CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>College and university rankings - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"56bf2218-9012-45d8-a4c1-f29f6eabccbb","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"College_and_university_rankings","wgTitle":"College and university rankings","wgCurRevisionId":1256828343,"wgRevisionId":1256828343,"wgArticleId":448834,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","CS1 maint: archived copy as title","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2017","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from March 2019","All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from June 2017","Articles lacking reliable references from July 2021","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008","Articles containing French-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021","Articles with excerpts","Articles containing Portuguese-language text","Free-content attribution","Free content from UNESCO","University and college rankings"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"College_and_university_rankings","wgRelevantArticleId":448834,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q847843","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth", "ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="College and university rankings - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-College_and_university_rankings rootpage-College_and_university_rankings skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=College+and+university+rankings" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=College+and+university+rankings" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=College+and+university+rankings" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=College+and+university+rankings" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Global_rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Global rankings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Global_rankings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Global rankings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Global_rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_international_rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_international_rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Major international rankings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_international_rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-QS_World_University_Rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#QS_World_University_Rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 QS World University Rankings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-QS_World_University_Rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Times Higher Education World University Rankings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Academic Ranking of World Universities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_global_rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_global_rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Other global rankings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_global_rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aggregate_Ranking_of_Top_Universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aggregate_Ranking_of_Top_Universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aggregate_Ranking_of_Top_Universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Academic Influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Center_for_World_University_Rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Center_for_World_University_Rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Center for World University Rankings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Center_for_World_University_Rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leiden_Ranking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leiden_Ranking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.4 Leiden Ranking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leiden_Ranking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_Ranking_of_Scientific_Papers_for_World_Universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_Ranking_of_Scientific_Papers_for_World_Universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.5 Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_Ranking_of_Scientific_Papers_for_World_Universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reuters_World's_Top_100_Innovative_Universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reuters_World's_Top_100_Innovative_Universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.6 Reuters World's Top 100 Innovative Universities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reuters_World's_Top_100_Innovative_Universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Round_University_Ranking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Round_University_Ranking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.7 Round University Ranking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Round_University_Ranking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SCImago_Institutions_Rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SCImago_Institutions_Rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.8 SCImago Institutions Rankings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SCImago_Institutions_Rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U-Multirank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U-Multirank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.9 U-Multirank </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U-Multirank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_Ranking_by_Academic_Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_Ranking_by_Academic_Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.10 University Ranking by Academic Performance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_Ranking_by_Academic_Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._News_&_World_Report_Best_Global_Universities_Rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._News_&_World_Report_Best_Global_Universities_Rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.11 U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Rankings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._News_&_World_Report_Best_Global_Universities_Rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Webometrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Webometrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.12 Webometrics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Webometrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Three_University_Missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Three_University_Missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.13 The Three University Missions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Three_University_Missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Specific rankings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eduniversal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eduniversal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Eduniversal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eduniversal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_Resources_&_Labor_Review" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_Resources_&_Labor_Review"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Human Resources & Labor Review </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_Resources_&_Labor_Review-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature_Index" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_Index"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 Nature Index </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_Index-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_Ranking_of_World_Universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_Ranking_of_World_Universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.4 Professional Ranking of World Universities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_Ranking_of_World_Universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defunct_rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defunct_rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Defunct rankings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defunct_rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-G-factor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#G-factor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 G-factor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-G-factor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_University_Ranking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_University_Ranking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Global University Ranking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_University_Ranking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_Impact_Universities:_Research_Performance_Index" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Impact_Universities:_Research_Performance_Index"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3 High Impact Universities: Research Performance Index </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Impact_Universities:_Research_Performance_Index-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newsweek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newsweek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.4 Newsweek </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newsweek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_and_national_rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_and_national_rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Regional and national rankings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_and_national_rankings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Regional and national rankings subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_and_national_rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.6 South Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Austria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Bulgaria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Denmark </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.6 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.7 Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.8 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Macedonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Macedonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.9 North Macedonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Macedonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.10 Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.11 Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.12 Romania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.13 Russian Federation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.14 Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.15 Sweden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.16 Switzerland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.17 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.18 Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.19 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Estudio_Comparativo_de_Universidades_Mexicanas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estudio_Comparativo_de_Universidades_Mexicanas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2.1 Estudio Comparativo de Universidades Mexicanas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estudio_Comparativo_de_Universidades_Mexicanas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Oceania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 South America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-QS_University_Rankings:_Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#QS_University_Rankings:_Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 QS University Rankings: Latin America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-QS_University_Rankings:_Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Argentina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.4 Chile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes and references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">College and university rankings</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" > 29 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تصنيف الجامعات والكليات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تصنيف الجامعات والكليات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E2%80%8C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="কলেজ এবং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের র‌্যাঙ্কিং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কলেজ এবং বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের র‌্যাঙ্কিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B0" title="Класация на висши училища – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Класация на висши училища" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A0nquing_d%27universitats" title="Rànquing d'universitats – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rànquing d'universitats" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochschulranking" title="Hochschulranking – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hochschulranking" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5rgkoolide_pingerida" title="Kõrgkoolide pingerida – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõrgkoolide pingerida" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clasificaci%C3%B3n_acad%C3%A9mica_de_universidades" title="Clasificación académica de universidades – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clasificación académica de universidades" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B4_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="رتبه‌بندی دانشگاه‌ها و مؤسسه‌های آموزش عالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رتبه‌بندی دانشگاه‌ها و مؤسسه‌های آموزش عالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classement_international_des_universit%C3%A9s" title="Classement international des universités – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Classement international des universités" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99_%EC%88%9C%EC%9C%84" title="대학 순위 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대학 순위" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peringkat_perguruan_tinggi_dan_universitas" title="Peringkat perguruan tinggi dan universitas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peringkat perguruan tinggi dan universitas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%95%D7%94%D7%94" title="דירוג מוסדות להשכלה גבוהה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דירוג מוסדות להשכלה גבוהה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Колледжтердин жана университеттердин рейтингтери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Колледжтердин жана университеттердин рейтингтери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitet%C5%B3_reitingas" title="Universitetų reitingas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Universitetų reitingas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C5%91iskol%C3%A1k_%C3%A9s_egyetemek_rangsorai" title="Főiskolák és egyetemek rangsorai – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Főiskolák és egyetemek rangsorai" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemeringkatan_kolej_dan_universiti" title="Pemeringkatan kolej dan universiti – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemeringkatan kolej dan universiti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="世界大学ランキング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="世界大学ランキング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitetsrangering" title="Universitetsrangering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Universitetsrangering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_das_melhores_universidades_do_mundo" title="Lista das melhores universidades do mundo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lista das melhores universidades do mundo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Ранжирование колледжей и университетов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ранжирование колледжей и университетов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings" title="College and university rankings – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="College and university rankings" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranking_(univerzity)" title="Ranking (univerzity) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ranking (univerzity)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yliopistoranking" title="Yliopistoranking – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yliopistoranking" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankningar_av_h%C3%B6gskolor_och_universitet" title="Rankningar av högskolor och universitet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rankningar av högskolor och universitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2" title="การจัดอันดับสถาบันอุดมศึกษา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การจัดอันดับสถาบันอุดมศึกษา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cniversite_s%C4%B1ralamalar%C4%B1" title="Üniversite sıralamaları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Üniversite sıralamaları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Рейтингування закладів вищої освіти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рейтингування закладів вищої освіти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%8E%92%E5%90%8D" title="大学排名 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大学排名" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E6%8E%92%E5%90%8D" title="大學排名 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大學排名" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q847843#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:College_and_university_rankings" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/College_and_university_rankings" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/College_and_university_rankings" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&oldid=1256828343" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=College_and_university_rankings&id=1256828343&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCollege_and_university_rankings">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCollege_and_university_rankings">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=College_and_university_rankings&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q847843" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ranking of higher education institutions</div> College and university rankings order <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> institutions based on various criteria, with factors differing depending on the specific <a href="/wiki/Ranking" title="Ranking">ranking</a> system. These rankings can be conducted at the national or international level, assessing institutions within a single country, within a specific geographical region, or worldwide. Rankings are typically conducted by <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">governments</a>, or academics. In addition to ranking entire institutions, specific programs, departments, and schools can be ranked. Some rankings consider measures of <a href="/wiki/University_endowment" class="mw-redirect" title="University endowment">wealth</a>, excellence in <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a>, selective <a href="/wiki/University_and_college_admission" title="University and college admission">admissions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alumnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumnus">alumni</a> success. Rankings may also consider various combinations of measures of specialization expertise, student options, award numbers, internationalization, graduate employment, industrial linkage, historical reputation and other criteria. However, there is <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_college_and_university_rankings_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of college and university rankings (North America)">significant debate</a> surrounding the interpretation, accuracy, and usefulness of rankings.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The expanding diversity in rating <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodologies</a> and accompanying criticisms of each indicate the lack of consensus in the field. Further, it seems possible to game the ranking systems through excessive self-citations<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> or by researchers supporting each other in surveys. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> has even questioned whether rankings "do more harm than good," noting that while "Rightly or wrongly, they are perceived as a measure of quality and so create intense competition between universities all over the world".<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_rankings">Global rankings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Global rankings">edit</a>]</div> Several organizations produce worldwide university rankings, including the following. The three longest established and most influential global rankings are those produced by <a href="/wiki/Quacquarelli_Symonds" title="Quacquarelli Symonds">Quacquarelli Symonds</a> (QS), <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a> (THE) and Shanghai Ranking Consultancy (the <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a>; ARWU). All of these, along with other global rankings, primarily measure the research performance of universities rather than their teaching.<a href="#cite_note-IHE_2010-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-HEPI-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-IHE_2016-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> They have been criticized for being "largely based on what can be measured rather than what is necessarily relevant and important to the university",<a href="#cite_note-IHE_2016-9">[9]</a> and the validity of the data available globally has been questioned.<a href="#cite_note-HEPI-6">[6]</a> As of 2021, across the three most popular global rankings, "the majority of the top-ten globally ranked institutions are located in <a href="/wiki/Southern_England" title="Southern England">southern England</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, the tri-state area (<a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>), and nearby <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Stack-11">[11]</a> While some rankings attempt to measure teaching using metrics such as staff to student ratio, the Higher Education Policy Institute has pointed out that the metrics used are more closely related to research than teaching quality, e.g. "Staff to student ratios are an almost direct measure of research activity", and "The proportion of PhD students is also to a large extent an indication of research activity".<a href="#cite_note-HEPI-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Inside_Higher_Ed" title="Inside Higher Ed">Inside Higher Ed</a> similarly states "these criteria do not actually measure teaching, and none even come close to assessing the quality of impact".<a href="#cite_note-IHE_2010-5">[5]</a> Many rankings are also considered to contain biases towards the natural sciences and, due to the bibliometric sources used, towards publication in English-language journals.<a href="#cite_note-IHE_2016-9">[9]</a> Some rankings, including ARWU, also fail to make any correction for the sizes of institutions, so a large institution is ranked considerably higher than a small institution with the same quality of research.<a href="#cite_note-HEPI-6">[6]</a> Other compilers, such as Scimago and <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_and_World_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. News and World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>, use a mix of size-dependent and size-independent metrics.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Some compilers, notably QS, THE, and U.S. News, use reputational surveys. The validity of these has been criticized: "Most experts are highly critical of the reliability of simply asking a rather unrandom group of educators and others involved with the academic enterprise for their opinions";<a href="#cite_note-IHE_2010-5">[5]</a> "methodologically [international surveys of reputation] are flawed, effectively they only measure research performance and they skew the results in favor of a small number of institutions."<a href="#cite_note-HEPI-6">[6]</a> However, despite the criticism, much attention is paid to global rankings, particularly ARWU, QS, and THE. Some countries, including Denmark and the Netherlands, use university rankings as part of points-based immigration programs, while others, such as Russia, automatically recognize degrees from higher-ranked universities. India's <a href="/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(India)" title="University Grants Commission (India)">University Grants Commission</a> requires foreign partners of Indian universities to be ranked in the top 500 of the THE or ARWU ranking, while Brazil's Science Without Borders program selected international partner institutions using the THE and QS rankings.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_international_rankings">Major international rankings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Major international rankings">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="QS_World_University_Rankings">QS World University Rankings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: QS World University Rankings">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a></div> The QS World University Rankings are a ranking of the world's top universities produced by <a href="/wiki/Quacquarelli_Symonds" title="Quacquarelli Symonds">Quacquarelli Symonds</a> published annually since 2004. In 2024, they ranked 1500 universities, with the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> taking the top 5 spots.