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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locomotion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locomotion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Locomotion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locomotion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction_and_life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction_and_life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reproduction and life cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction_and_life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Behaviour</span> </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitochondrial_genome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mitochondrial genome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitochondrial_genome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phylogeny subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-External" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>External</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Internal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Fossil record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infection_by_giant_viruses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infection_by_giant_viruses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Infection by giant viruses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infection_by_giant_viruses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chaetognatha</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylwurm" title="Pylwurm – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pylwurm" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%87%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ديدان سهمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديدان سهمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C9%99n%C9%99siq%C4%B1ll%C4%B1lar" title="Çənəsiqıllılar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çənəsiqıllılar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Шчацінкасківічныя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шчацінкасківічныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Четинкочелюстни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Четинкочелюстни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Chaetognatha" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quet%C3%B2gnats" title="Quetògnats – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Quetògnats" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulod_nga_gapasan" title="Ulod nga gapasan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ulod nga gapasan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploutvenky" title="Ploutvenky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ploutvenky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfeilw%C3%BCrmer" title="Pfeilwürmer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pfeilwürmer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BCoshk%CA%BCaa%CA%BC" title="Chʼoshkʼaaʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼoshkʼaaʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harjasl%C3%B5ugsed" title="Harjaslõugsed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Harjaslõugsed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chaetognatha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Chaetognatha" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Chaetognatha" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کرم‌های پیکانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کرم‌های پیکانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chaetognatha" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Chaetognatha" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quet%C3%B3gnatos" title="Quetógnatos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Quetógnatos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EC%95%85%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="모악동물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모악동물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cetino%C4%8Deljusti" title="Četinočeljusti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Četinočeljusti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacing_panah" title="Cacing panah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cacing panah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADlormar" title="Pílormar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pílormar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chaetognatha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%99_%D7%97%D7%A5" title="תולעי חץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תולעי חץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ქეტოგნათები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქეტოგნათები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Қылтанжақтылар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қылтанжақтылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sar%C5%BEok%C4%BCai%C5%86i" title="Saržokļaiņi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Saržokļaiņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0eria%C5%BEand%C5%BEiai" title="Šeriažandžiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šeriažandžiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny%C3%ADlf%C3%A9rgek" title="Nyílférgek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyílférgek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%87%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ديدان سهميه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديدان سهميه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pijlwormen" title="Pijlwormen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pijlwormen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E9%A1%8E%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="毛顎動物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="毛顎動物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piilwirmer" title="Piilwirmer – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Piilwirmer" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilormer" title="Pilormer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pilormer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chaetognatha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecioszcz%C4%99kie" title="Szczecioszczękie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szczecioszczękie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chaetognatha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chaetognatha" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Щетинкочелюстные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Щетинкочелюстные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chaetognatha" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tetinato%C3%BAstky" title="Štetinatoústky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štetinatoústky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%8Detino%C4%8Deljustnice" title="Ščetinočeljustnice – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ščetinočeljustnice" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Стакласти црви – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стакласти црви" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuolimadot" title="Nuolimadot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nuolimadot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilmaskar" title="Pilmaskar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pilmaskar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Chaetognatha" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="Chaetognatha" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Chaetognatha" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Щетинкощелепні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Щетинкощелепні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chaetognatha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Chaetognatha" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E9%A2%9A%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E9%97%A8" title="毛颚动物门 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="毛颚动物门" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Phylum of marine worms</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Arrow worms<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="nowrap"><span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Lower Cambrian–Recent</span><sup id="cite_ref-Vannier2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vannier2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:37.636923076923px; width:182.36307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:37.636923076923px; width:182.36307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:38.636923076923px; width:180.36307692308px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaetognatha.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chaetognatha.PNG/220px-Chaetognatha.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chaetognatha.PNG/330px-Chaetognatha.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chaetognatha.PNG/440px-Chaetognatha.PNG 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="361" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Chaetognatha and some examples of their diversity. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Sagittoidea" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ParaHoxozoa" title="ParaHoxozoa">ParaHoxozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nephrozoa" title="Nephrozoa">Nephrozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">Protostomia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gnathifera_(Spiralia)" title="Gnathifera (Spiralia)">Gnathifera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cucullophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucullophora">Cucullophora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chaetognatha</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Leuckart" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Leuckart">Leuckart</a>, 1854</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sagittoidea</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Wilhelm_Claus" title="Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Claus">Claus</a> & <a href="/wiki/Karl_Grobben" title="Karl Grobben">Grobben</a>, 1905 <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Orders </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Ankalodous" title="Ankalodous">Ankalodous</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphragmophora" title="Aphragmophora">Aphragmophora</a></li> <li>†<i><a href="/wiki/Capinatator" title="Capinatator">Capinatator</a></i></li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eognathacantha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eognathacantha (page does not exist)">Eognathacantha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmophora" title="Phragmophora">Phragmophora</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Protoconodonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Protoconodonta">Protoconodonta</a>?</li> <li>†<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protosagitta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protosagitta (page does not exist)">Protosagitta</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>Chaetognatha</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <b>chaetognaths</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> (meaning <i>bristle-jaws</i>) are a <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a> of predatory <a href="/wiki/Marine_worm" title="Marine worm">marine worms</a> that are a major component of <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> worldwide. Commonly known as <b>arrow worms</b>, they are mostly <a href="/wiki/Nektonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nektonic">nektonic</a>; however about 20% of the known <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> are <a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">benthic</a>, and can attach to <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocks">rocks</a>. They are found in all marine waters, from surface <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> waters and shallow tide pools to the <a href="/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">deep sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">polar regions</a>. Most chaetognaths are transparent and are torpedo shaped, but some deep-sea species are <a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">orange</a>. They range in size from 2 to 120 millimetres (0.1 to 4.7 in). </p><p>Chaetognaths were first recorded by the Dutch naturalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinus_Slabber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martinus Slabber (page does not exist)">Martinus Slabber</a> in 1775.