval and special forces participated in various capacities in the Pacific and South-East Asia. The cruisers <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Ontario_(C53)" title="HMCS Ontario (C53)">HMCS <i>Ontario</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Uganda_(66)" title="HMS Uganda (66)">HMCS <i>Uganda</i></a>, along with the armed merchant cruiser HMCS <i>Prince Robert</i> were assigned to the <a href="/wiki/British_Pacific_Fleet" title="British Pacific Fleet">British Pacific Fleet</a>. HMCS <i>Uganda</i> was in theatre at the time. HMCS <i>Ontario</i> arrived to support the post-war operations in the Philippines, Hong Kong and Japan. However the <i>Uganda</i> was the only Royal Canadian Navy ship to take an active part against the Japanese while serving with the British Pacific Fleet. Various Canadian special forces also served in Southeast Asia including the "Sea Reconnaissance Unit," a team of navy divers tasked to spearhead assaults across the rivers in Burma.<sup id="cite_ref-stacey1970_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stacey1970-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-India_and_Burma_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India_and_Burma-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conditions aboard HMCS <i>Uganda</i>, compared to ships in the United States Navy, strict discipline, and the inability to display a separate Canadian identity, had contributed to poor morale and resentment amongst the crew. In an attempt to remedy that and mindful of the change in Canadian government policy that only volunteers would now serve overseas, the ship's commander, Captain <a href="/wiki/Rollo_Mainguy" title="Rollo Mainguy">Edmond Rollo Mainguy</a>, invited crew members (before the official date) to register their unwillingness to serve overseas. Of the 907 crew members, 605 did so on 7 May 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-uganda_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uganda-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This decision, which had legal impact, was relayed to Canada and thence to the British government. Reacting to the angry British response, the Canadians agreed to stay on station until replaced. This happened on 27 July 1945, when <a href="/wiki/HMS_Argonaut_(61)" title="HMS Argonaut (61)">HMS <i>Argonaut</i></a> joined the British Pacific Fleet and <i>Uganda</i> departed for <a href="/wiki/Esquimalt,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Esquimalt, British Columbia">Esquimalt</a> arriving on the day of the Japanese surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-uganda_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uganda-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks_in_Canadian_waters_and_the_mainland">Attacks in Canadian waters and the mainland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Attacks in Canadian waters and the mainland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">American Theater (World War II)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_St._Lawrence" title="Battle of the St. Lawrence">Battle of the St. Lawrence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_submarine_U-190.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/German_submarine_U-190.jpg/220px-German_submarine_U-190.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/German_submarine_U-190.jpg/330px-German_submarine_U-190.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/German_submarine_U-190.jpg/440px-German_submarine_U-190.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>German submarine <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-190" title="German submarine U-190"><i>U-190</i></a> surrenders in <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador</a>, June 1945. U-boats operated in Canadian and Newfoundland waters during the war in an attempt to disrupt the convoys.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> operated in Canadian and Newfoundland waters throughout the war, sinking many naval and merchant vessels. Two significant attacks took place in 1942 when German U-boats attacked four allied <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> carriers at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Island_(Newfoundland_and_Labrador)" title="Bell Island (Newfoundland and Labrador)">Bell Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">carriers</a> SS <i>Saganaga</i> and SS <i>Lord Strathcona</i> were sunk by <i>U-513</i> on 5 September 1942, while SS <i>Rosecastle</i> and <i>P.L.M 27</i> were sunk by <i>U-518</i> on 2 November with the loss of 69 lives. When the submarine fired a torpedo at the loading pier, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Island_(Newfoundland_and_Labrador)" title="Bell Island (Newfoundland and Labrador)">Bell Island</a> became the only location in North America to be subject to direct attack by German forces in the Second World War. U-boats were also found in the St. Lawrence River; during the night of 14 October 1942, the <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Railway" title="Newfoundland Railway">Newfoundland Railway</a> ferry, <a href="/wiki/SS_Caribou" title="SS Caribou">SS <i>Caribou</i></a> was torpedoed by German <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> <i>U-69</i> and sunk in the <a href="/wiki/Cabot_Strait" title="Cabot Strait">Cabot Strait</a> with the loss of 137 lives. Both sides fought to outsmart each other and decide the fate of the merchant vessels in the Atlantic Ocean. Several U-boat wrecks have been found in Canadian waters, a few as far in as the Churchill River in Labrador.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Canadian mainland was also attacked when the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-26" title="Japanese submarine I-26">submarine <i>I-26</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">shelled</a> the <a href="/wiki/Estevan_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Estevan Point">Estevan Point</a> lighthouse on <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> on 20 June 1942. </p><p>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Fire_balloon" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire balloon">fire balloons</a> were also launched at Canada, some reaching British Columbia and the other western provinces. The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Fu-Go_balloon_bomb" title="Fu-Go balloon bomb">Fu-Go balloon bombs</a> were released during the winter of 1944–45, although no Canadians were actually hurt by the devices. The Japanese Army hoped that, aside from direct blast effects the incendiary bombs would cause fires. Since the balloons had to be launched in the winter, when the <a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">jet stream</a> is at its strongest, the snow-covered ground prevented any fires from spreading. Nevertheless, 57 devices were found during the war as far east as Manitoba. Many others were discovered as late as 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germany placed an automated weather station on an unpopulated coast in northern <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a> in 1943, called <a href="/wiki/Weather_Station_Kurt" title="Weather Station Kurt">Weather Station Kurt</a>. It was discovered as German as late as 1977, because it was marked "Canadian" so occasional visitors didn't report it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Home_front">Home front</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Home front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture,_mining,_and_industry"><span id="Agriculture.2C_mining.2C_and_industry"></span>Agriculture, mining, and industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Agriculture, mining, and industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_of_the_Canadian_Army_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="List of military equipment of the Canadian Army during World War II">List of military equipment of the Canadian Army during World War II</a></div> <p>When the Second World War began, Canada was in the midst of escaping the Great Depression and this placed a lot of importance on the industries and farmers of Canada. Canada was in desperate need of workers. During the war, Canada's industries manufactured war materials and other supplies to all allied countries valuing at almost $10 billion – approximately $100 billion today.<sup id="cite_ref-Canada_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With men overseas, women began to have a more prominent role in the workplace. Such stringent wage and price restrictions by the government made workers rights' were not adequately acknowledged at the time. Out of Canada's population of 11.3 million, the total number of workers in war industries was roughly 1 million, and 2 million were employed in agriculture, communications, and food processing.<sup id="cite_ref-Canada_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niwatsukino_family_working_on_farm_in_Turin,_Alberta_(16983747900).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Niwatsukino_family_working_on_farm_in_Turin%2C_Alberta_%2816983747900%29.jpg/220px-Niwatsukino_family_working_on_farm_in_Turin%2C_Alberta_%2816983747900%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Niwatsukino_family_working_on_farm_in_Turin%2C_Alberta_%2816983747900%29.jpg/330px-Niwatsukino_family_working_on_farm_in_Turin%2C_Alberta_%2816983747900%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Niwatsukino_family_working_on_farm_in_Turin%2C_Alberta_%2816983747900%29.jpg/440px-Niwatsukino_family_working_on_farm_in_Turin%2C_Alberta_%2816983747900%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Canadians" title="Internment of Japanese Canadians">Interned Japanese Canadians</a> working a farm in <a href="/wiki/Turin,_Alberta" title="Turin, Alberta">Turin, Alberta</a>, 1942.</figcaption></figure> <p>Wheat was one of Canada's largest sources of produce. Although wheat was extremely important, Canada started to drown in wheat production and James Gardiner admitted that farmers needed to produce other agricultural commodities.<sup id="cite_ref-legionmagazine.com_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legionmagazine.com-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Gardiner's speech, farmers took a different direction and by 1944, Canada had produced 7.4 million hogs. Canada's contribution to the war effort was recognized by nations around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-legionmagazine.com_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legionmagazine.com-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Gardiner requested farmers to produce less wheat, during the next five years the production of wheat dropped. From 1940 to 1945, the income resulting from selling farm products such as livestock, grains, and field crops saw a dramatic increase because of the growing worth and necessity of those goods in the war effort. And since there was a labour shortage in the farm work force, goods became more expensive. Wheat production in Canada dropped by over 200 million bushels a year between 1939 and 1945, but the total income from Canada's wheat production increased by more than $80 000 000.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Eldorado_mine_on_Great_Bear_Lake,_Northwest_Territories,_August_1944.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_Eldorado_mine_on_Great_Bear_Lake%2C_Northwest_Territories%2C_August_1944.png/220px-The_Eldorado_mine_on_Great_Bear_Lake%2C_Northwest_Territories%2C_August_1944.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_Eldorado_mine_on_Great_Bear_Lake%2C_Northwest_Territories%2C_August_1944.png/330px-The_Eldorado_mine_on_Great_Bear_Lake%2C_Northwest_Territories%2C_August_1944.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_Eldorado_mine_on_Great_Bear_Lake%2C_Northwest_Territories%2C_August_1944.png/440px-The_Eldorado_mine_on_Great_Bear_Lake%2C_Northwest_Territories%2C_August_1944.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Eldorado_Mine_(Northwest_Territories)" title="Eldorado Mine (Northwest Territories)">Eldorado Mine</a>, 1944. <a href="/wiki/Expropriated" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriated">Expropriated</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Canadian government</a> in 1939, it produced uranium for the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Canadian mining and metals industries also made significant contributions to the war effort, with half of Allied aluminum and ninety per cent of Allied nickel was supplied by Canadian sources during the war. The Canadian company <a href="/wiki/Eldorado_Mining_and_Refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Eldorado Mining and Refining">Eldorado Gold Mines Ltd.</a>, which produced uranium as a byproduct of gold and radium production using ore from its mine at <a href="/wiki/Port_Radium" title="Port Radium">Port Radium</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, was recruited by the Canadian government into involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>. In particular, Eldorado's refinery at <a href="/wiki/Port_Hope,_Ontario" title="Port Hope, Ontario">Port Hope</a> processed ore from both Port Radium and the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> to produce much of the uranium used in the <a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a> bomb that was dropped on <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_working_at_the_General_Engineering_Company_(Canada)_munitions_factory_(I0051818).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Women_working_at_the_General_Engineering_Company_%28Canada%29_munitions_factory_%28I0051818%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Women_working_at_the_General_Engineering_Company_%28Canada%29_munitions_factory_%28I0051818%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Women_working_at_the_General_Engineering_Company_%28Canada%29_munitions_factory_%28I0051818%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Women_working_at_the_General_Engineering_Company_%28Canada%29_munitions_factory_%28I0051818%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Women_working_at_the_General_Engineering_Company_%28Canada%29_munitions_factory_%28I0051818%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Women_working_at_the_General_Engineering_Company_%28Canada%29_munitions_factory_%28I0051818%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8660" data-file-height="6845" /></a><figcaption>Female workers assembling munitions at a <a href="/wiki/GECO" title="GECO">GECO</a> munitions factory.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1942, Ottawa registered women between ages 20–24 into service sectors to fill in the roles of those who went to war. In total, around 1,073,000 women were in the workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roles that traditionally belonged to men, like agriculture, airforce, labour, and production, were filled in by women seeking to work for the economy. It was also planned for them to take over the jobs of men in the homefront to encourage them to go to war.