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The QS rankings should not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a>. From 2004 to 2009 the QS rankings were published in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a> and were known as the <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education-QS_World_University_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings">Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings</a>. In 2010 QS assumed sole publication of rankings produced with this methodology when Times Higher Education split from QS in order to create a new rankings methodology in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters" title="Thomson Reuters">Thomson Reuters</a>. The QS rankings were previously published in the United States by U.S. News & World Report as the "World's Best Universities".<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> However, in 2014, U.S. News & World Report launched their own international university ranking titled "Best Global Universities". The inaugural ranking was published in October 2014. In 2023, for the 20th edition of the QS World University Rankings,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> released on 28 June 2023, QS following an 18 months long consultation involving representatives of the global higher education sector, students and the QS Rankings Global Advisory Board (established in 2010),<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> introduced its largest-ever methodological enhancement,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> introducing three new metrics: Sustainability,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Employment Outcomes<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and International Research Network,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> each worth 5% of a university's possible score. The results draw on the analysis of 17.5m academic papers (bibliometric data provided by data from <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>) which informs the "Citation per Faculty"<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> indicator and represent 20 percent of the overall score. The results also draw on the expert opinions of over 144,000 academic faculty and over 98,000 international employers. These two indicators are worth 30 percent and 15 percent of a university's possible score respectively. The QS rankings also incorporate faculty/student ratios<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> (10 percent of the overall score) and international staff and student numbers (5 percent each of the overall score). The detailed methodology is available online. QS Asian University Rankings The QS World University Rankings expanded its portfolio in 2009 to incorporate the Asian University Rankings.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> This expansion was executed in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo" title="The Chosun Ilbo">The Chosun Ilbo</a> newspaper, based in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>. By 2023, the rankings had grown to feature 760 universities. The eligibility criteria for these rankings were anchored in the United Nations M49 Standard. These criteria update led to the inclusion of five Central Asian nations - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan - as well as Iran. For the first time in eight years, a Singaporean institution did not take the regional top spot, nor did Singapore occupy two of the top three positions. The city-state's hegemony at the top of the table was interrupted by the rise of China's premier institutions, particularly <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a>, the new regional leader, breaking the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a>’s four-year run as Asia's number one university. NUS fell to second place while China's <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a> came third. <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University" title="Nanyang Technological University">Nanyang Technological University</a> dropped to fifth place. China (Mainland) was the region's most represented location, with 128 listed universities, followed by India with 118 and Japan with 106.  Although the Asian University Rankings share some core metrics with the QS World University Rankings, there are variations in the weightings. Additionally, the methodology for the Asian rankings integrates region-specific indicators. Notably, these include metrics such as the percentage of staff with PhDs and data on inbound and outbound exchange students. QS Latin American & Caribbean University Rankings The QS Latin American University & The Caribbean Rankings<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> were published for the first time in 2011. The methodology<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> was developed in consultation with experts from the region. Evaluating the region's institutions based on academic and employer recognition, research output, resources and internationalisation, the 2024 edition of the rankings lists 430 institutions across 25 locations. <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade de São Paulo">Universidade de São Paulo</a> tops the table, usurping <a href="/wiki/Pontificia_Universidad_Cat%C3%B3lica_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile">Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile</a> which comes second while Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Estadual_de_Campinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade Estadual de Campinas">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</a> places third. Brazil is the most represented nation with 97 listed universities, followed by Mexico with 63 and Colombia with 61.  QS Arab Region Universities Rankings The first-ever QS Arab Region University Rankings<a href="#cite_note-:0-29">[29]</a> is released in 2014. Evaluating institutions based on global recognition, research prowess, teaching resources and internationalisation (methodology<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>), the 2024 edition of the ranking is the largest ever, showcasing 223 institutions from 18 member countries of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>. <a href="/wiki/King_Fahd_University_of_Petroleum_%26_Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals">King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals</a> topped the table, climbing from third place in the previous edition. <a href="/wiki/King_Saud_University" title="King Saud University">King Saud University</a> came second while <a href="/wiki/Qatar_University" title="Qatar University">Qatar University</a> placed third. The previous year's leader, <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_University" title="King Abdulaziz University">King Abdulaziz University</a> (KAU), dropped to fifth, after spending four consecutive years in the top spot. Egypt was the most represented higher education system, with 36 featured universities, followed by Saudi Arabia with 34 and Iraq with 24.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The top ten universities in the Arab world represent a diverse array of institutions spanning various countries. Among them are <a href="/wiki/Qatar_University" title="Qatar University">Qatar University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha, Qatar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/King_Saud_University" title="King Saud University">King Saud University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Qaboos_University" title="Sultan Qaboos University">Sultan Qaboos University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat, Oman</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut" title="American University of Beirut">American University of Beirut</a> (AUB) in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut, Lebanon</a> are prominent fixtures in the region's educational landscape. <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Sharjah" title="American University of Sharjah">American University of Sharjah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sharjah" title="Sharjah">Sharjah, United Arab Emirates</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jordan" title="University of Jordan">University of Jordan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman, Jordan</a>, are esteemed for their contributions to higher education and research in the Arab world. <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_University" title="United Arab Emirates University">United Arab Emirates University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al_Ain" title="Al Ain">Al Ain, United Arab Emirates</a>, and King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals in <a href="/wiki/Dhahran" title="Dhahran">Dhahran, Saudi Arabia</a>, are also notable for their rigorous academic programs. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_University" title="Khalifa University">Khalifa University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates</a>, and King Abdulaziz University (KAU) in <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah, Saudi Arabia</a>, are recognized for their commitment to innovation and knowledge dissemination.<a href="#cite_note-:0-29">[29]</a> Various methods of ranking universities, including QS University Rankings, <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a>, underwent analysis.<a href="#cite_note-:Altakhaineh-31">[31]</a> Arab scholars recommended creating two new methodologies for World University Ranking and Arab University Ranking. They raised concerns by accusing biases<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> against universities in the Arab region universities within existing rankings, and underscored the importance of recalibrating indicator weighting due to disregarded institutional disparities.<a href="#cite_note-:Altakhaineh-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> QS Ranking by Subject The QS World University Rankings by Subject<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> was first published in 2011, featuring 26 disciplines. The latest edition showcases over 1,500 universities and specialist higher education institutions across 55 different subjects,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> grouped into 5 faculty (broad subject) areas.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Times Higher Education World University Rankings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a></div> From 2004 to 2009 <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a> (THE), a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> publication, published the annual <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education%E2%80%93QS_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings">Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings</a> in association with <a href="/wiki/Quacquarelli_Symonds" title="Quacquarelli Symonds">Quacquarelli Symonds</a> (QS). THE published a table of the top 200 universities and QS ranked approximately 500 online, in book form, and via media partners.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> On 30 October 2009, THE broke with QS and joined <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters" title="Thomson Reuters">Thomson Reuters</a> to provide a new set of world university rankings, called <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a>. The 2015/16 edition of the Times Higher Education World University Rankings rank the world's 800 best universities, while the 2016/17 installment will rank the world's top 980.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> On 3 June 2010, Times Higher Education revealed the methodology which they proposed to use when compiling the new world university rankings.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The new methodology included 13 separate performance indicators, an increase from the six measures employed between 2004 and 2009. After further consultation the criteria were grouped under five broad overall indicators to produce the final ranking. THE published its first rankings using its new methodology on 16 September 2010, a month earlier than previous years.<a href="#cite_note-timeshighereducation1-41">[41]</a> THE also kick-started THE 100 Under 50 ranking<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> and Alma Mater Index.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a> in 2010 described the Times Higher Education World University Rankings as "arguably the most influential".<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Research published by professors at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> in 2011 demonstrated that the early <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_Supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Higher Education Supplement">THES</a> rankings were disproportionately influential in establishing the status order of world research universities.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings This ranking was published for the first time in March 2011.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The rankings are based on a survey of (for 2016) 10,323 academics from 133 countries, who are asked to talk the top universities in their field for teaching and for research.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Academic Ranking of World Universities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a></div> The Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) compiled originally by the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Jiao_Tong_University" title="Shanghai Jiao Tong University">Shanghai Jiao Tong University</a> and now maintained by the ShanghaiRanking Consultancy, has provided annual global rankings of universities since 2003, making it the earliest of its kind. ARWU does not rely on surveys and school submissions. Among other criteria, ARWU includes the number of articles published by <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> or <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a> and the number of <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> winners and <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medalists</a> (mathematics).<a href="#cite_note-ARWU_Ranking_Methodology-49">[49]</a> Harvard and Stanford have topped the ranking for years.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> One of the primary criticisms of ARWU's methodology is that it is biased towards the <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a> and English language science journals over other subjects.<a href="#cite_note-ARWU_Ranking_Methodology-49">[49]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:College_and_university_rankings#Dubious" title="Talk:College and university rankings">discuss</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Moreover, the ARWU is known for "relying solely on research indicators", and "the ranking is heavily weighted toward institutions whose faculty or alumni have won Nobel Prizes": it does not measure "the quality of teaching or the quality of humanities."<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_global_rankings">Other global rankings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other global rankings">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aggregate_Ranking_of_Top_Universities">Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities">edit</a>]</div> The Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities (ARTU)<a href="#cite_note-ARTU_Ranking-52">[52]</a> is a meta-ranking that positions global universities based on World University Rankings by <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a>, <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a>. ARTU is produced by <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales" title="University of New South Wales">UNSW Sydney</a> and published annually since 2019,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> with retrospective rankings available for 2012 to 2018.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The criteria for ARTU is the sum of world rank across the 3 rankings (=THE+QS+ARWU) with universities excluded if they do not have a distinct rank in THE, QS, and ARWU.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Since 2012, United States has the highest number of ARTU Top 200 universities, while Switzerland has the most ARTU Top 200 universities per capita.<a href="#cite_note-ARTU_Country-Analysis-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Academic_Influence">Academic Influence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Academic Influence">edit</a>]</div> Academic Influence<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> creates global and U.S.-centric rankings of colleges, universities, and disciplinary programs by evaluating the combined influence of a school's faculty within and across fields of study.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Using machine-learning technology developed with funding from the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a>, Academic Influence searches and collates open-source data from such massive publicly available data sources as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crossref" title="Crossref">Crossref</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">Semantic Scholar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Postsecondary_Education_Data_System" title="Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System">IPEDS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">BLS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Academic Influence gives weight in its rankings to citations of peer-reviewed articles, chapters, and books by influential academics worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> It thereby attempts to map and objectively measure the influence of a school's thought leadership through its students, faculty, staff, and alumni.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Academic Influence allows users to create rankings on the fly through its dynamic schools and people tools, which can be filtered by discipline, country, and period.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Tech entrepreneur and computer scientist <a href="/wiki/Erik_J._Larson" title="Erik J. Larson">Erik J. Larson</a> co-founded Academic Influence. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Center_for_World_University_Rankings">Center for World University Rankings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Center for World University Rankings">edit</a>]</div> The Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) is based in the United Arab Emirates and publishes global university rankings measuring the quality of education and training for students as well as the prestige of the faculty members and the quality of their research. Samplings do not come from surveys and university data submissions.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Instead, the rankings rely more on outcome-based samplings, coupled with a Subject ranking in 227 subject categories. The Subject portion of the ranking is based on the number of research articles in top-tier journals with data obtained from <a href="/wiki/Clarivate_Analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarivate Analytics">Clarivate Analytics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In the United States, the CWUR evaluates and ranks over 1,300 universities and 2,000 worldwide. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leiden_Ranking">Leiden Ranking</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Leiden Ranking">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CWTS_Leiden_Ranking" title="CWTS Leiden Ranking">CWTS Leiden Ranking</a></div> The Centre for Science and Technology Studies at <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a> maintains a European and worldwide ranking of the top 500 universities according including the number and impact of Web of Science-indexed publications per year. The rankings compare research institutions by taking into account differences in language, discipline and institutional size.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Multiple ranking lists are released according to various bibliometric normalization and impact indicators, including the number of publications, citations-per-publication, and field-averaged impact per publication.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Performance_Ranking_of_Scientific_Papers_for_World_Universities">Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Performance_Ranking_of_Scientific_Papers_for_World_Universities" title="Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities">Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities</a></div> The Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities was produced until 2012 by the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Evaluation_and_Accreditation_Council_of_Taiwan" title="Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan">Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan</a> (HEEACT).<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The indicators were designed to measure both long-term and short-term research performance of research universities. This project employed <a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">bibliometrics</a> to analyze and rank the performance of the 500 top universities and the top 300 universities in six fields. HEEACT further provides subject rankings in science and technology fields. It also ranked the top 300 universities across ten science and technology fields.<a href="#cite_note-ranking.heeact.edu.tw-70">[70]</a> The ranking included eight indicators. They were: articles published over the prior 11 years; citations of those articles, "current" articles, current citations, average citations, "H-index", number of "highly cited papers" and high impact journal articles. They represented three criteria of scientific papers performance: research productivity, research impact, and research excellence. The 2007 ranking methodology was alleged to have favored universities with medical schools, and in response, HEEACT added assessment criteria.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The six field-based rankings are based on the subject categorization of WOS, including Agriculture & Environment Sciences (AGE), Clinical Medicine (MED), Engineering, Computing & Technology (ENG), Life Sciences (LIFE), Natural Sciences (SCI) and Social Sciences (SOC). The ten subjects include Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Geosciences, Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering (including Energy & Fuels), Materials Sciences, and Civil Engineering (including Environmental Engineering).<a href="#cite_note-ranking.heeact.edu.tw-70">[70]</a> The ranking was produced by <a href="/wiki/National_Taiwan_University" title="National Taiwan University">National Taiwan University</a> since 2012 and also known as NTU Ranking.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reuters_World's_Top_100_Innovative_Universities">Reuters World's Top 100 Innovative Universities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reuters World's Top 100 Innovative Universities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reuters_-_The_World%27s_Most_Innovative_Universities" title="Reuters - The World's Most Innovative Universities">Reuters - The World's Most Innovative Universities</a></div> The ranking uses a methodology with 10 metrics. The process cross-references the 500 academic and government organizations with the greatest number of published articles in scholarly journals as indexed in the Thomson Reuters Web of Science Core Collection database against how many patents and patent equivalents each organization filed in the same period in the Derwent World Patents Index and the Derwent Innovations Index. The remaining 70 institutions were mostly universities and were ranked using criteria such as frequency of patent applications granted, the number of filed patents, frequency of those patents being cited, as well as how many of their papers were cited by patents or co-authored by an industry author.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The ranking has the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a> edition featuring top 75 institutions across the region <a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> and top 25 most innovative <a href="/wiki/Governmental" class="mw-redirect" title="Governmental">governmental</a> institutions in the world.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Currently, the last available edition of the ranking dates back to 2019. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Round_University_Ranking">Round University Ranking</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Round University Ranking">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Round_University_Ranking" title="Round University Ranking">Round University Ranking</a></div> Round University Ranking, or abbreviated RUR Rankings is a world university ranking, assessing effectiveness of 750 leading universities in the world based on 20 indicators distributed among 4 key dimension areas: teaching, research, international diversity, financial sustainability. The ranking has international coverage and is intended to become a tool of choice of the university for the key stakeholders of higher education: applicants, students, representatives of the academic community, university management. The RUR Rankings publisher is an independent RUR Rankings Agency,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> geographically located in Moscow, Russia.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> RUR is aimed to provide a transparent, comprehensive analytical system for benchmarking and evaluating universities across the borders to the widest possible audience: students, analysts, decision-makers in the field of higher education development both at individual institutional and at the national level. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SCImago_Institutions_Rankings">SCImago Institutions Rankings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: SCImago Institutions Rankings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SCImago_Institutions_Rankings" title="SCImago Institutions Rankings">SCImago Institutions Rankings</a></div> The SCImago Institutions Rankings (SIR)<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> since 2009 has published its international ranking of worldwide research institutions, the SIR World Report.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The SIR World Report is the work of the SCImago Research Group,<a href="#cite_note-sci-81">[81]</a> a Spain-based research organization consist of members from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_National_Research_Council" title="Spanish National Research Council">Spanish National Research Council</a> (CSIC), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Granada" title="University of Granada">University of Granada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_University_of_Madrid" title="Charles III University of Madrid">Charles III University of Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alcal%C3%A1" title="University of Alcalá">University of Alcalá</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Extremadura" title="University of Extremadura">University of Extremadura</a> and other education institutions in Spain.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The ranking measures areas such as research output, international collaboration, normalized impact, and publication rate.<a href="#cite_note-sci-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U-Multirank">U-Multirank</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: U-Multirank">edit</a>]</div> U-Multirank, a European Commission supported feasibility study, was undertaken to contribute to the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> objective of enhancing transparency about the different missions and the performance of higher education institutions and research institutes. At a press conference in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> on 13 May 2011, the U-Multirank was officially launched by <a href="/wiki/Androulla_Vassiliou" title="Androulla Vassiliou">Androulla Vassiliou</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Education,_Culture,_Multilingualism_and_Youth" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Education, Culture, Multilingualism and Youth">Commissioner for Higher Education and Culture</a> saying: U-Multirank "will be useful to each participating higher education institution, as a planning and self-mapping exercise. By providing students with clearer information to guide their study choices, this is a fresh tool for more quality, relevance and transparency in <a href="/wiki/European_Higher_Education_Area" title="European Higher Education Area">European higher education</a>."<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="University_Ranking_by_Academic_Performance">University Ranking by Academic Performance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: University Ranking by Academic Performance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/University_Ranking_by_Academic_Performance" title="University Ranking by Academic Performance">University Ranking by Academic Performance</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/University_Ranking_by_Academic_Performance" title="University Ranking by Academic Performance">University Ranking by Academic Performance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-urapweb-88">[88]</a> abbreviated as URAP, was developed in the Informatics Institute<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Technical_University" title="Middle East Technical University">Middle East Technical University</a>. Since 2010, it has been publishing annual national and global<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> college and university rankings for top 2000 institutions. The <a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">scientometrics</a> measurement of URAP is based on data obtained from the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Scientific_Information" title="Institute for Scientific Information">Institute for Scientific Information</a> via <a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a> and inCites. For global rankings, URAP employs indicators of research performance including the number of articles, citation, total documents, article impact total, citation impact total, and international collaboration. In addition to global rankings, URAP publishes regional rankings for universities in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> using additional indicators such as the number of students and faculty members obtained from Center of Measuring, Selection and Placement <a href="/wiki/%C3%96SYM" class="mw-redirect" title="ÖSYM">ÖSYM</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.S._News_&_World_Report_Best_Global_Universities_Rankings">U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Rankings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Rankings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_University_Ranking" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking">U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking</a></div> <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>'s inaugural Best Global Universities ranking<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> was launched on 28 October 2014, and it was based on data and metrics provided by <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters" title="Thomson Reuters">Thomson Reuters</a>, and are thus methodologically different from the criteria traditionally used by U.S. News to rank American institutions. Universities are judged on factors such as global research reputation, publications, and the number of highly cited papers.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> U.S. News also publishes region-specific and subject-specific global rankings based on this methodology. The annual U.S. News Best Global Universities rankings were produced to provide insight into how universities compare globally. As an increasing number of students are planning to enroll in universities outside of their own country, the Best Global Universities rankings – which focus specifically on schools' academic research and reputation overall and not on their separate undergraduate or graduate programs – can help those students accurately compare institutions around the world. The Best Global Universities rankings also provide insight into how U.S. universities – which U.S. News has been ranking separately for more than 30 years – stand globally. All universities can now benchmark themselves against schools in their own country and region, become more visible on the world stage and find top schools in other countries to consider collaborating with. The overall Best Global Universities rankings encompass the top 750 institutions spread out across 57 countries – up from the top 500 universities in 49 countries ranked last year. The first step in producing these rankings, which are powered by Thomson Reuters InCitesTM research analytics solutions, involved creating a pool of 1,000 universities that was used to rank the top 750 schools.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In comparison with U.S. News Best Colleges Ranking,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> the Global University Ranking is focused on the research power and faculty resources for students, while the National Ranking is only focused on undergraduate studies. Therefore, for graduate studies and international students, the Best Global Universities Ranking is a much better reference than National University Ranking. <a href="/wiki/Inside_Higher_Ed" title="Inside Higher Ed">Inside Higher Ed</a> noted that U.S. News is entering into the international college and university rankings area that is already "dominated by three major global university rankings": the <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HigherEd-95">[95]</a> U.S. News' chief data strategist Robert Morse stated: "We're well-known in the field for doing academic rankings so we thought it was a natural extension of the other rankings that we're doing."<a href="#cite_note-HigherEd-95">[95]</a> Morse pointed out that U.S. News as "the first American publisher to enter the global rankings space", given <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quacquarelli_Symonds" title="Quacquarelli Symonds">QS</a> are both British, while the Academic Ranking of World universities is Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-HigherEd-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Webometrics">Webometrics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Webometrics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Webometrics_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Webometrics Ranking of World Universities">Webometrics Ranking of World Universities</a></div> The Webometrics Ranking of World Universities is produced by <a href="/wiki/Cybermetrics_Lab" title="Cybermetrics Lab">Cybermetrics Lab</a> (CCHS), a unit of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_National_Research_Council" title="Spanish National Research Council">Spanish National Research Council</a> (CSIC), the main public research body in Spain. It offers information about more than 12,000 universities according to their web presence (an assessment of the scholarly contents, visibility, and impact of universities on the web). The ranking is updated every January and July. The <a href="/wiki/Webometrics" title="Webometrics">Webometrics</a> Ranking or Ranking Web is built from a database of over 30,000 higher education institutions. The top 12,000 universities are shown in the main ranking and more are covered in regional lists. The ranking started in 2004 and is based on a composite indicator that includes both the volume of the Web content and the visibility and impact of web publications according to the number of external links they received. A wide range of scientific activities appears exclusively on academic websites and is typically overlooked by bibliometric indicators. Webometric indicators measure institutional commitment to Web publication. Webometric results show a high correlation with other rankings. However, North American universities are relatively common in the top 200, while small and medium-size biomedical institutions and German, French, Italian, and Japanese universities were less common in the top ranks. Possible reasons include publishing via independent research councils (CNRS, Max Planck, CNR) or the large amount of non-English Web content, which is less likely to be linked. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Three_University_Missions">The Three University Missions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Three University Missions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Three_University_Missions_Ranking" title="The Three University Missions Ranking">The_Three_University_Missions_Ranking</a></div> The Three University Missions Moscow International University Ranking (shortly MosIUR) is produced by Association of Rating Makers, a non-commercial organization based in Moscow. The Three University Missions ranking evaluates the quality of education, scientific work, and the universities' contribution to society. The ranking uses 17 criteria divided into three groups: Education, Research, and University and Society. The shortlist of the Moscow International University Ranking aims to provide the widest possible representation of the leading multi-profile universities all over the world, the quota being assigned to each country with regard to that country's contribution to the global economy. MosIUR shortlists those universities that achieved leading positions in other global university rankings and/or national academic rankings listed in IREG Inventory of National Rankings, and, in some cases, also those universities showing the highest research productivity. MosIUR does not consider narrow-focused higher education institutions. The latest Moscow Ranking issue featured 1800 higher education institutions globally. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_rankings">Specific rankings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Specific rankings">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eduniversal">Eduniversal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Eduniversal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eduniversal" title="Eduniversal">Eduniversal</a></div> This university ranking<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> is owned by the French <a href="/wiki/Consultant" title="Consultant">consulting</a> company and <a href="/wiki/Rating_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Rating agency">rating agency</a> SMBG.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> It ranks masters and MBA in its 9 geographical regions (the 5 continents).<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Human_Resources_&_Labor_Review">Human Resources & Labor Review</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Human Resources & Labor Review">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a>. Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22College+and+university+rankings%22">"College and university rankings"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22College+and+university+rankings%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22College+and+university+rankings%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22College+and+university+rankings%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22College+and+university+rankings%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22College+and+university+rankings%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (July 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Human Resources & Labor Review (HRLR) publishes a human competitiveness index & analysis annually by Asia First Media—now part of Destiny Media, previously ChaseCareer Network (ChaseCareer.Net). This system is based on Human Resources & Labour Review Indexes, the HRI and LRI, which measure the performance of top 300 universities' graduates.<a href="#cite_note-Asia_First_Media-105">[105]</a> In 2004, a couple of educational institutions voiced concerns at several events in regard to the accuracy and effectiveness of ranking bodies or lists. The HRLR ranking was pioneered in late 2005 within a working group in response to those concerns. The team was founded in January 2007, in London, and started compiling and processing data, resulting in the first lists in 2007–2008.<a href="#cite_note-Asia_First_Media-105">[105]</a> The ranking concept is later being adopted for Alumni score on <a href="/wiki/ARWU" class="mw-redirect" title="ARWU">ARWU</a> and many other rankings. The new HRLR ranking innovative methods sparked intense interest from many institutions and inspired several other ranking lists and scoring which are based on professional, alumni, executives, competitiveness, human capital-oriented aspects. Nevertheless, HRLR remains to be the leader in university ranking with innovative and comprehensive approaches, and not relying merely on those aforementioned aspects.<a href="#cite_note-Asia_First_Media-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nature_Index">Nature Index</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Nature Index">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nature_Index" title="Nature Index">Nature Index</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Nature_Index" title="Nature Index">Nature Index</a> tracks the affiliations of high-quality scientific articles published in 68 science journals independently chosen by the scientific community as the journals scientists would most like to publish their best research in. Updated monthly, the Nature Index presents research reports of approximately 9,000 parent institutions worldwide presenting a page of output statistics for each institution along with information on institutions collaborating with the institution in the publication of Index articles. Each of the approximately 60,000 articles in the Index has a dedicated article page with social and mainstream media coverage tracked by Altmetric. League tables of the output of institutions can be generated on the fly on a global, regional, or country basis and by broad subject area as well as by article count and fractional article count.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Compare with other metrics of science (e.g., Impact Factor, h-index), Nature Index is the prominent scientific journal ranking with global reputation on original <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Life_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Life science">life science</a> research.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Professional_Ranking_of_World_Universities">Professional Ranking of World Universities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Professional Ranking of World Universities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mines_ParisTech:_Professional_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities">Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities</a></div> In contrast to academic rankings, the Professional Ranking of World Universities established in 2007 by the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_mines_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris">École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris</a> measures the efficiency of each university at producing leading business professionals. Its main compilation criterion is the number of <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Executive Officer">Chief Executive Officers</a> (or equivalent) among the <a href="/wiki/Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500">Fortune Global 500</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> This ranking has been criticized for placing five French universities into the top 20.<a href="#cite_note-THE_questions-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defunct_rankings">Defunct rankings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Defunct rankings">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="G-factor">G-factor</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: G-factor">edit</a>]</div> G-factor ranks university and college web presence by counting the number of links only from other university websites, using <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engine</a> data. G-factor is an indicator of the popularity or importance of each university's website from the combined perspectives of other institutions. It claims to be an objective peer review of a university through its website—in <a href="/wiki/Social_network_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Social network theory">social network theory</a> terminology, G-factor measures the centrality of each university's website in the <a href="/wiki/Network_theory" title="Network theory">network</a> of university websites.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Global_University_Ranking">Global University Ranking</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Global University Ranking">edit</a>]</div> Global University Ranking measures over 400 universities using the RatER, an autonomous, non-commercial, Russian rating agency supported by Russia's academic society.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The methodology pools universities from ARWU, HEEACT, Times-QS and Webometrics and a pool of experts formed by project officials and managers to determine the rating scales for indicators in seven areas. It considers academic performance, research performance, faculty expertise, resource availability, socially significant activities of graduates, international activities, and international opinion. Each expert independently evaluates these performance indicators for candidate universities. The rating is the average of the expert evaluations.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> This ranking raised questions when it placed Russian <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a> in fifth place, ahead of <a href="/wiki/Harvard" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard">Harvard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-THE_questions-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High_Impact_Universities:_Research_Performance_Index">High Impact Universities: Research Performance Index</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: High Impact Universities: Research Performance Index">edit</a>]</div> The High Impact Universities Research Performance Index (RPI) is a 2010 Australian initiative<a href="#cite_note-rpi-114">[114]</a> that studies university research performance. The pilot project involved a trial of over 1,000 universities or institutions and 5,000 constituent faculties (in various disciplines) worldwide. The top 500 results for universities and faculties were reported on the project website.<a href="#cite_note-rpi-114">[114]</a> The project promotes simplicity, transparency and fairness. The assessment analyzes research performance as measured by publications and citations. Publication and citation data are drawn from <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a>. The project uses standard bibliometric indicators, namely the 10-year <a href="/wiki/G-index" title="G-index">g-index</a> and <a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index">h-index</a>. RPI equally weighs contributions from the five faculties. The five faculty scores are <a href="/wiki/Normalization_(statistics)" title="Normalization (statistics)">normalized</a> to place them onto a common scale. The normalized scores are then averaged to arrive at a final RPI. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newsweek">Newsweek</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Newsweek">edit</a>]</div> In August 2006, the American magazine <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> published a ranking of the Top 100 Global Universities, using selected criteria from ARWU and the Times Higher Education-QS rankings, with the additional criterion of the number of volumes in the library. It formed part of a special issue including an article from <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a> of the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>, but has not been repeated. It considered openness and diversity as well as distinction in research. The ranking has been continued since its merger with <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a>, and currently uses data from the Times Higher Education World Rankings, Webometrics world college rankings from public-research outlet <a href="/wiki/Spanish_National_Research_Council" title="Spanish National Research Council">Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and the Shanghai Ranking Consultancy in order to compile its results.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_and_national_rankings">Regional and national rankings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Regional and national rankings">edit</a>]</div> Regional and national rankings are carried out in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America and Oceania. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> QS's Asian University Rankings<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> use some of the same data as the QS World University Rankings alongside other material, such as the number of exchange students attending or traveling from each university. The rankings list the top 350 universities in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Similarly, the THE Asia University Rankings<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> "use the same 13 performance indicators as the THE World University Rankings, but they are recalibrated to reflect the attributes of Asia's institutions." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/University_rankings_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="University rankings in China">University rankings in China</a></div> University rankings in China are ordered by different standards and made by various organizations, including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_university_ranking_(BCUR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese university ranking (BCUR)">BCUR</a>, by Shanghai Jiao Tong University</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_university_ranking_(Wu_Shulian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese university ranking (Wu Shulian)">Wu Shulian</a>, published in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Management_Science" title="Chinese Academy of Management Science">Chinese Academy of Management Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_university_ranking_(Netbig)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese university ranking (Netbig)">Netbig</a>, the higher education internet information company</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_university_ranking_(CUAA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese university ranking (CUAA)">CUAA</a>, by Airuishen (a company) in the name of Chinese Universities Alumni Association, etc.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/National_Institutional_Ranking_Framework" title="National Institutional Ranking Framework">National Institutional Ranking Framework</a> is initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Human_Resource_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Human Resource Development">Ministry of Human Resource Development</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>, to rank all <a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutions of higher education">institutions of higher education</a> in India. Magazines such as Youth Incorporated Magazine,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-119">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outlook_(Indian_magazine)" title="Outlook (Indian magazine)">Outlook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mint_(newspaper)" title="Mint (newspaper)">Mint</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Week_(Indian_magazine)" title="The Week (Indian magazine)">The Week</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dataquest" title="Dataquest">Dataquest</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Careers360&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Careers360 (page does not exist)">Careers360</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronics_For_You" title="Electronics For You">Electronics For You</a> conduct <a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_India_university_ranking" title="Template:Infobox India university ranking">annual rankings</a> for the major disciplines. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">The Times Higher Education Supplement (The Thes)</a> is publishing Japan University Rankings once a year, using a balanced scorecard approach, with 16 individual performance indicators combining to create an overall score that reflects the broad strength of an institution.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Data for the rankings come from a variety of sources. These include self-submitted data from the institutions as well as data gathered from Elsevier, <a href="/wiki/Benesse_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Benesse Corporation">Benesse Corporation</a>, Nikkei Human Resources, the Japanese government and the Times Higher Education Academic Reputation Survey.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> On the other hand, some of the ranking systems in Japan rank universities by the difficulty of their entrance exams, called "<a href="/wiki/Standard_score" title="Standard score">Hensachi</a>". One example of such a ranking is <a href="/wiki/Going_broke_universities_-_Disappearing_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Going broke universities - Disappearing universities">Going broke universities - Disappearing universities</a> by Kiyoshi Shimano. In addition to this, there's the other example of rankings using "<a href="/wiki/Standard_score" title="Standard score">Hensachi</a>", GTZ. It is released by <a href="/wiki/Benesse_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Benesse Corporation">Benesse Corporation</a> and describes to which deviation value class (S1 to D3) each university belongs.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Japanese preparatory school Kawaijuku also released the Japan's Top 30 University Rankings in Natural Sciences and Technology for <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_Sports,_Science_and_Technology" title="Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology">MEXT</a>'s GLOBAL 30 Project in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Pakistan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Pakistan" title="Rankings of universities in Pakistan">Rankings of universities in Pakistan</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Commission_(Pakistan)" title="Higher Education Commission (Pakistan)">Higher Education Commission</a> annually ranks domestic universities.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Philippines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_Philippines" title="Higher education in the Philippines">Higher education in the Philippines</a></div> Academic rankings in the Philippines are conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Professional_Regulation_Commission" title="Professional Regulation Commission">Professional Regulation Commission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Higher_Education_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Higher Education (Philippines)">Commission on Higher Education</a>, based on accreditations, academic designations and the average passing rates in board tests.<a href="#cite_note-phil_rank-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-up_news-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: South Korea">edit</a>]</div> Korean Council for University Education, established in 2009, evaluates universities in South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Union">European Union</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: European Union">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> compiled a list of the 22 universities in the EU with the highest scientific impact.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> This ranking was compiled as part of the Third European Report on Science & Technology Indicators,<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> prepared by the Directorate General for Science and Research of the European Commission in 2003 (updated 2004).<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> It only explicitly considers the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s top institutions, but comparisons with the rest of the world are provided in the full report. The report said, "University College London comes out on top in both publications (the number of scientific publications produced by the university) and citations (the number of times those scientific publications are cited by other researchers)" however the table lists the top scoring university as "Univ London" implying that the authors counted the scientific output of the entire <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>, rather than its constituent colleges. In this ranking, the EU's top two universities were <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, as in the Jiao Tong and Times rankings. This ranking stresses the scientific quality of the institution, as opposed to its size or perceived prestige.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Thus smaller, technical universities, such as <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven_University_of_Technology" title="Eindhoven University of Technology">Eindhoven</a> (Netherlands) and the <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical University Munich">Technical University Munich</a> (Germany) are ranked third and fourth, behind Cambridge, and followed by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>. The report does not provide a direct comparison between EU and universities in the rest of the world, although it does compute a scientific impact score, which is measured against the world average. In December 2008, the European Commission published a call for tenders, inviting bidders to design and test a new multi-dimensional university ranking system with global outreach. The first results of the envisaged pilot project were promised for the first half of 2011.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Another approach to classify the European research area is offered by 'European Research Ranking'.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> This ranking is based on publicly available data from the European Commissions project and funding database CORDIS to estimate the funding and networking performance of European research institutions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Austria">Austria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Austria">edit</a>]</div> Some Austrian universities, including all Austrian Universities of Applied Sciences, take part in the CHE University Ranking.<a href="#cite_note-view_CHE_UniversityRanking-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Bulgaria">edit</a>]</div> The Bulgarian University Ranking System, maintained by the Bulgarian Ministry of Education, compares academic programs in accredited domestic higher education institutions.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The system ranks programs based on more than 50 indicators, such as teaching and learning conditions, scientific research, career development opportunities, prestige, and material resources. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Denmark">Denmark</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Denmark">edit</a>]</div> In Denmark, the think-tank <a href="/wiki/CEPOS" title="CEPOS">CEPOS</a> conduct an annual survey and ranking of higher education at study program level and institution level, based on entry salary, career development, drop-out rates, and program completion rates.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_France" title="Rankings of universities in France">Rankings of universities in France</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Eduniversal" title="Eduniversal">Eduniversal</a> provides rankings of undergraduate and graduate degrees of French universities in some areas. <a href="/wiki/Le_Nouvel_Observateur" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Nouvel Observateur">Le Nouvel Observateur</a> occasionally offer rankings of "<a href="/wiki/Grandes_%C3%A9coles" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandes écoles">Grandes écoles</a>" and their preparatory schools, the "Prépas", and of universities' undergraduate degrees in some areas. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">French government</a> also uses the Shanghai ranking as its national ranking for <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_France" title="List of universities and colleges in France">French universities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école">Grandes écoles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> Since 1998, the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Higher_Education" title="Centre for Higher Education">Centre for Higher Education</a> (CHE) has published the <a href="/wiki/CHE_University_Ranking" title="CHE University Ranking">CHE University Ranking</a>, a comprehensive ranking of German and Austrian universities. The CHE also publishes a "ResearchRanking" showing the research strengths of German universities. The CHE ResearchRanking is based on the research-related data of the University Ranking. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Ireland">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sunday Times (UK)">The Sunday Times</a> ranks Irish universities based on a mix of criteria, including secondary school examination scores, graduation rates, staff-student ratio, research efficiency, accommodation, nontraditional students, athletics and sports facilities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> Every year, the newspaper <a href="/wiki/La_Repubblica" title="La Repubblica">La Repubblica</a>, in collaboration with <a href="/w/index.php?title=CENSIS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CENSIS (page does not exist)">CENSIS</a>, compiles a ranking of Italian universities.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Furthermore, the ministerial Agency for the Evaluation of University and Research (ANVUR) publishes every five years a detailed analysis regarding the entirety of the higher education institutions in the country, with a range of grades from D to A.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Macedonia">North Macedonia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: North Macedonia">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a> (ARWU) compiled a ranking of Macedonian Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) commissioned by the country's Ministry of Education and Science in February 2011 and released it on 16 February 2012.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Nineteen qualified HEIs were included in the ranking. The ranking used 19 indicators of academic performance and competitiveness, covering major mission aspects of HEIs such as teaching, research and social service. It is the first university ranking in North Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Netherlands">edit</a>]</div> Most Dutch universities take part in the CHE UniversityRanking.<a href="#cite_note-view_CHE_UniversityRanking-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Poland">edit</a>]</div> A popular ranking of Polish higher education institutions is annually published by education magazine Perspektywy.<a href="#cite_note-Perspektywy_magazine-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romania">Romania</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Romania">edit</a>]</div> The Ad Astra association of Romanian scientists ranked Romanian universities in 2006 and 2007.<a href="#cite_note-Ad_Astra_ranking-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_Federation">Russian Federation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Russian Federation">edit</a>]</div> Several bodies rank Russian universities, including <a href="/wiki/RIA_Novosti" title="RIA Novosti">RIA Novosti</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>, independent rating agency RatER, <a href="/wiki/Interfax" title="Interfax">Interfax</a> (in cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Ekho_Moskvy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekho Moskvy">Ekho Moskvy</a>) and the Russian journal Finance. RIA Novosty / Forbes rankings are conducted under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Public_Chamber_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Chamber of Russia">Public Chamber of Russia</a> in cooperation with <a href="/wiki/State_University_%E2%80%93_Higher_School_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="State University – Higher School of Economics">State University – Higher School of Economics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rian.ru-145">[145]</a> This ranking is considered the most objective system.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It covers 476 higher education institutions and is based on the average score of the Unified State Examination that is required to enter a university. The ranking has separate sub-rankings for different subjects and clusters of universities. RIA Novosty rankings do not align with other local and international rankings such as <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a> and <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a> which take into account inherited reputation from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rian.ru-145">[145]</a> RatER publishes annual rankings based on representation of university graduates in governmental, education and business elite.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Interfax annually ranks "classical" (or multi-faculty) universities and higher education institutions specialising in <a href="/wiki/Law_school" title="Law school">law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Interfax' methodology quantifies several qualitative factors such as research, teaching standards, public opinion and social and international activity. Finance produces an integrated ranking of higher education institutions specialising in economics and finance.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> The Journal uses the average score of the Unified State Examination, the number of <a href="/wiki/CFO" class="mw-redirect" title="CFO">CFO</a> graduates and the consolidated turnover of companies where graduate CFOs are employed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a>]</div> National rankings for <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Spain" title="Higher education in Spain">Spanish universities</a> include the "50 carreras" (50 degrees) from the "<a href="/wiki/El_Mundo_(Spain)" title="El Mundo (Spain)">El Mundo</a>" newspaper, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_National_Research_Council" title="Spanish National Research Council">CSIC</a> or the IAIF ranking of the <a href="/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid" title="Complutense University of Madrid">UCM</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sweden">Sweden</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Sweden">edit</a>]</div> In Sweden, the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Swedish_Enterprise" title="Confederation of Swedish Enterprise">Confederation of Swedish Enterprise (Svenskt Näringsliv)</a> conduct an annual survey and ranking of higher education at study program level, based on entry salary, career development, internationalization, and degree of academic-business collaboration.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Switzerland">edit</a>]</div> The swissUp Ranking ranked Swiss university and polytechnic students until 2004. The swissUp Ranking is no longer conducted. Some universities from the German-speaking part of Switzerland, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISFOA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISFOA (page does not exist)">ISFOA</a> Lugano take part in the CHE UniversityRanking. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkey">Turkey</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Turkey">edit</a>]</div> The URAP Research Laboratory of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Technical_University" title="Middle East Technical University">Middle East Technical University</a> assesses academic output of Turkish universities, as well as about 300 institutes of higher education worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Their methodology focuses only on article and citation indicators in an attempt to minimize the impact of subjective data. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>'s Ministry of Education and Science performs official yearly university evaluations.<a href="#cite_note-Ministry_Ukraine-151">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zerkalo_Nedeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Zerkalo Nedeli">Zerkalo Nedeli</a> newspaper published the top 200–ranked Ukrainian universities in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-RankZN-152">[152]</a> Kyiv Student Council ranks universities on criteria of student satisfaction.<a href="#cite_note-Kyiv_Student_Council-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom</a></div> There are three major rankings of universities in the United Kingdom published by commercial companies: The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide, <a href="/wiki/The_Complete_University_Guide" class="mw-redirect" title="The Complete University Guide">The Complete University Guide</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian_University_Guide" class="mw-redirect" title="The Guardian University Guide">The Guardian University Guide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-University_guide_2012-154">[154]</a> Since 2008, <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a> has compiled a "Table of Tables"<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> which combines the results of the 3 national league tables. For 2017, the top 5 universities were <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a> in joint fourth.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Research_Excellence_Framework" title="Research Excellence Framework">Research Excellence Framework</a> was the successor to the <a href="/wiki/Research_Assessment_Exercise" title="Research Assessment Exercise">Research Assessment Exercise</a> in 2014. It is used by the UK government to evaluate the research quality of British universities and determine the distribution of future research funding. In 2014, the top five universities for research power as compiled by <a href="/wiki/Research_Fortnight" title="Research Fortnight">Research Fortnight</a> were <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Research_Assessment_Exercise" title="Research Assessment Exercise">Research Assessment Exercises</a> (RAE) were the UK government's evaluation of research quality in British Universities. Each subject, called a unit of assessment, was ranked by a peer review panel. The rankings were used in the allocation of government funding. The last assessment was made in 2008. The RAE provided quality ratings for research across all disciplines. Panels used a standard scale for each submission. Ratings ranged from 1 to 5, according to the quantity of work that was judged to reach national or international levels of excellence. Participating institutions receive grants from one of the four higher education funding bodies in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The top three universities in the 2008 RAE exercise were <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Quality_Assurance_Agency_for_Higher_Education" title="Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education">Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education</a> (QAA) assesses undergraduate teaching. QAA is an independent body established by the UK's higher education institutions in 1997. QAA was under contract to the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Funding_Council_for_England" title="Higher Education Funding Council for England">Higher Education Funding Council for England</a> to assess quality for English universities. This replaced Teaching Quality Assessments (TQAs) which aimed to assess the administrative, policy and procedural framework within which teaching took place and did not directly assess teaching quality. This inspection-based system was replaced by a system of information provision, including a national student survey. QAA publishes scores which have been used by the <a href="/wiki/League_table" class="mw-redirect" title="League table">league table</a> industry. The first <a href="/wiki/Teaching_Excellence_Framework" title="Teaching Excellence Framework">Teaching Excellence Framework</a> is to be published in 2017; this is a rating system (giving gold, silver or bronze ratings to higher education providers) rather than a ranking as such. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: North America">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Canada" title="Rankings of universities in Canada">Rankings of universities in Canada</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a>, a Canadian news magazine, publishes an annual ranking of Canadian universities, called the <a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s#Guide_to_Canadian_Universities" title="Maclean's">Maclean's University Rankings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Ranking criteria include student body characteristics, classes, faculty, finances, library, and reputation. The rankings are split into three categories: schools that focus on undergraduate studies with few to no graduate programs, schools that have both extensive undergraduate studies and an extensive selection of graduate programs and schools that have a professional medical program and a selection of graduate programs.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">University of Calgary</a> produced a formal study examining the ranking methodology, illuminating the factors that determined its rank and criticizing certain aspects of the methodology. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">University of Manitoba</a> have expressed displeasure over the ranking system.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> A notable difference between rankings in the United States and Maclean's rankings, however, is that Maclean's excludes privately funded universities. However, the majority of Canada's institutions, including the best-known, are publicly funded. Beginning in September 2006, over 20 Canadian universities, including several of the most prestigious and largest universities such as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concordia_University_(Quebec)" class="mw-redirect" title="Concordia University (Quebec)">Concordia University</a>, <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_University" title="Dalhousie University">Dalhousie University</a>, jointly refused to participate.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a> president <a href="/wiki/Indira_Samarasekera" title="Indira Samarasekera">Indira Samarasekera</a> wrote that Maclean's initially filed a "<a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information_in_Canada" title="Freedom of information in Canada">Freedom of Information</a>" request but that it was "too late" for the universities to respond. Samarasekera further stated, "Most of [the universities] had already posted the data online, and we directed Maclean's staff to our Web sites. In instances where the magazine staff couldn't find data on our Web site, they chose to use the previous year's data."<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Mexico">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Academic_rankings_of_universities_in_Mexico" title="Academic rankings of universities in Mexico">Academic rankings of universities in Mexico</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Estudio_Comparativo_de_Universidades_Mexicanas">Estudio Comparativo de Universidades Mexicanas</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Estudio Comparativo de Universidades Mexicanas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Universities_Comparative_Study" title="Mexican Universities Comparative Study">Mexican Universities Comparative Study</a></div> Mexican institutions have been compared in the Estudio Comparativo de Universidades Mexicanas (ECUM) produced within the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</a> (UNAM).<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> ECUM provides data on institutional participation in articles on <a href="/wiki/ISI_Web_of_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="ISI Web of Knowledge">ISI Web of Knowledge</a>–indexed journals; faculty participation in each of Mexico's three-level National Researchers System (SNI<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a>); graduate degrees within National Council of Science and Technology's (<a href="/wiki/CONACYT" class="mw-redirect" title="CONACYT">CONACYT</a>) register of quality graduate programs;<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> and number of academic research bodies (cuerpos academicos) according to the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Public_Education" title="Secretariat of Public Education">Secretariat of Public Education</a> (SEP) program PROMEP.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> ECUM provides online access to data for 2007 and 2008 through ExECUM.