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emissions.</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: emissions."> <meta name="keywords" content="emissions."> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="emissions."> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 345</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: emissions.</h1> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">345</span> Analysis of the CO2 Emissions of Public Passenger Transport in Tianjin City of China</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Tao%20Zhao">Tao Zhao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Xianshuo%20Xu"> Xianshuo Xu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Low-carbon public passenger transport is an important part of low carbon city. The CO<sub>2</sub> emissions of public passenger transport in Tianjin from 1995 to 2010 are estimated with IPCC CO<sub>2</sub> counting method, which shows that the total CO<sub>2</sub> emissions of Tianjin public passenger transport have gradually become stable at 1,425.1 thousand tons. And then the CO<sub>2</sub> emissions of the buses, taxies, and rail transits are calculated respectively. A CO<sub>2</sub> emission of 829.9 thousand tons makes taxies become the largest CO<sub>2</sub> emissions source among the public passenger transport in Tianjin. Combining with passenger volume, this paper analyzes the CO<sub>2</sub> emissions proportion of the buses, taxies, and rail transits compare the passenger transport rate with the proportion of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, as well as the CO<sub>2</sub> emissions change of per 10,000 people. The passenger volume proportion of bus among the three public means of transport is 72.62% which is much higher than its CO<sub>2</sub> emissions proportion of 36.01%, with the minimum number of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions per 10,000 people of 4.90 tons. The countermeasures to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions of public passenger transport in Tianjin are to develop rail transit, update vehicles and use alternative fuel vehicles. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Public%20passenger%20transport" title="Public passenger transport">Public passenger transport</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=carbon%20emissions" title=" carbon emissions"> carbon emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=countermeasures." title=" countermeasures."> countermeasures.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005400/analysis-of-the-co2-emissions-of-public-passenger-transport-in-tianjin-city-of-china" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005400/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005400/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005400/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005400/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005400/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005400/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005400/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005400/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005400/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005400/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005400.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1060</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">344</span> Calculation of Methane Emissions from Wetlands in Slovakia via IPCC Methodology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jozef%20Mindas">Jozef Mindas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jana%20Skvareninova"> Jana Skvareninova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Wetlands are a main natural source of methane emissions, but they also represent the important biodiversity reservoirs in the landscape. There are about 26 thousands hectares of wetlands in Slovakia identified via the wetlands monitoring program. Created database of wetlands in Slovakia allows to analyze several ecological processes including also the methane emissions estimate. Based on the information from the database, the first estimate of the methane emissions from wetlands in Slovakia has been done. The IPCC methodology (Tier 1 approach) has been used with proposed emission factors for the ice-free period derived from the climatic data. The highest methane emissions of nearly 550 Gg are associated with the category of fens. Almost 11 Gg of methane is emitted from bogs, and emissions from flooded lands represent less than 8 Gg. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Methane%20emissions" title="Methane emissions">Methane emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=wetlands" title=" wetlands"> wetlands</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=bogs" title=" bogs"> bogs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=fens" title=" fens"> fens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Slovakia." title=" Slovakia."> Slovakia.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005054/calculation-of-methane-emissions-from-wetlands-in-slovakia-via-ipcc-methodology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005054/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005054/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005054/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005054/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005054/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005054/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005054/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005054/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005054/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005054/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005054.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1413</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">343</span> Contribution of On-Site and Off-Site Processes to Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions by Wastewater Treatment Plants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Laleh%20Yerushalmi">Laleh Yerushalmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fariborz%20Haghighat"> Fariborz Haghighat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Maziar%20Bani%20Shahabadi"> Maziar Bani Shahabadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The estimation of overall on-site and off-site greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by wastewater treatment plants revealed that in anaerobic and hybrid treatment systems greater emissions result from off-site processes compared to on-site processes. However, in aerobic treatment systems, onsite processes make a higher contribution to the overall GHG emissions. The total GHG emissions were estimated to be 1.6, 3.3 and 3.8 kg CO2-e/kg BOD in the aerobic, anaerobic and hybrid treatment systems, respectively. In the aerobic treatment system without the recovery and use of the generated biogas, the off-site GHG emissions were 0.65 kg CO2-e/kg BOD, accounting for 40.2% of the overall GHG emissions. This value changed to 2.3 and 2.6 kg CO2-e/kg BOD, and accounted for 69.9% and 68.1% of the overall GHG emissions in the anaerobic and hybrid treatment systems, respectively. The increased off-site GHG emissions in the anaerobic and hybrid treatment systems are mainly due to material usage and energy demand in these systems. The anaerobic digester can contribute up to 100%, 55% and 60% of the overall energy needs of plants in the aerobic, anaerobic and hybrid treatment systems, respectively.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=On-site%20and%20off-site%20greenhouse%20gas%20%28GHG%29emissions" title="On-site and off-site greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions">On-site and off-site greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=wastewater%20treatment%20plants" title=" wastewater treatment plants"> wastewater treatment plants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=biogas%20recovery" title=" biogas recovery"> biogas recovery</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9731/contribution-of-on-site-and-off-site-processes-to-greenhouse-gas-ghg-emissions-by-wastewater-treatment-plants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9731/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9731/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9731/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9731/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9731/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9731/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9731/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9731/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9731/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9731/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9731.