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women at the homefront provided for the war effort by donating clothes, food, money to medical organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because women were now working, and men going to war, average family sizes decreased, and children had no parents to care for them. There was still a stigma around women working in industries and urban jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the government had given 4,000-5,000 women a new responsibility- to regulate the food supplies so that it is preserved nor wasted in accordance with the fluctuating consequences of war and weather, something understood as squarely within the domestic sphere. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_collecting_rubber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Children_collecting_rubber.jpg/220px-Children_collecting_rubber.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Children_collecting_rubber.jpg/330px-Children_collecting_rubber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Children_collecting_rubber.jpg/440px-Children_collecting_rubber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="1101" /></a><figcaption>Children in <a href="/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="Montréal">Montréal</a> take rubber tires and shoes to a salvage centre in support of the war effort, 1942.</figcaption></figure> <p>Children and youth also experienced significant changes to their lives. The older teenagers also served as farmers and joined into the labour force as most able-bodied men were serving overseas. The Canadian government even lowered the minimum age for obtaining a licence to 14 so that teenagers could legally operate tractors and other vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indigenous Canadians played a large role on the Home Front during The Second World War. They donated a large amount of money for patriotic and humanitarian causes. The Indigenous Canadians collected scrap metals, rubber and bones in support of the war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-thecanadianencyclopedia.ca_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thecanadianencyclopedia.ca-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More specifically, the Inuit population collected animal bones to secretly ship down south to be used for ammunition. The labour shortages across Canada during World War II provided improved financial conditions for many indigenous families. Those shortages provided more work opportunities at higher wages the indigenous people had previously seen. Despite the influx of indigenous people entering the army and contributing at home, there was also some opposition to the war effort on the part of First Nations, Metis and Inuit Canadians, primarily because of taxes imposed on indigenous peoples by the government and the aftereffects of the previous war haunting the indigenous communities. Furthermore, conscription had a negative impact on the relationship between many of Canada's First Nations, Metis, and Inuit communities and the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-thecanadianencyclopedia.ca_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thecanadianencyclopedia.ca-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese-Canadian_Soldiers-WW2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Chinese-Canadian_Soldiers-WW2.jpg/220px-Chinese-Canadian_Soldiers-WW2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Chinese-Canadian_Soldiers-WW2.jpg/330px-Chinese-Canadian_Soldiers-WW2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Chinese-Canadian_Soldiers-WW2.jpg/440px-Chinese-Canadian_Soldiers-WW2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Chinese Canadians recruited to serve in the British <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia_Command" title="South East Asia Command">South East Asia Command</a>, 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the war, Chinese Canadians had often experienced discrimination in Canada and through Canada's immigration system. Nevertheless, Chinese-Canadian contributions to the war effort became the basis for their claim to equal treatment in Canada following the war. Though initially discouraged from enlisting, the victory of Japan in Hong Kong led to renewed calls from the British government for the enlistment of Chinese-Canadians, specifically Chinese ones that could speak English and could help with guerrilla warfare. Chinese Canadians fought with the Canadian armed forces and communities raised funds for the war effort . Vancouver Chinese contributed more per capita than any other group towards Victory Loan Drives. Chinese Canadians joined into different service groups, such as the Red Cross. Many young men volunteered for service overseas, and others worked in research, and war industries. Participation in the war was somewhat controversial within the Chinese-Canadian community because of the racist treatment they had historically endured. However, by 1944, participation in the war effort became the basis for a petition demanding increased acknowledgment of the rights of Chinese-Canadians.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Approximately 160,000 French-Canadian soldiers served overseas, which comprised 20% of all Canadian servicemen. The majority of those soldiers served in Francophone infantry units such as Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal, Le Régiment de Maisonneuve, Le Régiment de la Chaudière, and the Royal 22<sup>e</sup> Régiment. However, regardless of King's political manoeuvrings, French-Canadians still experienced discrimination as Canadians—many Anglophones still held the same sentiments towards them as they did in the First World War. Despite the number of French-Canadians who joined the military a plebiscite that was held on 27 April 1942 to decide whether or not Canadian conscription for the Second World War should be enforced. It revealed that Quebec and other Francophone ridings were against it, whereas Anglophone communities were overwhelmingly in favour for conscription. The division and ultimate passing of Bill 80 in favour of conscription worsened relations between Anglophones and Francophones in Canada. Although most French-Canadians were against conscription, the Catholic Church ultimately encouraged participation in the war effort. That both spurred volunteerism early in the war and created some divisions between French-Canadians.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Items_manufactured">Items manufactured</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Items manufactured"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_British_Army_15-cwt_truck_throws_up_a_cloud_of_sand_and_dust_while_moving_at_speed_along_a_desert_track_in_North_Africa,_1_November_1940._E974.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/A_British_Army_15-cwt_truck_throws_up_a_cloud_of_sand_and_dust_while_moving_at_speed_along_a_desert_track_in_North_Africa%2C_1_November_1940._E974.jpg/220px-A_British_Army_15-cwt_truck_throws_up_a_cloud_of_sand_and_dust_while_moving_at_speed_along_a_desert_track_in_North_Africa%2C_1_November_1940._E974.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/A_British_Army_15-cwt_truck_throws_up_a_cloud_of_sand_and_dust_while_moving_at_speed_along_a_desert_track_in_North_Africa%2C_1_November_1940._E974.jpg/330px-A_British_Army_15-cwt_truck_throws_up_a_cloud_of_sand_and_dust_while_moving_at_speed_along_a_desert_track_in_North_Africa%2C_1_November_1940._E974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/A_British_Army_15-cwt_truck_throws_up_a_cloud_of_sand_and_dust_while_moving_at_speed_along_a_desert_track_in_North_Africa%2C_1_November_1940._E974.jpg/440px-A_British_Army_15-cwt_truck_throws_up_a_cloud_of_sand_and_dust_while_moving_at_speed_along_a_desert_track_in_North_Africa%2C_1_November_1940._E974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>A British Army <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Military_Pattern_truck" title="Canadian Military Pattern truck">CMP truck</a> in North Africa, November 1940. Most CMP trucks were produced in Canada during the war.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of the Second World War, Canada did not have an extensive manufacturing industry besides car manufacturing.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by the end of the war, Canada's wartime motor vehicle production constituted 20% of the combined total production of Canada, the US, and the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-stacey1970_10-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stacey1970-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 167">: 167 </span></sup> The nation had become one of the world's leading automobile manufacturers in the 1920s, owing to the presence of branch-plants of American automakers in Ontario. In 1938, <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Canada" title="Automotive industry in Canada">Canada's automotive industry</a> ranked fourth in the world in the output of passenger car and trucks, even though a large part of its productive capacity remained idle because of the Great Depression. During the war, the industry was put to good use, building all manner of war material, and most particularly wheeled vehicles, of which Canada became the second-largest producer, after the United States,during the war. Canada's output of about 800,000 trucks and wheeled vehicles,<sup id="cite_ref-MLUCMP_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLUCMP-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for instance, exceeded the combined total truck production of Germany, Italy, and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rivals <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company_of_Canada" title="Ford Motor Company of Canada">Ford</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_Canada" title="General Motors Canada">General Motors</a> of Canada pooled their engineering design teams to produce a standardized vehicle series, amenable to mass production: the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Military_Pattern_truck" title="Canadian Military Pattern truck">Canadian Military Pattern</a> (CMP) truck, which served throughout the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</a>. With a production of some 410,000 units, the CMP trucks accounted for the majority of Canada's total truck output;<sup id="cite_ref-MLUCMP_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLUCMP-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and approximately half of the British Army's transport requirements were supplied by Canadian manufacturers. The British official <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Second_World_War" title="History of the Second World War">History of the Second World War</a></i> argues that the production of soft-skinned trucks, including the CMP truck class, was Canada's most important contribution to Allied victory.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Launchingof1000CanadianVessels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Launchingof1000CanadianVessels.jpg/220px-Launchingof1000CanadianVessels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Launchingof1000CanadianVessels.jpg/330px-Launchingof1000CanadianVessels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Launchingof1000CanadianVessels.jpg/440px-Launchingof1000CanadianVessels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Celebrations for the launch of the 1,000th Canadian-built vessel for a <a href="/wiki/War_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="War bonds">Victory Loan</a> drive, 1944.</figcaption></figure> <p>Canada also produced its own medium tank, the <a href="/wiki/Ram_tank" title="Ram tank">Ram</a>. Though it was unsuitable for combat employment, many were used for training, and the <a href="/wiki/1st_Canadian_Armoured_Carrier_Regiment" title="1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment">1st Canadian Armoured Carrier Regiment</a> used modified Rams as armoured personnel carriers in North-West Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition 1,390 Canadian-built <a href="/wiki/Valentine_tank" title="Valentine tank">Valentine tanks</a> were shipped to the Soviet Union. Approximately 14,000 aircraft, including <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Lancaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">Mosquito</a> bombers, were built in Canada. In addition, by the end of 1944, Canadian shipyards had launched naval ships, such as <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvettes</a>, and some 345 merchant vessels. </p><p>Recruitment missions from exile powers such as Belgium, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, Norway, and Poland set up separate presences in Canada and sought to recruit recent immigrants into their own armies, peaking in mid-1941.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veterans_Guard_of_Canada">Veterans Guard of Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Veterans Guard of Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Veterans_Guard_of_Canada" title="Veterans Guard of Canada">Veterans Guard of Canada</a></div> <p>As with the <a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(United_Kingdom)" title="Home Guard (United Kingdom)">Home Guard</a>, the Veterans Guard of Canada was initially formed in the early days of the Second World War as a defence force in case of an attack on Canadian soil. Composed largely of First World War veterans it included, at its peak, 37 Active and Reserve companies with 451 officers and 9,806 other ranks. Over 17,000 veterans served in the force over the course of the war. Active companies served full-time in Canada as well as overseas, including a General Duty Company attached to Canadian Military Headquarters in London, England, No. 33 Coy. in the Bahamas, No. 34 Coy. in British Guiana and Newfoundland, and a smaller group dispatched to India. The Veterans Guard were involved in a three-day prisoner of war uprising in 1942, known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bowmanville" title="Battle of Bowmanville">Battle of Bowmanville</a>. Along with its home defence role, the Veterans Guard assumed responsibility for guarding internment camps from the Canadian Provost Corps, which helped release younger Canadians for service overseas. The Guards were disbanded in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_and_culture">Arts and culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Arts and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_official_war_artists" title="Canadian official war artists">Canadian official war artists</a></div> <p>The large casualty count and proximity to the First World War heightened the impact of World War II on cultural production domestically. Following pressure from Canadian artist's groups, the government established new supports for artists in the form of the Canadian War Records by the end of 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Photography was a privileged medium, with official war artists even being provided cameras by authorities towards the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> War artists also developed courses to enrich soldiers, with formal exhibitions and competitions of war art arranged.