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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Arabic_and_Persian_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Arabic_and_Persian_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>In Arabic and Persian culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Arabic_and_Persian_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Caribbean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_transformation_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_transformation_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Social transformation model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_transformation_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_attractiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_attractiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Physical attractiveness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_attractiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_well-being" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_well-being"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Psychological well-being</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_well-being-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiological_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiological_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Physiological effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiological_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_workplace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_workplace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In the workplace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_workplace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>At school</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Studies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Studies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Studies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Laughter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laughter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Laughter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laughter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ageing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ageing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Ageing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ageing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Formula</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formula-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Formula subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Formula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Root_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Root_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Root components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Root_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour,_place_and_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour,_place_and_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Behaviour, place and size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behaviour,_place_and_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exaggeration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exaggeration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Exaggeration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exaggeration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Humour</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A9" title="فكاهة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فكاهة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor" title="Humor – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Humor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumor" title="Yumor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yumor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1" title="یومور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یومور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8" title="হাস্যরস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাস্যরস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoe-h%C3%A2i" title="Khoe-hâi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khoe-hâi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Гумар – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гумар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Гумар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гумар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хумор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хумор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="དགོད་བྲོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དགོད་བྲོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor" title="Humor – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Humor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor" title="Humor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Humor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%88" title="Кулăш – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кулăш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor" title="Humor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Humor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor" title="Humor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Humor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor" title="Humor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Humor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huumor" title="Huumor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Huumor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81" title="Χιούμορ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χιούμορ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor" title="Humor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Humor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humuro" title="Humuro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Humuro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umorea" title="Umorea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Umorea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AE%DB%8C" title="شوخی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شوخی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humour" title="Humour – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Humour" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor" title="Humor – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Humor" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor" title="Humor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Humor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%ED%95%99" title="해학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Հումոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հումոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor" title="Humor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Humor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humuro" title="Humuro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Humuro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor" title="Humor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Humor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umorismo" title="Umorismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Umorismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8" title="הומור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הומור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಹಾಸ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಾಸ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="იუმორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იუმორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Юмор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Юмор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Юмор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Юмор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festivitas" title="Festivitas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Festivitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humors" title="Humors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Humors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humoras" title="Humoras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Humoras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umorism" title="Umorism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Umorism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor" title="Humor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Humor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хумор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хумор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഹാസ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹാസ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="იუმორი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იუმორი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AE%DB%8C" title="شوخی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شوخی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor" title="Humor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Humor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A2%E3%82%A2" title="ユーモア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユーモア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor" title="Humor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Humor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor" title="Humor – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Humor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umor" title="Umor – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Umor" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Юмор – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Юмор" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutoyiba" title="Mutoyiba – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mutoyiba" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="مزاح – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مزاح" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor_(posta%C4%87_komizmu)" title="Humor (postać komizmu) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Humor (postać komizmu)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor" title="Humor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Humor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umor" title="Umor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Umor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Гумор – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гумор" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Юмор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юмор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humori" title="Humori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Humori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humour" title="Humour – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Humour" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="مزاح – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مزاح" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor" title="Humor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Humor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor" title="Humor – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Humor" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хумор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хумор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor" title="Humor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Humor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huumori" title="Huumori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Huumori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor" title="Humor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Humor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumor" title="Yumor – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Yumor" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="హాస్యము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హాస్యము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ความตลกขบขัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความตลกขบขัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizah" title="Mizah – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mizah" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Гумор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гумор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="مزاح – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مزاح" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0i_h%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Hài hước – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hài hước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BD%E9%BB%98" title="幽默 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="幽默" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8" title="הומאר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הומאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%90%9E%E7%AC%91" title="搞笑 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="搞笑" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BD%E9%BB%98" title="幽默 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="幽默" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumor" title="Jumor – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Jumor" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35874#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tendency of experiences to provoke laughter and provide amusement</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hilarity_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilarity (ship)">Hilarity (ship)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilarious_(film)" title="Hilarious (film)">Hilarious (film)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilarius_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilarius (name)">Hilarius (name)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humour_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Humour (disambiguation)">Humour (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Funny_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Funny (disambiguation)">Funny (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:198px;max-width:198px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Volunteer_Community_Relations_DVIDS190255.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Volunteer_Community_Relations_DVIDS190255.jpg/250px-Volunteer_Community_Relations_DVIDS190255.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Volunteer_Community_Relations_DVIDS190255.jpg/330px-Volunteer_Community_Relations_DVIDS190255.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Volunteer_Community_Relations_DVIDS190255.jpg/500px-Volunteer_Community_Relations_DVIDS190255.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1996" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:90px;max-width:90px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:People_of_Tibet8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/People_of_Tibet8.jpg/88px-People_of_Tibet8.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/People_of_Tibet8.jpg/132px-People_of_Tibet8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/People_of_Tibet8.jpg/176px-People_of_Tibet8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filho_da_natureza_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Filho_da_natureza_%28cropped%29.jpg/134px-Filho_da_natureza_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Filho_da_natureza_%28cropped%29.jpg/201px-Filho_da_natureza_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Filho_da_natureza_%28cropped%29.jpg/268px-Filho_da_natureza_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laugh_Out_Loud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Laugh_Out_Loud.jpg/150px-Laugh_Out_Loud.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Laugh_Out_Loud.jpg/225px-Laugh_Out_Loud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Laugh_Out_Loud.jpg/300px-Laugh_Out_Loud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">From top-left to bottom-right or from top to bottom (mobile): various people <a href="/wiki/Laugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Laugh">laughing</a> from <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Humour</b> (<a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth English</a>) or <b>humor</b> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>) is the tendency of experiences to provoke <a href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">laughter</a> and provide <a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">amusement</a>. The term derives from the <a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">humoral medicine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a>, which taught that the balance of fluids in the human body, known as "humours" (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">humor</i></span></i>, "body fluid"), controlled human health and emotion. </p><p>People of all ages and cultures respond to humour. Most people are able to experience humour—be amused, smile or laugh at something funny (such as a pun or joke)—and thus are considered to have a <i>sense of humour</i>. The hypothetical person lacking a sense of humour would likely find the behaviour to be inexplicable, strange, or even irrational. Though ultimately decided by subjective personal <a href="/wiki/Taste_(aesthetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (aesthetics)">taste</a>, the extent to which a person finds something humorous depends on a host of variables, including <a href="/wiki/Geographical_location" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical location">geographical location</a>, culture, <a href="/wiki/Maturity_(psychological)" title="Maturity (psychological)">maturity</a>, level of education, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/context" class="extiw" title="wikt:context">context</a>. For example, young children may favour <a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">slapstick</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Punch_and_Judy" title="Punch and Judy">Punch and Judy</a> puppet shows or cartoons such as <i><a href="/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry" title="Tom and Jerry">Tom and Jerry</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Looney_Tunes" title="Looney Tunes">Looney Tunes</a></i>, whose physical nature makes it accessible to them. By contrast, more sophisticated forms of humour such as satire require an understanding of its social meaning and context, and thus tend to appeal to a more mature audience. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories">Theories</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theories_of_humour" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories of humour">Theories of humour</a></div> <p>Many theories exist about what humour is and what social function it serves. The prevailing types of theories attempting to account for the existence of humour include <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a> theories, the vast majority of which consider humour-induced behaviour to be very healthy; spiritual theories, which may, for instance, consider humour to be a "gift from God"; and theories which consider humour to be an unexplainable mystery, very much like a <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical experience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The benign-violation theory, endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_McGraw" title="Peter McGraw">Peter McGraw</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attempts to explain humour's existence. The theory says "humour only occurs when something seems wrong, unsettling, or threatening, but simultaneously seems okay, acceptable or safe."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humour can be used as a method to easily engage in social interaction by taking away that awkward, uncomfortable, or uneasy feeling of social interactions. </p><p>Others believe that "the appropriate use of humour can facilitate social interactions".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2></div> <p>Some claim that humour should not be explained. Author <a href="/wiki/E._B._White" title="E. B. White">E. B. White</a> once said, "Humor can be dissected as a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Counter to this argument, protests against "offensive" cartoons invite the dissection of humour or its lack by aggrieved individuals and communities. This process of dissecting humour does not necessarily banish a sense of humour but directs attention towards its politics and assumed universality.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a> lamented the misuse of <i>humour</i> (a German <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> from English) to mean any type of comedy. However, both <i>humour</i> and <i>comic</i> are often used when theorising about the subject. The connotations of <i>humour</i> as opposed to <i>comic</i> are said to be that of response versus stimulus. Additionally, <i>humour</i> was thought to include a combination of ridiculousness and wit in an individual; the paradigmatic case being Shakespeare's Sir John Falstaff. The French were slow to adopt the term <i>humour</i>; in French, <i>humeur</i> and <i>humour</i> are still two different words, the former referring to a person's <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a> or to the archaic concept of the four <a href="/wiki/Four_Temperaments" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Temperaments">humours</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Non-satirical humour can be specifically termed <i>droll humour</i> or <i>recreational drollery</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humour is also observed in <a href="/wiki/Great_apes" class="mw-redirect" title="Great apes">great apes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociological_factors">Sociological factors</h2></div> <p>As with any art form, the acceptance of a particular style or incidence of humour depends on <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociological</a> factors and varies from person to person. Throughout history, comedy has been used as a form of entertainment all over the world, whether in the courts of the Western kings or the villages of the Far East. Both a social etiquette and a certain intelligence can be displayed through forms of <a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">wit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">sarcasm</a>. Eighteenth-century German author <a href="/wiki/Georg_Lichtenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Lichtenberg">Georg Lichtenberg</a> said that "the more you know humour, the more you become demanding in fineness."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h3></div> <p>Western humour theory begins with <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, who attributed to <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> (as a semi-historical dialogue character) in the <i><a href="/wiki/Philebus" title="Philebus">Philebus</a></i> (p. 49b) the view that the essence of the <a href="/wiki/Ridiculous" title="Ridiculous">ridiculous</a> is an ignorance in the weak, who are thus unable to retaliate when ridiculed. Later, in Greek philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> (1449a, pp. 34–35), suggested that an ugliness that does not disgust is fundamental to humour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div> <p>In ancient <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit drama">Sanskrit drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharata_Muni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Muni">Bharata Muni</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i> defined humour (<i><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81sya" title="Hāsya">hāsyam</a></i>) as one of the nine <i><a href="/wiki/Nava_rasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nava rasas">nava rasas</a></i>, or principle <i><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">rasas</a></i> (emotional responses), which can be inspired in the audience by <i><a href="/wiki/Bhava" title="Bhava">bhavas</a></i>, the imitations of emotions that the actors perform. Each <i>rasa</i> was associated with a specific <i><a href="/wiki/Bhava" title="Bhava">bhavas</a></i> portrayed on stage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Arabic_and_Persian_culture">In Arabic and Persian culture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadith_imam_baqir.