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">342</span> Economic Factorial Analysis of CO2 Emissions: The Divisia Index with Interconnected Factors Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Alexander%20Y.%20Vaninsky">Alexander Y. Vaninsky</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This paper presents a method of economic factorial analysis of the CO<sub>2</sub> emissions based on the extension of the Divisia index to interconnected factors. This approach, contrary to the Kaya identity, considers three main factors of the CO<sub>2</sub> emissions: gross domestic product, energy consumption, and population - as equally important, and allows for accounting of all of them simultaneously. The three factors are included into analysis together with their carbon intensities that allows for obtaining a comprehensive picture of the change in the CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. A computer program in R-language that is available for free download serves automation of the calculations. A case study of the U.S. carbon dioxide emissions is used as an example. </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=CO2%20emissions" title="CO2 emissions">CO2 emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Economic%20analysis" title=" Economic analysis"> Economic analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Factorial%20analysis" title=" Factorial analysis"> Factorial analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Divisia%20index" title=" Divisia index"> Divisia index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Interconnected%20factors." title=" Interconnected factors."> Interconnected factors.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17173/economic-factorial-analysis-of-co2-emissions-the-divisia-index-with-interconnected-factors-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17173/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17173/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17173/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17173/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17173/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17173/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17173/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17173/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17173/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17173/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/17173.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2559</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">341</span> Investigation of Main Operating Parameters Affecting Gas Turbine Efficiency and Gas Releases</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Farhat%20Hajer">Farhat Hajer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Khir%20Tahar"> Khir Tahar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ammar%20Ben%20Brahim"> Ammar Ben Brahim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This work presents a study on the influence of the main operating variables on the gas turbine cycle. A numerical simulation of a gas turbine cycle is performed for a real net power of 100 MW. A calculation code is developed using EES software. The operating variables are taken in conformity with the local environmental conditions adopted by the Tunisian Society of Electricity and Gas. Results show that the increase of ambient temperature leads to an increase of Tpz and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions rate and a decrease of cycle efficiency and UHC emissions. The CO emissions decrease with the raise of residence time, while NO<sub>x</sub> emissions rate increases and UHC emissions rate decreases. Furthermore, both of cycle efficiency and NOx emissions increase with the increase of the pressure ratio.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=CO" title="CO">CO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=efficiency" title=" efficiency"> efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=gas%20turbine" title=" gas turbine"> gas turbine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=NOx" title=" NOx"> NOx</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=UHC." title=" UHC."> UHC.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007487/investigation-of-main-operating-parameters-affecting-gas-turbine-efficiency-and-gas-releases" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007487/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007487/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007487/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007487/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007487/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007487/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007487/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007487/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007487/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007487/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007487.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1227</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">340</span> An Evaluation of Carbon Dioxide Emissions Trading among Enterprises -The Tokyo Cap and Trade Program-</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hiroki%20Satou">Hiroki Satou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Kayoko%20Yamamoto"> Kayoko Yamamoto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims to propose three evaluation methods to evaluate the Tokyo Cap and Trade Program when emissions trading is performed virtually among enterprises, focusing on carbon dioxide (CO2), which is the only emitted greenhouse gas that tends to increase. The first method clarifies the optimum reduction rate for the highest cost benefit, the second discusses emissions trading among enterprises through market trading, and the third verifies long-term emissions trading during the term of the plan (2010-2019), checking the validity of emissions trading partly using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The findings of this study can be summarized in the following three points. 1. Since the total cost benefit is the greatest at a 44% reduction rate, it is possible to set it more highly than that of the Tokyo Cap and Trade Program to get more total cost benefit. 2. At a 44% reduction rate, among 320 enterprises, 8 purchasing enterprises and 245 sales enterprises gain profits from emissions trading, and 67 enterprises perform voluntary reduction without conducting emissions trading. Therefore, to further promote emissions trading, it is necessary to increase the sales volumes of emissions trading in addition to sales enterprises by increasing the number of purchasing enterprises. 3. Compared to short-term emissions trading, there are few enterprises which benefit in each year through the long-term emissions trading of the Tokyo Cap and Trade Program. Only 81 enterprises at the most can gain profits from emissions trading in FY 2019. Therefore, by setting the reduction rate more highly, it is necessary to increase the number of enterprises that participate in emissions trading and benefit from the restraint of CO2 emissions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Emissions%20Trading" title="Emissions Trading">Emissions Trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Tokyo%20Cap%20and%20Trade%20Program" title=" Tokyo Cap and Trade Program"> Tokyo Cap and Trade Program</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Carbon%20Dioxide%20%28CO2%29" title=" Carbon Dioxide (CO2)"> Carbon Dioxide (CO2)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Global%20Warming" title=" Global Warming"> Global Warming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Geographic%20Information%20Systems%20%28GIS%29" title=" Geographic Information Systems (GIS)"> Geographic Information Systems (GIS)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/133/an-evaluation-of-carbon-dioxide-emissions-trading-among-enterprises-the-tokyo-cap-and-trade-program" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/133/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/133/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/133/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/133/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/133/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/133/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/133/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/133/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/133/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/133/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/133.