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> References to indigenous culture and contributions to the war effort were largely erased, with recruitment guidelines for the Royal Canadian Air Force as well as Navy requiring volunteers be white. One notable exception was a portrait by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lamb" title="Henry Lamb">Henry Lamb</a>, "<i>A Redskin in the Royal Canadian Artillery</i>" (1942).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, the soldier was identified and the work renamed to "<i>Trooper Lloyd George More, RCA</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_84-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conscription_Crisis_of_1944">Conscription Crisis of 1944</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Conscription Crisis of 1944"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1944" title="Conscription Crisis of 1944">Conscription Crisis of 1944</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_voting_on_the_introduction_of_conscription_for_overseas_military_service_-_1942_-_MIKAN_3193315.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_voting_on_the_introduction_of_conscription_for_overseas_military_service_-_1942_-_MIKAN_3193315.jpg/220px-William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_voting_on_the_introduction_of_conscription_for_overseas_military_service_-_1942_-_MIKAN_3193315.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_voting_on_the_introduction_of_conscription_for_overseas_military_service_-_1942_-_MIKAN_3193315.jpg/330px-William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_voting_on_the_introduction_of_conscription_for_overseas_military_service_-_1942_-_MIKAN_3193315.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_voting_on_the_introduction_of_conscription_for_overseas_military_service_-_1942_-_MIKAN_3193315.jpg/440px-William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King_voting_on_the_introduction_of_conscription_for_overseas_military_service_-_1942_-_MIKAN_3193315.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2620" data-file-height="2081" /></a><figcaption>Mackenzie King voting in a plebiscite on conscription for overseas service. Although the <a href="/wiki/1942_Canadian_conscription_plebiscite" title="1942 Canadian conscription plebiscite">1942 plebiscite</a> passed by over 65 per cent, conscripts were not levied until November 1944.</figcaption></figure> <p>The political astuteness of Mackenzie King, combined with much greater military sensitivity to Quebec volunteers resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1944" title="Conscription Crisis of 1944">conscription crisis</a> that was minor compared to that of the First World War. French-Canadian volunteers were front and centre, in their own units, throughout the war, highlighted by actions at Dieppe (<a href="/wiki/Les_Fusiliers_Mont-Royal" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal">Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal</a>), Italy (Royal 22<sup>e</sup> Régiment), the Normandy beaches (<a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%A9giment_de_la_Chaudi%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Régiment de la Chaudière">Le Régiment de la Chaudière</a>), the thrust into the Netherlands (<a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%A9giment_de_Maisonneuve" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Régiment de Maisonneuve">Le Régiment de Maisonneuve</a>), and in the bombing campaign over Germany (<a href="/wiki/No._425_Squadron_RCAF" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 425 Squadron RCAF">No. 425 Squadron RCAF</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography_and_memory">Historiography and memory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Historiography and memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canada deployed trained historians to Canadian Military Headquarters in the United Kingdom during the war and paid much attention to the chronicling of the conflict not only in the words of the official historians of the Army Historical Section but also by art and trained painters. The <a href="/wiki/Official_History_of_the_Canadian_Army_in_the_Second_World_War" title="Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War">official history of the Canadian Army</a> was undertaken after the war, with an interim draft published in 1948 and three volumes in the 1950s. That was in comparison to the World War I official history, only one volume of which was completed by 1939 and whose full text was released only after a change in authors some 40 years after the fact. Official histories of the RCAF and RCN in the Second World War were also a long time coming, and the book <i>Arms, Men and Government</i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Perry_Stacey" title="Charles Perry Stacey">Charles Perry Stacey</a> (one of the main contributors to the Army history) was published in the 1980s as an "official" history of the war policies of the Canadian government. The performance of Canadian forces in some battles have remained controversial, such as Hong Kong and Dieppe, and a variety of books have been written on them from various points of view. Serious historians mainly scholars, emerged in the years after the Second World War, foremost <a href="/wiki/Terry_Copp" title="Terry Copp">Terry Copp</a> (a scholar) and <a href="/wiki/Denis_Whitaker" title="Denis Whitaker">Denis Whitaker</a> (a former soldier).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dark_chapters">Dark chapters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Dark chapters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Canadian officer's decision to allow <a href="/wiki/13_May_1945_German_deserter_execution" title="13 May 1945 German deserter execution">German POWs to execute another German POW</a> was the subject of a 1969 Italian-Yugoslav film, The Fifth Day of Peace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p>Uniformed Services </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Navy#Second_World_War" title="History of the Royal Canadian Navy">History of the Royal Canadian Navy#Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Canadian_Army#Second_World_War" title="History of the Canadian Army">History of the Canadian Army#Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Air_Force#Second_World_War" title="History of the Royal Canadian Air Force">History of the Royal Canadian Air Force#Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Merchant_Navy" title="Canadian Merchant Navy">Canadian Merchant Navy</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>British Commonwealth </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_British_Commonwealth_in_the_Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the British Commonwealth in the Second World War">Military history of the British Commonwealth in the Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>Leaders </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_McNaughton" title="Andrew McNaughton">General Andrew McNaughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Samuel_Breadner" title="Lloyd Samuel Breadner">Air Chief Marshall Lloyd Samuel Breadner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ralston" title="James Ralston">James Ralston</a> Minister of National Defence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Crerar" title="Harry Crerar">General Harry Crerar</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>Other </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">History of Canadian foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_pipe_mine" title="Canadian pipe mine">Canadian pipe mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANLOAN" title="CANLOAN">CANLOAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Canadian_Army_rifle_sections_during_World_War_II" title="Organization of Canadian Army rifle sections during World War II">Organization of Canadian Army rifle sections during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Canadian_Navy_ships_of_the_Second_World_War" title="List of Royal Canadian Navy ships of the Second World War">List of Royal Canadian Navy ships of the Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production during World War II</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Threat:_Canadian_Jews,_the_Military,_and_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Double Threat: Canadian Jews, the Military, and World War II">Double Threat: Canadian Jews, the Military, and World War II</a> (book)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Dominion of Newfoundland did not join <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Canadian Confederation</a> until 1949 (several years after the end of World War II). From 1907 to 1949, Newfoundland was formally a self-governing dominion within the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. However, from 1934 to 1949, Newfoundland was a dominion in name only since it was directly governed from the United Kingdom after the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="General Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador">General Assembly of Newfoundland</a> voted to suspend the constitution in 1934.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canadian War Museum <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/chrono/1931italian_e.html">"The Italian Campaign"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080222011617/http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/chrono/1931italian_e.html">Archived</a> 22 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on: 5 August 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canadian War Museum <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/chrono/1931liberating_e.html">"Liberating Northwest Europe"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080215220005/http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/chrono/1931liberating_e.html">Archived</a> 15 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on: 5 August 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys2013" class="citation book cs1">Humphreys, Edward (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z-SsBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT151"><i>Great Canadian Battles: Heroism and Courage Through the Years</i></a>. Arcturus Publishing. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78404-098-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78404-098-7"><bdi>978-1-78404-098-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160413032850/https://books.google.com/books?id=z-SsBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT151">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Canadian+Battles%3A+Heroism+and+Courage+Through+the+Years&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Arcturus+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78404-098-7&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz-SsBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milner1999-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Milner1999_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarc_Milner1999" class="citation book cs1">Marc Milner (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hpDA5HxyqG4C&pg=PA99"><i>Canada's Navy: The First Century</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4281-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4281-1"><bdi>978-0-8020-4281-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Navy%3A+The+First+Century&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-4281-1&rft.au=Marc+Milner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhpDA5HxyqG4C%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/second-world-war-wwii/">"World War II"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+War+II&rft.pub=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fsecond-world-war-wwii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canadian Air Force Journal, Vol. 3, No. 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/CFAWC/eLibrary/Journal/Vol3-2010/Iss1-Winter/Sections/08-Worlds_Fourth_Largest_Air_Force_e.pdf">"World's Fourth Largest Air Force?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614070606/http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/CFAWC/eLibrary/Journal/Vol3-2010/Iss1-Winter/Sections/08-Worlds_Fourth_Largest_Air_Force_e.pdf">Archived</a> 14 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>World War </i> – Willmott, H.P. et al.; Dorling Kindersley Limited, London, 2004, Page 168 Retrieved on: 17 May 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Veterans Affairs Canada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/clients/sub.cfm?source=history/other/merchant/hist">"The Historic Contribution of Canada's Merchant Navy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117123949/http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/clients/sub.cfm?source=history%2Fother%2Fmerchant%2Fhist">Archived</a> 17 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on: 5 August 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stacey, C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/second-world-war-wwii/#h3_jump_12">"World War II: Cost and Significance"</a>. <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i> online (Historica). Revised by N. Hillmer. Retrieved on: 5 August 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stacey1970-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stacey1970_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stacey1970_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stacey1970_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stacey1970_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stacey1970_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stacey1970_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stacey1970_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stacey1970_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stacey1970_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stacey1970_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stacey1970_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stacey1970_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stacey1970_10-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stacey1970_10-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stacey1970_10-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStacey,_C._P.1970" class="citation book cs1">Stacey, C. P. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620111320/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/docs/AMG_e.pdf"><i>Arms, Men and Government: The War Policies of Canada, 1939 – 1945</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Queen's Printer by authority of the Minister of National Defence. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/docs/AMG_e.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arms%2C+Men+and+Government%3A+The+War+Policies+of+Canada%2C+1939+%E2%80%93+1945&rft.pub=The+Queen%27s+Printer+by+authority+of+the+Minister+of+National+Defence&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Stacey%2C+C.