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Institutional data can be visualized through three options: <ul><li>A selection of the most prominent 58 universities (43 publics and 13 privates). This selection accounts for more than 60 percent of undergraduate and graduate enrollments. It includes public federal universities (<a href="/wiki/UNAM" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAM">UNAM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Polit%C3%A9cnico_Nacional" title="Instituto Politécnico Nacional">Instituto Politécnico Nacional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_Metropolitana" title="Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana">Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Pedagogic_University_(Mexico)" title="National Pedagogic University (Mexico)">Universidad Pedagógica Nacional</a>, Universidad del Ejército y la Fuerza Aérea, <a href="/wiki/Colegio_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="mw-redirect" title="Colegio de México">Colegio de México</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_Chapingo" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo">Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_Agraria_Antonio_Narro" title="Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro">Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro</a>); 35 public state universities (UPES), and a group of private institutions that feature within ECUM's selected classification data.</li> <li>Result tables for the top 20 institutions in each of the data labels in this study. These include some of the selected universities in addition to the rest of Mexico's higher education institutions, as well as institutes, centers and other research producing organizations.</li> <li>A personalized selection from more than 600 institutions. These are classified by institutional type, institutional gatherings, by activity sector alphabetically.</li></ul> ExECUM allows users to establish comparison types and levels which they consider relevant. Data is presented in raw form with virtually no derived indicators. Users can relate variables and build indicators according to their own analytical perspectives. Based on this comparative study project, ECUM's creator, the Dirección General de Evaluación Institucional, published reports providing an analysis of the data for 2007 and 2008.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings_in_the_United_States" title="College and university rankings in the United States">College and university rankings in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Law_school_rankings_in_the_United_States" title="Law school rankings in the United States">Law school rankings in the United States</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings_in_the_United_States" title="College and university rankings in the United States">College and university rankings in the United States</a> order the best <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">U.S. colleges and universities</a> based on factors that vary depending on the ranking. Rankings are typically conducted by <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">governments</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">academics</a>. In addition to ranking entire institutions, specific programs, departments, and schools can be ranked. Some rankings consider measures of <a href="/wiki/University_endowment" class="mw-redirect" title="University endowment">wealth</a>, excellence in <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a>, selective <a href="/wiki/University_and_college_admission" title="University and college admission">admissions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alumnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumnus">alumni</a> success. There is also <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_college_and_university_rankings_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of college and university rankings (North America)">much debate</a> about rankings' interpretation, accuracy, and usefulness.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Oceania">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> The Good Universities Guide and <a href="/wiki/Excellence_in_Research_for_Australia" title="Excellence in Research for Australia">Excellence in Research for Australia</a> annually rank domestic universities.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: South America">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="QS_University_Rankings:_Latin_America">QS University Rankings: Latin America</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: QS University Rankings: Latin America">edit</a>]</div> QS Quacquarelli Symonds, in addition to their QS World University Rankings, publish an annual ranking of the top 300 universities in Latin America. The eighth instalment, released for the 2016/17 academic year, places the Universidade de São Paulo as the region's best university.<a href="#cite_note-auto-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina">Argentina</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Argentina">edit</a>]</div> In Argentina the National Commission for University Evaluation and Accreditation ranks higher education programs by evaluation and accreditation.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Brazil" title="Rankings of universities in Brazil">Rankings of universities in Brazil</a></div> The latest ranking, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ruf.folha.uol.com.br/rankings/rankingdeuniversidades/">Ranking Universitário Folha (RUF)</a> website (in Portuguese), was created by the newspaper <a href="/wiki/Folha_de_S.Paulo" title="Folha de S.Paulo">Folha de S.Paulo</a>. This ranking is based on the combination of four indicators: education quality, research quality, market assessment and an innovation indicator. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chile">Chile</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Chile">edit</a>]</div> In Chile the "Comisión Nacional de Acreditación" (National Commission of Accreditation of the Universities) manages evaluation and accreditation. It also ranks universities according to accreditation levels.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Other commercial rankings are made by research magazines, including <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9_Pasa_(magazine)" title="Qué Pasa (magazine)">Qué Pasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_Econom%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="América Economía">América Economía</a>. Qué Pasa's ranking evaluates perception and quality following surveys of approximately 1,000 employers across the country.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> América Economía's ranking considers quality of students, quality of teachers, rating of professors by student, research productivity, internationalization, integration with the community, student life quality and inclusion of students from lower social strata.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_college_and_university_rankings_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of college and university rankings (North America)">Criticism of college and university rankings (North America)</a></div> Critics argue that rankings can divert universities' attention away from teaching and <a href="/wiki/Social_responsibility" title="Social responsibility">social responsibility</a> towards the type of scientific research valued by indicators used for ranking exercises. There have also been concerns that by applying a limited set of criteria to world universities, and given the strong desire to feature in the top 200 universities, rankings actually encourage the homogenization of higher education institutions, making them less responsive and less relevant to their immediate contexts. The fact that rankings are also said to favour the advantage enjoyed by the 200 best-ranked institutions has important implications for equity.<a href="#cite_note-:1-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MBA_Programme_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="MBA Programme rankings">MBA Programme rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduniversal" title="Eduniversal">Eduniversal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=232555&set=00581C72C5_2_460&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002325/232555e.pdf">Rethinking Education: Towards a global common good?</a>, 54, UNESCO. UNESCO. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarklein" class="citation web cs1">Marklein, Mary Beth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=2015041014225416">"Rankings create 'perverse incentives' – Hazelkorn"</a>. University World News. Retrieved 14 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+World+News&rft.atitle=Rankings+create+%27perverse+incentives%27+%E2%80%93+Hazelkorn&rft.aulast=Marklein&rft.aufirst=Mary+Beth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universityworldnews.com%2Farticle.php%3Fstory%3D2015041014225416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMussardJames2017" class="citation journal cs1">Mussard, Maxime; James, Alex Pappachen (26 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.com/articles/How_to_boost_the_ranking_of_your_university_using_self-citations_An_example_of_the_weaknesses_of_university_ranking_systems/5245867">"How to boost the ranking of your university using self-citations? An example of the weaknesses of university ranking systems"</a>. Figshare. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6084%2Fm9.figshare.5245867.v1">10.6084/m9.figshare.5245867.v1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:64850196">64850196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Figshare&rft.atitle=How+to+boost+the+ranking+of+your+university+using+self-citations%3F+An+example+of+the+weaknesses+of+university+ranking+systems&rft.date=2017-07-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6084%2Fm9.figshare.5245867.v1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A64850196%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mussard&rft.aufirst=Maxime&rft.au=James%2C+Alex+Pappachen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffigshare.com%2Farticles%2FHow_to_boost_the_ranking_of_your_university_using_self-citations_An_example_of_the_weaknesses_of_university_ranking_systems%2F5245867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/10611/20161117160330/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/education/resources/in-focus-articles/rankings/">"Rankings and Accountability in Higher Education: Uses and Misuses"</a>. www.unesco.org. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/education/resources/in-focus-articles/rankings/">the original</a> on 17 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Rankings+and+Accountability+in+Higher+Education%3A+Uses+and+Misuses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Feducation%2Fresources%2Fin-focus-articles%2Frankings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller2022" class="citation cs2">Heller, Richard Frederick (2022), Heller, Richard Frederick (ed.), "The Problem with Universities Today", The Distributed University for Sustainable Higher Education, SpringerBriefs in Education, Singapore: Springer Nature, pp. 5–37, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-16-6506-6_2">10.1007/978-981-16-6506-6_2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-16-6506-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-16-6506-6"><bdi>978-981-16-6506-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Distributed+University+for+Sustainable+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=The+Problem+with+Universities+Today&rft.pages=5-37&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-16-6506-6_2&rft.isbn=978-981-16-6506-6&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Richard+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IHE_2010-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IHE_2010_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHE_2010_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHE_2010_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_G._Altbach2010" class="citation web cs1">Philip G. Altbach (11 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2010/11/11/state-rankings">"The State of the Rankings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inside_Higher_Ed" title="Inside Higher Ed">Inside Higher Ed</a>. Retrieved 11 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+Higher+Ed&rft.atitle=The+State+of+the+Rankings&rft.date=2010-11-11&rft.au=Philip+G.+Altbach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidehighered.com%2Fviews%2F2010%2F11%2F11%2Fstate-rankings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HEPI-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HEPI_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HEPI_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HEPI_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HEPI_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HEPI_6-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahram_Bekhradnia2016" class="citation web cs1">Bahram Bekhradnia (15 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hepi.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Hepi_International-university-rankings-For-good-or-for-ill-REPORT-89-10_12_16_Screen.pdf">"International university rankings: For good or ill?"</a> (PDF). Higher Education Policy Institute. Retrieved 26 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+university+rankings%3A+For+good+or+ill%3F&rft.pub=Higher+Education+Policy+Institute&rft.date=2016-12-15&rft.au=Bahram+Bekhradnia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hepi.ac.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F12%2FHepi_International-university-rankings-For-good-or-for-ill-REPORT-89-10_12_16_Screen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAriel_Zirulnick2010" class="citation news cs1">Ariel Zirulnick (16 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/2010/0916/New-world-university-ranking-puts-Harvard-back-on-top">"New world university ranking puts Harvard back on top"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>. Retrieved 11 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=New+world+university+ranking+puts+Harvard+back+on+top&rft.date=2010-09-16&rft.au=Ariel+Zirulnick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2F2010%2F0916%2FNew-world-university-ranking-puts-Harvard-back-on-top&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Marszal2012" class="citation news cs1">Andrew Marszal (4 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/9584155/University-rankings-which-world-university-rankings-should-we-trust.html">"University rankings: which world university rankings should we trust?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/9584155/University-rankings-which-world-university-rankings-should-we-trust.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=University+rankings%3A+which+world+university+rankings+should+we+trust%3F&rft.date=2012-10-04&rft.au=Andrew+Marszal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Feducation%2Funiversityeducation%2F9584155%2FUniversity-rankings-which-world-university-rankings-should-we-trust.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IHE_2016-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IHE_2016_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHE_2016_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHE_2016_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQiang_Zha2016" class="citation news cs1">Qiang Zha (4 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/world-view/university-rankings-perspective">"University Rankings in Perspective"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inside_Higher_Ed" title="Inside Higher Ed">Inside Higher Ed</a>. Retrieved 11 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inside+Higher+Ed&rft.atitle=University+Rankings+in+Perspective&rft.date=2016-12-04&rft.au=Qiang+Zha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidehighered.com%2Fblogs%2Fworld-view%2Funiversity-rankings-perspective&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlcayBulu2017" class="citation journal cs1">Olcay, Gokcen Arkali; Bulu, Melih (1 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://istinye.edu.tr/uploads/tfs-knowledgecreationofuniversities.pdf">"Is measuring the knowledge creation of universities possible?: A review of university rankings"</a> (PDF). Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 123: 153–160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.techfore.2016.03.029">10.1016/j.techfore.2016.03.029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technological+Forecasting+and+Social+Change&rft.atitle=Is+measuring+the+knowledge+creation+of+universities+possible%3F%3A+A+review+of+university+rankings&rft.volume=123&rft.pages=153-160&rft.date=2017-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.techfore.2016.03.029&rft.aulast=Olcay&rft.aufirst=Gokcen+Arkali&rft.au=Bulu%2C+Melih&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fistinye.edu.tr%2Fuploads%2Ftfs-knowledgecreationofuniversities.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stack-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Stack_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStack2021" class="citation book cs1">Stack, Michelle (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6q8xEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">"Introduction"</a>. In Stack, Michelle (ed.). Global University Rankings and the Politics of Knowledge. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 3–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781487530402" title="Special:BookSources/9781487530402"><bdi>9781487530402</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Global+University+Rankings+and+the+Politics+of+Knowledge&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=3-21&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781487530402&rft.aulast=Stack&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6q8xEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scimagoir.com/methodology.php">"SIR Methodology"</a>. Scimago. Retrieved 11 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SIR+Methodology&rft.pub=Scimago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscimagoir.com%2Fmethodology.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Morse,_Alexis_Krivian_and_Andrew_Jackwin2016" class="citation news cs1">Robert Morse, Alexis Krivian and Andrew Jackwin (24 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/articles/methodology">"How U.S. News Calculated the Best Global Universities Rankings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>. Retrieved 11 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=How+U.S.+News+Calculated+the+Best+Global+Universities+Rankings&rft.date=2016-10-24&rft.au=Robert+Morse%2C+Alexis+Krivian+and+Andrew+Jackwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Feducation%2Fbest-global-universities%2Farticles%2Fmethodology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrete_Luxbacher2013" class="citation news cs1">Grete Luxbacher (10 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/blog/2013/sep/10/university-rankings-influence-government-policy">"World university rankings: how much influence do they really have?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 11 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=World+university+rankings%3A+how+much+influence+do+they+really+have%3F&rft.date=2013-09-10&rft.au=Grete+Luxbacher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fhigher-education-network%2Fblog%2F2013%2Fsep%2F10%2Funiversity-rankings-influence-government-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2025">"QS World University Rankings"</a>. Top Universities. QS Quacquarelli Symonds. Retrieved 4 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Top+Universities&rft.atitle=QS+World+University+Rankings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Funiversity-rankings%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/sections/education/worlds-best-universities/index.html">"World's Best Universities"</a>. usnews.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World%27s+Best+Universities&rft.pub=usnews.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fsections%2Feducation%2Fworlds-best-universities%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2024">"20th edition of the QS World University Rankings"</a>. Top Universities. QS Quacquarelli Symonds. Retrieved 27 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Top+Universities&rft.atitle=20th+edition+of+the+QS+World+University+Rankings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Funiversity-rankings%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.qs.com/hc/en-gb/articles/4402509434386-QS-Global-Rankings-Advisory-Board">"QS Rankings Global Advisory Board"</a>. QS Quacquarelli Symonds.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=QS+Quacquarelli+Symonds&rft.atitle=QS+Rankings+Global+Advisory+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.qs.com%2Fhc%2Fen-gb%2Farticles%2F4402509434386-QS-Global-Rankings-Advisory-Board&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topuniversities.com/qs-world-university-rankings/methodology">"QS Methodology"</a>. QS Quacquarelli Symonds.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=QS+Quacquarelli+Symonds&rft.atitle=QS+Methodology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Fqs-world-university-rankings%2Fmethodology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.qs.com/hc/en-gb/articles/8322582098460">"Sustainability"</a>. QS Quacquarelli Symonds.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=QS+Quacquarelli+Symonds&rft.atitle=Sustainability&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.qs.com%2Fhc%2Fen-gb%2Farticles%2F8322582098460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.qs.com/hc/en-gb/articles/4744563188508">"Employment Outcomes"</a>. QS Quacquarelli Symonds.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=QS+Quacquarelli+Symonds&rft.atitle=Employment+Outcomes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.qs.com%2Fhc%2Fen-gb%2Farticles%2F4744563188508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.qs.com/hc/en-gb/articles/360021865579">"International Research Network"</a>. QS Quacquarelli Symonds.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=QS+Quacquarelli+Symonds&rft.atitle=International+Research+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.qs.com%2Fhc%2Fen-gb%2Farticles%2F360021865579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scopus.com">"Scopus.com"</a>. Scopus.com. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scopus.com&rft.pub=Scopus.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscopus.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.qs.com/hc/en-gb/articles/360019107580">"Citation per Faculty"</a>. QS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citation+per+Faculty&rft.pub=QS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.qs.com%2Fhc%2Fen-gb%2Farticles%2F360019107580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.qs.com/hc/en-gb/articles/360019108240">"faculty/student ratios"</a>. QS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=faculty%2Fstudent+ratios&rft.pub=QS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.qs.com%2Fhc%2Fen-gb%2Farticles%2F360019108240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asia-university-rankings/2023">"QS Asian University Rankings 2023"</a>. Topuniversities. Retrieved 8 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QS+Asian+University+Rankings+2023&rft.pub=Topuniversities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Funiversity-rankings%2Fasia-university-rankings%2F2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topuniversities.com/latin-america-caribbean-overall">"QS Latin American University Rankings"</a>. Top Universities. 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QS+Latin+American+University+Rankings&rft.pub=Top+Universities&rft.date=2023-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Flatin-america-caribbean-overall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.qs.com/hc/en-gb/articles/4403801257490-Latin-America-and-Caribbean-Region-Ranking">"Latin America and Caribbean Region Ranking Methodology"</a>. Top Universities.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+America+and+Caribbean+Region+Ranking+Methodology&rft.pub=Top+Universities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.qs.com%2Fhc%2Fen-gb%2Farticles%2F4403801257490-Latin-America-and-Caribbean-Region-Ranking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/arab-region-university-rankings/2023">"Arab Region Ranking"</a>. Top Universities.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arab+Region+Ranking&rft.pub=Top+Universities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Funiversity-rankings%2Farab-region-university-rankings%2F2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.qs.com/hc/en-gb/articles/4403452707986-Arab-Region-Ranking">"Arab Region Ranking Methodology"</a>. Top Universities.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arab+Region+Ranking+Methodology&rft.pub=Top+Universities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.qs.com%2Fhc%2Fen-gb%2Farticles%2F4403452707986-Arab-Region-Ranking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Altakhaineh-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Altakhaineh_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Altakhaineh_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltakhainehZibin2021" class="citation journal cs1">Altakhaineh, Abdel Rahman Mitib; Zibin, Aseel (2 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13538322.2021.1937819">"A new perspective on university ranking methods worldwide and in the Arab region: facts and suggestions"</a>. Quality in Higher Education. 27 (3): 282–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13538322.2021.1937819">10.1080/13538322.2021.1937819</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1353-8322">1353-8322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quality+in+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=A+new+perspective+on+university+ranking+methods+worldwide+and+in+the+Arab+region%3A+facts+and+suggestions&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=282-305&rft.date=2021-09-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13538322.2021.1937819&rft.issn=1353-8322&rft.aulast=Altakhaineh&rft.aufirst=Abdel+Rahman+Mitib&rft.au=Zibin%2C+Aseel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F13538322.2021.1937819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://higheredstrategy.