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hadith_imam_baqir.svg/250px-Hadith_imam_baqir.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hadith_imam_baqir.svg/330px-Hadith_imam_baqir.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hadith_imam_baqir.svg/500px-Hadith_imam_baqir.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1863" data-file-height="773" /></a><figcaption>Muhammad al-Baqir's <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> about humour: "Indeed Allah loves those who are playful among people without obscenity."</figcaption></figure> <p>The terms comedy and satire became synonymous after Aristotle's <i>Poetics</i> was translated into Arabic in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">medieval Islamic world</a>, where it was elaborated upon by <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic writers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bishr_Matta_ibn_Yunus" title="Abu Bishr Matta ibn Yunus">Abu Bischr</a>, his pupil <a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a>, Persian <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>. Due to cultural differences, they disassociated comedy from <a href="/wiki/Greek_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek drama">Greek dramatic</a> representation, and instead identified it with Arabic poetic themes and forms, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Hija" class="mw-redirect" title="Hija">hija</a></i> (satirical poetry). They viewed comedy as simply the "art of reprehension" and made no reference to light and cheerful events or troublesome beginnings and happy endings associated with classical Greek comedy. After the <a href="/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century" title="Latin translations of the 12th century">Latin translations of the 12th century</a>, the term <i>comedy</i> thus gained a new meaning in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caribbean">Caribbean</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">Mento</a> star <a href="/wiki/Lord_Flea" title="Lord Flea">Lord Flea</a>, stated in a 1957 interview that he thought that: "<a href="/wiki/West_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="West Indians">West Indians</a> have the best sense of humour in the world. Even in the most solemn song, like <i>Las Kean Fine</i> ["Lost and Can Not Be Found"], which tells of a boiler explosion on a sugar plantation that killed several of the workers, their natural wit and humour shine though."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianist</a> & Neo-Confucian orthodoxy, with its emphasis on ritual and propriety, have traditionally looked down upon humour as <a href="/wiki/Subversive" class="mw-redirect" title="Subversive">subversive</a> or unseemly. Humour was perceived as <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a> and sarcasm.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confucian <i><a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a></i> itself, however, depicts the Master as fond of humorous self-deprecation, once comparing his wanderings to the existence of a homeless dog.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early <a href="/wiki/Daoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoism">Daoist</a> philosophical texts such as <i><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a></i> pointedly make fun of Confucian seriousness and make Confucius himself a slow-witted figure of fun.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joke books containing a mix of wordplay, puns, situational humour, and play with taboo subjects like sex and scatology, remained popular over the centuries. Local performing arts, storytelling, vernacular fiction, and poetry offer a wide variety of humorous styles and sensibilities. </p><p>Famous Chinese humourists include the ancient jesters <a href="/wiki/Chunyu_Kun" title="Chunyu Kun">Chunyu Kun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dongfang_Shuo" title="Dongfang Shuo">Dongfang Shuo</a>; writers of the Ming and Qing dynasties such as <a href="/wiki/Feng_Menglong" title="Feng Menglong">Feng Menglong</a>, Li Yu,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Wu_Jingzi" title="Wu Jingzi">Wu Jingzi</a>; and modern comic writers such as <a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lin_Yutang" title="Lin Yutang">Lin Yutang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lao_She" title="Lao She">Lao She</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qian_Zhongshu" title="Qian Zhongshu">Qian Zhongshu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiaobo" title="Wang Xiaobo">Wang Xiaobo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Shuo" title="Wang Shuo">Wang Shuo</a>, and performers such as <a href="/wiki/Ge_You" title="Ge You">Ge You</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guo_Degang" title="Guo Degang">Guo Degang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Libo_(comedian)" title="Zhou Libo (comedian)">Zhou Libo</a>. </p><p>Modern Chinese humour has been heavily influenced not only by indigenous traditions, but also by foreign humour, circulated via <a href="/wiki/Print_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Print media">print</a> culture, cinema, television, and the internet.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Lin_Yutang" title="Lin Yutang">Lin Yutang</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Phono-semantic_matching" title="Phono-semantic matching">phono-semantic transliteration</a> <i>yōumò</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">幽默</a></span></span>; humour) caught on as a new term for humour, sparking a fad for humour literature, as well as impassioned debate about what type of humorous sensibility best suited China, a poor, weak country under partial foreign occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some types of comedy were officially sanctioned during the rule of Mao Zedong, the Party-state's approach towards humour was generally repressive.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social liberalisation in the 1980s, commercialisation of the cultural market in the 1990s, and the advent of the internet have each—despite an invasive state-sponsored censorship apparatus—enabled new forms of humour to flourish in China in recent decades.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_transformation_model">Social transformation model</h3></div> <p>The social transformation model of humour predicts that specific characteristics, such as physical attractiveness, interact with humour.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This model involves linkages between the <a href="/wiki/Humorist" title="Humorist">humorist</a>, an audience, and the subject matter of the humour.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two transformations associated with this particular model involves the subject matter of the humour, and the change in the audience's perception of the humorous person, therefore establishing a relationship between the humorous speaker and the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The social transformation model views humour as adaptive because it communicates the present desire to be humorous as well as future intentions of being humorous.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This model is used with deliberate <a href="/wiki/Self-deprecating_humour" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-deprecating humour">self-deprecating humour</a> where one is communicating with desires to be accepted into someone else's specific social group.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although self-deprecating humour communicates weakness and fallibility in the bid to gain another's affection, it can be concluded from the model that this type of humour can increase romantic attraction towards the humorist when other variables are also favourable.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_attractiveness">Physical attractiveness</h3></div> <p>Humour is considered attractive for males in Western cultures. In the mid-20th century, a majority of American college students reported that having a sense of humour is a crucial characteristic looked for in a romantic partner.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late-20th century, British college students reported humour and honesty as the two most important attributes in a significant other.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humour becomes more evident and significantly more important as the level of commitment in a romantic relationship increases.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent research suggests expressions of humour in relation to <a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">physical attractiveness</a> are two major factors in the desire for future interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Self-deprecating_humour" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-deprecating humour">Self-deprecating humour</a> has been found to increase one's desirability and physical attractiveness to others for committed relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women regard physical attractiveness less highly compared to men when it came to dating, a serious relationship, and sexual intercourse.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, women rate humorous men more desirable than nonhumorous individuals for a serious relationship or marriage, but only when these men were physically attractive.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While humorous people may be considered attractive, humorous people are also perceived by others to be less intellectual than nonhumorous people. When women were given the forced-choice design in the study, they chose funny men as potential relationship partners even though they rated them as being less honest and intelligent.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post-Hoc analysis showed no relationship between humour quality and favourable judgments.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For females, the results of a study conducted by <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a> suggest humour can positively affect one's desirability for a specific relationship partner, but this effect is only most likely to occur when men use humour and are evaluated by women.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is inconsistent evidence whether men prefer women with a sense of humour as partners, or women preferring other women with a sense of humour as potential partners.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside of Western cultures, however, humour is not always valued as much in mate selection. Studies conducted in East Asia find humour ranked lower among other traits than in western cultures, especially by men evaluating women.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some studies of mate selection criteria, humour does not even make the list.