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca%2Fdhh-dhp%2Fhis%2Fdocs%2FAMG_e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-granatstein20090912-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-granatstein20090912_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-granatstein20090912_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranatstein2009" class="citation news cs1">Granatstein, J.L. (12 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090912134551/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/opinions/going-to-war-parliament-will-decide/article1281065/">"Going to war? 'Parliament will decide'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/opinions/going-to-war-parliament-will-decide/article1281065/">the original</a> on 12 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Taylor & Francis. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134048137" title="Special:BookSources/9781134048137"><bdi>9781134048137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Warfare+1919-45%3A+An+Operational+History+of+the+Volatile+War+at+Sea&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781134048137&rft.aulast=Murfett&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/battle-britain/history.page">"History"</a>. 24 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.date=2014-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca%2Fen%2Fbattle-britain%2Fhistory.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bungay, Stephen, <i> The Most Dangerous Enemy: A History of the Battle of Britain</i> Aurum Press Ltd, 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845134815" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845134815">978-1845134815</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dziuban1959-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dziuban1959_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dziuban1959_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDziuban1959" class="citation book cs1">Dziuban, Stanley W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%2C+Chautauqua+to+Ogdensburg&rft.btitle=Military+Relations+Between+the+United+States+and+Canada%2C+1939-1945&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=2-3%2C+18&rft.pub=Center+of+Military+History%2C+United+States+Army&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F59-60001&rft.aulast=Dziuban&rft.aufirst=Stanley+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fcatalog%2Fpubs%2F11%2F11-5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-life19400729-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-life19400729_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xz8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA20">"What the U.S.A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=What+the+U.S.A.+Thinks&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1940-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxz8EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-canadaandtheworld-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-canadaandtheworld_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/206/301/faitc-aecic/history/2013-05-03/www.international.gc.ca/history-histoire/world-monde/1939-1945-1.aspx@lang=eng">"1939–1945: A World at War"</a>. <i>Canada and the World – a History of Canadian Foreign Policy</i>. Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, Government of Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada+and+the+World+%E2%80%93+a+History+of+Canadian+Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=1939%E2%80%931945%3A+A+World+at+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepe.lac-bac.gc.ca%2F100%2F206%2F301%2Ffaitc-aecic%2Fhistory%2F2013-05-03%2Fwww.international.gc.ca%2Fhistory-histoire%2Fworld-monde%2F1939-1945-1.aspx%40lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517144049/http://www.rafweb.org/Sqn121-125.htm">"Sqn Histories 121-125_P"</a>. Rafweb.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rafweb.org/Sqn121-125.htm">the original</a> on 17 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sqn+Histories+121-125_P&rft.pub=Rafweb.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rafweb.org%2FSqn121-125.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, Julian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/dieppe_raid_01.shtml">"The Dieppe Raid."</a> BBC History (World Wars in Depth series), 30 March 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamilton 1981, pp. 546–558.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franks_1998,_pp._56-62-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Franks_1998,_pp._56-62_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franks 1998, pp. 56–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcdieppe-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbcdieppe_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, Julian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/dieppe_raid_01.shtml">"The Dieppe Raid."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> (World Wars in Depth series),</i> 6 June 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-green1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-green1_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maguire 1963, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/rafhistorytimeline1942.cfm">"RAF RAF History Timeline 1942."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206093456/http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/rafhistorytimeline1942.cfm">Archived</a> 6 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>raf.mod.uk,</i> 2012 [last update]. Retrieved: 21 July 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foot, M.R.D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/mrd-foot/dieppe-raid">"The Dieppe raid."</a><i>History Today</i>, August 1992. Retrieved: 29 November 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atkin_1980,_p._274-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atkin_1980,_p._274_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atkin 1980, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">www.veterans.gc.ca: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/history/second-world-war/canada-Italy-1943-to-1945"><i>Canada - Italy 1943-1945</i></a>. The article contains a chapter <i>Canadian Cemeteries and Memorials in Italy</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">www.veterans.gc.ca: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/history/second-world-war/canada-Italy-1943-to-1945"><i>Canada - Italy 1943-1945</i></a>: " There were 25,264 Canadian casualties in the fighting, including more than 5,900 who were killed."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bercuson, David J. <i>Maple Leaf against the Axis: Canada's Second World War</i>. Toronto: Stoddart, 1995. p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:112-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:112_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargolian1998" class="citation book cs1">Margolian, Howard (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/431557826"><i>Conduct unbecoming : the story of the murder of Canadian prisoners of war in Normandy</i></a>. Toronto [Ont.]: University of Toronto Press. pp. 125–155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-7321-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-7321-2"><bdi>978-1-4426-7321-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/431557826">431557826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conduct+unbecoming+%3A+the+story+of+the+murder+of+Canadian+prisoners+of+war+in+Normandy&rft.place=Toronto+%5BOnt.%5D&rft.pages=125-155&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F431557826&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-7321-2&rft.aulast=Margolian&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F431557826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/exhibitions/newspapers/operations/netherlands_e.shtml">"The Liberation of the Netherlands, 1944-1945"</a>. <i>WarMuseums.ca</i>. Canadian Museum of History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WarMuseums.ca&rft.atitle=The+Liberation+of+the+Netherlands%2C+1944-1945&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warmuseum.ca%2Fcwm%2Fexhibitions%2Fnewspapers%2Foperations%2Fnetherlands_e.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-canadaatwar.ca-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canadaatwar.ca_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canadaatwar.ca_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadaatwar.ca/page52.html">"Liberation of the Netherlands"</a>. <i>Canada at War</i>. 12 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada+at+War&rft.atitle=Liberation+of+the+Netherlands&rft.date=2007-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadaatwar.ca%2Fpage52.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnews.canoe.ca-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnews.canoe.ca_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnews.canoe.ca_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebora_Van_Brenk2010" class="citation web cs1">Debora Van Brenk (30 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140316160313/http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Canada/2010/04/30/13772136-qmi.html">"Canadian vets, Dutch bond endures"</a>. <i>Canoe News</i>. 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Canada: Editions Art Global and the Department of National Defence.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+Battle+of+the+Atlantic&rft.place=Canada&rft.pub=Editions+Art+Global+and+the+Department+of+National+Defence&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Sarty&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanadabattleofat0000sart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilner1990" class="citation journal cs1">Milner, Marc (1990). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadian+Military+History+Gateway+-+Glossary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmhg.gc.ca%2Fhtml%2Fgl-ga%2Findex-eng.asp%3Fletter%3DV%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_84-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandon2021" class="citation book cs1">Brandon, Laura (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aci-iac.ca/art-books/war-art-in-canada/"><i>War Art in Canada: A Critical History</i></a>. Toronto: Art Canada Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4871-0271-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4871-0271-5"><bdi>978-1-4871-0271-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Art+in+Canada%3A+A+Critical+History&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Art+Canada+Institute&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4871-0271-5&rft.aulast=Brandon&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aci-iac.ca%2Fart-books%2Fwar-art-in-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Cook_(historian)" title="Tim Cook (historian)">Tim Cook</a>, <i>Clio's Warriors: Canadian Historians and the Writing of the World Wars</i> (UBC Press, 2011).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canadian_military_history" title="Bibliography of Canadian military history">Bibliography of Canadian military history</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_histories">Official histories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Official histories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Stacey, C P. (1948) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/oh-ho/detail-eng.asp?BfBookLang=1&BfId=33">The Canadian Army, 1939–1945 : An Official Historical Summary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531064000/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/oh-ho/detail-eng.asp?BfBookLang=1&BfId=33">Archived</a> 31 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> King's Printer, Ottawa (Downloadable PDF)</li> <li>Stacey, C P. (1970) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/oh-ho/detail-eng.asp?BfBookLang=1&BfId=31">Arms, Men and Governments: The War Policies of Canada, 1939–1945</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140805202653/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/oh-ho/detail-eng.asp?BfBookLang=1&BfId=31">Archived</a> 5 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Queen's Printer, Ottawa (Downloadable PDF) ISBN D2-5569</li> <li>Stacey, C P. (1955) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/oh-ho/detail-eng.asp?BfBookLang=1&BfId=27">Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War, Vol I Six Years of War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401004200/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/oh-ho/detail-eng.asp?BfBookLang=1&BfId=27">Archived</a> 1 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Queen's Printer, Ottawa (Downloadable PDF)</li> <li>Nicholson, G.W.L. (1956) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/oh-ho/detail-eng.asp?BfBookLang=1&BfId=25">Official history of the Canadian Army in the Second World War, Vol II The Canadians in Italy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531063723/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/oh-ho/detail-eng.asp?BfBookLang=1&BfId=25">Archived</a> 31 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Queen's Printer, Ottawa (Downloadable PDF)</li> <li>Stacey, C P. (1960) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/oh-ho/detail-eng.asp?BfBookLang=1&BfId=29">Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War, Vol III The Victory Campaign: The Operations in Northwest Europe, 1944–45</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090714064359/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/oh-ho/detail-eng.asp?BfBookLang=1&BfId=29">Archived</a> 14 July 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Queen's Printer, Ottawa (Downloadable PDF)</li> <li>Feasby, W.R. (1956) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/oh-ho/detail-eng.asp?BfBookLang=1&BfId=50">Official History of the Canadian Medical Services, 1939–1945, Vol 1 Organization and Campaigns</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712175713/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/oh-ho/detail-eng.asp?BfBookLang=1&BfId=50">Archived</a> 12 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Queen's Printer, Ottawa (Downloadable PDF)</li> <li>McAndrew, Bill; Bill Rawling, Michael Whitby (1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/ch-hc/detail-eng.asp?BfBookLang=1&BfId=63">Liberation: The Canadians in Europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712175608/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/ch-hc/detail-eng.asp?BfBookLang=1&BfId=63">Archived</a> 12 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Art Global (Downloadable PDF) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-920718-59-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-920718-59-2">2-920718-59-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Biskupski, M. B. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25779141">Canada and the Creation of a Polish Army, 1914-1918</a>. <i>The Polish Review</i>, 44(3), 339–380.