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/World-of-Difference-200602162.pdf">"A World of Difference: A Global Survey of University League Tables"</a> (PDF). higheredstrategy.com. Retrieved 8 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=higheredstrategy.com&rft.atitle=A+World+of+Difference%3A+A+Global+Survey+of+University+League+Tables&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhigheredstrategy.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F07%2FWorld-of-Difference-200602162.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohareb2015" class="citation web cs1">Mohareb, Esraa (12 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-fanarmedia.org/2015/06/another-arab-university-ranking-is-out-but-is-it-needed/">"Another Arab University Ranking is Out. But Is It Needed?"</a>. Al-Fanar Media. Retrieved 8 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Fanar+Media&rft.atitle=Another+Arab+University+Ranking+is+Out.+But+Is+It+Needed%3F&rft.date=2015-06-12&rft.aulast=Mohareb&rft.aufirst=Esraa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-fanarmedia.org%2F2015%2F06%2Fanother-arab-university-ranking-is-out-but-is-it-needed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadranBaydounHillman2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Badran" title="Adnan Badran">Badran, Adnan</a>; Baydoun, Elias; Hillman, John R. (25 March 2019). Major Challenges Facing Higher Education in the Arab World: Quality Assurance and Relevance. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-03774-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-03774-1"><bdi>978-3-030-03774-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+Challenges+Facing+Higher+Education+in+the+Arab+World%3A+Quality+Assurance+and+Relevance&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019-03-25&rft.isbn=978-3-030-03774-1&rft.aulast=Badran&rft.aufirst=Adnan&rft.au=Baydoun%2C+Elias&rft.au=Hillman%2C+John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topuniversities.com/subject-rankings/2023">"QS World University Rankings by Subject"</a>. Top Universities.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QS+World+University+Rankings+by+Subject&rft.pub=Top+Universities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Fsubject-rankings%2F2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.qs.com/hc/en-gb/articles/4539968720924">"QS Subject Categorisation"</a>. QS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QS+Subject+Categorisation&rft.pub=QS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.qs.com%2Fhc%2Fen-gb%2Farticles%2F4539968720924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.qs.com/hc/en-gb/articles/4410488025106-QS-World-University-Rankings-by-Subject">"QS World University Ranking Subject Methodology"</a>. QS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QS+World+University+Ranking+Subject+Methodology&rft.pub=QS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.qs.com%2Fhc%2Fen-gb%2Farticles%2F4410488025106-QS-World-University-Rankings-by-Subject&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090720004952/http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/">"QS World University Rankings"</a>. Top Universities. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/">the original</a> on 20 July 2009. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QS+World+University+Rankings&rft.pub=Top+Universities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Fworlduniversityrankings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBothwell2016" class="citation web cs1">Bothwell, Ellie (17 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/world-university-rankings-2016-2017-launch-date-announced">"World University Rankings 2016-2017 launch date announced"</a>. Times Higher Education. Retrieved 14 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=World+University+Rankings+2016-2017+launch+date+announced&rft.date=2016-08-17&rft.aulast=Bothwell&rft.aufirst=Ellie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-university-rankings-2016-2017-launch-date-announced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaty" class="citation magazine cs1">Baty, Phil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=411907&c=1">"THE unveils broad, rigorous new rankings methodology"</a>. Times Higher Education. Retrieved 16 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=THE+unveils+broad%2C+rigorous+new+rankings+methodology&rft.aulast=Baty&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Fstory.asp%3Fsectioncode%3D26%26storycode%3D411907%26c%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-timeshighereducation1-41"><a href="#cite_ref-timeshighereducation1_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaty" class="citation magazine cs1">Baty, Phil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=413249&c=1">"THE World Rankings set for release on 16 September"</a>. Times Higher Education. Retrieved 16 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=THE+World+Rankings+set+for+release+on+16+September&rft.aulast=Baty&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Fstory.asp%3Fsectioncode%3D26%26storycode%3D413249%26c%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/100-under-50-rankings-2015-results/2019939.article">"100 Under 50 Rankings 2015 results"</a>. 30 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=100+Under+50+Rankings+2015+results&rft.date=2015-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fnews%2F100-under-50-rankings-2015-results%2F2019939.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/alma-mater-index-2017-who-educates-global-business-elite">"THE Alma Mater Index 2017: who educates the global business elite?"</a>. 19 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+Alma+Mater+Index+2017%3A+who+educates+the+global+business+elite%3F&rft.date=2017-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Ffeatures%2Falma-mater-index-2017-who-educates-global-business-elite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_BeckAdrian_Morrow2010" class="citation news cs1">Simon Beck; Adrian Morrow (16 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110213172820/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canadas-universities-make-the-grade-globally/article1709616/">"Canada's universities make the grade globally"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>. Toronto. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canadas-universities-make-the-grade-globally/article1709616/">the original</a> on 13 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+universities+make+the+grade+globally&rft.date=2010-09-16&rft.au=Simon+Beck&rft.au=Adrian+Morrow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fcanadas-universities-make-the-grade-globally%2Farticle1709616%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~bastedo/papers/BowmanBastedo.HE2011.pdf">"Anchoring Effects on World University Rankings: Exploring Biases in Reputation Scores"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anchoring+Effects+on+World+University+Rankings%3A+Exploring+Biases+in+Reputation+Scores&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-personal.umich.edu%2F~bastedo%2Fpapers%2FBowmanBastedo.HE2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2012-13/world-ranking/range/001-200">"World University Rankings 2012-2013"</a>. Times Higher Education. Retrieved 30 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=World+University+Rankings+2012-2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2012-13%2Fworld-ranking%2Frange%2F001-200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedghi2011" class="citation news cs1">Sedghi, Ami (9 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/mar/10/world-top-100-universities-reputation-rankings-reputation-times-higher-education">"World's top 100 universities 2011: their reputations ranked by Times Higher Education"</a>. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 26 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=World%27s+top+100+universities+2011%3A+their+reputations+ranked+by+Times+Higher+Education&rft.date=2011-03-09&rft.aulast=Sedghi&rft.aufirst=Ami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2Fdatablog%2F2011%2Fmar%2F10%2Fworld-top-100-universities-reputation-rankings-reputation-times-higher-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/world-reputation-rankings-2016-methodology">"World Reputation Rankings 2016 methodology"</a>. Times Higher Education. 4 May 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=World+Reputation+Rankings+2016+methodology&rft.date=2016-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fworld-university-rankings%2Fworld-reputation-rankings-2016-methodology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARWU_Ranking_Methodology-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ARWU_Ranking_Methodology_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ARWU_Ranking_Methodology_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111182914/http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU-Methodology-2011.html">"ARWU Ranking 2011 Methodology"</a>. ShanghaiRanking.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU-Methodology-2011.html">the original</a> on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARWU+Ranking+2011+Methodology&rft.pub=ShanghaiRanking.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shanghairanking.com%2FARWU-Methodology-2011.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2021">"ARWU Ranking"</a>. Retrieved 8 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARWU+Ranking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shanghairanking.com%2Frankings%2Farwu%2F2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Scott_ArmstrongTad_Sperry1994" class="citation journal cs1">J. Scott Armstrong; Tad Sperry (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620223714/http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/documents/research/Business%20School%20Prestige.pdf">"Business School Prestige: Research versus Teaching"</a> (PDF). Energy & Environment. 18 (2): 13–43. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/documents/research/Business%20School%20Prestige.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+%26+Environment&rft.atitle=Business+School+Prestige%3A+Research+versus+Teaching&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=13-43&rft.date=1994&rft.au=J.+Scott+Armstrong&rft.au=Tad+Sperry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarketing.wharton.upenn.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fresearch%2FBusiness%2520School%2520Prestige.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARTU_Ranking-52"><a href="#cite_ref-ARTU_Ranking_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.unsw.edu.au/artu/">"ARTU Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities"</a>. Retrieved 6 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARTU+Aggregate+Ranking+of+Top+Universities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.unsw.edu.au%2Fartu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.unsw.edu.au/artu/welcome">"ARTU Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities Introduction"</a>. Retrieved 6 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARTU+Aggregate+Ranking+of+Top+Universities+Introduction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.unsw.edu.au%2Fartu%2Fwelcome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.unsw.edu.au/artu/artu-results">"ARTU Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities Full Results"</a>. Retrieved 6 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARTU+Aggregate+Ranking+of+Top+Universities+Full+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.unsw.edu.au%2Fartu%2Fartu-results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.unsw.edu.au/artu/methodology">"ARTU Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities Methodology"</a>. Retrieved 6 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARTU+Aggregate+Ranking+of+Top+Universities+Methodology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.unsw.edu.au%2Fartu%2Fmethodology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARTU_Country-Analysis-56"><a href="#cite_ref-ARTU_Country-Analysis_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.unsw.edu.au/artu/indicator">"ARTU Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities Country Analysis"</a>. Retrieved 6 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ARTU+Aggregate+Ranking+of+Top+Universities+Country+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.unsw.edu.au%2Fartu%2Findicator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academicinfluence.com/">"Academic Influence"</a>. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academic+Influence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademicinfluence.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academicinfluence.com/schools">"Search Schools"</a>. Retrieved 1 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Search+Schools&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademicinfluence.com%2Fschools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academicinfluence.com/about/new-ranking-philosophy">"A New Philosophy of Academic Ranking"</a>. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+New+Philosophy+of+Academic+Ranking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademicinfluence.com%2Fabout%2Fnew-ranking-philosophy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlton2021" class="citation web cs1">Carlton, Genevieve (17 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebestschools.org/rankings/best-universities-worldwide/">"The 100 Best Universities in the World Today"</a>. The Best Schools. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+100+Best+Universities+in+the+World+Today&rft.pub=The+Best+Schools&rft.date=2021-09-17&rft.aulast=Carlton&rft.aufirst=Genevieve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebestschools.org%2Frankings%2Fbest-universities-worldwide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academicinfluence.com/about/methodology">"Methodology: How and Why We Rank by Influence"</a>. Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Methodology%3A+How+and+Why+We+Rank+by+Influence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademicinfluence.com%2Fabout%2Fmethodology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNietzel2021" class="citation web cs1">Nietzel, Michael T. (7 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltnietzel/2021/03/07/academic-influence-ranks-the-best-community-colleges-nationally-and-by-state/?sh=6b4d48de674b">"Academic Influence Ranks The Best Community Colleges, Nationally And By State"</a>. Forbes. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Academic+Influence+Ranks+The+Best+Community+Colleges%2C+Nationally+And+By+State&rft.date=2021-03-07&rft.aulast=Nietzel&rft.aufirst=Michael+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fmichaeltnietzel%2F2021%2F03%2F07%2Facademic-influence-ranks-the-best-community-colleges-nationally-and-by-state%2F%3Fsh%3D6b4d48de674b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/most-influential-hbcusacademicinfluencecom-ranks-the-elite-historically-black-colleges--universities-301326807.html">"The elite historically black colleges universities"</a>. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+elite+historically+black+colleges+universities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fmost-influential-hbcusacademicinfluencecom-ranks-the-elite-historically-black-colleges--universities-301326807.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ireg-observatory.org/en/ranking-news/ranking-university-influence/">"Ranking university influence"</a>. Retrieved 15 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ranking+university+influence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fireg-observatory.org%2Fen%2Franking-news%2Franking-university-influence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cwur.org/methodology/world-university-rankings.php">"CWUR World University Rankings Methodology"</a>. Retrieved 20 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CWUR+World+University+Rankings+Methodology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcwur.org%2Fmethodology%2Fworld-university-rankings.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cwur.org/methodology/subject-rankings.php">"CWUR Subject Rankings Methodology"</a>. Retrieved 20 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CWUR+Subject+Rankings+Methodology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcwur.org%2Fmethodology%2Fsubject-rankings.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Raanvan_LeeuwenVisser2011" class="citation journal cs1">van Raan, Ton; van Leeuwen, Thed; Visser, Martijn (6 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F469034a">"Non-English papers decrease rankings"</a>. Nature. 469 (34): 34. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.469...34V">2011Natur.469...34V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F469034a">10.1038/469034a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21209649">21209649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Non-English+papers+decrease+rankings&rft.volume=469&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=34&rft.date=2011-01-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21209649&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F469034a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Natur.469...34V&rft.aulast=van+Raan&rft.aufirst=Ton&rft.au=van+Leeuwen%2C+Thed&rft.au=Visser%2C+Martijn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F469034a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leidenranking.com/ranking">"Leiden Ranking"</a>. Universiteit Leiden Centre for Science and Technology Studies. Retrieved 19 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leiden+Ranking&rft.pub=Universiteit+Leiden+Centre+for+Science+and+Technology+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leidenranking.com%2Franking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100110070226/http://ranking.heeact.edu.tw/en-us/2009/Page/Methodology">"Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ranking.heeact.edu.tw/en-us/2009/page/methodology">the original</a> on 10 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Performance+Ranking+of+Scientific+Papers+for+World+Universities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Franking.heeact.edu.tw%2Fen-us%2F2009%2Fpage%2Fmethodology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ranking.heeact.edu.tw-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ranking.heeact.edu.tw_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ranking.heeact.edu.tw_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121228103300/http://toolserver.org/~dispenser/cgi-bin/webchecklinks.py?page=en:College_and_university_rankings">"by Subject Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/~dispenser/cgi-bin/webchecklinks.py?page=en:College_and_university_rankings">the original</a> on 28 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=by+Subject+Performance+Ranking+of+Scientific+Papers+for+World+Universities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftoolserver.org%2F~dispenser%2Fcgi-bin%2Fwebchecklinks.py%3Fpage%3Den%3ACollege_and_university_rankings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120720172842/http://ranking.heeact.edu.tw/en-us/2010%20by%20Field/Page/Methodology">"by Field Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ranking.heeact.edu.tw/en-us/2010%20by%20Field/Page/Methodology">the original</a> on 20 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=by+Field+Performance+Ranking+of+Scientific+Papers+for+World+Universities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Franking.heeact.edu.tw%2Fen-us%2F2010%2520by%2520Field%2FPage%2FMethodology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nturanking.csti.tw/about/introduction">"National Taiwan University Ranking"</a>. nturanking.csti.tw. Retrieved 2 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nturanking.csti.tw&rft.atitle=National+Taiwan+University+Ranking&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnturanking.csti.tw%2Fabout%2Fintroduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/most-innovative-universities/methodology">"Top 100 Innovative Universities Methodology"</a>. Reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Top+100+Innovative+Universities+Methodology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fmost-innovative-universities%2Fmethodology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwalt2016" class="citation news cs1">Ewalt, David (30 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1152B7">"Asia's Most Innovative Universities"</a>. Reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Asia%27s+Most+Innovative+Universities&rft.date=2016-08-30&rft.aulast=Ewalt&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmobile.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSKCN1152B7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwalt2017" class="citation news cs1">Ewalt, David (1 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSL2N1GC1NG#listing">"The World's Most Innovative Research Institutions – 2017"</a>. Reuters.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Most+Innovative+Research+Institutions+%E2%80%93+2017&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft.aulast=Ewalt&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmobile.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSL2N1GC1NG%23listing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160301093315/http://thomsonreuters.com/en/press-releases/2014/thomson-reuters-powers-worlds-leading-university-rankings.html">"Thomson Reuters Powers World's Leading University Rankings"</a>. Thomson Reuters. 4 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomsonreuters.com/en/press-releases/2014/thomson-reuters-powers-worlds-leading-university-rankings.html">the original</a> on 1 March 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomson+Reuters+Powers+World%27s+Leading+University+Rankings&rft.pub=Thomson+Reuters&rft.date=2012-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthomsonreuters.com%2Fen%2Fpress-releases%2F2014%2Fthomson-reuters-powers-worlds-leading-university-rankings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629143017/http://ireg-observatory.org/en/index.php/325-new-ranking-from-russia">"New Ranking from Russia"</a>. IREG Observatory. 4 September 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ireg-observatory.org/en/index.php/325-new-ranking-from-russia">the original</a> on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Ranking+from+Russia&rft.pub=IREG+Observatory&rft.date=2015-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fireg-observatory.org%2Fen%2Findex.php%2F325-new-ranking-from-russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scimagoir.com/index.php">"SCImago Institutions Rankings"</a>. Scimagoir.com. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SCImago+Institutions+Rankings&rft.pub=Scimagoir.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scimagoir.com%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Vargas-Quesada, Benjamin; Bustos-González, Atilio; de Moya-Anegón, Félix. (2017). Scimago institutions rankings: The most comprehensive ranking approach to the world of research institutions. In: Research Analytics: Boosting University Productivity and Competitiveness through Scientometrics, pp. 147-160. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315155890">http://doi.org/10.1201/9781315155890</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101121155654/http://www.scimagoir.com/pdf/sir_2010_world_report.pdf">"SIR World Report 2010"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scimagoir.com/pdf/sir_2010_world_report.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SIR+World+Report+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scimagoir.com%2Fpdf%2Fsir_2010_world_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sci-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sci_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sci_81-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scimago.es/">SCImago Research Group</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scimagoir.com/press_en.php">SIR World Report 2010. Research Institution Ranking (Press)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100605071751/http://www.scimagoir.com/press_en.php">Archived</a> 5 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120620122628/http://scimago.es/members.php">"Members. SCImago Research Group"</a>. Scimago.es. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scimago.es/members.php">the original</a> on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Members.+SCImago+Research+Group&rft.pub=Scimago.es&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scimago.es%2Fmembers.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u-multirank.eu/">"U-Multirank"</a>. Retrieved 26 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U-Multirank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.u-multirank.eu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/u-multirank-launched-by-eu-commissioner/2013272.article">"U-Multirank launched by EU commissioner"</a>. Times Higher Education. 13 May 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=U-Multirank+launched+by+EU+commissioner&rft.date=2014-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fu-multirank-launched-by-eu-commissioner%2F2013272.