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021, biologists recognize 133 modern species assigned to over 26 <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> and eight <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the limited diversity of species, the number of individuals is large.<sup id="cite_ref-Bone_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bone-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arrow worms are strictly related to and possibly belonging to <a href="/wiki/Gnathifera_(clade)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathifera (clade)">Gnathifera</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> of <a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">protostomes</a> that do not belong to either <a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">Lophotrochozoa</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaetognatha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ten_species_of_chaetognaths.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ten_species_of_chaetognaths.webp/400px-Ten_species_of_chaetognaths.webp.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="437" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ten_species_of_chaetognaths.webp/504px-Ten_species_of_chaetognaths.webp.png 1.5x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of ten different chaetognath species, showing morphological similarity and diversity.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chaetognaths are transparent or translucent dart-shaped animals covered by a <a href="/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticle</a>. They range in length between 1.5 mm to 105 mm in the Antarctic species <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudosagitta_gazellae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudosagitta gazellae (page does not exist)">Pseudosagitta gazellae</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pauly2021_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Body size, either between individuals in the same species or between different species, seems to increase with decreasing temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Pauly2021_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The body is divided into a distinct head, trunk, and tail. About 80% of the body is occupied by primary longitudinal <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head_and_digestive_system">Head and digestive system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaetognatha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Head and digestive system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are between four and fourteen hooked, grasping spines on each side of their head, flanking a hollow vestibule containing the mouth. The spines are used in hunting, and covered with a flexible hood arising from the neck region when the animal is swimming. Spines and teeth are made of α-<a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a>, and the head is protected by a chitinous armature.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MEB_back.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/MEB_back.png/180px-MEB_back.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/MEB_back.png/270px-MEB_back.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/MEB_back.png/360px-MEB_back.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>The jaw organ of a chaetognath of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Sagitta_(arrowworm)" title="Sagitta (arrowworm)">Sagitta</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The mouth opens into a muscular <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a>, which contains glands to lubricate the passage of food. From here, a straight intestine runs the length of the trunk to an <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a> just forward of the tail. The intestine is the primary site of digestion and includes a pair of <a href="/wiki/Diverticulum" title="Diverticulum">diverticula</a> near the anterior end.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Materials are moved about the body cavity by <a href="/wiki/Cilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia">cilia</a>. Waste materials are simply excreted through the skin and anus. Eukrohniid species possess an oil vacuole closely associated with the gut. This organ contains wax esters which may assist reproduction and growth outside of the production season for <i>Eukrohnia hamata</i> in Arctic seas.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owing to the position of the oil vacuole in the center of the tractus, the organ may also have implications for buoyancy, trim and locomotion.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Usually chaetognaths are not pigmented, however the intestines of some deep-sea species contain orange-red carotenoid pigments.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaetomorpho.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Chaetomorpho.png/160px-Chaetomorpho.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="417" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Chaetomorpho.png/240px-Chaetomorpho.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Chaetomorpho.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Anatomy of a chaetognath (<i>Spadella cephaloptera</i>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nervous_and_sensory_systems">Nervous and sensory systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaetognatha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nervous and sensory systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nervous system is reasonably simple and shows a typical <a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">protostome</a> anatomy,<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Ganglion" title="Ganglion">ganglionated</a> nerve ring surrounding the pharynx. The brain is composed of two distinct functional domains: the anterior neuropil domain and the posterior neuropil domain. The former probably controls head muscles moving the spines and the digestive system. The latter is linked to eyes and the corona ciliata. A putative sensory structure of unknown function, the retrocerebral organ, is also hosted by the posterior neuropil domain.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ventral ganglion is the largest, but nerves extend from all the ganglia along the length of the body. </p><p>Chaetognaths have two compound eyes, each consisting of a number of pigment-cup <a href="/wiki/Ocelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocelli">ocelli</a> fused together; some deep-sea and <a href="/wiki/Troglobitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Troglobitic">troglobitic</a> species have unpigmented or absent eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, there are a number of sensory bristles arranged in rows along the side of the body, where they probably perform a function similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">lateral line</a> in fish. An additional, curved, band of sensory bristles lies over the head and neck.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all chaetognaths have "indirect" or "inverted" eyes, according to the orientation of <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptor</a> cells; only some <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukhroniidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eukhroniidae (page does not exist)">Eukhroniidae</a> species have "direct" or "everted" eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A unique feature of the chaetognath eye is the lamellar structure of photoreceptor membranes, containing a grid of 35–55 nm wide circular pores.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A significant mechanosensory system, composed of ciliary receptor organs, detects vibrations, allowing chaetognaths to detect the swimming motion of potential prey. Another organ on the dorsal part of the neck, the corona ciliata, is probably involved in chemoreception.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_organs">Internal organs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaetognatha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Internal organs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The body cavity is lined by <a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">peritoneum</a>, and therefore represents a true <a href="/wiki/Coelom" title="Coelom">coelom</a>, and is divided into one compartment on each side of the trunk, and additional compartments inside the head and tail, all separated completely by septa. Although they have a mouth with one or two rows of tiny teeth, compound eyes, and a nervous system, they have no excretory or respiratory systems.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While often said to lack a circulatory system, chaetognaths do have a rudimentary hemal system resembling those of <a href="/wiki/Annelida" class="mw-redirect" title="Annelida">annelids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The arrow worm <a href="/wiki/Rhabdomere" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhabdomere">rhabdomeres</a> are derived from <a href="/wiki/Microtubule" title="Microtubule">microtubules</a> 20 nm long and 50 nm wide, which in turn form conical bodies that contain granules and thread structures. The cone body is derived from a <a href="/wiki/Cilium" title="Cilium">cilium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locomotion">Locomotion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaetognatha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Locomotion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The trunk bears one or two pairs of lateral fins incorporating structures superficially similar to the <a href="/wiki/Fin_ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Fin ray">fin rays</a> of fish, with which they are not <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a>. Unlike those of vertebrates, these lateral fins are composed of a thickened <a href="/wiki/Basement_membrane" title="Basement membrane">basement membrane</a> extending from the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(zoology)" title="Epidermis (zoology)">epidermis</a>. An additional caudal fin covers the post-anal tail.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two chaetognath species, <i><a href="/wiki/Caecosagitta_macrocephala" class="mw-redirect" title="Caecosagitta macrocephala">Caecosagitta macrocephala</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Eukrohnia_fowleri" title="Eukrohnia fowleri">Eukrohnia fowleri</a></i>, have <a href="/wiki/Bioluminescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioluminescent">bioluminescent</a> organs on their fins.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chaetognaths swim in short bursts using a dorso-ventral undulating body motion, where their tail fin assists with propulsion and the body fins with stabilization and steering.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muscle movements have been described as among the fastest in <a href="/wiki/Metazoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Metazoan">metazoans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muscles are directly excitable by electrical currents or strong <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K+</a> solutions; the main neuromuscular transmitter is acetylcholine.