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2172</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">339</span> Emissions of Euro 3-5 Passenger Cars Measured Over Different Driving Cycles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=C.%20A.%20Alves">C. A. Alves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20I.%20Calvo"> A. I. Calvo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=D.%20J.%20Lopes"> D. J. Lopes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=T.%20Nunes"> T. Nunes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Charron"> A. Charron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20Goriaux"> M. Goriaux</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=P.%20Tassel"> P. Tassel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=P.%20Perret"> P. Perret</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The reduction in vehicle exhaust emissions achieved in the last two decades is offset by the growth in traffic, as well as by changes in the composition of emitted pollutants. The present investigation illustrates the emissions of in-use gasoline and diesel passenger cars using the official European driving cycle and the ARTEMIS real-world driving cycle. It was observed that some of the vehicles do not comply with the corresponding regulations. Significant differences in emissions were observed between driving cycles. Not all pollutants showed a tendency to decrease from Euro 3 to Euro 5. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chassis%20dynamometer" title="Chassis dynamometer">Chassis dynamometer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=driving%20cycles" title=" driving cycles"> driving cycles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=emission%20factors" title=" emission factors"> emission factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=exhaust%20emissions" title=" exhaust emissions"> exhaust emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=light-duty%20vehicles." title=" light-duty vehicles."> light-duty vehicles.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3107/emissions-of-euro-3-5-passenger-cars-measured-over-different-driving-cycles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3107/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3107/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3107/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3107/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3107/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3107/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3107/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3107/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3107/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3107/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/3107.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2349</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">338</span> Comparative Emission Analysis of Gasoline/LPG Automotive Bifuel Engine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=R.R.%20Saraf">R.R. Saraf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.S.Thipse"> S.S.Thipse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=P.K.Saxena"> P.K.Saxena</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents comparative emission study of newly introduced gasoline/LPG bifuel automotive engine in Indian market. Emissions were tested as per LPG-Bharat stage III driving cycle. Emission tests were carried out for urban cycle and extra urban cycle. Total time for urban and extra urban cycle was 1180 sec. Engine was run in LPG mode by using conversion system. Emissions were tested as per standard procedure and were compared. Corrected emissions were computed by deducting ambient reading from sample reading. Paper describes detail emission test procedure and results obtained. CO emissions were in the range of38.9 to 111.3 ppm. HC emissions were in the range of 18.2 to 62.6 ppm. Nox emissions were 08 to 3.9 ppm and CO2 emissions were from 6719.2 to 8051 ppm. Paper throws light on emission results of LPG vehicles recently introduced in Indian automobile market. Objectives of this experimental study were to measure emissions of engines in gasoline & LPG mode and compare them. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=LPG" title=" LPG"> LPG</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Emission" title=" Emission"> Emission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Bifuel" title=" Bifuel"> Bifuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Engine." title=" Engine."> Engine.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4297/comparative-emission-analysis-of-gasolinelpg-automotive-bifuel-engine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4297/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4297/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4297/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4297/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4297/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4297/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4297/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4297/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4297/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4297/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4297.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3404</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">337</span> Impacts of Biofuels on Air Quality: Northern Portugal Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ribeiro%20I.">Ribeiro I.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Tavares%20A.M."> Tavares A.M.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S%C3%A1%20E."> Sá E.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Lopes%20M."> Lopes M.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The increased use of biodiesel implies variations on both greenhouse gases and air pollutant emissions. Some studies point out that the use of biodiesel blends on diesel can help in controlling air pollution and promote a reduction of CO2 emissions. Reductions on PM, SO2, VOC and CO emissions are also expected, however NOx emissions may increase, which may potentiate O3 formation. This work aims to assess the impact of the biodiesel use on air quality, through a numerical modeling study, taking the Northern region of Portugal as a case study. The emission scenarios are focused on 2008 (baseline year) and 2020 (target year of Renewable Energy Directive-RED) and on three biodiesel blends (B0, B10 and B20). In a general way the use of biodiesel by 2020 will reduce the CO2 and air pollutants emissions in the Northern Portugal, improving air quality. However it will be in a very small extension.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=air%20quality" title="air quality">air quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=biodiesel" title=" biodiesel"> biodiesel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=emission%20scenarios" title=" emission scenarios"> emission scenarios</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=RED." title=" RED."> RED.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5838/impacts-of-biofuels-on-air-quality-northern-portugal-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5838/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5838/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5838/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5838/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5838/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5838/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5838/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5838/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5838/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5838/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5838.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1792</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">336</span> Quantification of GHGs Emissions from Electricity and Diesel Fuel Consumption in Basalt Mining Industry in Thailand </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Kittipongvises">S. Kittipongvises</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Dubsok"> A. Dubsok</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The mineral and mining industry is necessary for countries to have an adequate and reliable supply of materials to meet their socio-economic development. Despite its importance, the environmental impacts from mineral exploration are hugely significant. This study aimed to investigate and quantify the amount of GHGs emissions emitted from both electricity and diesel vehicle fuel consumption in basalt mining in Thailand. Plant A, located in the northeastern region of Thailand, was selected as a case study. Results indicated that total GHGs emissions from basalt mining and operation (Plant A) were approximately 2,501,086 kgCO<sub>2</sub>e and 1,997,412 kgCO<sub>2</sub>e in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The estimated carbon intensity ranged between 1.824 kgCO<sub>2</sub>e to 2.284 kgCO<sub>2</sub>e per ton of rock product. Scope 1 (direct emissions) was the dominant driver of its total GHGs compared to scope 2 (indirect emissions). As such, transport related combustion of diesel fuels generated the highest GHGs emission (65%) compared to emissions from purchased electricity (35%). Some of the potential implications for mining entities were also presented.