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guninetwork.org/guni.hednews/hednews/the-european-commission-launches-u-multirank">"The European Commission launches U-Multirank"</a>. Retrieved 3 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+European+Commission+launches+U-Multirank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guninetwork.org%2Fguni.hednews%2Fhednews%2Fthe-european-commission-launches-u-multirank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrainlane_-_SiteLab_CMS_v2" class="citation web cs1">Brainlane - SiteLab CMS v2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407010515/http://www.cesaer.org/en/news-items/news/u-multirank-the-start-of-multi-dimensional-international-ranking">"U-Multirank: The start of multi-dimensional international ranking"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cesaer.org/en/news-items/news/u-multirank-the-start-of-multi-dimensional-international-ranking/">the original</a> on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U-Multirank%3A+The+start+of+multi-dimensional+international+ranking&rft.au=Brainlane+-+SiteLab+CMS+v2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cesaer.org%2Fen%2Fnews-items%2Fnews%2Fu-multirank-the-start-of-multi-dimensional-international-ranking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-14-548_en.htm">"European Commission - PRESS RELEASES - Press release - New international university ranking: Commission welcomes launch of U-Multirank"</a>. Retrieved 3 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Commission+-+PRESS+RELEASES+-+Press+release+-+New+international+university+ranking%3A+Commission+welcomes+launch+of+U-Multirank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Frapid%2Fpress-release_IP-14-548_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-urapweb-88"><a href="#cite_ref-urapweb_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902034618/http://www.urapcenter.org/">"University Ranking by Academic Performance"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urapcenter.org/">the original</a> on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+Ranking+by+Academic+Performance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urapcenter.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ii.metu.edu.tr/">"Middle East Technical University, Graduate School of Informatics"</a>. Retrieved 23 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Technical+University%2C+Graduate+School+of+Informatics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fii.metu.edu.tr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181214075818/http://www.urapcenter.org/2014/world.php?q=MS0yNTA=">"URAP World Ranking"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urapcenter.org/2014/world.php?q=MS0yNTA=">the original</a> on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=URAP+World+Ranking&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urapcenter.org%2F2014%2Fworld.php%3Fq%3DMS0yNTA%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505033356/http://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities">"Best Global Universities"</a>. U.S. News & World Report. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities">the original</a> on 5 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Best+Global+Universities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Feducation%2Fbest-global-universities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynie" class="citation magazine cs1">Haynie, Devon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/articles/overview">"U.S. News Releases Inaugural Best Global Universities Rankings"</a>. U.S. News & World Report.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=U.S.+News+Releases+Inaugural+Best+Global+Universities+Rankings&rft.aulast=Haynie&rft.aufirst=Devon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Feducation%2Fbest-global-universities%2Farticles%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505033356/http://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities">"Best Global Universities Ranking by US News"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities">the original</a> on 5 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Best+Global+Universities+Ranking+by+US+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Feducation%2Fbest-global-universities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521210513/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities">"National University Ranking by US News"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-universities">the original</a> on 21 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+University+Ranking+by+US+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcolleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com%2Fbest-colleges%2Frankings%2Fnational-universities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HigherEd-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HigherEd_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HigherEd_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HigherEd_95-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2014/10/10/us-news-issue-new-global-university-rankings">"'U.S. News' to Issue New Global University Rankings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inside_Higher_Ed" title="Inside Higher Ed">Inside Higher Ed</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+Higher+Ed&rft.atitle=%27U.S.+News%27+to+Issue+New+Global+University+Rankings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidehighered.com%2Fquicktakes%2F2014%2F10%2F10%2Fus-news-issue-new-global-university-rankings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.best-masters.com/">"Eduniversal Best Masters ranking worldwide"</a>. www.best-masters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.best-masters.com&rft.atitle=Eduniversal+Best+Masters+ranking+worldwide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.best-masters.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Presentation of the Eduniversal Company on a TV program, Télématin on a French Channel, France 2–26 June 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20080510110455694">"FRANCE: Global list of business schools published"</a>. www.universityworldnews.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.universityworldnews.com&rft.atitle=FRANCE%3A+Global+list+of+business+schools+published&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universityworldnews.com%2Farticle.php%3Fstory%3D20080510110455694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20091108090147127">"World's top business schools"</a>. www.universityworldnews.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.universityworldnews.com&rft.atitle=World%27s+top+business+schools&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universityworldnews.com%2Farticle.php%3Fstory%3D20091108090147127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studyinternational.com/news/southeast-asia-the-emerging-business-hub">"Southeast Asia – the emerging business hub"</a>. 16 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia+%E2%80%93+the+emerging+business+hub&rft.date=2015-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.studyinternational.com%2Fnews%2Fsoutheast-asia-the-emerging-business-hub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/UWI-business-programmes-among-top-20-in-Latin-America">"UWI business programmes among top 20 in Latin America"</a>. Jamaica Observer. 5 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Observer&rft.atitle=UWI+business+programmes+among+top+20+in+Latin+America&rft.date=2016-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamaicaobserver.com%2Fnews%2FUWI-business-programmes-among-top-20-in-Latin-America&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/IIM-B-tops-in-Eduniversal-ranking/articleshow/50461811.cms">"IIM-B tops in Eduniversal ranking"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=IIM-B+tops+in+Eduniversal+ranking&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fhome%2Feducation%2Fnews%2FIIM-B-tops-in-Eduniversal-ranking%2Farticleshow%2F50461811.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/2644235/0/masteres-universidades/escuelas-negocios-espana/entre-mejores-mundo/">"Másteres de 14 universidades y escuelas de negocio españolas, entre los mejores del mundo"</a>. 8 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A1steres+de+14+universidades+y+escuelas+de+negocio+espa%C3%B1olas%2C+entre+los+mejores+del+mundo&rft.date=2016-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.20minutos.es%2Fnoticia%2F2644235%2F0%2Fmasteres-universidades%2Fescuelas-negocios-espana%2Fentre-mejores-mundo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://businesstech.co.za/news/general/101786/university-of-cape-town-mba-scores-top-honours-in-africa/">"University of Cape Town MBA scores top honours in Africa – BusinessTech"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Cape+Town+MBA+scores+top+honours+in+Africa+%E2%80%93+BusinessTech&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusinesstech.co.za%2Fnews%2Fgeneral%2F101786%2Funiversity-of-cape-town-mba-scores-top-honours-in-africa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asia_First_Media-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Asia_First_Media_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asia_First_Media_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asia_First_Media_105-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destinyme.net/hrlr">"World Top 300 Universities Alumni Ranking"</a>. Asia First Media. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Top+300+Universities+Alumni+Ranking&rft.pub=Asia+First+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destinyme.net%2Fhrlr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/nature-index/institution-outputs/generate/all/global/all">"Institution tables"</a>. Nature Index. 29 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nature+Index&rft.atitle=Institution+tables&rft.date=2023-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature-index%2Finstitution-outputs%2Fgenerate%2Fall%2Fglobal%2Fall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.natureindex.com/supplements/nature-index-2017-innovation/index">"Nature Index 2017 Innovation - Supplements - Nature Index"</a>. www.natureindex.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.natureindex.com&rft.atitle=Nature+Index+2017+Innovation+-+Supplements+-+Nature+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.natureindex.com%2Fsupplements%2Fnature-index-2017-innovation%2Findex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090122065258/http://www.ensmp.fr/Actualites/PR/EMP-ranking.html">"International Professional Rankings of Higher Education Institutions"</a>. Mines ParisTech. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensmp.fr/Actualites/PR/EMP-ranking.html">the original</a> on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Professional+Rankings+of+Higher+Education+Institutions&rft.pub=Mines+ParisTech&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ensmp.fr%2FActualites%2FPR%2FEMP-ranking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-THE_questions-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-THE_questions_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-THE_questions_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaty2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Baty, Phil (4 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120427200649/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=410253&c=1">"THE World University Rankings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&storycode=410253&c=1">the original</a> on 27 April 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=THE+World+University+Rankings&rft.date=2010-02-04&rft.aulast=Baty&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Fstory.asp%3Fsectioncode%3D26%26storycode%3D410253%26c%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218004431/http://universitymetrics.com/gfactor">"What is the G-Factor?"</a>. Universitymetrics.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universitymetrics.com/node/3#What">the original</a> on 18 February 2009. Retrieved 23 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+the+G-Factor%3F&rft.pub=Universitymetrics.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universitymetrics.com%2Fnode%2F3%23What&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cucas.edu.cn/studyinchina/top">"China Universities Rankings"</a>. Retrieved 8 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+Universities+Rankings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cucas.edu.cn%2Fstudyinchina%2Ftop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100708013357/http://www.globaluniversitiesranking.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63&Itemid=66">"globaluniversitiesranking.org"</a>. globaluniversitiesranking.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globaluniversitiesranking.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63&Itemid=66">the original</a> on 8 July 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=globaluniversitiesranking.org&rft.pub=globaluniversitiesranking.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globaluniversitiesranking.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D63%26Itemid%3D66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100708013336/http://www.globaluniversitiesranking.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68&Itemid=128">"globaluniversitiesranking.org"</a>. globaluniversitiesranking.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globaluniversitiesranking.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68&Itemid=128">the original</a> on 8 July 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=globaluniversitiesranking.org&rft.pub=globaluniversitiesranking.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globaluniversitiesranking.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D68%26Itemid%3D128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rpi-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rpi_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rpi_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100913213851/http://www.highimpactuniversities.com/">"www.highimpactuniversities.com"</a>. www.highimpactuniversities.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highimpactuniversities.com/">the original</a> on 13 September 2010. Retrieved 30 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=www.highimpactuniversities.com&rft.pub=www.highimpactuniversities.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highimpactuniversities.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/features/college-rankings/2011/best-international-schools.html">"Best International Schools"</a>. Newsweek. The Newsweek/Daily Beast Company LLC. 14 September 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Best+International+Schools&rft.date=2011-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fnewsweek%2Ffeatures%2Fcollege-rankings%2F2011%2Fbest-international-schools.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings">"QS Asian University Rankings"</a>. Top Universities. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QS+Asian+University+Rankings&rft.pub=Top+Universities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Funiversity-rankings%2Fasian-university-rankings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/asian-university-rankings/2016">"QS University Rankings: Asia 2016"</a>. Top Universities. QS Quacquarelli Symonds.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Top+Universities&rft.atitle=QS+University+Rankings%3A+Asia+2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Funiversity-rankings%2Fasian-university-rankings%2F2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2020/regional-ranking">"Asia University Rankings"</a>. Times Higher Education. 28 May 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Asia+University+Rankings&rft.date=2020-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2020%2Fregional-ranking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-119"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.youthincmag.com">"Home"</a>. Youth Incorporated Magazine. Retrieved 3 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Youth+Incorporated+Magazine&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youthincmag.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/rankings/japan-university/2022">"Japan University Rankings 2022"</a>. Times Higher Education. 16 March 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Japan+University+Rankings+2022&rft.date=2022-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Frankings%2Fjapan-university%2F2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/methodology-japan-university-rankings-2022">"Japan University Rankings 2022: methodology"</a>. Times Higher Education. 17 March 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Japan+University+Rankings+2022%3A+methodology&rft.date=2022-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fworld-university-rankings%2Fmethodology-japan-university-rankings-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://megalodon.jp/2022-0716-0321-54/https://www.ochazemi.co.jp:443/course/top_k3/guide_k3/">"【魚拓】高3生講座紹介｜お茶の水ゼミナール"</a>. ウェブ魚拓. Retrieved 22 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%96%E9%AD%9A%E6%8B%93&rft.atitle=%E3%80%90%E9%AD%9A%E6%8B%93%E3%80%91%E9%AB%983%E7%94%9F+%E8%AC%9B%E5%BA%A7%E7%B4%B9%E4%BB%8B%EF%BD%9C%E3%81%8A%E8%8C%B6%E3%81%AE%E6%B0%B4%E3%82%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmegalodon.jp%2F2022-0716-0321-54%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.ochazemi.co.jp%3A443%2Fcourse%2Ftop_k3%2Fguide_k3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nigelward.com/top30.html">"30 Top Japanese Universities"</a>. Nigelward.com. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=30+Top+Japanese+Universities&rft.pub=Nigelward.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nigelward.com%2Ftop30.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100812034401/http://www.hec.gov.pk/insidehec/divisions/QALI/Others/RankingofUniversities/Pages/Default.aspx">"Ranking of Universities"</a>. Hec.gov.pk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hec.gov.pk/insidehec/divisions/QALI/Others/RankingofUniversities/Pages/Default.aspx">the original</a> on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ranking+of+Universities&rft.pub=Hec.gov.pk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hec.gov.pk%2Finsidehec%2Fdivisions%2FQALI%2FOthers%2FRankingofUniversities%2FPages%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/572920/lums-nust-and-aga-khan-dominate-hec-university-rankings-2013/">"LUMS, NUST and Aga Khan dominate HEC University Rankings 2013"</a>. The Express Tribune. 5 July 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=LUMS%2C+NUST+and+Aga+Khan+dominate+HEC+University+Rankings+2013&rft.date=2013-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F572920%2Flums-nust-and-aga-khan-dominate-hec-university-rankings-2013%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/340646/hec-releases-top-universities-lists/">"HEC releases Pakistan's top universities lists"</a>. The Express Tribune. 23 February 2012. Retrieved 26 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=HEC+releases+Pakistan%27s+top+universities+lists&rft.date=2012-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F340646%2Fhec-releases-top-universities-lists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-phil_rank-127"><a href="#cite_ref-phil_rank_127-0">^</a> Vanzi, Sol Jose. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsflash.org/2000/03/ht/ht001110.htm">Xavier University Cagayan beats UP in State Tests Average</a>". Philippine Headline News Online.29 March 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-up_news-128"><a href="#cite_ref-up_news_128-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.up.edu.ph/upnewsletter.php?issue=33&i=511">UP is no. 1 based on PRC exams</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207155621/http://www.up.edu.ph/upnewsletter.php?issue=33&i=511">Archived</a> 7 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". UP Newsletter, Vol. XXVIII, No. 09. 1 September 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317074856/http://eval.kcue.or.kr/index.htm">"Korean Council for University Education"</a>. Eval.kcue.or.kr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eval.kcue.or.kr/index.htm">the original</a> on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Korean+Council+for+University+Education&rft.pub=Eval.kcue.or.kr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feval.kcue.or.kr%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107033747/https://college-rank.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/3rd_report_snaps10.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://college-rank.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/3rd_report_snaps10.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollege-rank.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F11%2F3rd_report_snaps10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cordis.europa.eu/indicators/third_report.htm">"CORDIS: Science and Technology Indicators: Publications: Third European Report on Science and Technology Indicators 2003"</a>. Cordis.europa.eu. 16 January 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CORDIS%3A+Science+and+Technology+Indicators%3A+Publications%3A+Third+European+Report+on+Science+and+Technology+Indicators+2003&rft.pub=Cordis.europa.eu&rft.date=2007-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcordis.europa.eu%2Findicators%2Fthird_report.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> The full report, containing almost 500 pages of statistics is available for download free from the EU website. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/education/news/news1103_en.htm">"European Commission – Education & Training – News – Commission launches university ranking project"</a>. Ec.europa.eu. 11 December 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Commission+%E2%80%93+Education+%26+Training+%E2%80%93+News+%E2%80%93+Commission+launches+university+ranking+project&rft.pub=Ec.europa.eu&rft.date=2008-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feducation%2Fnews%2Fnews1103_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.researchranking.org/">"ResearchRanking.org: European Research Ranking - home"</a>. www.researchranking.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.researchranking.org&rft.atitle=ResearchRanking.org%3A+European+Research+Ranking+-+home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchranking.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-view_CHE_UniversityRanking-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-view_CHE_UniversityRanking_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-view_CHE_UniversityRanking_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZEIT_ONLINE_GmbH,_Hamburg,_Germany" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">ZEIT ONLINE GmbH, Hamburg, Germany. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ranking.zeit.de/che2010/en/">"University Ranking 2012/2013 for Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Austria"</a> (in German). Ranking.zeit.de. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+Ranking+2012%2F2013+for+Germany%2C+Switzerland%2C+the+Netherlands+and+Austria&rft.pub=Ranking.zeit.de&rft.au=ZEIT+ONLINE+GmbH%2C+Hamburg%2C+Germany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Franking.zeit.de%2Fche2010%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rsvu.mon.bg/">"Bulgarian University Ranking System"</a>. Rsvu.mon.bg. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bulgarian+University+Ranking+System&rft.pub=Rsvu.mon.bg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frsvu.mon.bg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universitetslisten.dk/">Universitetslisten</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130627110556/http://www.universitetslisten.dk/">Archived</a> 27 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - study by CEPOS (Copenhagen). </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.info.gouv.fr/actualite/le-classement-shanghai-2023-valorise-les-universites-francaises">"Le classement de Shanghai 2023 valorise les universités françaises"</a>. info.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 12 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=info.gouv.fr&rft.atitle=Le+classement+de+Shanghai+2023+valorise+les+universit%C3%A9s+fran%C3%A7aises&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gouv.fr%2Factualite%2Fle-classement-shanghai-2023-valorise-les-universites-francaises&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universando.com/blog/classifica-facolta-universitarie-censis-2010/">"Classifica Migliori Facoltà Universitarie – Censis 2010"</a>. Universando.com. 19 September 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classifica+Migliori+Facolt%C3%A0+Universitarie+%E2%80%93+Censis+2010&rft.pub=Universando.com&rft.date=2010-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universando.com%2Fblog%2Fclassifica-facolta-universitarie-censis-2010%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anvur.it/attivita/ava/accreditamento-periodico/rapporti-anvur-di-accreditamento-periodico/">"Rapporti ANVUR di Accreditamento Periodico – ANVUR – Agenzia Nazionale di Valutazione del Sistema Universitario e della Ricerca"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rapporti+ANVUR+di+Accreditamento+Periodico+%E2%80%93+ANVUR+%E2%80%93+Agenzia+Nazionale+di+Valutazione+del+Sistema+Universitario+e+della+Ricerca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anvur.it%2Fattivita%2Fava%2Faccreditamento-periodico%2Frapporti-anvur-di-accreditamento-periodico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131025003448/http://www.shanghairanking.com//Macedonian_HEIs_Ranking/index.html">"Macedonian HEIs Ranking by Academic Ranking of World Universities"</a>. Shanghairanking.com. 16 February 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shanghairanking.com/Macedonian_HEIs_Ranking/index.html">the original</a> on 25 October 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Macedonian+HEIs+Ranking+by+Academic+Ranking+of+World+Universities&rft.pub=Shanghairanking.com&rft.date=2012-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shanghairanking.com%2FMacedonian_HEIs_Ranking%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mon.gov.mk/en/academic-ranking">Ministry of Education and Science: Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) List</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117051444/http://mon.gov.mk/en/academic-ranking">Archived</a> 17 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perspektywy_magazine-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Perspektywy_magazine_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perspektywy.pl">"Perspektywy"</a>. Retrieved 4 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perspektywy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perspektywy.pl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ad_Astra_ranking-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Ad_Astra_ranking_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ad-astra.ro/universitati/">"Ad Astra ranking of Romanian universities"</a>. Retrieved 30 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ad+Astra+ranking+of+Romanian+universities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ad-astra.ro%2Funiversitati%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rian.ru-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rian.ru_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rian.ru_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rian.ru/ratings_multimedia/20100902/271380235.html">"Рейтинг качества приема в российские государственные вузы–2010 | Все рейтинги | Лента новостей "РИА Новости""</a>. Rian.ru. 28 February 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%E2%80%932010+%26%23124%3B+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8+%26%23124%3B+%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9+%22%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%90+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%22&rft.pub=Rian.ru&rft.date=2011-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rian.ru%2Fratings_multimedia%2F20100902%2F271380235.