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychological_well-being">Psychological well-being</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alzheimer_T%C3%BCbingen_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Alzheimer_T%C3%BCbingen_retouched.jpg/250px-Alzheimer_T%C3%BCbingen_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Alzheimer_T%C3%BCbingen_retouched.jpg/330px-Alzheimer_T%C3%BCbingen_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Alzheimer_T%C3%BCbingen_retouched.jpg/500px-Alzheimer_T%C3%BCbingen_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>Humour can be a way of dealing with the menacing or unpleasant: Sprayed comment below a memorial plaque for <a href="/wiki/Alois_Alzheimer" title="Alois Alzheimer">Alois Alzheimer</a> who first described the memory-damaging <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> – the German text means "Alois, we will never forget you!"</figcaption></figure> <p>It is generally known that humour contributes to higher subjective wellbeing (both physical and psychological).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous research on humour and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_well-being" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological well-being">psychological well-being</a> show that humour is in fact a major factor in achieving, and sustaining, higher psychological wellbeing.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bos_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bos-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hypothesis is known as general facilitative hypothesis for humour.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is, positive humour leads to positive health. Not all contemporary research, however, supports the previous assertion that humour is in fact a cause for healthier psychological wellbeing.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the previous researches' limitations is that they tend to use a unidimensional approach to humour because it was always inferred that humour was deemed positive. They did not consider other types of humour, or <a href="/wiki/Humor_styles" title="Humor styles">humour styles</a>. For example, self-defeating or aggressive humour.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has proposed 2 types of humour that each consist of 2 styles, making 4 styles in total. The two types are adaptive versus maladaptive humour.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adaptive humour consist of facilitative and self-enhancing humour, and maladaptive is self-defeating and aggressive humour. Each of these styles can have a different impact on psychological and individuals' overall subjective wellbeing.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Affiliative style humour. Individuals with this dimension of humour tend to use jokes as a means of affiliating relationships, amusing others, and reducing tensions.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Self-enhancing style humour. People that fall under this dimension of humour tend to take a humorous perspective of life. Individuals with self-enhancing humour tend to use it as a mechanism to cope with <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Aggressive humour. Racist jokes, sarcasm and disparagement of individuals for the purpose of amusement. This type of humour is used by people who do not consider the consequences of their jokes, and mainly focus on the entertainment of the listeners.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Self-defeating humour. People with this style of humour tend to amuse others by using self-disparaging jokes, and also tend to laugh along with others when being taunted. It is hypothesised that people attempt to use this style of humour as a means of social acceptance – which is often unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-Humor_styles_-_International_Journal_of_Environmental_Research_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humor_styles_-_International_Journal_of_Environmental_Research-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also mentioned that these people may have an implicit feeling of negativity. So they use this humour as a means of hiding that inner negative feeling.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>In the study on humour and psychological well-being, research has concluded that high levels of adaptive type humour (affiliative and self-enhancing) is associated with better self-esteem, positive affect, greater self-competency, as well as anxiety control and social interactions.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of which are constituents of psychological wellbeing. Additionally, adaptive humour styles may enable people to preserve their sense of wellbeing despite psychological problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Bos_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bos-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, maladaptive humour types (aggressive and self-defeating) are associated with poorer overall psychological wellbeing,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emphasis on higher levels of anxiety and depression. Therefore, humour may have detrimental effects on psychological wellbeing, only if that humour is of negative characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiological_effects">Physiological effects</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_Yeltsin_with_Bill_Clinton-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Boris_Yeltsin_with_Bill_Clinton-1.jpg/250px-Boris_Yeltsin_with_Bill_Clinton-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Boris_Yeltsin_with_Bill_Clinton-1.jpg/330px-Boris_Yeltsin_with_Bill_Clinton-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Boris_Yeltsin_with_Bill_Clinton-1.jpg/500px-Boris_Yeltsin_with_Bill_Clinton-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> enjoying a joke, in spite of their language differences</figcaption></figure> <p>Humour is often used to make light of difficult or stressful situations and to brighten up a social atmosphere in general. It is regarded by many as an enjoyable and positive experience, so it would be reasonable to assume that it might have some positive physiological effects on the body. </p><p>A study designed to test the positive physiological effects of humour, the relationship between being exposed to humour and pain tolerance in particular, was conducted in 1994 by Karen Zwyer, Barbara Velker, and Willibald Ruch. To test the effects of humour on pain tolerance the test subjects were first exposed to a short humorous video clip and then exposed to the <a href="/wiki/Cold_pressor_test" title="Cold pressor test">cold pressor test</a>. To identify the aspects of humour which might contribute to an increase in pain tolerance the study separated its fifty-six female participants into three groups, cheerfulness, exhilaration and humour production. The subjects were further separated into two groups, high Trait-Cheerfulness and high Trait-Seriousness according to the State-Trait-Cheerfulness-Inventory. The instructions for the three groups were as follows: the cheerfulness group were told to get excited about the movie without laughing or smiling, the exhilaration group was told to laugh and smile excessively, exaggerating their natural reactions, the humour production group was told to make humorous comments about the video clip as they watched. To ensure that the participants actually found the movie humorous and that it produced the desired effects the participants took a survey on the topic which resulted in a mean score of 3.64 out of 5. The results of the Cold Press Test showed that the participants in all three groups experienced a higher pain threshold and a higher pain tolerance than previous to the film. The results did not show a significant difference between the three groups.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also potential relationships between humour and having a healthy immune system. SIgA is a type of antibody that protects the body from infections. In a method similar to the previous experiment, the participants were shown a short humorous video clip and then tested for the effects. The participants showed a significant increase in SIgA levels.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been claims that laughter can be a supplement for cardiovascular exercise and might increase muscle tone.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However an early study by Paskind J. showed that laughter can lead to a decrease in skeletal muscle tone because the short intense muscle contractions caused by laughter are followed by longer periods of muscle relaxation. The cardiovascular benefits of laughter also seem to be just a figment of imagination as a study that was designed to test oxygen saturation levels produced by laughter, showed that even though laughter creates sporadic episodes of deep breathing, oxygen saturation levels are not affected.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As humour is often used to ease tension, it might make sense that the same would be true for anxiety. A study by Yovetich N, Dale A, Hudak M. was designed to test the effects humour might have on relieving anxiety. The study subject were told that they would be given to an electric shock after a certain period of time. One group was exposed to humorous content, while the other was not. The anxiety levels were measured through self-report measures as well as the heart rate. Subjects which rated high on sense of humour reported less anxiety in both groups, while subjects which rated lower on sense of humour reported less anxiety in the group which was exposed to the humorous material. However, there was not a significant difference in the heart rate between the subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_workplace">In the workplace</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bored_at_work_(regular_size_person_in_big_size_trousers).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a man in a suit wearing a large pair of pants that almost reaches their neck." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bored_at_work_%28regular_size_person_in_big_size_trousers%29.jpg/250px-Bored_at_work_%28regular_size_person_in_big_size_trousers%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bored_at_work_%28regular_size_person_in_big_size_trousers%29.jpg/330px-Bored_at_work_%28regular_size_person_in_big_size_trousers%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bored_at_work_%28regular_size_person_in_big_size_trousers%29.jpg/500px-Bored_at_work_%28regular_size_person_in_big_size_trousers%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A person working in a <a href="/wiki/Retail_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Retail store">retail store</a> wearing a large pair of pants in an attempt to amuse those around them</figcaption></figure> <p>Humour is a ubiquitous, highly ingrained, and largely <a href="/wiki/Meaningful" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaningful">meaningful</a> aspect of human experience and is therefore decidedly relevant in organisational contexts, such as the workplace.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The significant role that <a href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">laughter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">fun</a> play in organisational life has been seen as a <a href="/wiki/Sociological" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological">sociological</a> phenomenon and has increasingly been recognised as also creating a sense of involvement and possible comradery among workers.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sharing humour at work not only offers a relief from boredom, but can also build relationships, improve camaraderie between colleagues and create positive <a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">affect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humour in the workplace may also relieve tension and can be used as a <a href="/wiki/Coping_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coping (psychology)">coping strategy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, one of the most agreed upon key impacts that workplace humour has on people's well-being, is the use of humour as a coping strategy to aid in dealing with daily stresses, adversity or other difficult situations.