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction_and_life_cycle">Reproduction and life cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaetognatha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reproduction and life cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All species are <a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermaphroditic">hermaphroditic</a>, carrying both <a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">eggs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">sperm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bone_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bone-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each animal possesses a pair of <a href="/wiki/Testis" class="mw-redirect" title="Testis">testes</a> within the tail, and a pair of <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovaries</a> in the posterior region of the main body cavity. Immature sperm are released from the testes to mature inside the cavity of the tail, and then swim through a short duct to a <a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">seminal vesicle</a> where they are packaged into a <a href="/wiki/Spermatophore" title="Spermatophore">spermatophore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During mating, each individual places a spermatophore onto the neck of its partner after rupture of the seminal vesicle. The sperm rapidly escape from the spermatophore and swim along the midline of the animal until they reach a pair of small pores just in front of the tail. These pores connect to the <a href="/wiki/Oviduct" title="Oviduct">oviducts</a>, into which the developed eggs have already passed from the ovaries, and it is here that fertilisation takes place.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seminal receptacles and oviducts accumulate and store spermatozoa, to perform multiple fertilisation cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> members of <a href="/wiki/Spadellidae" title="Spadellidae">Spadellidae</a> are known to have elaborate <a href="/wiki/Courtship_ritual" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtship ritual">courtship rituals</a> before copulation,<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraspadella_gotoi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paraspadella gotoi (page does not exist)">Paraspadella gotoi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ball2006_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eggs are mostly planktonic, except in a few species such as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferosagitta_hispida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferosagitta hispida (page does not exist)">Ferosagitta hispida</a></i> that attaches eggs to the substrate.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Eukrohnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukrohnia">Eukrohnia</a></i>, eggs develop in marsupial sacs or attached to <a href="/wiki/Alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Alga">algae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eggs usually hatch after 1–3 days. Chaetognaths do not undergo <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</a> nor they possess a well-defined <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larval</a> stage,<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an unusual trait among marine invertebrates;<sup id="cite_ref-Ball2006_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however there are significant morphological differences between the newborn and the adult, with respect to proportions, chitinous structures and fin development.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daponte2004_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daponte2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The life spans of chaetognaths are variable but short; the longest recorded was 15 months in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagitta_friderici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sagitta friderici (page does not exist)">Sagitta friderici</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Daponte2004_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daponte2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaetognatha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little is known of arrow worms' behaviour and physiology, due to the complexity in culturing them and reconstructing their natural habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known that they feed more frequently with higher temperatures. Planktonic chaetognaths often must swim continuously, with a "hop and sink" behaviour, to keep themselves in the desired location in the water layer, and swim actively to catch prey. They all tend to keep the body slightly slanted with the head pointing downwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They often show a "gliding" behaviour, slowly sinking for a while, and then catching up with a quick movement of their fins.<sup id="cite_ref-Ball2006_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benthic species usually stay attached to substrates such as rocks, algae or sea grasses, more rarely on top or between sand grains, and act more strictly as ambush predators, staying still until prey passes by.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prey is detected thanks to the ciliary fence and tuft organs, sensing vibrations<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – individuals of <i>Spadella cephaloptera</i> for example will attack a glass or metal probe vibrating at an adequate frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-Ball2006_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To catch prey, arrow worms jump forward with a strong stroke of the tail fin.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once in contact with prey, they withdraw the hood over the grasping spines, so that it forms a cage around the prey and bring it in contact with the mouth. They swallow their prey whole.<sup id="cite_ref-Ball2006_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaetognatha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chaetognaths are found in all world's oceans, from the poles to tropics, and also in <a href="/wiki/Brackish" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackish">brackish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estuarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuarine">estuarine</a> waters. They inhabit very diverse environments, from hydrothermal vents to deep ocean seafloor, to seagrass beds and marine caves.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority are planktonic, and they are often the second most common component of <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a>, with a biomass ranging between 10 and 30% that of <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Basin" title="Canada Basin">Canada Basin</a>, chaetognaths alone represent ~13% of the zooplankton biomass.<sup id="cite_ref-Kosobokova2010_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kosobokova2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, they are ecologically relevant and a key food source for fishes and other predators, including commercially relevant fishes such as <a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sardines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardines">sardines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Choo2022_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choo2022-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 58% of known species are pelagic,<sup id="cite_ref-Pauly2021_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while about a third of species are <a href="/wiki/Epibenthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epibenthic">epibenthic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Meiobenthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiobenthic">meiobenthic</a>, or inhabit the immediate vicinity of the substrate.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaetognaths have been recorded up to 5000 and possibly even 6000 meters of depth.<sup id="cite_ref-Pauly2021_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The highest density of chaetognaths is observed in the <a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">photic zone</a> of shallow waters.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger chaetognath species tend to live deeper in water, but spend their juvenile stages higher in the water column.<sup id="cite_ref-Ball2006_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arrow worms however engage in <a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">diel vertical migration</a>, spending the day at lower depths to avoid predators, and coming close to the surface at night. Their position in the water column can depend on light, temperature, salinity, age and food supply. They cannot swim against <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic current">oceanic currents</a>, and they are used as a hydrological indicator of currents and water masses.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All chaetognaths are <a href="/wiki/Ambush_predators" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambush predators">ambush predators</a>, preying on other planktonic animals, mostly copepods and <a href="/wiki/Cladocera" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladocera">cladocerans</a><sup id="cite_ref-IZ_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also amphipods, krill and fish larvae.<sup id="cite_ref-Choo2022_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choo2022-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adults can feed on younger individuals of the same species.<sup id="cite_ref-Sullivan1980_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan1980-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species are also reported to be omnivores, feeding on algae and detritus.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaetognaths are known to use the <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">neurotoxin</a> <a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">tetrodotoxin</a> to subdue prey,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly synthesized by <i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio" title="Vibrio">Vibrio</a></i> bacterial species.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaetognatha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitochondrial_genome">Mitochondrial genome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaetognatha&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mitochondrial genome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> of the arrow worm <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spadella_cephaloptera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spadella cephaloptera (page does not exist)">Spadella cephaloptera</a></i> has been sequenced in 2004, and at the time it was the smallest metazoan mitochondrial genome known, being 11,905 base pairs long<sup id="cite_ref-Papillon2004_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papillon2004-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (it has now been surpassed by the mitchondrial genome of the <a href="/wiki/Ctenophore" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenophore">ctenophore</a> <i>Mnemiopsis leidyi</i>, which is 10,326 bp long).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All mitochondrial <a href="/wiki/TRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="TRNA">tRNA</a> genes are absent. The <a href="/wiki/MT-ATP8" title="MT-ATP8">MT-ATP8</a> and <a href="/wiki/MT-ATP6" title="MT-ATP6">MT-ATP6</a> genes are also missing.<sup id="cite_ref-Papillon2004_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papillon2004-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraspadella_gotoi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paraspadella gotoi (page does not exist)">Paraspadella gotoi</a></i>, also sequenced in 2004, is even smaller (11,403 bp) and it shows a similar pattern, lacking 21 of the 22 usually present tRNA genes and featuring only 14 of the 37 genes normally present. <sup id="cite_ref-Helfenbein2004_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helfenbein2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chaetognaths show a unique mitochondrial genomic diversity within individual of the same species.