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Basalt%20mining" title="Basalt mining">Basalt mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=diesel%20fuel" title=" diesel fuel"> diesel fuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=electricity" title=" electricity"> electricity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=GHGs%20emissions" title=" GHGs emissions"> GHGs emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Thailand." title=" Thailand."> Thailand.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006021/quantification-of-ghgs-emissions-from-electricity-and-diesel-fuel-consumption-in-basalt-mining-industry-in-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006021/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006021/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006021/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006021/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006021/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006021/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006021/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006021/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006021/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006021/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006021.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1055</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">335</span> Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Sugarcane Plantation Soil in Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Wilaiwan%20Sornpoon">Wilaiwan Sornpoon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S%C3%A9bastien%20Bonnet"> Sébastien Bonnet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Savitri%20Garivait"> Savitri Garivait</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Continuous measurements of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted from soils are required to understand diurnal and seasonal variations in soil emissions and related mechanism. This understanding plays an important role in appropriate quantification and assessment of the overall change in soil carbon flow and budget. This study proposes to monitor GHGs emissions from soil under sugarcane cultivation in Thailand. The measurements were conducted over 379 days. The results showed that the total net amount of GHGs emitted from sugarcane plantation soil amounts to 36 Mg CO<sub>2eq </sub>ha<sup>-1</sup>. Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) were found to be the main contributors to the emissions. For methane (CH<sub>4</sub>), the net emission was found to be almost zero. The measurement results also confirmed that soil moisture content and GHGs emissions are positively correlated.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=GHG%20emission" title=" GHG emission"> GHG emission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sugarcane" title=" Sugarcane"> Sugarcane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Agriculture" title=" Agriculture"> Agriculture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Thailand." title=" Thailand."> Thailand.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996808/measurement-of-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-sugarcane-plantation-soil-in-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996808/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996808/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996808/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996808/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996808/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996808/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996808/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996808/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996808/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996808/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996808.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2445</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">334</span> A Theoretical Analysis for Modeling and Prediction of the Jet Engine Emissions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jamal%20S.%20Yassin">Jamal S. Yassin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This paper is to formulate a mathematical model to predict the amounts of the emissions produced from the combustion process of the gas turbine unit of the jet engine. These emissions have bad impacts on the environment if they are out of standards, which cause real threats to all type of life on the earth. The amounts of the emissions from the gas turbine engine are functions to many operational and design factors. In landing-takeoff (LTO) these amounts are not the same as in taxi or cruise of the plane using jet engines, because of the difference in the activity period during these operating modes. These emissions can be affected by several physical and chemical variables, such as fuel type, fuel to air ratio or equivalence ratio, flame temperature, combustion pressure, in addition to some inlet conditions such as ambient temperature and air humidity. To study the influence of these variables on the amounts of these emissions during the combustion process in the gas turbine unit, a computer program has been developed by using the visual basic 6 software. Here, the analysis of the combustion process is carried out by considering it as a chemical reaction with shifting equilibrium to find the products of the combustion of the octane fuel, at different equivalence ratios, compressor pressure ratios (CPR) and combustion temperatures. The results obtained have shown that there is noticeable influence of the equivalence ratio, CPR, and the combustion temperature on the amounts of the main emissions which are considered pollutants, such as CO, CO<sub>2</sub> and NO.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mathematical%20model" title="Mathematical model">Mathematical model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=gas%20turbine%20unit" title=" gas turbine unit"> gas turbine unit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=equivalence%20ratio" title=" equivalence ratio"> equivalence ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=emissions" title=" emissions"> emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=shifting%20equilibrium." title=" shifting equilibrium."> shifting equilibrium.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007240/a-theoretical-analysis-for-modeling-and-prediction-of-the-jet-engine-emissions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007240/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007240/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007240/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007240/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007240/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007240/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007240/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007240/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007240/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007240/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007240.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">736</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">333</span> Using the Geographic Information System (GIS) in the Sustainable Transportation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Zahra%20Gharineiat">Zahra Gharineiat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Malik%20Khalfan"> Malik Khalfan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The significance of emissions from the road transport sector (such as air pollution, noise, etc) has grown considerably in recent years. In Australia, 14.3% of national greenhouse gas emissions in 2000 were the transport sector-s share which 12.9% of net national emissions were related to a road transport alone. Considering the growing attention to the green house gas(GHG) emissions, this paper attempts to provide air pollution modeling aspects of environmental consequences of the road transport by using one of the best computer based tools including the Geographic Information System (GIS). In other word, in this study, GIS and its applications is explained, models which are used to model air pollution and GHG emissions from vehicles are described and GIS is applied in real case study that attempts to forecast GHG emission from people who travel to work by car in 2031 in Melbourne for analysing results as thematic maps. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Geographic%20Information%20System%20%28GIS%29" title="Geographic Information System (GIS)">Geographic Information System (GIS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Green%20HouseGas%28GHG%29%20emission" title=" Green HouseGas(GHG) emission"> Green HouseGas(GHG) emission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=sustainable%20development" title=" sustainable development"> sustainable development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=transportation" title=" transportation"> transportation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11987/using-the-geographic-information-system-gis-in-the-sustainable-transportation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11987/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11987/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11987/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11987/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11987/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11987/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11987/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11987/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11987/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11987/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11987.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2659</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">332</span> Estimation of Exhaust and Non-Exhaust Particulate Matter Emissions’ Share from On-Road Vehicles in Addis Ababa City</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Solomon%20Neway%20Jida">Solomon Neway Jida</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jean-Francois%20Hetet"> Jean-Francois Hetet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Pascal%20Chesse"> Pascal Chesse</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Vehicular emission is the key source of air pollution in the urban environment. This includes both fine particles (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) and coarse particulate matters (PM<sub>10</sub>). However, particulate matter emissions from road traffic comprise emissions from exhaust tailpipe and emissions due to wear and tear of the vehicle part such as brake, tire and clutch and re-suspension of dust (non-exhaust emission). This study estimates the share of the two sources of pollutant particle emissions from on-roadside vehicles in the Addis Ababa municipality, Ethiopia. To calculate its share, two methods were applied; the exhaust-tailpipe emissions were calculated using the Europeans emission inventory Tier II method and Tier I for the non-exhaust emissions (like vehicle tire wear, brake, and road surface wear). The results show that of the total traffic-related particulate emissions in the city, 63% emitted from vehicle exhaust and the remaining 37% from non-exhaust sources. The annual roads transport exhaust emission shares around 2394 tons of particles from all vehicle categories. However, from the total yearly non-exhaust particulate matter emissions’ contribution, tire and brake wear shared around 65% and 35% emanated by road-surface wear. Furthermore, vehicle tire and brake wear were responsible for annual 584.8 tons of coarse particles (PM<sub>10</sub>) and 314.4 tons of fine particle matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) emissions in the city whereas surface wear emissions were responsible for around 313.7 tons of PM<sub>10</sub> and 169.9 tons of PM<sub>2.5</sub> pollutant emissions in the city. This suggests that non-exhaust sources might be as significant as exhaust sources and have a considerable contribution to the impact on air quality.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Addis%20Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=automotive%20emission" title=" automotive emission"> automotive emission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=emission%20estimation" title=" emission estimation"> emission estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=particulate%20matters." title=" particulate matters. "> particulate matters. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011289/estimation-of-exhaust-and-non-exhaust-particulate-matter-emissions-share-from-on-road-vehicles-in-addis-ababa-city" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011289/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011289/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011289/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011289/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011289/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011289/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011289/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011289/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011289/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011289/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011289.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">768</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">331</span> Optimization of CO2 Emissions and Cost for Composite Building Design with NSGA-II</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ji%20Hyeong%20Park">Ji Hyeong Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ji%20Hye%20Jeon"> Ji Hye Jeon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hyo%20Seon%20Park"> Hyo Seon Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Environmental pollution problems have been globally main concern in all fields including economy, society and culture into the 21st century. Beginning with the Kyoto Protocol, the reduction on the emissions of greenhouse gas such as CO2 and SOX has been a principal challenge of our day. As most buildings unlike durable goods in other industries have a characteristic and long life cycle, they consume energy in quantity and emit much CO2. Thus, for green building construction, more research is needed to reduce the CO2 emissions at each stage in the life cycle. However, recent studies are focused on the use and maintenance phase. Also, there is a lack of research on the initial design stage, especially the structure design. Therefore, in this study, we propose an optimal design plan considering CO2 emissions and cost in composite buildings simultaneously by applying to the structural design of actual building. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Multi-objective%20optimization" title="Multi-objective optimization">Multi-objective optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=CO2%20emissions" title=" CO2 emissions"> CO2 emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=structural%20cost" title=" structural cost"> structural cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=encased%20composite%20structure" title=" encased composite structure"> encased composite structure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5703/optimization-of-co2-emissions-and-cost-for-composite-building-design-with-nsga-ii" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5703/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5703/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5703/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5703/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5703/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5703/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5703/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5703/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5703/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5703/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5703.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2165</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">330</span> Critical Issues of Inclusion of Aviation in EU Emissions Trading System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jakub%20Hospodka">Jakub Hospodka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper dissertates about issues which may occur after next year will be major part of civil aviation in EU included into system of Emission trading. This system should help to fight against global warming and to fulfill Kyoto Protocol commitments of European countries. Main issues mentioned in this paper are connected with problem of radiative forcing from emissions and lack of their monitoring and charging in EU legislative. There are mentioned main differences between industrial emissions and emissions form aviation with notification about possible negative impacts of neglecting these differences. Special attention is dedicated to risk of possible reverse effect of inclusion aviation in EU ETS, which may theoretically occur. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=EU%20ETS" title="EU ETS">EU ETS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=radiative%20forcing" title=" radiative forcing"> radiative forcing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=aviation" title=" aviation"> aviation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=emissiontrading." title=" emissiontrading."> emissiontrading.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/806/critical-issues-of-inclusion-of-aviation-in-eu-emissions-trading-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/806/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/806/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/806/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/806/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/806/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/806/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/806/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/806/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/806/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/806/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/806.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1417</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">329</span> Quantification of Methane Emissions from Solid Waste in Oman Using IPCC Default Methodology </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Wajeeha%20A.%20Qazi">Wajeeha A. Qazi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mohammed-Hasham%20Azam"> Mohammed-Hasham Azam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Umais%20A.%20Mehmood"> Umais A. Mehmood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ghithaa%20A.%20Al-Mufragi"> Ghithaa A. Al-Mufragi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Noor-Alhuda%20Alrawahi"> Noor-Alhuda Alrawahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mohammed%20F.%20M.%20Abushammala"> Mohammed F. M. Abushammala</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposed in landfill sites decompose under anaerobic conditions and produce gases which mainly contain carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>). Methane has the potential of causing global warming 25 times more than CO<sub>2</sub>, and can potentially affect human life and environment. Thus, this research aims to determine MSW generation and the annual CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from the generated waste in Oman over the years 1971-2030. The estimation of total waste generation was performed using existing models, while the CH<sub>4</sub> emissions estimation was performed using the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) default method. It is found that total MSW generation in Oman might be reached 3,089 Gg in the year 2030, which approximately produced 85 Gg of CH<sub>4</sub> emissions in the year 2030.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=emissions" title=" emissions"> emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=landfills" title=" landfills"> landfills</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=solid%20waste." title=" solid waste."> solid waste.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003673/quantification-of-methane-emissions-from-solid-waste-in-oman-using-ipcc-default-methodology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003673/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003673/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003673/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003673/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003673/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003673/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003673/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003673/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003673/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003673/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003673.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2130</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">328</span> Effects of IPPC Permits on Ambient Air Quality</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=C.%20Cafaro">C. Cafaro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=P.%20Ceci"> P. Ceci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=L.%20De%20Giorgi"> L. De Giorgi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The aim of this paper is to give an assessment of environmental effects of IPPC permit conditions of installations that are in specific territory with high concentration of industrial activities. The IPPC permit is the permit that each operator should hold to operate the installation as stated by the directive 2010/75/UE on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control), known as IED (Industrial Emissions Directive). The IPPC permit includes all the measures necessary to achieve a high level of protection of the environment as a whole, also defining the monitoring requirements as measurement methodology, frequency and evaluation procedure. The emissions monitoring of a specific plant may also give indications of the contribution of these emissions on the air quality of a definite area. So, it is clear that the IPPC permits are important tools both to improve the environmental framework and to achieve the air quality standards, assisting to assess the possible industrial sources contributions to air pollution.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=IPPC" title="IPPC">IPPC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=IED" title=" IED"> IED</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=emissions" title=" emissions"> emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=permits" title=" permits"> permits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=air%20quality" title=" air quality"> air quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=large%0D%0Acombustion%20plants." title=" large combustion plants."> large combustion plants.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000563/effects-of-ippc-permits-on-ambient-air-quality" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000563/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000563/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000563/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000563/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000563/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000563/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000563/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000563/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000563/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000563/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000563.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2298</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">327</span> Reduction of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Traffic</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Frantisek%20Bozek">Frantisek Bozek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jiri%20Dvorak"> Jiri Dvorak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jaromir%20Mares"> Jaromir Mares</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hana%20Malachova"> Hana Malachova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The value of emission factor was calculated in the older type of Diesel engine operating on an engine testing bench and then compared with the parameters monitored under similar conditions when the EnviroxTM additive was applied. It has been found out that the additive based on CeO2 nanoparticles reduces emission of NOx. The dependencies of NOx emissions on reduced torque, engine power and revolutions have been observed as well. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Additive" title="Additive">Additive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=air" title=" air"> air</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=cerium%20dioxide" title=" cerium dioxide"> cerium dioxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=emission%20factor" title=" emission factor"> emission factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=emissions" title=" emissions"> emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=nanoparticles" title=" nanoparticles"> nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=nitrogen%20oxides" title=" nitrogen oxides"> nitrogen oxides</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12623/reduction-of-emissions-of-nitrogen-oxides-from-traffic" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12623/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12623/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12623/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12623/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12623/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12623/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12623/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12623/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12623/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12623/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12623.