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sharing a laugh with a few colleagues may improve moods, which is pleasurable, and people perceive this as positively affecting their ability to cope.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fun and enjoyment are critical in people's lives and the ability for colleagues to be able to laugh during work, through banter or other, promotes harmony and a sense of cohesiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humour may also be used to offset negative feelings about a workplace task or to mitigate the use of profanity, or other coping strategies, that may not be otherwise tolerated.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_44-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only can humour in the workplace assist with defusing negative emotions, but it may also be used as an outlet to discuss personal painful events, in a lighter context, thus ultimately reducing <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_(mood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxiety (mood)">anxiety</a> and allowing more happy, positive <a href="/wiki/Emotions" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotions">emotions</a> to surface.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_44-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, humour may be used as a tool to mitigate the authoritative tone by managers when giving directives to subordinates. Managers may use self-deprecating humour as a way to be perceived as more human and "real" by their employees.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_44-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attachment to the notion of fun by contemporary companies has resulted in workplace management coming to recognise the potentially positive effects of "workplay" and realise that it does not necessarily undermine workers' performance.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laughter and <a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">play</a> can unleash creativity, thus raising <a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">morale</a>, so in the interest of encouraging employee consent to the rigours of the labour process, management often ignore, tolerate and even actively encourage playful practices, with the purpose of furthering organisational goals.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Essentially, fun in the workplace is no longer being seen as frivolous.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most current approach of managed fun and laughter in the workplace originated in North America, where it has taken off to such a degree, that it has humour consultants flourishing, as some states have introduced an official "fun at work" day.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results have carried claims of <a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">well-being</a> benefits to workers, improved customer experiences and an increase in productivity that organisations can enjoy, as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others examined results of this movement while focusing around the science of happiness—concerned with <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivation</a>, community building and national well-being—and drew attention to the ability to achieve "flow" through playfulness and stimulate "outside the box" thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_45-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parallel to this movement is the "<a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">positive</a>" scholarship that has emerged in <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> which seeks to empirically theorise the optimisation of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_potential_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human potential (disambiguation) (page does not exist)">human potential</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_45-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This happiness movement suggests that investing in fun at the workplace, by allowing for laughter and play, will not only create <a href="/wiki/Enjoyment" class="mw-redirect" title="Enjoyment">enjoyment</a> and a greater sense of well-being, but it will also enhance energy, performance and commitment in workers.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_45-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="At_school">At school</h2></div> <p>The use of humour plays an important role in youth development.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have shown that humour is especially important in social interactions with peers.<sup id="cite_ref-Humor_styles_-_International_Journal_of_Environmental_Research_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humor_styles_-_International_Journal_of_Environmental_Research-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> School entry is the time when the importance of parents fades into the background and social interaction with peers becomes increasingly important. Conflict is inherent in these interactions. The use of humour plays an important role in conflict resolution and ultimately in school success and psychological adjustment.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of humour that is socially acceptable leads to a lower likelihood of being a victim of bullying, whereas the use of self-disparaging humour leads to a higher likelihood of being bullied.<sup id="cite_ref-Humor_styles_-_International_Journal_of_Environmental_Research_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humor_styles_-_International_Journal_of_Environmental_Research-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When students are bullied, the use of self-disparaging humour can lead to an exacerbation of the negative effects on the student's psychological adjustment to school.<sup id="cite_ref-Humor_styles_-_International_Journal_of_Environmental_Research_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humor_styles_-_International_Journal_of_Environmental_Research-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Studies">Studies</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Humor_research" title="Humor research">Humor research</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laughter">Laughter</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Killian_Couppey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Killian_Couppey.jpg/250px-Killian_Couppey.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Killian_Couppey.jpg/330px-Killian_Couppey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Killian_Couppey.jpg/500px-Killian_Couppey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>A man laughing</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the main focuses of modern psychological humour theory and research is to establish and clarify the correlation between humour and laughter. The major empirical findings here are that <a href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">laughter</a> and humour do not always have a one-to-one association. While most previous theories assumed the connection between the two almost to the point of them being synonymous, psychology has been able to scientifically and empirically investigate the supposed connection, its implications, and significance. </p><p>In 2009, Diana Szameitat conducted a study to examine the differentiation of emotions in laughter. They hired actors and told them to laugh with one of four different emotional associations by using auto-induction, where they would focus exclusively on the internal emotion and not on the expression of laughter itself. They found an overall recognition rate of 44%, with joy correctly classified at 44%, <a href="/wiki/Tickling" title="Tickling">tickle</a> 45%, <a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">schadenfreude</a> 37%, and taunt 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-Szameitat2009_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szameitat2009-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 399">: 399 </span></sup> Their second experiment tested the behavioural recognition of laughter during an induced emotional state and they found that different laughter types did differ with respect to emotional dimensions.<sup id="cite_ref-Szameitat2009_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szameitat2009-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 401–402">: 401–402 </span></sup> In addition, the four emotional states displayed a full range of high and low sender arousal and valence.<sup id="cite_ref-Szameitat2009_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szameitat2009-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 403">: 403 </span></sup> This study showed that laughter can be correlated with both positive (joy and tickle) and negative (schadenfreude and taunt) emotions with varying degrees of arousal in the subject. </p><p>This brings into question the definition of humour, then. If it is to be defined by the cognitive processes which display laughter, then humour itself can encompass a variety of negative as well as positive emotions. However, if humour is limited to positive emotions and things which cause positive affect, it must be delimited from laughter and their relationship should be further defined. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <p>Adaptive Humour use has shown to be effective for increasing resilience in dealing with distress and also effective in buffering against or undoing negative affects. In contrast, maladaptive humour use can magnify potential negative effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Humor_styles_-_International_Journal_of_Environmental_Research_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humor_styles_-_International_Journal_of_Environmental_Research-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madelijn Strick, Rob Holland, Rick van Baaren, and Ad van Knippenberg (2009) of Radboud University conducted a study that showed the distracting nature of a joke on bereaved individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Strick_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strick-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 574–578">: 574–578 </span></sup> Subjects were presented with a wide range of negative pictures and sentences. Their findings showed that humorous therapy attenuated the <a href="/wiki/Negative_emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative emotion">negative emotions</a> elicited after negative pictures and sentences were presented. In addition, the humour therapy was more effective in reducing negative affect as the degree of affect increased in intensity.<sup id="cite_ref-Strick_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strick-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 575–576">: 575–576 </span></sup> Humour was immediately effective in helping to deal with distress. The escapist nature of humour as a coping mechanism suggests that it is most useful in dealing with momentary stresses. Stronger negative stimuli requires a different therapeutic approach. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Humour is an underlying character trait associated with the positive emotions used in the <a href="/wiki/Broaden-and-build" title="Broaden-and-build">broaden-and-build</a> theory of cognitive development. </p><p>Studies, such as those testing the <a href="/wiki/Undoing_(psychology)" title="Undoing (psychology)">undoing hypothesis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fredrickson_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fredrickson-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 313">: 313 </span></sup> have shown several positive outcomes of humour as an underlying positive trait in amusement and playfulness. Several studies have shown that positive emotions can restore autonomic quiescence after negative affect. For example, Frederickson and Levinson showed that individuals who expressed <a href="/wiki/Smile#Duchenne_smile" title="Smile">Duchenne smiles</a> during the negative arousal of a sad and troubling event recovered from the negative affect approximately 20% faster than individuals who did not smile.