<sup id="cite_ref-Marletaz2017_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marletaz2017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaetognatha&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaetognathifera_jaws_comparison_Timorebestia_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Chaetognathifera_jaws_comparison_Timorebestia_2024.jpg/220px-Chaetognathifera_jaws_comparison_Timorebestia_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Chaetognathifera_jaws_comparison_Timorebestia_2024.jpg/330px-Chaetognathifera_jaws_comparison_Timorebestia_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Chaetognathifera_jaws_comparison_Timorebestia_2024.jpg/440px-Chaetognathifera_jaws_comparison_Timorebestia_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6459" data-file-height="2645" /></a><figcaption>Hypothesis of the possible homology between the jaw parts of extant and extinct Chaetognathifera taxa. Putative homologies between jaw parts have the same color. Questionable, and/or, disputable homologies are in grey. Only the anterior part of each organism is represented. Modified from Bekkouche and Gąsiorowski 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-Gynognathifera_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gynognathifera-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="External">External</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaetognatha&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The evolutionary relationships of chaetognaths have long been enigmatic. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> remarked that arrow worms were "remarkable for the obscurity of their affinities".<sup id="cite_ref-Ball2006_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball2006-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaetognaths in the past have been traditionally, but erroneously, classed as <a href="/wiki/Deuterostomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterostomes">deuterostomes</a> by <a href="/wiki/Embryologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryologist">embryologists</a> due to deuterostome-like features in the embryo. <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Lynn Margulis</a> and K. V. Schwartz placed chaetognaths in the deuterostomes in their <i>Five Kingdom</i> classification.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, several developmental features are at odds with deuterostomes and are either akin to <a href="/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a> or unique to Chaetognatha.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%; line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Gnathifera_(clade)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathifera (clade)">Gnathifera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomulida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomulida">Gnathostomulida</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Micrognathozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrognathozoa">Micrognathozoa</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Chaetognatha</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Rotifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Seisonida" class="mw-redirect" title="Seisonida">Seisonida</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bdelloidea" title="Bdelloidea">Bdelloidea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Monogononta" title="Monogononta">Monogononta</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Platytrochozoa" title="Platytrochozoa">Platytrochozoa</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Summary of relationships of gnathiferans in recent studies including Chaetognatha within the clade, with disputed relationships represented as polytomies<sup id="cite_ref-marletaz19_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marletaz19-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vinther19_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vinther19-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-frobius17_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frobius17-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-laumer15_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laumer15-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sielaff16_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sielaff16-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%; line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Metazoa </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Nephrozoa" title="Nephrozoa">Nephrozoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Deuterostomia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterostomia">Deuterostomia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Protostomia" class="mw-redirect" title="Protostomia">Protostomia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">Lophotrochozoa</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gnathifera_(clade)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathifera (clade)">Gnathifera</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b>Chaetognatha</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Chaetognaths in the <a href="/wiki/Metazoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Metazoa">metazoan</a> tree of life, when considered the sister group of Gnathifera.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Molecular <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> shows that Chaetognatha are, in fact, <a href="/wiki/Protostomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Protostomes">protostomes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavalier-Smith" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith">Thomas Cavalier-Smith</a> places them in the protostomes in his <i>Six Kingdom</i> classification.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The similarities between chaetognaths and nematodes mentioned above may support the protostome thesis—in fact, chaetognaths are sometimes regarded as a basal <a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">ecdysozoan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">lophotrochozoan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaetognatha appears close to the base of the protostome tree in most studies of their molecular phylogeny.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may explain their deuterostome embryonic characters. If chaetognaths branched off from the protostomes before they evolved their distinctive protostome embryonic characters, they might have retained deuterostome characters inherited from early <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">bilaterian</a> ancestors. Thus chaetognaths may be a useful model for the ancestral bilaterian.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies of arrow worms' nervous systems suggests they should be placed within the protostomes.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to 2017 and 2019 papers, chaetognaths either belong to<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or are the sister group of <a href="/wiki/Gnathifera_(clade)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathifera (clade)">Gnathifera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal">Internal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaetognatha&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Internal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is a consensus evolutionary tree of Chaetognatha, based on both morphological and molecular data, as of 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez2021_3-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade" style="line-height:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Chaetognatha </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Heterokrohniidae" title="Heterokrohniidae">Heterokrohniidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Eukrohniidae" title="Eukrohniidae">Eukrohniidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Spadellidae" title="Spadellidae">Spadellidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Krohnittidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Krohnittidae">Krohnittidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Sagittidae" title="Sagittidae">Sagittidae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fossil_record">Fossil record</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaetognatha&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fossil record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to their soft bodies, chaetognaths fossilize poorly. Even so, several fossil chaetognath species have been described.<sup id="cite_ref-Vannier2007_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vannier2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chaetognaths first appear during the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> Period. Complete body fossils have been formally described from the Lower <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Maotianshan_shales" class="mw-redirect" title="Maotianshan shales">Maotianshan shales</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yunnan,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan, China">Yunnan, China</a> (<i>Eognathacantha ercainella</i> Chen & Huang<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Protosagitta spinosa</i> Hu<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and the Middle Cambrian <a href="/wiki/Burgess_Shale" title="Burgess Shale">Burgess Shale</a> of British Columbia (<i><a href="/wiki/Capinatator_praetermissus" class="mw-redirect" title="Capinatator praetermissus">Capinatator praetermissus</a></i>.) A Cambrian <a href="/wiki/Stem-group" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem-group">stem-group</a> chaetognath, <i><a href="/wiki/Timorebestia" title="Timorebestia">Timorebestia</a></i>, first described in 2024, was much larger than modern species, showing that chaetognaths occupied different roles in marine ecosystems compared to today.<sup id="cite_ref-Park2024_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Park2024-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more recent chaetognath, <i>Paucijaculum samamithion</i> Schram, has been described from the <a href="/wiki/Mazon_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazon Creek">Mazon Creek</a> biota from the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian</a> of Illinois. </p><p><br /> Chaetognaths were thought possibly to be related to some of the animals grouped with the <a href="/wiki/Conodont" title="Conodont">conodonts</a>. The conodonts themselves, however, have been shown to be dental elements of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a>. It is now thought that <a href="/wiki/Protoconodont" title="Protoconodont">protoconodont</a> elements (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Protohertzina" title="Protohertzina">Protohertzina</a> anabarica</i> Missarzhevsky, 1973), are probably grasping spines of chaetognaths rather than teeth of conodonts. Previously chaetognaths in the Early Cambrian were only suspected from these protoconodont elements, but the more recent discoveries of body fossils have confirmed their presence then.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence that chaetognaths were important components of the oceanic <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food web</a> already in the Early Cambrian.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaetognatha&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first known description of a chaetognath has been published by Dutch naturalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinus_Slabber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martinus Slabber (page does not exist)">Martinus Slabber</a> in the 1770s; he also coined the name "arrow worm".<sup id="cite_ref-Slabber1778_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slabber1778-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pauly2021_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The zoologist <a href="/wiki/Henri_Marie_Ducrotay_de_Blainville" title="Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville">Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville</a> also briefly mentioned probable chaetognaths but he understood them as pelagic mollusks. The first description of a currently accepted species of chaetognath, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagitta_bipunctata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sagitta bipunctata (page does not exist)">Sagitta bipunctata</a></i>, is from 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-Quoy1827_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quoy1827-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pauly2021_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the early zoologists describing arrow worms, there is <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, who took notes about them during the <a href="/wiki/Second_voyage_of_HMS_Beagle" title="Second voyage of HMS Beagle">voyage of the <i>Beagle</i></a> and in 1844 dedicated a paper to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Darwin1844_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darwin1844-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following year, <a href="/wiki/August_David_Krohn" title="August David Krohn">August David Krohn</a> published an early anatomical description of <i>Sagitta bipunctata</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Krohn1845_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krohn1845-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Choo2022_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choo2022-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "chaetognath" has been coined in 1856 by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Leuckart" title="Rudolf Leuckart">Rudolf Leuckart</a>. He was also the first to propose that the genus <i>Sagitta</i> belonged to a separate group: «At the moment, it seems most natural to regard the Sagittas as representatives of a small group of their own that makes the transition from the real annelids (first of all the lumbricines) to the nematodes, and may not be unsuitably named Chaetognathi.»