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce2005" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Robert Broughton (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aTt4EP5T1BQC&q=Canada%20during%20world%20war&pg=PP1"><i>Canada and the cost of World War II</i></a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2938-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2938-0"><bdi>978-0-7735-2938-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+and+the+cost+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2938-0&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Robert+Broughton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaTt4EP5T1BQC%26q%3DCanada%2520during%2520world%2520war%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1984" class="citation thesis cs1">Campbell, John Robinson (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/12/"><i>James Layton Ralston and manpower for the Canadian army</i></a> (M.A. thesis). Wilfrid Laurier University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=James+Layton+Ralston+and+manpower+for+the+Canadian+army&rft.degree=M.A.&rft.inst=Wilfrid+Laurier+University&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John+Robinson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholars.wlu.ca%2Fetd%2F12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChartrandRonald_Volstad2001" class="citation book cs1">Chartrand, René; Ronald Volstad (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BLRJ_xgxT2cC&q=Canadian%20Forces&pg=PP1"><i>Canadian Forces in World War II</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-302-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-302-0"><bdi>1-84176-302-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Forces+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-84176-302-0&rft.aulast=Chartrand&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft.au=Ronald+Volstad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBLRJ_xgxT2cC%26q%3DCanadian%2520Forces%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Ciment, James D. and Thaddeus Russell, eds. <i>The Home Front Encyclopedia: United States, Britain, and Canada in World Wars I and II</i> (ABC-CLIO, 2006)</li> <li>Cook, Tim. <i>Warlords: Borden, Mackenzie King and Canada's World Wars</i> (2012) 472pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warlordsbordenma0000cook">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppRichard_Nielsen1995" class="citation book cs1">Copp, J. T; Richard Nielsen (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bGps_LOKRVIC&q=Conscription%20Crisis%20of%201944&pg=PP1"><i>No price too high: Canadians and the Second World War</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Ryerson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-552713-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-552713-8"><bdi>0-07-552713-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+price+too+high%3A+Canadians+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Ryerson&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-07-552713-8&rft.aulast=Copp&rft.aufirst=J.+T&rft.au=Richard+Nielsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbGps_LOKRVIC%26q%3DConscription%2520Crisis%2520of%25201944%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cuff, Robert D., and Jack Lawrence Granatstein. <i>Ties that Bind: Canadian-American Relations in Wartime, from the Great War to the Cold War</i> (1977).</li> <li>Granatstein, J.L. <i>Canada's War: The Politics of the Mackenzie King Government, 1939-1945</i> (2nd ed. 1990)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadley1990" class="citation book cs1">Hadley, Michael L (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LJJez91DyYcC&q=Atlas%20of%20Canada&pg=PP1"><i>U-Boats Against Canada: German Submarines in Canadian Waters</i></a>. Mcgill Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-0801-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-0801-5"><bdi>0-7735-0801-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U-Boats+Against+Canada%3A+German+Submarines+in+Canadian+Waters&rft.pub=Mcgill+Canada&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-7735-0801-5&rft.aulast=Hadley&rft.aufirst=Michael+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLJJez91DyYcC%26q%3DAtlas%2520of%2520Canada%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddard2004" class="citation book cs1">Goddard, Lance (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z79_05QgUtsC&q=D-Day%20%3A%20Juno%20Beach%2C%20Canada's%2024%20Hours%20of%20Destiny&pg=PP1"><i>D-Day : Juno Beach, Canada's 24 Hours of Destiny</i></a>. Dundurn Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55002-492-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55002-492-2"><bdi>1-55002-492-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D-Day+%3A+Juno+Beach%2C+Canada%27s+24+Hours+of+Destiny&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-55002-492-2&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.aufirst=Lance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ79_05QgUtsC%26q%3DD-Day%2520%253A%2520Juno%2520Beach%252C%2520Canada%27s%252024%2520Hours%2520of%2520Destiny%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2008" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Mac (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o27p-8VswK4C&q=Corvettes%20Canada%3A%20convoy%20veterans%20of%20WWII%20tell%20their%20true%20stories&pg=PP1"><i>Corvettes Canada: Convoy Veterans of WWII Tell Their True Stories</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-15429-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-15429-8"><bdi>978-0-470-15429-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corvettes+Canada%3A+Convoy+Veterans+of+WWII+Tell+Their+True+Stories&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-15429-8&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Mac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do27p-8VswK4C%26q%3DCorvettes%2520Canada%253A%2520convoy%2520veterans%2520of%2520WWII%2520tell%2520their%2520true%2520stories%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Littlewood, David. "Conscription in Britain, New Zealand, Australia and Canada during the Second World War." <i>History Compass</i> 18.4 (2020): e12611. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/hic3.12611">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1999" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Desmond (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ui8ecMckv08C&q=A%20military%20history%20of%20Canada&pg=PP1"><i>A military history of Canada</i></a> (4th ed.). Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7710-6514-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7710-6514-0"><bdi>0-7710-6514-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+military+history+of+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7710-6514-0&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Desmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dui8ecMckv08C%26q%3DA%2520military%2520history%2520of%2520Canada%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Perry_Stacey" title="Charles Perry Stacey">Stacey, C. P.</a> <i>Arms, Men and Governments: The War Policies of Canada 1939–1945</i> (1970), the standard scholarly history of WWII policies; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/themes/defence/caf/militaryhistory/dhh/official/book-1970-policies-ww2-en.pdf">online free</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuehlke2005" class="citation book cs1">Zuehlke, Mark (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cf-lbLrZvQEC&q=military%20of%20Canada&pg=PP1"><i>Juno Beach: Canada's D-Day Victory – June 6, 1944</i></a>. Douglas & McIntyre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55365-050-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55365-050-6"><bdi>1-55365-050-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juno+Beach%3A+Canada%27s+D-Day+Victory+%E2%80%93+June+6%2C+1944&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-55365-050-6&rft.aulast=Zuehlke&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcf-lbLrZvQEC%26q%3Dmilitary%2520of%2520Canada%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanada+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Douglas, W. A. B., and B. Greenhous. “Canada and the Second World War: The State of Clio’s Art.” <i>Military Affairs</i> 42#1 (1978), pp. 24–28, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/1986633">online</a></li> <li>Cook, Tim. <i>Clio's Warriors: Canadian Historians and the Writing of the World Wars</i> (UBC Press, 2011).</li> <li>Granatstein, J. L."'What is to be Done?' The Future of Canadian Second World War History" <i>Canadian Military Journal</i> (2011) 11#2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo11/no2/09-granatstein-eng.asp">online</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Canada_in_World_War_II" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Canada in World War II">Canada in World War II</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930152520/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/faces-of-war/">Faces of War</a> at Library and Archives Canada</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/d_day/index.aspx">The Archives of Ontario Remembers the Home Front</a></i> Archives of Ontario Second World War online exhibit</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadiansoldiers.com/history/wars/secondworldwar.htm">www.canadiansoldiers.com</a>—extensive coverage of the Canadian Army in the Second World War</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwii.ca">WWII.ca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414134838/http://www.wwii.ca/">Archived</a> 14 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—Canada and the Second World War</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scenarioproductions.com/cbc/STAGE_SERIES/the-road-to-victory.htm"><i>The Road to Victory</i></a> a dramatized documentary of the Second World War on CD originally broadcast 8 May 1945, on CBC</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.o5m6.de/Demonstrated%20Diversity.PDF">Demonstrated Diversity, Canadian World War II Aid to Russia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002127/http://www.o5m6.de/Demonstrated%20Diversity.PDF">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spiritbay.yolasite.com/lieutenant-pearson.php">Lieutenant Charles Pearson and the Lincoln and Welland Regiment's WWII Campaign</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_related_to_Military_history_of_Canada_during_World_War_II" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background:white;"><div id="Links_related_to_Military_history_of_Canada_during_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links related to Military history of Canada during World War II</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_history_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_military_history" title="Template:Canadian military history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_military_history" title="Template talk:Canadian military history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_military_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian military history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_history_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military history of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of ...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="History of the Royal Canadian Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Canadian_Army" title="History of the Canadian Army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Militia" title="Canadian Militia">Canadian Militia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_militia_in_Canada" title="Colonial militia in Canada">Colonial militia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="History of the Royal Canadian Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Canada" title="Conscription in Canada">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Canadian Armed Forces">Crown and Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_New_France" title="Military of New France">New France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Acadia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Military history of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Mi%27kmaq" title="Military history of the Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%931629)" title="Anglo-French War (1627–1629)">Ango-French War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">Third Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">French Revolutionary Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican_War" title="Pemmican War">Pemmican War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837%E2%80%931838" title="Rebellions of 1837–1838">Rebellions of 1837–1838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">North-West Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War#Canada" title="Second Boer War">Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_I" title="Canada in World War I">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Cold_War" title="Canada in the Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_Korean_War" title="Canada in the Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Friction" title="Operation Friction">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_War_in_Afghanistan" title="Canada in the War in Afghanistan">Afghanistan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mobile" title="Operation Mobile">Intervention in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Impact" title="Operation Impact">Intervention against ISIL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Canada and the American Civil War">Canada and the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie%E2%80%93Papineau_Battalion" title="Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion">Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Vietnam_War" title="Canada and the Vietnam War">Canada and the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_and_the_Iraq_War" title="Canada and the Iraq War">Canada and the Iraq War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canadian_military_history" title="Bibliography of Canadian military history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_military_operations" title="List of Canadian military operations">Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_peacekeeping_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian peacekeeping missions">Peacekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Internment Camps WWI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War II prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Internment Camps WWII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_Canadian_Navy" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Template:Royal Canadian Navy"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Template talk:Royal Canadian Navy"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal Canadian Navy"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_Canadian_Navy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Forces_Atlantic" title="Maritime Forces Atlantic">Maritime Forces Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Forces_Pacific" title="Maritime