<sup id="cite_ref-Fredrickson_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fredrickson-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 314">: 314 </span></sup> </p><p>Using humour judiciously can have a positive influence on cancer treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effectiveness for humour‐based interventions in patients with schizophrenia is uncertain in a Cochrane review.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humour can serve as a strong distancing mechanism in coping with adversity. In 1997, Kelter and Bonanno found that Duchenne laughter correlated with reduced awareness of distress.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Positive emotion is able to loosen the grip of <a href="/wiki/Negative_emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative emotion">negative emotions</a> on people's thinking. A distancing of thought leads to a distancing of the unilateral responses people often have to negative arousal. In parallel with the distancing role plays in coping with distress, it supports the <a href="/wiki/Broaden_and_build" class="mw-redirect" title="Broaden and build">broaden and build</a> theory that positive emotions lead to increased multilateral cognitive pathway and social resource building. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ageing">Ageing</h3></div> <p>Humour has been shown to improve and help the <a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">ageing</a> process in three areas. The areas are improving physical health, improving social communications, and helping to achieve a sense of satisfaction in life. </p><p>Studies have shown that constant humour in the ageing process gives health benefits to individuals. Such benefits as higher <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>, lower levels of depression, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, and perceived <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (biological)">stress</a>, and a more positive self-concept as well as other health benefits which have been recorded and acknowledged through various studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Abel,_M._2002_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abel,_M._2002-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even patients with specific diseases have shown improvement with ageing using humour.<sup id="cite_ref-Crew_Solomon_1996_249–271_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crew_Solomon_1996_249–271-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall there is a strong correlation through constant humour in ageing and better health in the individuals. </p><p>Another way that research indicates that humour helps with the ageing process, is through helping the individual to create and maintain strong social relationship during transitory periods in their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Crew_Solomon_1996_249–271_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crew_Solomon_1996_249–271-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such example is when people are moved into <a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">nursing homes</a> or other facilities of care. With this transition certain social interactions with friend and family may be limited forcing the individual to look elsewhere for these social interactions. Humour has been shown to make transitions easier, as humour is shown reduce stress and facilitate socialisation and serves as a social bonding function.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humour may also help the transition in helping the individual to maintain positive feelings towards those who are enforcing the changes in their lives. These new social interactions can be critical for these transitions in their lives and humour will help these new social interactions to take place making these transitions easier. </p><p>Humour can also help ageing individuals maintain a sense of satisfaction in their lives. Through the ageing process many changes will occur, such as losing the right to drive a car. This can cause a decrease in satisfaction in the lives of the individual. Humour helps to alleviate this decrease of satisfaction by allowing the humour to release stress and anxiety caused by changes in the individuals life.<sup id="cite_ref-Crew_Solomon_1996_249–271_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crew_Solomon_1996_249–271-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laughing and humour can be a substitute for the decrease in satisfaction by allowing individuals to feel better about their situations by alleviating the stress.<sup id="cite_ref-Abel,_M._2002_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abel,_M._2002-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, in turn, can help them to maintain a sense of satisfaction towards their new and changing life style. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiology">Physiology</h3></div><p> In an article published in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Reviews_Neuroscience" title="Nature Reviews Neuroscience">Nature Reviews Neuroscience</a></i>, it is reported that a study's results indicate that humour is rooted in the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe" title="Frontal lobe">frontal lobe</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a>. The study states, in part:</p><blockquote style="text-indent: -0.5em; margin-top: -0.5em;"><p>"Humour seems to engage a core network of cortical and subcortical structures, including temporo-occipito-parietal areas involved in detecting and resolving <a href="/wiki/Theories_of_humor#Incongruous_juxtaposition_theory" title="Theories of humor">incongruity</a> (mismatch between expected and presented stimuli); and the <a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic_pathways" title="Dopaminergic pathways">mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a>, key structures for <a href="/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system">reward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salience_(neuroscience)" title="Salience (neuroscience)">salience</a> processing."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formula">Formula</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyklisci_dk_ubt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cyklisci_dk_ubt.JPG/250px-Cyklisci_dk_ubt.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cyklisci_dk_ubt.JPG/330px-Cyklisci_dk_ubt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cyklisci_dk_ubt.JPG/500px-Cyklisci_dk_ubt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a> is a component of humour.</figcaption></figure> <p>Humour can be verbal, visual, or physical. Non-verbal forms of communication–for example, music or visual art–can also be humorous. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Root_components">Root components</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Observational_comedy" title="Observational comedy">Being reflective</a> of or imitative of reality</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a>/<a href="/wiki/Misdirection_(magic)" title="Misdirection (magic)">misdirection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contradiction" title="Contradiction">contradiction</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paradox" title="Paradox">paradox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambiguity" title="Ambiguity">ambiguity</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods">Methods</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">Farce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbole" title="Hyperbole">Hyperbole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">Metaphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">Pun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Reframing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deprecation" title="Self-deprecation">Self-deprecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_timing" title="Comic timing">Timing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behaviour,_place_and_size"><span id="Behaviour.2C_place_and_size"></span>Behaviour, place and size</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson" title="Rowan Atkinson">Rowan Atkinson</a> explains in his lecture in the documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Funny_Business_(TV_series)" title="Funny Business (TV series)">Funny Business</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that an object or a person can become funny in three ways: </p> <ul><li>by behaving in an unusual way,</li> <li>by being in an unusual place,</li> <li>by being the wrong size.</li></ul> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Sight_gag" class="mw-redirect" title="Sight gag">sight gags</a> fit into one or more of these categories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exaggeration">Exaggeration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exaggeration" title="Exaggeration">Exaggeration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oscar_Wilde_Caricature_by_James_McNeill_Whistler_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Oscar_Wilde_Caricature_by_James_McNeill_Whistler_A.jpg/250px-Oscar_Wilde_Caricature_by_James_McNeill_Whistler_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Oscar_Wilde_Caricature_by_James_McNeill_Whistler_A.jpg/330px-Oscar_Wilde_Caricature_by_James_McNeill_Whistler_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Oscar_Wilde_Caricature_by_James_McNeill_Whistler_A.jpg/500px-Oscar_Wilde_Caricature_by_James_McNeill_Whistler_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5204" data-file-height="2101" /></a><figcaption>An exaggerating caricature of <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some theoreticians of the comic consider exaggeration to be a universal comic device.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may take different forms in different genres, but all rely on the fact that the easiest way to make things laughable is to exaggerate to the point of absurdity their salient traits,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div> <p>There are many taxonomies of humour; the following is used to classify humorous tweets in (Rayz 2012).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Anecdotes</li> <li>Fantasy</li> <li>Insult</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">Jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_comedy" title="Observational comedy">Observational</a></li> <li>Quote</li> <li>Role play</li> <li>Self-deprecation</li> <li>Vulgarity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_play" title="Word play">Word play</a></li> <li>Other</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <p>Different cultures have different typical expectations of humour so comedy shows are not always successful when transplanted into another culture. For example, a 2004 <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> article discusses a stereotype among <a href="/wiki/British_humour" title="British humour">British comedians</a> that Americans and Germans do not understand <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a>, and therefore UK sitcoms are not appreciated by them.