<sup id="cite_ref-Leuckart1856_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leuckart1856-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pauly2021_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern <a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">systematics</a> of Chaetognatha begins in 1911 with Ritter-Záhony<sup id="cite_ref-Ritter-Zahony1911_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritter-Zahony1911-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Choo2022_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choo2022-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is later consolidated by <a href="/wiki/Takasi_Tokioka" title="Takasi Tokioka">Takasi Tokioka</a> in 1965<sup id="cite_ref-Tokioka1965_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tokioka1965-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pauly2021_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauly2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Choo2022_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choo2022-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Robert Bieri in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-Bieri1991_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bieri1991-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tokioka introduced the orders <a href="/wiki/Phragmophora" title="Phragmophora">Phragmophora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aphragmophora" title="Aphragmophora">Aphragmophora</a>, and classified four families, six genera, for a total of 58 species – plus the extinct <i><a href="/wiki/Amiskwia" title="Amiskwia">Amiskwia</a></i>, classified as a true primitive chaetognath in a separate class, Archisagittoidea.<sup id="cite_ref-Choo2022_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choo2022-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chaetognaths were for a while considered as belonging or affine to the <a href="/wiki/Deuterostomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterostomes">deuterostomes</a>, but suspects of their affinities among <a href="/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a> or other protostomes were already present as early as 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-Papillon2004_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papillon2004-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their affinities with protostomes were clarified in 2004 by sequencing and analysis of <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Papillon2004_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papillon2004-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infection_by_giant_viruses">Infection by giant viruses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaetognatha&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Infection by giant viruses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comparison_of_the_size_of_giant_viruses_to_a_common_virus_(HIV)_and_bacteria_(E._coli).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Comparison_of_the_size_of_giant_viruses_to_a_common_virus_%28HIV%29_and_bacteria_%28E._coli%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Comparison_of_the_size_of_giant_viruses_to_a_common_virus_%28HIV%29_and_bacteria_%28E._coli%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Comparison_of_the_size_of_giant_viruses_to_a_common_virus_%28HIV%29_and_bacteria_%28E._coli%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Comparison_of_the_size_of_giant_viruses_to_a_common_virus_%28HIV%29_and_bacteria_%28E._coli%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Comparison_of_the_size_of_giant_viruses_to_a_common_virus_%28HIV%29_and_bacteria_%28E._coli%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Comparison_of_the_size_of_giant_viruses_to_a_common_virus_%28HIV%29_and_bacteria_%28E._coli%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3780" data-file-height="2598" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of size between various viruses and the bacteria <i>E. coli</i> </figcaption></figure> <p>In 2018, reanalysis of electron microscopy photographs from the 1980s allowed scientists to identify a <a href="/wiki/Giant_virus" title="Giant virus">giant virus</a> (<i>Meelsvirus</i>) infecting <i>Adhesisagitta hispida</i>; its site of multiplication is nuclear and the virions (length: 1.25 μm) are enveloped.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, reanalysis of other previous studies has shown that structures that were taken in 1967 for bristles present on the surface of the species <i><a href="/wiki/Spadella" title="Spadella">Spadella</a> cephaloptera</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2003, for bacteria infecting <i><a href="/wiki/Paraspadella" title="Paraspadella">Paraspadella</a> gotoi</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were in fact enveloped and spindle-shaped giant viruses with a cytoplasmic site of multiplication.<sup id="cite_ref-Barthélémy2019_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barthélémy2019-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The viral species infecting <i>P. gotoi</i>, whose maximum length is 3.1 μm, has been named <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klothovirus_casanovai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klothovirus casanovai (page does not exist)">Klothovirus casanovai</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Clotho" title="Clotho">Klotho</a></i> being the Greek name for one of the three Fates whose attribute was a spindle, and <i>casanovai</i>, in tribute to Pr J.-P. Casanova who devoted a large part of his scientific life to the study of chaetognaths). The other species has been named <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megaklothovirus_horridgei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megaklothovirus horridgei (page does not exist)">Megaklothovirus horridgei</a></i> (in tribute to <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Horridge" title="Adrian Horridge">Adrian Horridge</a>, the first author of the 1967 article). On a photograph, one of the viruses <i>M. horridgei</i>, although truncated, is 3.9 μm long, corresponding to about twice the length of the bacteria <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i>. Many <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosomes</a> are present in virions but their origin remains unknown (cellular, viral or only partly viral). To date, giant viruses known to infect <a href="/wiki/Metazoans" class="mw-redirect" title="Metazoans">metazoans</a> are exceptionally rare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaetognatha&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Vannier2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vannier2007_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vannier2007_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVannierSteinerRenvoiséHu2007" class="citation journal cs1">Vannier J, Steiner M, Renvoisé E, Hu SX, Casanova JP (March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2197202">"Early Cambrian origin of modern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>274</b> (1610): <span class="nowrap">627–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2006.3761">10.1098/rspb.2006.3761</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2197202">2197202</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17254986">17254986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Early+Cambrian+origin+of+modern+food+webs%3A+evidence+from+predator+arrow+worms&rft.volume=274&rft.issue=1610&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E627-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2197202%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17254986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2006.3761&rft.aulast=Vannier&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Steiner%2C+M&rft.au=Renvois%C3%A9%2C+E&rft.au=Hu%2C+SX&rft.au=Casanova%2C+JP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2197202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaetognatha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=158655">"Sagittoidea Claus and Grobben, 1905"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sagittoidea+Claus+and+Grobben%2C+1905&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D158655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaetognatha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perez2021-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez2021_3-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerezMüllerHarzsch2021" class="citation book cs1">Perez, Yvan; Müller, Carsten H.G.; Harzsch, Steffen (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bk4vEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231">"Chapter 15: Chaetognatha"</a>. In Schierwater, Bernd; DeSalle, Rob (eds.). <i>Invertebrate Zoology: A Tree of Life Approach</i>. CRC Press. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4822-3582-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4822-3582-1"><bdi>978-1-4822-3582-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+15%3A+Chaetognatha&rft.btitle=Invertebrate+Zoology%3A+A+Tree+of+Life+Approach&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4822-3582-1&rft.aulast=Perez&rft.aufirst=Yvan&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Carsten+H.G.&rft.au=Harzsch%2C+Steffen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBk4vEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaetognatha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bone-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bone_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bone_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bone,_Kapp_&_Pierrot-Bults" class="citation book cs1">Bone Q, Kapp H, Pierrot-Bults AC, eds. (1991). <i>The Biology of Chaetognaths</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-857715-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-857715-7"><bdi>978-0-19-857715-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+Chaetognaths&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-857715-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaetognatha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pauly2021-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pauly2021_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pauly2021_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pauly2021_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pauly2021_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pauly2021_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pauly2021_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pauly2021_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pauly2021_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulyLiangXianChu2021" class="citation journal cs1">Pauly, Daniel; Liang, Cui; Xian, Weiwei; Chu, Elaine; Bailly, Nicolas (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fjmse9121397">"The Sizes, Growth and Reproduction of Arrow Worms (Chaetognatha) in Light of the Gill-Oxygen Limitation Theory (GOLT)"</a>. <i>Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</i>. <b>9</b> (12): 1397. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fjmse9121397">10.3390/jmse9121397</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Marine+Science+and+Engineering&rft.atitle=The+Sizes%2C+Growth+and+Reproduction+of+Arrow+Worms+%28Chaetognatha%29+in+Light+of+the+Gill-Oxygen+Limitation+Theory+%28GOLT%29&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1397&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fjmse9121397&rft.aulast=Pauly&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Liang%2C+Cui&rft.au=Xian%2C+Weiwei&rft.au=Chu%2C+Elaine&rft.au=Bailly%2C+Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fjmse9121397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaetognatha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IZ-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IZ_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes,_Robert_D.1982" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Robert D. 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"Ultrastructural study and ontogenesis of the appendages and related musculature of Paraspadella (Chaetognatha)". <i>Tissue & Cell</i>. <b>35</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">339–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0040-8166%2803%2900055-7">10.1016/S0040-8166(03)00055-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14517101">14517101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tissue+%26+Cell&rft.atitle=Ultrastructural+study+and+ontogenesis+of+the+appendages+and+related+musculature+of+Paraspadella+%28Chaetognatha%29&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E339-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0040-8166%2803%2900055-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14517101&rft.aulast=Casanova&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Duvert%2C+M&rft.au=Goto%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChaetognatha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barthélémy2019-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barthélémy2019_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roxane-Marie Barthélémy, Eric Faure, Taichiro Goto: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Serendipitous-Discovery-in-a-Marine-Invertebrate-of-Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my-Faure/84c0a5481ea8fab48329ac6d28e81a091c59164a"><i>Serendipitous Discovery in a Marine Invertebrate (Phylum Chaetognatha) of the Longest Giant Viruses Reported till Date</i>.</a> In: <i>Biology</i>, 2019, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hilarispublisher.com/abstract/serendipitous-discovery-in-a-marine-invertebrate-phylum-chaetognatha-of-the-longest-giant-viruses-reported-to-date-24968.html">Abstract</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaetognatha&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chaetognatha" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720014039/http://www.tafi.org.au/zooplankton/imagekey/chaetognatha/images/sagitta_anatomy_full.jpg">Image of <i>Pseudosagitta gazellae</i> with a krill in its gut from the Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311002237/http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/bis/chaetognatha.php?menuentry=zoeken&id=&selected=wetenschap">Chaetognatha of the World</a> – last retrieved December 13, 2006</li> <li>Eric Fauré, Roxane-Marie Barthélémy: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Specific-mitochondrial-ss-tRNAs-in-phylum-Faur%C3%A9-Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my/72f9c512738c88fd2b97fec882468743849c958e">Specific mitochondrial ss-tRNAs in phylum Chaetognatha</a>. In: Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 7(3), April 2019, pp. 304–315. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02130653/document">hal-02130653</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plankton" title="Template:Plankton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plankton" title="Template talk:Plankton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plankton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plankton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plankton118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">Plankton</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLAW_hypothesis" title="CLAW hypothesis">CLAW hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:High_lipid_content_microalgae" title="Category:High lipid content microalgae">High lipid content microalgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holoplankton" title="Holoplankton">Holoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_microorganisms" title="Marine microorganisms">Marine microorganisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroplankton" title="Meroplankton">Meroplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplankton" title="Mycoplankton">Mycoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milky_seas_effect" title="Milky seas effect">Milky seas effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planktivore" title="Planktivore">Planktivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planktology" title="Planktology">Planktology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Red tide">Red tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_bloom" title="Spring bloom">Spring bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_layers_(oceanography)" title="Thin layers (oceanography)">Thin layers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Planktology" title="Category:Planktology">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/140px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/210px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/280px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eukaryotic_picoplankton_species" title="List of eukaryotic picoplankton species">Eukaryotic picoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotrophic_picoplankton" title="Heterotrophic picoplankton">Heterotrophic picoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_microplankton" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine microplankton">Marine microplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microalgae" title="Microalgae">Microphyte (microalgae)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanophytoplankton" title="Nanophytoplankton">Nanophytoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthetic_picoplankton" title="Photosynthetic picoplankton">Photosynthetic picoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picobiliphyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Picobiliphyte">Picobiliphyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picoeukaryote" title="Picoeukaryote">Picoeukaryote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picoplankton" title="Picoplankton">Picoplankton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacterioplankton" title="Bacterioplankton">Bacterioplankton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeromonas_salmonicida" title="Aeromonas salmonicida">Aeromonas salmonicida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanobiont" title="Cyanobiont">Cyanobiont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanotoxin" title="Cyanotoxin">Cyanotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteric_redmouth_disease" title="Enteric redmouth disease">Enteric redmouth disease</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flavobacterium" title="Flavobacterium">Flavobacterium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flavobacterium_columnare" title="Flavobacterium columnare">Flavobacterium columnare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelagibacter_ubique" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagibacter ubique">Pelagibacter ubique</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_bacteriophage" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine bacteriophage">Marine bacteriophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagibacterales" title="Pelagibacterales">SAR11 clade</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_iniae" title="Streptococcus iniae">Streptococcus iniae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxospore" title="Auxospore">Auxospore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axodine" title="Axodine">Axodine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bacteriastrum" title="Bacteriastrum">Bacteriastrum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chaetoceros" title="Chaetoceros">Chaetoceros</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaetocerotaceae" title="Chaetocerotaceae">Chaetocerotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccolithophore" title="Coccolithophore">Coccolithophore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emiliania_huxleyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Emiliania huxleyi">Emiliania huxleyi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustigmatophyte" title="Eustigmatophyte">Eustigmatophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustule" title="Frustule">Frustule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stramenopile" title="Stramenopile">Stramenopile</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nannochloropsis" title="Nannochloropsis">Nannochloropsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navicula" title="Navicula">Navicula</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasinophyceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Prasinophyceae">Prasinophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphidophyte" title="Raphidophyte">Raphidophyte</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thalassiosira_pseudonana" title="Thalassiosira pseudonana">Thalassiosira pseudonana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">Diatom orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coscinodiscophyceae" title="Coscinodiscophyceae">Centrales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennales" title="Pennales">Pennales</a> <ul><li>Classes: <a href="/wiki/Coscinodiscophyceae" title="Coscinodiscophyceae">Coscinodiscophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragilariophyceae" title="Fragilariophyceae">Fragilariophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">Bacillariophyceae</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flagellate" title="Flagellate">Flagellates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brevetoxin" title="Brevetoxin">Brevetoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellate" title="Choanoflagellate">Choanoflagellates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">Dinoflagellates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">Flagellum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pfiesteria_piscicida" title="Pfiesteria piscicida">Pfiesteria piscicida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Symbiodinium" title="Symbiodinium">Symbiodinium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_(fish_disease)" title="Velvet (fish disease)">Velvet (fish disease)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">Zooplankton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chaetognatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciguatera">Ciguatera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatinous_zooplankton" title="Gelatinous zooplankton">Gelatinous zooplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyoplankton" title="Ichthyoplankton">Ichthyoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">Jellyfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_larval_ecology" title="Marine larval ecology">Marine larvae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crustacean_larva" title="Crustacean larva">Crustacean larvae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_louse" title="Salmon louse">Salmon louse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_louse" title="Sea louse">Sea louse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">Copepod orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calanoida" title="Calanoida">Calanoida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canuelloida" class="mw-redirect" title="Canuelloida">Canuelloida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopoida" title="Cyclopoida">Cyclopoida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelyelloida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelyelloida">Gelyelloida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpacticoida" title="Harpacticoida">Harpacticoida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misophrioida" title="Misophrioida">Misophrioida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monstrilloida" class="mw-redirect" title="Monstrilloida">Monstrilloida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonilloida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormonilloida">Mormonilloida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platycopioida" class="mw-redirect" title="Platycopioida">Platycopioida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siphonostomatoida" title="Siphonostomatoida">Siphonostomatoida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Copepods" title="Category:Copepods">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeroplankton" title="Aeroplankton">Aeroplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algaculture" title="Algaculture">Algaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algal_mat" title="Algal