Forces Pacific">Maritime Forces Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Naval_Reserve" title="Canadian Forces Naval Reserve">Naval Reserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFB_Esquimalt" title="CFB Esquimalt">CFB Esquimalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFB_Halifax" title="CFB Halifax">CFB Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFS_St._John%27s" title="CFS St. John's">CFS St. John's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Maritime_Experimental_and_Test_Ranges" title="Canadian Forces Maritime Experimental and Test Ranges">Canadian Forces Maritime Experimental and Test Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NRS_Aldergrove" class="mw-redirect" title="NRS Aldergrove">NRS Aldergrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NRS_Newport_Corner" class="mw-redirect" title="NRS Newport Corner">NRS Newport Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NRS_Mill_Cove" class="mw-redirect" title="NRS Mill Cove">NRS Mill Cove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Information" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Information</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ships <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet of the Royal Canadian Navy">Current fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Navy_(historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet of the Royal Canadian Navy (historic)">Historic fleet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Canadian_Ship" title="His Majesty's Canadian Ship">His Majesty's Canadian Ship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Halifax-class_frigate" title="Halifax-class frigate"><i>Halifax</i>-class frigates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Halifax_(FFH_330)" title="HMCS Halifax (FFH 330)">HMCS <i>Halifax</i> (FFH 330)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Vancouver_(FFH_331)" title="HMCS Vancouver (FFH 331)">HMCS <i>Vancouver</i> (FFH 331)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Ville_de_Qu%C3%A9bec_(FFH_332)" title="HMCS Ville de Québec (FFH 332)">HMCS <i>Ville de Québec</i> (FFH 332)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Toronto_(FFH_333)" title="HMCS Toronto (FFH 333)">HMCS <i>Toronto</i> (FFH 333)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Regina_(FFH_334)" title="HMCS Regina (FFH 334)">HMCS <i>Regina</i> (FFH 334)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Calgary_(FFH_335)" title="HMCS Calgary (FFH 335)">HMCS <i>Calgary</i> (FFH 335)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Montr%C3%A9al_(FFH_336)" title="HMCS Montréal (FFH 336)">HMCS <i>Montréal</i> (FFH 336)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Fredericton_(FFH_337)" title="HMCS Fredericton (FFH 337)">HMCS <i>Fredericton</i> (FFH 337)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Winnipeg_(FFH_338)" title="HMCS Winnipeg (FFH 338)">HMCS <i>Winnipeg</i> (FFH 338)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Charlottetown_(FFH_339)" title="HMCS Charlottetown (FFH 339)">HMCS <i>Charlottetown</i> (FFH 339)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_St._John%27s" title="HMCS St. John's">HMCS <i>St. John's</i> (FFH 340)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Ottawa_(FFH_341)" title="HMCS Ottawa (FFH 341)">HMCS <i>Ottawa</i> (FFH 341)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Upholder/Victoria-class_submarine" title="Upholder/Victoria-class submarine"><i>Victoria</i>-class submarines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Victoria_(SSK_876)" title="HMCS Victoria (SSK 876)">HMCS <i>Victoria</i> (SSK 876)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Windsor" title="HMCS Windsor">HMCS <i>Windsor</i> (SSK 877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Corner_Brook" title="HMCS Corner Brook">HMCS <i>Corner Brook</i> (SSK 878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Chicoutimi_(SSK_879)" title="HMCS Chicoutimi (SSK 879)">HMCS <i>Chicoutimi</i> (SSK 879)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Harry_DeWolf-class_offshore_patrol_vessel" title="Harry DeWolf-class offshore patrol vessel"><i>Harry DeWolf</i>-class offshore patrol vessel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Harry_DeWolf" title="HMCS Harry DeWolf">HMCS <i>Harry DeWolf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Margaret_Brooke" title="HMCS Margaret Brooke">HMCS <i>Margaret Brooke</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Max_Bernays" title="HMCS Max Bernays">HMCS <i>Max Bernays</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_William_Hall" title="HMCS William Hall">HMCS <i>William Hall</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingston-class_coastal_defence_vessel" title="Kingston-class coastal defence vessel"><i>Kingston</i>-class coastal defence vessels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Kingston" title="HMCS Kingston">HMCS <i>Kingston</i> (MM 700)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Glace_Bay_(MM_701)" title="HMCS Glace Bay (MM 701)">HMCS <i>Glace Bay</i> (MM 701)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Nanaimo_(MM_702)" title="HMCS Nanaimo (MM 702)">HMCS <i>Nanaimo</i> (MM 702)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Edmonton" title="HMCS Edmonton">HMCS <i>Edmonton</i> (MM 703)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Shawinigan_(MM_704)" title="HMCS Shawinigan (MM 704)">HMCS <i>Shawinigan</i> (MM 704)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Whitehorse" title="HMCS Whitehorse">HMCS <i>Whitehorse</i> (MM 705)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Yellowknife" title="HMCS Yellowknife">HMCS <i>Yellowknife</i> (MM 706)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Goose_Bay" title="HMCS Goose Bay">HMCS <i>Goose Bay</i> (MM 707)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Moncton_(MM_708)" title="HMCS Moncton (MM 708)">HMCS <i>Moncton</i> (MM 708)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Saskatoon_(MM_709)" title="HMCS Saskatoon (MM 709)">HMCS <i>Saskatoon</i> (MM 709)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Brandon_(MM_710)" title="HMCS Brandon (MM 710)">HMCS <i>Brandon</i> (MM 710)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Summerside_(MM_711)" title="HMCS Summerside (MM 711)">HMCS <i>Summerside</i> (MM 711)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Orca-class_patrol_vessel" title="Orca-class patrol vessel"><i>Orca</i>-class patrol vessels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orca-class_patrol_vessel" title="Orca-class patrol vessel">CFAV <i>Orca</i> (PCT 55)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orca-class_patrol_vessel" title="Orca-class patrol vessel">CFAV <i>Raven</i> (PCT 56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orca-class_patrol_vessel" title="Orca-class patrol vessel">CFAV <i>Caribou</i> (PCT 57)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orca-class_patrol_vessel" title="Orca-class patrol vessel">CFAV <i>Renard</i> (PCT 58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orca-class_patrol_vessel" title="Orca-class patrol vessel">CFAV <i>Wolf</i> (PCT 59)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orca-class_patrol_vessel" title="Orca-class patrol vessel">CFAV <i>Grizzly</i> (PCT 60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orca-class_patrol_vessel" title="Orca-class patrol vessel">CFAV <i>Cougar</i> (PCT 61)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orca-class_patrol_vessel" title="Orca-class patrol vessel">CFAV <i>Moose</i> (PCT 62)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Naval Reserve Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Brunswicker" title="HMCS Brunswicker">HMCS <i>Brunswicker</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Cabot" title="HMCS Cabot">HMCS <i>Cabot</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Carleton" title="HMCS Carleton">HMCS <i>Carleton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Cataraqui" title="HMCS Cataraqui">HMCS <i>Cataraqui</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Champlain" title="HMCS Champlain">HMCS <i>Champlain</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Chippawa" title="HMCS Chippawa">HMCS <i>Chippawa</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_d%27Iberville" title="HMCS d'Iberville">HMCS <i>d'Iberville</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Discovery" title="HMCS Discovery">HMCS <i>Discovery</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Donnacona" title="HMCS Donnacona">HMCS <i>Donnacona</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Griffon" title="HMCS Griffon">HMCS <i>Griffon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Hunter" title="HMCS Hunter">HMCS <i>Hunter</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Jolliet" title="HMCS Jolliet">HMCS <i>Jolliet</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Malahat" title="HMCS Malahat">HMCS <i>Malahat</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Montcalm" title="HMCS Montcalm">HMCS <i>Montcalm</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Nonsuch" title="HMCS Nonsuch">HMCS <i>Nonsuch</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Prevost" title="HMCS Prevost">HMCS <i>Prevost</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Queen" title="HMCS Queen">HMCS <i>Queen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Queen_Charlotte" title="HMCS Queen Charlotte">HMCS <i>Queen Charlotte</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Radisson" title="HMCS Radisson">HMCS <i>Radisson</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Scotian" title="HMCS Scotian">HMCS <i>Scotian</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Star" title="HMCS Star">HMCS <i>Star</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Tecumseh" title="HMCS Tecumseh">HMCS <i>Tecumseh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_Unicorn" title="HMCS Unicorn">HMCS <i>Unicorn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMCS_York" title="HMCS York">HMCS <i>York</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Project_Resolve" title="Project Resolve">Project Resolve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/MV_Asterix" title="MV Asterix">MV <i>Asterix</i></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Future procurement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River-class_destroyer_(2030s)" title="River-class destroyer (2030s)">River-class destroyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protecteur-class_auxiliary_vessel" title="Protecteur-class auxiliary vessel"><i>Protecteur</i>-class auxiliary vessel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aircraft (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">RCAF</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="List of aircraft of the Royal Canadian Navy">List of aircraft of the Royal Canadian Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-140_Aurora" class="mw-redirect" title="CP-140 Aurora">CP-140 Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-140_Aurora" class="mw-redirect" title="CP-140 Aurora">CP-140A Arcturus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH-148_Cyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="CH-148 Cyclone">CH-148 Cyclone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="History of the Royal Canadian Navy">History of the Royal Canadian Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military History of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Security_Team" title="Naval Security Team">Naval Security Team</a></li> <li>‎Naval Tactical Operations Group</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy">Commander of the Royal Canadian Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Petty_Officer_of_the_Navy" title="Chief Petty Officer of the Navy">Chief Petty Officer of the Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Category:Canadian Armed Forces">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Military_history/Canadian_military_history_task_force" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Canadian military history task force">WikiProject</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/14px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/21px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/28px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canadian_Army" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_Army" title="Template:Canadian Army"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_Army" title="Template talk:Canadian Army"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_Army" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian Army"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canadian_Army" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Canadian_Army" title="History of the Canadian Army">History of the Canadian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Corps" title="Canadian Corps">Canadian Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Canadian_Army" title="First Canadian Army">First Canadian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military History of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Frontenac_Library" title="Fort Frontenac Library">Fort Frontenac Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Army_Medical_Corps" title="Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps">Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Canadian_Army" title="Structure of the Canadian Army">Structure of the Canadian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Division" title="2nd Canadian Division">2nd Canadian Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Force_Western_Area" title="Land Force Western Area">3rd Canadian Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Force_Central_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Force Central Area">4th Canadian Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Force_Atlantic_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Force Atlantic Area">5th Canadian Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_units_of_the_Canadian_Army" title="List of units of the Canadian Army">List of Units</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanized brigade groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Canadian_Mechanized_Brigade_Group" title="1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group">1 CMBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Canadian_Mechanized_Brigade_Group" title="2 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group">2 CMBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_Canadian_Mechanized_Brigade_Group" title="5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group">5 CMBG</a></li> <li>(former) <i><a href="/wiki/4_Canadian_Mechanized_Brigade_Group" title="4 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group">4 CMBG</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brigade groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/31_Canadian_Brigade_Group" title="31 Canadian Brigade Group">31 CBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32_Canadian_Brigade_Group" title="32 Canadian Brigade Group">32 CBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/33_Canadian_Brigade_Group" title="33 Canadian Brigade Group">33 CBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/34_Canadian_Brigade_Group" title="34 Canadian Brigade Group">34 CBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/35_Canadian_Brigade_Group" title="35 Canadian Brigade Group">35 CBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/36_Canadian_Brigade_Group" title="36 Canadian Brigade Group">36 CBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/37_Canadian_Brigade_Group" title="37 Canadian Brigade Group">37 CBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38_Canadian_Brigade_Group" title="38 Canadian Brigade Group">38 CBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39_Canadian_Brigade_Group" title="39 Canadian Brigade Group">39 CBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/41_Canadian_Brigade_Group" title="41 Canadian Brigade Group">41 CBG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support brigades</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6_Canadian_Combat_Support_Brigade" title="6 Canadian Combat Support Brigade">6 CCSB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Small arms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FN_Minimi#Canada" title="FN Minimi"> C9 light machine gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colt_Canada_C7_and_C8" title="Colt Canada C7 and C8"> C7 rifle/C8 carbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FN_MAG" title="FN MAG">C6 general purpose machine gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M2_Browning" title="M2 Browning">Browning .50 calibre heavy machine gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browning_Hi-Power" title="Browning Hi-Power">Browning-HP 9 mm pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIG_Sauer_P226" title="SIG Sauer P226">P225, 226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIG_Sauer_P320" title="SIG Sauer P320">C22 pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMillan_Tac-50" class="mw-redirect" title="McMillan Tac-50">C15 Long Range Sniper Weapon (LRSW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Hale_M82" class="mw-redirect" title="Parker Hale M82"> C3A1 sniper rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C14_Timberwolf" title="C14 Timberwolf">C14 Timberwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colt_Canada_C19" title="Colt Canada C19">C19 rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colt_Canada_C20_DMR" title="Colt Canada C20 DMR">C20 DMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sako_TRG" title="Sako TRG">C21 sniper rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M67_grenade" title="M67 grenade">C13 fragmentation grenade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M203_grenade_launcher" title="M203 grenade launcher">M203 grenade launcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M72_LAW" title="M72 LAW">M72 SRAAW(L)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crewed weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_recoilless_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Gustav recoilless rifle">Carl Gustav SRAAW(M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_(missile)" title="Spike (missile)">Spike ATGM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BGM-71_TOW" title="BGM-71 TOW">TOW LRAAW(H)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L16_81mm_mortar" title="L16 81mm mortar">81 mm mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBS_70" title="RBS 70">RBS 70 NG MANPADS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oerlikon_35_mm_twin_cannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Oerlikon 35 mm twin cannon">Skyguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M101_howitzer" title="M101 howitzer">C3 close support howitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIAT_LG1" title="GIAT LG1">LG1 Mark II 105 mm towed howitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M777_howitzer" title="M777 howitzer"> M777 lightweight 155mm howitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_GMG" title="Heckler & Koch GMG">C16 CASW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armoured_fighting_vehicle" title="Armoured fighting vehicle">Armoured fighting vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LAV_III" title="LAV III">LAV III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAV_6" title="LAV 6">LAV VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote_Reconnaissance_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Coyote Reconnaissance Vehicle">Coyote Reconnaissance Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_2" title="Leopard 2">Leopard 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bison_(armoured_personnel_carrier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bison (armoured personnel carrier)">Bison APC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M113_armored_personnel_carrier" title="M113 armored personnel carrier">M113A3 and MTVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RG-31_Nyala" title="RG-31 Nyala">RG-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textron_tactical_armoured_patrol_vehicle" title="Textron tactical armoured patrol vehicle">Textron TAPV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army_Command_and_Staff_College" title="Canadian Army Command and Staff College">Canadian Army Command and Staff College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Support_Training_Centre" title="Peace Support Training Centre">Peace Support Training Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army_Advanced_Warfare_Centre" title="Canadian Army Advanced Warfare Centre">Canadian Army Advanced Warfare Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Training_Centre" title="Combat Training Centre">Combat Training Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_Army" title="Category:Canadian Army">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Canadian_Army" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Canadian Army">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Template:Royal Canadian Air Force"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Royal Canadian Air Force"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal Canadian Air Force"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force">Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Warrant_Officer_of_the_Air_Force" title="Chief Warrant Officer of the Air Force">Chief Warrant Officer of the Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_stations" title="Category:Royal Canadian Air Force stations">Installations</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_Canada%27s_air_forces" title="List of aircraft of Canada's air forces">List of aircraft</a></dt></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force#Wings" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Wings</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/CFB_Kingston" title="CFB Kingston">1 Wing Kingston</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CFB_Bagotville" title="CFB Bagotville">3 Wing Bagotville</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CFB_Cold_Lake" title="CFB Cold Lake">4 Wing Cold Lake</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CFB_Goose_Bay" title="CFB Goose Bay">5 Wing Goose Bay</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CFB_Trenton" title="CFB Trenton">8 Wing Trenton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CFB_Gander" title="CFB Gander">9 Wing Gander</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CFB_Shearwater" class="mw-redirect" title="CFB Shearwater">12 Wing Shearwater</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CFB_Greenwood" title="CFB Greenwood">14 Wing Greenwood</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CFB_Moose_Jaw" title="CFB Moose Jaw">15 Wing Moose Jaw</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CFB_Borden" title="CFB Borden">16 Wing Borden</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CFB_Winnipeg" title="CFB Winnipeg">17 Wing Winnipeg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CFB_Comox" title="CFB Comox">19 Wing Comox</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CFB_North_Bay" title="CFB North Bay">22 Wing North Bay</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_squadrons" title="List of Royal Canadian Air Force squadrons">List of Squadrons</a></dt></dl> <dl><dt>Training</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces_School_of_Aerospace_Technology_and_Engineering" title="Canadian Forces School of Aerospace Technology and Engineering">Canadian Forces School of Aerospace Technology and Engineering</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_Academy" title="Royal Canadian Air Force Academy">Royal Canadian Air Force Academy</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>History</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aviation_Corps" title="Canadian Aviation Corps">Canadian Aviation Corps</a> (1914–1915)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Air_Force_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Canadian Air Force (1918–1920)">Canadian Air Force</a> (1918–1920)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Air_Force_(1920%E2%80%931924)" title="Canadian Air Force (1920–1924)">Canadian Air Force</a> (1920–1924)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a> (1924–1968)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Canadian Forces Air Command</a> (1975–2011)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a> (2011–present)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><i>Crossbow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><i>Pointblank</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte"><i>Bodenplatte</i></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Empire_battles_of_the_Second_World_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Empire_WWII_battles" title="Template:British Empire WWII battles"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Empire_WWII_battles" title="Template talk:British Empire WWII battles"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Empire_WWII_battles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Empire WWII battles"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Empire_battles_of_the_Second_World_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire battles of the Second World War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)"><b>East Africa</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">Invasion of British Somaliland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)#Italian_Somaliland" title="East African campaign (World War II)">Capture of Italian Somaliland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Appearance" title="Operation Appearance">Recapture of British Somaliland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_guerrilla_war_in_Ethiopia" title="Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia">Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign"><b>North Africa</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Italian invasion of Egypt">Italian invasion of Egypt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Run_for_Tunis" title="Run for Tunis">Run for Tunis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Giarabub" title="Siege of Giarabub">Siege of Giarabub</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">Siege of Tobruk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crusader" title="Operation Crusader">Capture of Tobruk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Brevity" title="Operation Brevity">Operation Brevity</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Skorpion" title="Operation Skorpion">Operation Skorpion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sonnenblume" title="Operation Sonnenblume">Operation Sonnenblume</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Libya)" title="British Military Administration (Libya)">Occupation of Libya</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">Southern Africa</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>West Africa</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dakar" title="Battle of Dakar">Battle of Dakar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Postmaster" title="Operation Postmaster">Operation Postmaster</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II"><b>Europe</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Arctic_naval_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic naval operations of World War II"><b>Arctic</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barents_Sea" title="Battle of the Barents Sea">Battle of the Barents Sea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Alphabet" title="Operation Alphabet">Evacuation of Norway</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_Iceland" title="Allied occupation of Iceland">Occupation of Iceland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gauntlet" title="Operation Gauntlet">Evacuation of Spitsbergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="British occupation of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands occupation</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Balkans_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Balkans campaign (World War II)"><b>Balkans</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lustre" title="Operation Lustre">Reinforcement of Greece</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rethymno" title="Battle of Rethymno">Rethymno</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae_(1941)" title="Battle of Thermopylae (1941)">Thermopylae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vevi_(1941)" title="Battle of Vevi (1941)">Vevi</a>)</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean"><b>Mediterranean</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Convoy_AN_14" title="Attack on Convoy AN 14">Convoy AN 14</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" title="Attack on Mers-el-Kébir">Attack on Mers-el-Kébir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calabria" title="Battle of Calabria">Battle of Calabria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Campobasso_Convoy" title="Battle of the Campobasso Convoy">Campobasso Convoy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Bon_(1941)" title="Battle of Cape Bon (1941)">Battle of Cape Bon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Matapan" title="Battle of Cape Matapan">Battle of Cape Matapan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passero_(1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape Passero (1940)">Battle of Cape Passero</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spada" title="Battle of Cape Spada">Battle of Cape Spada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spartivento" title="Battle of Cape Spartivento">Battle of Cape Spartivento</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cigno_Convoy" title="Battle of the Cigno Convoy">Cigno Convoy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Duisburg_Convoy" title="Battle of the Duisburg Convoy">Duisburg Convoy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Espero_Convoy" title="Battle of the Espero Convoy">Espero