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_humor" title="American humor">American humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_humour" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian humour">Australian humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_humour" title="British humour">British humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_humour" title="Canadian humour">Canadian humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_humor_processing" title="Cognitive humor processing">Cognitive humor processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadpan" title="Deadpan">Deadpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form-versus-content_humour" title="Form-versus-content humour">Form-versus-content humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelotology" title="Gelotology">Gelotology</a>, the study of laughing and laughter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_humour" title="German humour">German humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour_in_translation" title="Humour in translation">Humour in translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humor_styles" title="Humor styles">Humour styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humour" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish humour">Jewish humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_humorists" title="List of humorists">List of humorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surreal_humour" title="Surreal humour">Surreal humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_humour" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories of humour">Theories of humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_humour" title="Wine humour">Wine humour</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Smullyan" title="Raymond Smullyan">Raymond Smullyan</a>, "The Planet Without Laughter", <i><a href="/wiki/This_Book_Needs_No_Title" title="This Book Needs No Title">This Book Needs No Title</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcGrawWarrenWilliamsLeonard2012" class="citation journal cs1">McGraw, A. Peter; Warren, Caleb; Williams, Lawrence E.; Leonard, Bridget (October 2012). "Too Close for Comfort, or Too Far to Care? Finding Humor in Distant Tragedies and Close Mishaps". <i>Psychological Science</i>. <b>23</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1215–</span>1223. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956797612443831">10.1177/0956797612443831</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-7976">0956-7976</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22941877">22941877</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2480808">2480808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=Too+Close+for+Comfort%2C+or+Too+Far+to+Care%3F+Finding+Humor+in+Distant+Tragedies+and+Close+Mishaps&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1215-%3C%2Fspan%3E1223&rft.date=2012-10&rft.issn=0956-7976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2480808%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22941877&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0956797612443831&rft.aulast=McGraw&rft.aufirst=A.+Peter&rft.au=Warren%2C+Caleb&rft.au=Williams%2C+Lawrence+E.&rft.au=Leonard%2C+Bridget&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGrawWarner2014" class="citation book cs1">McGraw, Peter; Warner, Joel (2014). "Introduction". <i>The Humor Code: A Global Search for What Makes Things Funn</i>. 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Crawford & Nerina J. Caltabiano (2011): Promoting emotional well-being through the use of humour, The Journal of Positive Psychology: Dedicated to furthering research and promoting good practice, 6: 3, 237–252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVrtickaBlackReiss2013" class="citation journal cs1">Vrticka, Pascal; Black, Jessica M.; Reiss, Allan L. (30 October 2013). 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Fry, <i>Enjoyment of Laughter</i> (2008) p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aclanthology.org/N12-2012.pdf">"Automatic Humor Classification on Twitter"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://aclanthology.info/pdf/N/N12/N12-2012.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Automatic+Humor+Classification+on+Twitter&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faclanthology.org%2FN12-2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3433375.stm">"Do the Americans get irony?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 27 January 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Do+the+Americans+get+irony%3F&rft.date=2004-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fmagazine%2F3433375.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumour" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Alexander, Richard (1984), <i>Verbal humor and variation in English: Sociolinguistic notes on a variety of jokes</i></li> <li>Alexander, Richard (1997), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zioy07JVHcwC">Aspects of verbal humour in English</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBasu1999" class="citation cs2">Basu, S (December 1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthrosource.net/doi/abs/10.1525/var.2006.22.1.14">"Dialogic ethics and the virtue of humor"</a>, <i>Journal of Political Philosophy</i>, <b>7</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">378–</span>403, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9760.00082">10.1111/1467-9760.00082</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Dialogic+ethics+and+the+virtue+of+humor&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E378-%3C%2Fspan%3E403&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9760.00082&rft.aulast=Basu&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthrosource.net%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1525%2Fvar.2006.22.1.14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumour" class="Z3988"></span> (Abstract)</li> <li>Billig, M. (2005). <i>Laughter and ridicule: Towards a social critique of humour</i>. London: Sage. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4129-1143-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4129-1143-5">1-4129-1143-5</a></li> <li>Bricker, Victoria Reifler (Winter, 1980) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3629610">The Function of Humor in Zinacantan</a></i> Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 411–418</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuijzenValkenburg2004" class="citation cs2">Buijzen, Moniek; Valkenburg, Patti M. (2004), "Developing a Typology of Humor in Audiovisual Media", <i>Media Psychology</i>, <b>6</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">147–</span>167, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs1532785xmep0602_2">10.1207/s1532785xmep0602_2</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96438940">96438940</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Media+Psychology&rft.atitle=Developing+a+Typology+of+Humor+in+Audiovisual+Media&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E167&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2Fs1532785xmep0602_2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A96438940%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Buijzen&rft.aufirst=Moniek&rft.au=Valkenburg%2C+Patti+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumour" class="Z3988"></span>(Abstract)</li> <li>Carrell, Amy (2000), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928094655/http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/WWW/MathNat/Ruch/PSY356-Webarticles/Historical_Views.pdf">Historical views of humour</a></i>, University of Central Oklahoma. Retrieved on 2007-07-06.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarcía-BarriocanalSiciliaPalomar2005" class="citation cs2">García-Barriocanal, Elena; Sicilia, Miguel-Angel; Palomar, David (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060523215950/http://is2.lse.ac.uk/asp/aspecis/20050064.pdf"><i>A Graphical Humor Ontology for Contemporary Cultural Heritage Access</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Madrid: University of Alcalá, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://is2.lse.ac.uk/asp/aspecis/20050064.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Graphical+Humor+Ontology+for+Contemporary+Cultural+Heritage+Access&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=University+of+Alcal%C3%A1&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa-Barriocanal&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Sicilia%2C+Miguel-Angel&rft.au=Palomar%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fis2.lse.ac.uk%2Fasp%2Faspecis%2F20050064.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Goldstein, Jeffrey H., et al. (1976) "Humour, Laughter, and Comedy: A Bibliography of Empirical and Nonempirical Analyses in the English Language." <i>It's a Funny Thing, Humour</i>. Ed. Antony J. Chapman and Hugh C. Foot. Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press, 1976. 469–504.</li> <li>Hurley, Matthew M., Dennett, Daniel C., and Adams, Reginald B. Jr. (2011), <i>Inside Jokes: Using Humor to Reverse-Engineer the Mind</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01582-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01582-0">978-0-262-01582-0</a></li> <li>Holland, Norman. (1982) "Bibliography of Theories of Humor." <i>Laughing; A Psychology of Humor</i>. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 209–223.</li> <li>Martin, Rod A. (2007). <i>The Psychology Of Humour: An Integrative Approach.</i> London, UK: Elsevier Academic Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-372564-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-372564-6">978-0-12-372564-6</a></li> <li>McGhee, Paul E. (1984) "Current American Psychological Research on Humor." Jahrbuche fur Internationale Germanistik 16.2: 37–57.</li> <li>Mintz, Lawrence E., ed. (1988) <i>Humor in America: A Research Guide to Genres and Topics</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-24551-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-24551-7">0-313-24551-7</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16085479">16085479</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMobbsGreiciusAbdel-AzimMenon2003" class="citation cs2">Mobbs, D.; Greicius, M. D.; Abdel-Azim, E.; Menon, V.; Reiss, A. L. (2003), "Humor modulates the mesolimbic reward centres", <i>Neuron</i>, <b>40</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1041–</span>1048, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0896-6273%2803%2900751-7">10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00751-7</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14659102">14659102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.atitle=Humor+modulates+the+mesolimbic+reward+centres&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1041-%3C%2Fspan%3E1048&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0896-6273%2803%2900751-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14659102&rft.aulast=Mobbs&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Greicius%2C+M.+D.&rft.au=Abdel-Azim%2C+E.&rft.au=Menon%2C+V.&rft.au=Reiss%2C+A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nilsen, Don L. F. (1992) "Satire in American Literature." <i>Humor in American Literature: A Selected Annotated Bibliography.</i> New York: Garland, 1992. 543–48.</li> <li>Pogel, Nancy; and Paul P. Somers Jr. (1988) "Literary Humor." <i>Humor in America: A Research Guide to Genres and Topics</i>. Ed. Lawrence E. Mintz. London: Greenwood, 1988. 1–34.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRothYapShort2006" class="citation journal cs1">Roth, G.; Yap, R.; Short, D. (2006). "Examining humour in HRD from theoretical and practical perspectives". <i>Human Resource Development International</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">121–</span>127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13678860600563424">10.1080/13678860600563424</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143854518">143854518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Resource+Development+International&rft.atitle=Examining+humour+in+HRD+from+theoretical+and+practical+perspectives&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13678860600563424&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143854518%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Yap%2C+R.