mat">Algal mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algal_nutrient_solution" title="Algal nutrient solution">Algal nutrient solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_seawater" title="Artificial seawater">Artificial seawater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">Autotrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">Biological pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">Diel vertical migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylsulfoniopropionate" title="Dimethylsulfoniopropionate">Dimethylsulfoniopropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-ratio_(oceanography)" title="F-ratio (oceanography)">f-ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">Heterotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-nutrient,_low-chlorophyll_regions" title="High-nutrient, low-chlorophyll regions">HNLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">Macroalgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manta_trawl" title="Manta trawl">Manta trawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_snot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea snot">Marine mucilage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_mat" title="Microbial mat">Microbial mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_microorganisms" title="Marine microorganisms">Marine microorganisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_primary_production" title="Marine primary production">Marine primary production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoplankton" title="Pseudoplankton">Pseudoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromatolite" title="Stromatolite">Stromatolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychoplankton" title="Tychoplankton">Tychoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoid" title="Zoid">Zoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Microbial_Oceanography:_Research_and_Education" title="Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education">C-MORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_Plankton_Recorder" title="Continuous Plankton Recorder">CPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Continuous_Plankton_Recorder_Survey" title="Australian Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey">AusCPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOCNESS" title="MOCNESS">MOCNESS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCAR_Southern_Ocean_Continuous_Plankton_Recorder_Survey" title="SCAR Southern Ocean Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey">SCAR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_animal_phyla1040" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);background:rgb(211,211,164)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animalia" title="Template talk:Animalia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animalia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animalia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_animal_phyla1040" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210)"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">Domain</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaea_classification" title="Template:Archaea classification">Archaea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Bacteria_classification" title="Template:Bacteria classification">Bacteria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">(major groups</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Excavata" title="Template:Excavata">Excavata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacrobia" title="Template:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptista" title="Template:Cryptista">Cryptista</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plants</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesomycetozoea" title="Template:Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Animalia436" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:rgb(245,245,232);width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge"><b>Porifera (sponges)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora (comb jellies)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/ParaHoxozoa" title="ParaHoxozoa">ParaHoxozoa</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Planulozoa" title="Planulozoa">Planulozoa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa (<i>Trichoplax</i> and relatives)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria"><b>Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> (Triploblasts)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(see below↓)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(245,245,232)"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">The <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogeny</a> of the animal root <a href="/wiki/Animal#Internal_phylogeny" title="Animal">is disputed</a>; see also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Benthozoa" title="Benthozoa">Benthozoa</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210)"><div id="Bilateria1040" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bilateria485" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:rgb(245,245,232);width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -24px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata (chordates)</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Ambulacraria" title="Ambulacraria">Ambulacraria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm"><b>Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Protostomia240" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -35px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">Protostomia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -30px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Scalidophora16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Scalidophora" title="Scalidophora">Scalidophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida (penis worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">N+L+P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nematoida13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Nematoida" title="Nematoida">Nematoida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode"><b>Nematoda (roundworms)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="L+P3" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">L+P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera (corset animals)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">Panarthropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora (velvet worms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod"><b>Arthropoda (arthropods)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade"><b>Tardigrada (waterbears)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -20px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gnathifera36" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Gnathifera_(Spiralia)" title="Gnathifera (Spiralia)">Gnathifera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chaetognatha (arrow worms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomulid" title="Gnathostomulid">Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">M+S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limnognathia" title="Limnognathia">Micrognathozoa <i>(Limnognathia)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndermata" title="Syndermata">Syndermata</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rotifer" title="Rotifer">Rotifera (wheel animals)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -41px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Platytrochozoa" title="Platytrochozoa">Platytrochozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="R+M3" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">R+M</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Rouphozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouphozoa">Rouphozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm"><b>Platyhelminthes (flatworms)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrotrich" title="Gastrotrich">Gastrotricha (hairybacks)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoa" title="Mesozoa">Mesozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida or Rhombozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinella" title="Salinella">Monoblastozoa (<i>Salinella</i>)</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -44px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">Lophotrochozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbion" title="Symbion">Cycliophora (<i>Symbion</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid"><b>Annelida (segmented worms)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">M+K</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca"><b>Mollusca (molluscs)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Kryptotrochozoa" title="Kryptotrochozoa">Kryptotrochozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea"><b>Nemertea (ribbon worms)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Lophophorata" title="Lophophorata">Lophophorata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa s.l.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta or Kamptozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa"><b>Ectoprocta (moss animals)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Brachiozoa" title="Brachiozoa">Brachiozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">Brachiopoda (lamp shells)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronida (horseshoe worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(245,245,232)"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">The <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogeny</a> of Bilateria <a href="/wiki/Bilateria#Phylogeny" title="Bilateria">is disputed</a>; see also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nephrozoa" title="Nephrozoa">Nephrozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">Deuterostomia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xenambulacraria" title="Xenambulacraria">Xenambulacraria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Centroneuralia" title="Centroneuralia">Centroneuralia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Major_groupswithin_phyla29" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #f0f0f0;">Major groups<br />within phyla</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponges</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demosponge" title="Demosponge">Demosponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexactinellid" title="Hexactinellid">Glass sponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_sponge" title="Calcareous sponge">Calcareous sponges</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidarians</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthozoa" title="Anthozoa">Anthozoans inc. corals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medusozoa" title="Medusozoa">Medusozoans inc. jellyfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxozoa" title="Myxozoa">Myxozoans</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordates</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalochordate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordate">Lancelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">Tunicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrates</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crinozoa" title="Crinozoa">Sea lilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterozoa" title="Asterozoa">Asterozoans inc. starfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinozoa" title="Echinozoa">Echinozoans inc. sea urchins</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordates</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn_worm" title="Acorn worm">Acorn worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterobranchia" title="Pterobranchia">Pterobranchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematodes</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromadorea" title="Chromadorea">Chromadorea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoplea" title="Enoplea">Enoplea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secernentea" title="Secernentea">Secernentea</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropods</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerates inc. arachnids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">Myriapods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapods inc. insects</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Platyhelminths</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turbellaria" title="Turbellaria">Turbellaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trematoda" title="Trematoda">Trematoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogenea" title="Monogenea">Monogenea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cestoda" title="Cestoda">Cestoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Ectoproctans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylactolaemata" title="Phylactolaemata">Phylactolaemata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenolaemata" title="Stenolaemata">Stenolaemata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnolaemata" title="Gymnolaemata">Gymnolaemata</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelids</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polychaete" title="Polychaete">Polychaetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitellata" title="Clitellata">Clitellata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipuncula" title="Sipuncula">Sipuncula</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Molluscs</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chitons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusk_shell" title="Tusk shell">Tusk shells</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210)"><div> <dl><dd>Phyla with ≥1000 extant species <b>bolded</b></dd> <dd>Potentially <a href="/wiki/Dubious_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubious species">dubious phyla</a> †</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain41" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life_on_Earth" title="Template talk:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain41" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> phyla/divisions by domain</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bacteria12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquificota" title="Aquificota">Aquificota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armatimonadota" title="Armatimonadota">Armatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atribacterota" title="Atribacterota">Atribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteroidota" title="Bacteroidota">Bacteroidota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balneolota" class="mw-redirect" title="Balneolota">Balneolota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bdellovibrionota" title="Bdellovibrionota">Bdellovibrionota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldisericota" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldisericota">Caldisericota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calditrichota" class="mw-redirect" title="Calditrichota">Calditrichota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">Campylobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota">Chlamydiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_sulfur_bacteria" title="Green sulfur bacteria">Chlorobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroflexota" title="Chloroflexota">Chloroflexota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysiogenota" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysiogenota">Chrysiogenota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprothermobacterota" title="Coprothermobacterota">Coprothermobacterota</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferribacteraceae" title="Deferribacteraceae">Deferribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinococcota" title="Deinococcota">Deinococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictyoglomus_thermophilum" title="Dictyoglomus thermophilum">Dictyoglomota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elusimicrobiota" title="Elusimicrobiota">Elusimicrobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrobacterota" title="Fibrobacterota">Fibrobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusobacteriota" title="Fusobacteriota">Fusobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemmatimonadota" title="Gemmatimonadota">Gemmatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignavibacteriota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignavibacteriota">Ignavibacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiritimatiellota" title="Kiritimatiellota">Kiritimatiellota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentisphaerota" title="Lentisphaerota">Lentisphaerota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasmatota" title="Mycoplasmatota">Mycoplasmatota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxococcota" title="Myxococcota">Myxococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospinota" title="Nitrospinota">Nitrospinota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospirota" title="Nitrospirota">Nitrospirota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planctomycetota" title="Planctomycetota">Planctomycetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodothermota" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodothermota">Rhodothermota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirochaetota" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetota">Spirochaetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergistota" title="Synergistota">Synergistota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodesulfobacteriota" title="Thermodesulfobacteriota">Thermodesulfobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermomicrobiota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermomicrobiota">Thermomicrobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermotogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermotogota">Thermotogota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrucomicrobiota" title="Verrucomicrobiota">Verrucomicrobiota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaea11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Euryarchaeota" class="mw-redirect" title="Euryarchaeota">Euryarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanoarchaeota</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrososphaerota" title="Nitrososphaerota">Nitrososphaerota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeal_Richmond_Mine_acidophilic_nanoorganisms" title="Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms">Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protist</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancyromonadida" title="Ancyromonadida">Ancyromonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apusomonadida" class="mw-redirect" title="Apusomonadida">Apusomonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breviatea" title="Breviatea">Breviatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRuMs" title="CRuMs">CRuMs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptista" title="Cryptista">Cryptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoba">Discoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakobea" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakobea">Jakobea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptista" title="Haptista">Haptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawimonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawimonada">Malawimonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telonemia" title="Telonemia">Telonemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastocladiomycota" title="Blastocladiomycota">Blastocladiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocallimastigomycota" title="Neocallimastigomycota">Neocallimastigomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomeromycota" title="Glomeromycota">Glomeromycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthocerotophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthocerotophyta">Anthocerotophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiophyta">Lycopodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteridophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridophyta">Pteridophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycadophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadophyta">Cycadophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginkgophyta">Ginkgophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">Pinophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Flowering plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderm</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chaetognatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade">Tardigrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Flatworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrotricha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrotricha">Gastrotricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomulida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomulida">Gnathostomulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrognathozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrognathozoa">Micrognathozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycliophora">Cycliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">Nemertea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachiopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiopoda">Brachiopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon" title="Parakaryon">Parakaryon</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers5066" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers5066" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Chaetognatha</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192416" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q192416">Q192416</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Chaetognatha/">Chaetognatha</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=13">13</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1740">1740</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/55">55</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/151827">151827</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=237">237</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=158650">158650</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=10229">10229</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/761628c0-9718-4c8f-8f2f-9579a21b9969">761628c0-9718-4c8f-8f2f-9579a21b9969</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=570366">570366</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=30727">30727</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Taxonomicon: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonName.aspx?id=40615">40615</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=2081">2081</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Sagittoidea</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2356636" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q2356636">Q2356636</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sagittoidea" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Sagittoidea">Sagittoidea</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id401558">401558</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=42">42</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/62276">62276</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/2773637">2773637</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/7920181">7920181</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/246116">246116</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1244">1244</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=158655">158655</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1421718">1421718</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/9eb65278-2a1b-4799-a387-3d166a2b2c31">9eb65278-2a1b-4799-a387-3d166a2b2c31</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=5257446">5257446</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=5949">5949</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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