Convoy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ligurian_Sea" title="Battle of the Ligurian Sea">Battle of the Ligurian Sea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skerki_Bank" title="Battle of Skerki Bank">Battle of Skerki Bank</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Otranto_(1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1940)">Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1940)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto" title="Battle of Taranto">Battle of Taranto</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tarigo_Convoy" title="Battle of the Tarigo Convoy">Tarigo Convoy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Zuwarah" title="Battle off Zuwarah">Battle off Zuwarah</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Abstention" title="Operation Abstention">Operation Abstention</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Agreement" title="Operation Agreement">Operation Agreement</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Albumen" title="Operation Albumen">Operation Albumen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Excess" title="Operation Excess">Operation Excess</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grog" title="Operation Grog">Operation Grog</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harpoon_(1942)" title="Operation Harpoon (1942)">Operation Harpoon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pedestal" title="Operation Pedestal">Operation Pedestal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Scylla" title="Operation Scylla">Operation Scylla</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vigorous" title="Operation Vigorous">Operation Vigorous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_White" title="Operation White">Operation White</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(1941)" title="Raid on Alexandria (1941)">Raid on Alexandria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Souda_Bay" title="Raid on Souda Bay">Raid on Souda Bay</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Siege of Malta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Grand Harbour">Battle of Grand Harbour</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Malta_convoys" title="Malta convoys">Malta convoys</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II"><b>Western Europe</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Heligoland_Bight_(1939)" title="Battle of the Heligoland Bight (1939)">Battle of the Heligoland Bight</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">BEF</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1940)" title="Battle of Arras (1940)">Arras</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">Battle of Belgium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">Battle of the Netherlands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Channel_Dash" title="Channel Dash">Channel Dash</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gisela" title="Operation Gisela">Operation Gisela</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Steinbock" title="Operation Steinbock">Operation Steinbock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Diver" title="Operation Diver">Operation Diver</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_the_Gibraltarian_civilian_population_during_World_War_II" title="Evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population during World War II">Evacuation of Gibraltar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno Beach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold Beach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword Beach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windsor" title="Operation Windsor">Operation Windsor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clearing_the_Channel_Coast" title="Clearing the Channel Coast">Clearing the Channel Coast</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arnhem" title="Battle of Arnhem">Battle of Arnhem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nijmegen" title="Battle of Nijmegen">Battle of Nijmegen</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Battle of the Scheldt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blackcock" title="Operation Blackcock">Operation Blackcock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Veritable" title="Operation Veritable">Battle of the Reichswald</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Belgium" title="Liberation of Belgium">Liberation of Belgium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Netherlands)" title="Liberation Day (Netherlands)">Liberation of the Netherlands</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">Far East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong#Kowloon_and_New_Territories" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Kowloon and New Territories</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong#Hong_Kong_Island" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong Island</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malay</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasion of Malaya">Japanese invasion of Malaya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jitra" title="Battle of Jitra">Battle of Jitra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muar" title="Battle of Muar">Defence of Johore</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Singapore</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arakan_Campaign_1942%E2%80%9343" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakan Campaign 1942–43">Arakan Campaign 1942–43</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Recapture of Burma</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign#Japanese_invasion_of_India_1944" title="Burma campaign">Invasion of India</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">Operation U-Go</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Battle of Imphal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Battle of Kohima</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II"><b>Indian Ocean</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II#Indian_Ocean_disaster" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">Indian Ocean disaster</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II#Indian_Ocean_retreat" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">Indian Ocean retreat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands_mutiny" title="Cocos Islands mutiny">Cocos Islands mutiny</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">Indian Ocean raid</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Battle of Ceylon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland#Evacuation" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">Evacuation of British Somaliland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid_(1944)" title="Indian Ocean raid (1944)">Indian Ocean raid (1944)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II#Indian_Ocean_strike" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">Indian Ocean strike</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malacca_Strait" title="Battle of the Malacca Strait">Battle of the Malacca Strait</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Outflank" title="Operation Outflank">Bombing of Sumatra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Collie" title="Operation Collie">Bombardment of Andaman Islands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Livery" title="Operation Livery">Bombardment of Northern Malaya</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Invasion of Iraq</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War#Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Battle of Fallujah</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War#Siege_of_Habbaniya" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Siege of Habbaniya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War#Basra" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Battle of Basra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War#Baghdad" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Capture of Baghdad</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran#British_Invasion_of_Khuzestan" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Invasion of Khuzestan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran#British_invasion_of_Central_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Invasion of Central Iran</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign#Campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Invasion of Lebanon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beirut_(1941)" title="Battle of Beirut (1941)">Capture of Beirut</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign#Campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Invasion of Syria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(1941)" title="Battle of Damascus (1941)">Capture of Damascus</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/American_theater_(World_War_II)" title="American theater (World War II)">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic"><b>Atlantic</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Plate" title="Battle of the River Plate">Battle of the River Plate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_St._Lawrence" title="Battle of the St. Lawrence">Battle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Denmark_Strait" title="Battle of the Denmark Strait">Battle of the Denmark Strait</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Escort_Force" title="Newfoundland Escort Force">Newfoundland Escort Force</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mid-Ocean_Escort_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Ocean Escort Force">Mid-Ocean Escort Force</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Local_Escort_Force" title="Western Local Escort Force">Western Local Escort Force</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Western_Approaches" title="Commander-in-Chief, Western Approaches">Western Approaches Escort Force</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_World_War_II_by_region_and_country" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Template:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Template talk:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_World_War_II_by_region_and_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">History of World War II by region and country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">Belgian Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II" title="Egypt in World War II">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" title="Italian Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland_in_World_War_II" title="French Somaliland in World War II">French Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_in_World_War_II" title="The Gambia in World War II">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_in_World_War_II" title="Gold Coast in World War II">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_in_World_War_II" title="Kenya in World War II">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco_in_World_War_II" title="Morocco in World War II">Morocco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland_in_World_War_II" title="Nyasaland in World War II">Nyasaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador#World_War_II" title="Military dictatorship in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_in_World_War_II" title="Greenland in World War II">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_during_World_War_II" title="Arizona during World War II">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_during_World_War_II" title="California during World War II">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_during_World_War_II" title="Nevada during World War II">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="New Mexico during World War II">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Native Americans and World War II">Native Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_during_World_War_II" title="Argentina during World War II">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_during_World_War_II" title="Colombia during World War II">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_during_World_War_II" title="Suriname during World War II">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_during_World_War_II" title="Uruguay during World War II">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_during_World_War_II" title="Venezuela during World War II">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_in_World_War_II" title="Ceylon in World War II">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchuria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_West_Sumatra" title="Japanese occupation of West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">Indochina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia" title="Japanese occupation of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_in_World_War_II" title="Mongolia in World War II">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_in_World_War_II" title="Nepal in World War II">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#Politics_of_World_War_II" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of France during World War II">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country" title="World War II in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia_during_World_War_II" title="Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_World_War_II" title="Iceland in World War II">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Latvia during World War II">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein#World_War_II" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_during_World_War_II" title="Slovakia during World War II">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II" title="Azerbaijan in World War II">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussia_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussia in World War II">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Ukraine#World_War_II" title="Modern history of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country" title="World War II in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia_and_World_War_II" title="Catalonia and World War II">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_and_World_War_II" title="Galicia and World War II">Galicia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the World Wars">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Slovene_Lands" title="World War II in the Slovene Lands">Slovenia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Oceania and<br /> Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru" title="Japanese occupation of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Pacific Islands home front during World War II">Pacific Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&oldid=1256186217">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canada_in_World_War_II&oldid=1256186217</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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