&rft.au=Short%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumour" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Smuts, Aaron. "Humor". <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/humor.htm">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWogan2006" class="citation cs2">Wogan, Peter (Spring 2006), "Laughing At <i>First Contact</i>", <i>Visual Anthropology Review</i>, <b>22</b> (1) (published 12 December 2006): <span class="nowrap">14–</span>34, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fvar.2006.22.1.14">10.1525/var.2006.22.1.14</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Visual+Anthropology+Review&rft.atitle=Laughing+At+First+Contact&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fvar.2006.22.1.14&rft.aulast=Wogan&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHumour" class="Z3988"></span> (Abstract)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/humour" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/humour"><i>humour</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Humor" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Humor">Humor</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100111121416/http://www.hnu.edu/ishs/">International Society for Humor 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedian" title="Comedian">Comedian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedic_device" title="Comedic device">Comedic device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_festival" title="Comedy festival">Comedy festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_troupe" title="Comedy troupe">Comedy troupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_timing" title="Comic timing">Comic timing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">Farce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorist" title="Humorist">Humorist</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impersonator" title="Impersonator">Impersonator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionist_(entertainment)" title="Impressionist (entertainment)">Impressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">Joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-color_humor" title="Off-color humor">Off-color humor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribaldry" title="Ribaldry">Ribaldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophomoric_humor" title="Sophomoric humor">Sophomoric humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_humour" title="Toilet humour">Toilet humour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prank_call" title="Prank call">Prank call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_line" title="Punch line">Punch line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_gag" title="Visual gag">Visual gag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">Wit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_play" title="Word play">Word play</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_comedy_films" title="American comedy films">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comedy_films" title="British comedy films">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_comedy_films" title="French comedy films">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedy_(drama)" title="Comedy (drama)">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">Ancient Greek comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Italienne" title="Comédie-Italienne">Comédie-Italienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corral_de_comedias" title="Corral de comedias">Corral de comedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre of ancient Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_comedy" title="Chinese comedy">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangsheng" title="Xiangsheng">Xiangsheng</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hong Kong <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenong" title="Lenong">Lenong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludruk" title="Ludruk">Ludruk</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgen" title="Kyōgen">Kyōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzai" title="Manzai">Manzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owarai" title="Owarai">Owarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakugo" title="Rakugo">Rakugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarugaku" title="Sarugaku">Sarugaku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_comedy" title="Korean comedy">Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_theatre_(aesthetic)" title="Boulevard theatre (aesthetic)">Boulevard theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Comedy drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_humours" title="Comedy of humours">Comedy of humours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_manners" title="Comedy of manners">Comedy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_menace" title="Comedy of menace">Comedy of menace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_act" title="Double act">Double act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">Improvisational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macchietta" title="Macchietta">Macchietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-person_show" class="mw-redirect" title="One-person show">One-person show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">Pantomime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harlequinade" title="Harlequinade">Harlequinade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_comedy" title="Restoration comedy">Restoration comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimental_comedy" title="Sentimental comedy">Sentimental comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die_larmoyante" title="Comédie larmoyante">Comédie larmoyante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_play" title="Shadow play">Shadow play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_comedy" title="Shakespearean comedy">Shakespearean comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_comedy" title="Sketch comedy">Sketch comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spex_(theatre)" title="Spex (theatre)">Spex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">Stand-up comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_theatre" title="Street theatre">Street theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_absurd" title="Theatre of the absurd">Theatre of the absurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">Vaudeville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Music<br />and dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad_opera" title="Ballad opera">Ballad opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">Cabaret</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-chantant" title="Café-chantant">Café-chantant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre" title="Café-théâtre">Café-théâtre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-ballet" title="Comédie-ballet">Comédie-ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_club" title="Comedy club">Comedy club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_music" title="Light music">Light music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">Music hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">Musical theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffe" title="Opéra bouffe">Opéra bouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffon" title="Opéra bouffon">Opéra bouffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_buffa" title="Opera buffa">Opera buffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">Opéra comique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue" title="Revue">Revue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_music" title="Comedy music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_album" title="Comedy album">Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_rock" title="Comedy rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Comedy hip hop">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_music" title="Parody music">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelty_song" title="Novelty song">Novelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_comedians" title="List of musical comedians">Musical comedians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_comedy" title="Radio comedy">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_comedy" title="Television comedy">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_(comedy)" title="Roast (comedy)">Roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">Sitcom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_sitcom" title="Black sitcom">Black sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_sitcom" title="Teen sitcom">Teen sitcom</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedic_genres" title="Comedic genres">Subgenres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comedy" title="Alternative comedy">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribaldry" title="Ribaldry">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_comedy" title="Character comedy">Character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_comedy" title="Christian comedy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cringe_comedy" title="Cringe comedy">Cringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadpan" title="Deadpan">Deadpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_comedy" title="Documentary comedy">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_comedy" title="High comedy">High</a> / <a href="/wiki/Low_comedy" title="Low comedy">low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insult_comedy" title="Insult comedy">Insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_comedy" title="Observational comedy">Observational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_comedy" title="Physical comedy">Physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prop_comedy" title="Prop comedy">Prop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referential_humor" title="Self-referential humor">Self-referential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_humour" title="Shock humour">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_comedy" title="Sick comedy">Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">Slapstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slapstick_comedy_topics" title="List of slapstick comedy topics">Topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surreal_humour" title="Surreal humour">Surreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventriloquism" title="Ventriloquism">Ventriloquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Comedy" title="Category:Comedy">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Comedy" title="Portal:Comedy">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aesthetics300" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aesthetics" title="Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aesthetics" title="Template talk:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aesthetics300" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_aesthetics" title="Ancient aesthetics">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_aesthetic" title="African aesthetic">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Aesthetics" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 390 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 335 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 100)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(c. 500)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1757)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1835)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1891)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(1977)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a></i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2009)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" 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