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110625105352/http://reitor.ru/ru/observatory/raitings/">"reitor.ru/ru/observatory/raitings/ - Сервис регистрации доменов и хостинга *.RU-TLD.RU"</a>. reitor.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reitor.ru/ru/observatory/raitings/">the original</a> on 25 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reitor.ru&rft.atitle=reitor.ru%2Fru%2Fobservatory%2Fraitings%2F+-+%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0+%2A.RU-TLD.RU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freitor.ru%2Fru%2Fobservatory%2Fraitings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120611081433/http://www.univer-rating.ru/">"Univer-rating.ru"</a>. Univer-rating.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univer-rating.ru/">the original</a> on 11 June 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Univer-rating.ru&rft.pub=Univer-rating.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.univer-rating.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108151821/http://www.finansmag.ru/96369/">""Финанс." Лучшие финансовые вузы России"</a>. Finansmag.ru. 31 October 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finansmag.ru/96369/">the original</a> on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81.%22+%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%87%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pub=Finansmag.ru&rft.date=2010-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finansmag.ru%2F96369%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hogskolekvalitet.se/">Högskolekvalitet</a> - study by Confederation of Swedish Enterprise. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urapcenter.org/">"University Ranking by Academic Performance"</a>. Retrieved 3 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+Ranking+by+Academic+Performance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Furapcenter.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ministry_Ukraine-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Ministry_Ukraine_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930174236/http://www.mon.gov.ua/education/higher">"Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine"</a> (in Ukrainian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mon.gov.ua/education/higher">the original</a> on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministry+of+Education+and+Science+of+Ukraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mon.gov.ua%2Feducation%2Fhigher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RankZN-152"><a href="#cite_ref-RankZN_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070622122211/http://www.dt.ua/projects/top200/59129/">"200 Best Ukrainian Universities"</a> (in Ukrainian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dt.ua/projects/top200/59129/">the original</a> on 22 June 2007. Retrieved 10 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=200+Best+Ukrainian+Universities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dt.ua%2Fprojects%2Ftop200%2F59129%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kyiv_Student_Council-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Kyiv_Student_Council_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211154853/http://ranking.srk.kiev.ua/">"University Ranking by Kyiv Student Council"</a> (in Ukrainian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ranking.srk.kiev.ua/">the original</a> on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+Ranking+by+Kyiv+Student+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Franking.srk.kiev.ua%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-University_guide_2012-154"><a href="#cite_ref-University_guide_2012_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherdRogers2011" class="citation news cs1">Shepherd, Jessica; Rogers, Simon (17 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/may/17/university-guide-2012-data-guardian/">"University guide 2012: download the Guardian tables"</a>. The Guardian. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=University+guide+2012%3A+download+the+Guardian+tables&rft.date=2011-05-17&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft.au=Rogers%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2Fdatablog%2F2011%2Fmay%2F17%2Funiversity-guide-2012-data-guardian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/cambridge-tops-table-of-tables-for-fourth-year/2016236.article">"University of Cambridge tops 'Table of Tables' for fourth year"</a>. Times Higher Education. Retrieved 9 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=University+of+Cambridge+tops+%27Table+of+Tables%27+for+fourth+year&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fcambridge-tops-table-of-tables-for-fourth-year%2F2016236.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Havergal2016" class="citation news cs1">Chris Havergal (12 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/table-tables-2017-loughborough-catching-elite">"THE 'Table of Tables' 2017: Loughborough catching up with elite"</a>. Times Higher Education.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=THE+%27Table+of+Tables%27+2017%3A+Loughborough+catching+up+with+elite&rft.date=2016-10-12&rft.au=Chris+Havergal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fnews%2Ftable-tables-2017-loughborough-catching-elite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/ng-interactive/2014/dec/18/university-research-excellence-framework-2014-full-rankings">"REF Rankings"</a>. Guardian. Retrieved 18 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guardian&rft.atitle=REF+Rankings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2Fdatablog%2Fng-interactive%2F2014%2Fdec%2F18%2Funiversity-research-excellence-framework-2014-full-rankings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Macleans (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oncampus.macleans.ca/education/rankings/">2009 Student Surveys</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429192105/http://oncampus.macleans.ca/education/rankings/">Archived</a> 29 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Macleans.ca, on campus. Rogers Publishing Limited. Retrieved 9 May 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Dwyer, M. (November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20061113_136532_136532">"Our 16th Annual Rankings: We evaluated 47 Canadian universities, by the numbers and under the microscope."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120523231935/http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20061113_136532_136532">Archived</a> 23 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Macleans.ca. Retrieved 9 May 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vancouversun.com/Maclean+releases+20th+university+rankings/3806564/story.html">"Maclean's releases its 20th university rankings"</a>. Vancouversun.com. 10 November 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maclean%27s+releases+its+20th+university+rankings&rft.pub=Vancouversun.com&rft.date=2010-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvancouversun.com%2FMaclean%2Breleases%2B20th%2Buniversity%2Brankings%2F3806564%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Schmidt, S. (2 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=876f5f10-322a-4e74-b768-0018ee6ecd55&k=11624">"Universities continue to shun Maclean's ranks"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120822073300/http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=876f5f10-322a-4e74-b768-0018ee6ecd55&k=11624">Archived</a> 22 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a>. CanWest News Service. Retrieved 9 May 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamarasekera2007" class="citation web cs1">Samarasekera, Indira (2 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insidehighered.com/views/2007/04/02/samarasekera">"Rising Up Against Rankings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Inside_Higher_Ed" title="Inside Higher Ed">Inside Higher Ed</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+Higher+Ed&rft.atitle=Rising+Up+Against+Rankings&rft.date=2007-04-02&rft.aulast=Samarasekera&rft.aufirst=Indira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidehighered.com%2Fviews%2F2007%2F04%2F02%2Fsamarasekera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecum.unam.mx/">Estudio Comparativo de Universidades Mexicanas (ECUM)</a> ECUM has been produced by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dgei.unam.mx/">Dirección General de Evaluación Institucional (DGEI)</a> at UNAM. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120708021219/http://www.conacyt.gob.mx/SNI/Index_SNI.html">"SNI"</a>. Conacyt.gob.mx. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conacyt.gob.mx/SNI/Index_SNI.html">the original</a> on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SNI&rft.pub=Conacyt.gob.mx&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conacyt.gob.mx%2FSNI%2FIndex_SNI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conacyt.gob.mx/Calidad/Becas_ProgramasPosgradosNacionalesCalidad.html">Error</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120422075409/http://www.conacyt.gob.mx/Calidad/Becas_ProgramasPosgradosNacionalesCalidad.html">Archived</a> 22 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120625123714/http://promep.sep.gob.mx/cuerpos.html">"Cuerpos Académicos"</a>. Promep.sep.gob.mx. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://promep.sep.gob.mx/cuerpos.html">the original</a> on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cuerpos+Acad%C3%A9micos&rft.pub=Promep.sep.gob.mx&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpromep.sep.gob.mx%2Fcuerpos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecum.unam.mx/">"Explorador de datos del ECUM (ExECUM)"</a>. Ecum.unam.mx. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explorador+de+datos+del+ECUM+%28ExECUM%29&rft.pub=Ecum.unam.mx&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecum.unam.mx%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dgei.unam.mx/">"Dirección General de Evaluación Institucional"</a>. Dgei.unam.mx. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Direcci%C3%B3n+General+de+Evaluaci%C3%B3n+Institucional&rft.pub=Dgei.unam.mx&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dgei.unam.mx%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dgei.unam.mx/cuaderno2.pdf">"Desempeño de Universidades Mexicanas en la Función de Investigación: Estudio Comparativo"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Desempe%C3%B1o+de+Universidades+Mexicanas+en+la+Funci%C3%B3n+de+Investigaci%C3%B3n%3A+Estudio+Comparativo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dgei.unam.mx%2Fcuaderno2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dgei.unam.mx/cuaderno5.pdf">"Estudio comparativo de universidades mexicanas. Segundo reporte: desempeño en investigación y docencia"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estudio+comparativo+de+universidades+mexicanas.+Segundo+reporte%3A+desempe%C3%B1o+en+investigaci%C3%B3n+y+docencia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dgei.unam.mx%2Fcuaderno5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130409172123/http://www.hobsonscoursefinder.com.au/ratings/search">"Ratings"</a>. Hobsons Course Finder. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hobsonscoursefinder.com.au/ratings/search">the original</a> on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ratings&rft.pub=Hobsons+Course+Finder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hobsonscoursefinder.com.au%2Fratings%2Fsearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150408030955/http://www.australianuniversities.com.au/rankings/">"Australian University Rankings"</a>. Australian Education Network. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australianuniversities.com.au/rankings/">the original</a> on 8 April 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+University+Rankings&rft.pub=Australian+Education+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australianuniversities.com.au%2Frankings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-173"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/latin-american-university-rankings/2016#sorting=rank+region=+country=+faculty=+stars=false+search=">"QS University Rankings: Latin America 2016"</a>. Top Universities. QS Quacquarelli Symonds. 5 November 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Top+Universities&rft.atitle=QS+University+Rankings%3A+Latin+America+2016&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Funiversity-rankings%2Flatin-american-university-rankings%2F2016%23sorting%3Drank%2Bregion%3D%2Bcountry%3D%2Bfaculty%3D%2Bstars%3Dfalse%2Bsearch%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070702010802/http://www.coneau.gov.ar/index.php?idioma=en">"National Commission for University Evaluation and Accreditation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coneau.gov.ar/index.php?idioma=en">the original</a> on 2 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Commission+for+University+Evaluation+and+Accreditation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coneau.gov.ar%2Findex.php%3Fidioma%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnachile.cl/">"Cnachile.cl"</a>. Cnachile.cl. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cnachile.cl&rft.pub=Cnachile.cl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnachile.cl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.universite.cl/ranking_de_universidades_revista_que_pasa_2009-2010.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110729021956/http://www.universite.cl/ranking_de_universidades_revista_que_pasa_2009-2010.html">Archived</a> 29 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rankings.americaeconomia.com/2010/mejores-universidades-chile/metodologia.php">"Las Mejores Universidades de Chile - Ránking 2010 - AméricaEconomía"</a>. Rankings.americaeconomia.com. Retrieved 6 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Las+Mejores+Universidades+de+Chile+-+R%C3%A1nking+2010+-+Am%C3%A9ricaEconom%C3%ADa&rft.pub=Rankings.americaeconomia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frankings.americaeconomia.com%2F2010%2Fmejores-universidades-chile%2Fmetodologia.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-178"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002325/232555e.pdf">Rethinking Education: Towards a global common good?</a> (PDF). UNESCO. 2015. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100088-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100088-1"><bdi>978-92-3-100088-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Education%3A+Towards+a+global+common+good%3F&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-92-3-100088-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0023%2F002325%2F232555e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACollege+and+university+rankings" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="University_ranking_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:University_ranking_systems" title="Template:University ranking systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:University_ranking_systems" title="Template talk:University ranking systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:University_ranking_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:University ranking systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="University_ranking_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">University ranking systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_World_University_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for World University Rankings">Center for World University Rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CWTS_Leiden_Ranking" title="CWTS Leiden Ranking">CWTS Leiden Ranking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Global_University_Ranking">Global University Ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mines_ParisTech:_Professional_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities">Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Ranking_of_Scientific_Papers_for_World_Universities" title="Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities">Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_University_Ranking" title="Round University Ranking">Round University Ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCImago_Institutions_Rankings" title="SCImago Institutions Rankings">SCImago Institutions Rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Ranking_by_Academic_Performance" title="University Ranking by Academic Performance">University Ranking by Academic Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_University_Ranking" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking">U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webometrics_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Webometrics Ranking of World Universities">Webometrics Ranking of World Universities</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#World's_Universities_with_Real_Impact">World's Universities with Real Impact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_European_Union" title="Rankings of universities in the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Latin_America" title="Rankings of universities in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_ASEAN" title="Rankings of universities in ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Australia#Rankings_of_universities" title="List of universities in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Excellence_in_Research_for_Australia" title="Excellence in Research for Australia">Excellence in Research for Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Brazil" title="Rankings of universities in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Canada" title="Rankings of universities in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s#Guide_to_Canadian_Universities" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Best_Chinese_Universities_Ranking" title="Best Chinese Universities Ranking">BCUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Shulian_Chinese_university_rankings" title="Wu Shulian Chinese university rankings">Wu Shulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUAA_Chinese_university_ranking" title="CUAA Chinese university ranking">CUAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_university_ranking_(Netbig)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese university ranking (Netbig)">Netbig</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_France" title="Rankings of universities in France">France</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CHE_University_Ranking" title="CHE University Ranking">CHE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutional_Ranking_Framework" title="National Institutional Ranking Framework">India</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Going_broke_universities_%E2%80%93_Disappearing_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Going broke universities – Disappearing universities">Going broke universities – Disappearing universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truly_Strong_Universities" title="Truly Strong Universities">Truly Strong Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_rankings_of_universities_in_Mexico" title="Academic rankings of universities in Mexico">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Mexico">ECUM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Pakistan" title="Rankings of universities in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Russian_Federation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_South_Africa" title="Rankings of universities in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings_in_the_United_States" title="College and university rankings in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Measuring_University_Performance" title="Center for Measuring University Performance">Center for Measuring University Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faculty_Scholarly_Productivity_Index" title="Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index">Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes_Magazine%27s_List_of_America%27s_Best_Colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbes Magazine's List of America's Best Colleges">Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Princeton_Review#College_admissions" title="The Princeton Review">The Princeton Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking">U.S. News & World Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monthly#College_rankings" title="Washington Monthly">Washington Monthly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Will_They_Learn%3F" title="What Will They Learn?">What Will They Learn?</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:University_and_college_rankings" title="Category:University and college rankings">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&oldid=1256828343">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&oldid=1256828343</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_and_college_rankings" title="Category:University and college rankings">University and college rankings</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Ukrainian-language_sources_(uk)" title="Category:CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)">CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2017">Use dmy dates from June 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_March_2019" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from March 2019">Articles with disputed statements from March 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_June_2017" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from June 2017">Articles with failed verification from June 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_July_2021" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from July 2021">Articles lacking reliable references from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2008" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text">Articles containing Portuguese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Free-content_attribution" title="Category:Free-content attribution">Free-content attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Free_content_from_UNESCO" title="Category:Free content from UNESCO">Free content from UNESCO</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 November 2024, at 19:40 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_and_university_rankings&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-688fc9465-mx8px","wgBackendResponseTime":280,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.638","walltime":"1.796","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9086,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":298636,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4800,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":36,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":580755,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1585.885 1 -total"," 55.94% 887.135 1 Template:Reflist"," 38.67% 613.217 134 Template:Cite_web"," 6.67% 105.766 2 Template:Lang"," 5.79% 91.797 1 Template:University_ranking_systems"," 5.56% 88.165 1 Template:Navbox"," 5.34% 84.643 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.74% 75.216 6 Template:Fix"," 4.51% 71.468 24 Template:Main"," 4.40% 69.763 4 Template:Citation_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.059","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20010540,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","120","11.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","11.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","120","11.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","7.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","5.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::formatDate","40","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.7"],["[others]","340","31.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-8h7r2","timestamp":"20241125143636","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"College and university rankings","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/College_and_university_rankings","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q847843","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q847843","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-01-31T08:21:07Z","dateModified":"2024-11-11T19:40:31Z","headline":"numerical ranking of institutions of higher education"}</script> </body> </html>