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1720</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">326</span> Disclosing the Relationship among CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Bilateral Trade between Singapore and Malaysia: An Econometric Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=H.%20A.%20Bekhet">H. A. Bekhet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=T.%20Yasmin"> T. Yasmin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p class="Abstract" style="text-indent:10.2pt"><span lang="MS">The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship among CO<sub>2</sub> per capita emissions, energy consumption, economic growth and bilateral trade between Singapore and Malaysia for the 1970-2011 period. ARDL model and Granger causality tests are employed for the analysis.  Results of bound F-statistics suggest that long-run  relationship exists between CO<sub>2</sub> per capita (PCO<sub>2</sub>) and its determinants. The EKC hypothesis is not supported in Malaysia. Carbon emissions are mainly determined by energy consumption in the short and long run. While, exports to Singapore is a </span>significant variable in explaining PCO<sub>2</sub> emissions in Malaysia<span lang="MS"> in long-run. Furthermore, we find a unidirectional causal relationship running from economic growth to PCO<sub>2</sub> emissions.</span><o:p></o:p></p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=ADRL%20Bound%20Test" title="ADRL Bound Test">ADRL Bound Test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Bilateral%20trade" title=" Bilateral trade"> Bilateral trade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=CO2%20emission" title=" CO2 emission"> CO2 emission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Environmental%20Kuznets%20Curve" title=" Environmental Kuznets Curve"> Environmental Kuznets Curve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Energy%20consumption" title=" Energy consumption"> Energy consumption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Malaysia." title=" Malaysia."> Malaysia.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16636/disclosing-the-relationship-among-co2-emissions-energy-consumption-economic-growth-and-bilateral-trade-between-singapore-and-malaysia-an-econometric-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16636/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16636/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16636/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16636/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16636/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16636/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16636/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16636/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16636/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16636/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/16636.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2652</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">325</span> Nonlinear Multivariable Analysis of CO2 Emissions in China</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hsiao-Tien%20Pao">Hsiao-Tien Pao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Yi-Ying%20Li"> Yi-Ying Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hsin-Chia%20Fu"> Hsin-Chia Fu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This paper addressed the impacts of energy consumption, economic growth, financial development, and population size on environmental degradation using grey relational analysis (GRA) for China, where foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows is the proxy variable for financial development. The more recent historical data during the period 2004–2011 are used, because the use of very old data for data analysis may not be suitable for rapidly developing countries. The results of the GRA indicate that the linkage effects of energy consumption–emissions and GDP–emissions are ranked first and second, respectively. These reveal that energy consumption and economic growth are strongly correlated with emissions. Higher economic growth requires more energy consumption and increasing environmental pollution. Likewise, more efficient energy use needs a higher level of economic development. Therefore, policies to improve energy efficiency and create a low-carbon economy can reduce emissions without hurting economic growth. The finding of FDI–emissions linkage is ranked third. This indicates that China do not apply weak environmental regulations to attract inward FDI. Furthermore, China’s government in attracting inward FDI should strengthen environmental policy. The finding of population–emissions linkage effect is ranked fourth, implying that population size does not directly affect CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, even though China has the world’s largest population, and Chinese people are very economical use of energy-related products. Overall, the energy conservation, improving efficiency, managing demand, and financial development, which aim at curtailing waste of energy, reducing both energy consumption and emissions, and without loss of the country’s competitiveness, can be adopted for developing economies. The GRA is one of the best way to use a lower data to build a dynamic analysis model.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Grey%20relational%20analysis" title="Grey relational analysis">Grey relational analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=foreign%20direct%20investment" title=" foreign direct investment"> foreign direct investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=CO2%20emissions" title=" CO2 emissions"> CO2 emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=China." title=" China. "> China. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004945/nonlinear-multivariable-analysis-of-co2-emissions-in-china" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004945/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004945/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004945/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004945/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004945/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004945/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004945/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004945/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004945/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004945/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004945.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1275</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">324</span> Simultaneously Reduction of NOx and Soot Emissions in a DI Heavy Duty diesel Engine Operating at High Cooled EGR Rates</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sh.%20Khalilarya">Sh. Khalilarya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Jafarmadar"> S. Jafarmadar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=H.%20Khatamnezhad"> H. Khatamnezhad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gh.%20Javadirad"> Gh. Javadirad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20Pourfallah"> M. Pourfallah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One promising way to achieve low temperature combustion regime is the use of a large amount of cooled EGR. In this paper, the effect of injection timing on low temperature combustion process and emissions were investigated via three dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) procedures in a DI diesel engine using high EGR rates. The results show when increasing EGR from low levels to levels corresponding to reduced temperature combustion, soot emission after first increasing, is decreased beyond 40% EGR and get the lowest value at 58% EGR rate. Soot and NOx emissions are simultaneously decreased at advanced injection timing before 20.5 ºCA BTDC in conjunction with 58% cooled EGR rate in compared to baseline case. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Diesel%20Engine" title="Diesel Engine">Diesel Engine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Low%20Temperature%20Combustion" title=" Low Temperature Combustion"> Low Temperature Combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=High%20Cooled%20EGR%20Rates" title=" High Cooled EGR Rates"> High Cooled EGR Rates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Combustion" title=" Combustion"> Combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Emissions" title=" Emissions"> Emissions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11072/simultaneously-reduction-of-nox-and-soot-emissions-in-a-di-heavy-duty-diesel-engine-operating-at-high-cooled-egr-rates" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11072/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11072/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11072/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11072/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11072/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11072/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11072/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11072/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11072/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11072/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11072.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2031</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">323</span> CO2 Emission and Cost Optimization of Reinforced Concrete Frame Designed by Performance Based Design Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jin%20Woo%20Hwang">Jin Woo Hwang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Byung%20Kwan%20Oh"> Byung Kwan Oh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Yousok%20Kim"> Yousok Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hyo%20Seon%20Park"> Hyo Seon Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>As greenhouse effect has been recognized as serious environmental problem of the world, interests in carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emission which comprises major part of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have been increased recently. Since construction industry takes a relatively large portion of total CO<sub>2 </sub>emissions of the world, extensive studies about reducing CO<sub>2 </sub>emissions in construction and operation of building have been carried out after the 2000s. Also, performance based design (PBD) methodology based on nonlinear analysis has been robustly developed after Northridge Earthquake in 1994 to assure and assess seismic performance of building more exactly because structural engineers recognized that prescriptive code based design approach cannot address inelastic earthquake responses directly and assure performance of building exactly. Although CO<sub>2 </sub>emissions and PBD approach are recent rising issues on construction industry and structural engineering, there were few or no researches considering these two issues simultaneously. Thus, the objective of this study is to minimize the CO<sub>2 </sub>emissions and cost of building designed by PBD approach in structural design stage considering structural materials. 4 story and 4 span reinforced concrete building optimally designed to minimize CO<sub>2 </sub>emissions and cost of building and to satisfy specific seismic performance (collapse prevention in maximum considered earthquake) of building satisfying prescriptive code regulations using non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II). Optimized design result showed that minimized CO<sub>2 </sub>emissions and cost of building were acquired satisfying specific seismic performance. Therefore, the methodology proposed in this paper can be used to reduce both CO<sub>2 </sub>emissions and cost of building designed by PBD approach.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=CO2%20emissions" title="CO2 emissions">CO2 emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=performance%20based%20design" title=" performance based design"> performance based design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=sustainable%20design." title=" sustainable design."> sustainable design.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003960/co2-emission-and-cost-optimization-of-reinforced-concrete-frame-designed-by-performance-based-design-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003960/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003960/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003960/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003960/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003960/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003960/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003960/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003960/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003960/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003960/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003960.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1868</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">322</span> Analysis of Causality between Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions: The Case of Mexico 1971-2011</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mario%20G%C3%B3mez">Mario Gómez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jos%C3%A9%20Carlos%20Rodr%C3%ADguez"> José Carlos Rodríguez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This paper analyzes the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis to test the causality relationship between economic activity, trade openness and carbon dioxide emissions in Mexico (1971-2011). The results achieved in this research show that there are three long-run relationships between production, trade openness, energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. The EKC hypothesis was not verified in this research. Indeed, it was found evidence of a short-term unidirectional causality from GDP and GDP squared to carbon dioxide emissions, from GDP, GDP squared and TO to EC, and bidirectional causality between TO and GDP. Finally, it was found evidence of long-term unidirectional causality from all variables to carbon emissions. These results suggest that a reduction in energy consumption, economic activity, or an increase in trade openness would reduce pollution.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Energy%20consumption" title="Energy consumption">Energy consumption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=environmental%20Kuznets%20curve" title=" environmental Kuznets curve"> environmental Kuznets curve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=economic%20growth" title=" economic growth"> economic growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=causality" title=" causality"> causality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=co-integration." title=" co-integration."> co-integration.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006044/analysis-of-causality-between-economic-growth-and-carbon-emissions-the-case-of-mexico-1971-2011" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006044/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006044/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006044/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006044/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006044/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006044/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006044/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006044/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006044/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006044/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10006044.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1118</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">321</span> The Relationship between Military Expenditure, Military Personnel, Economic Growth, and the Environment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=El%20Harbi%20Sana">El Harbi Sana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ben%20Afia%20Neila"> Ben Afia Neila</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we study the relationship between the military effort and pollution. A distinction is drawn between the direct and indirect impact of the military effort (military expenditure and military personnel) on pollution, which operates through the impact of military effort on per capita income and the resultant impact of income on pollution. Using the data of 121 countries covering the period 1980–2011, both the direct and indirect impacts of military effort on air pollution emissions are estimated. Our results show that the military effort is estimated to have a positive direct impact on per capita emissions. Indirect effects are found to be positive, the total effect of military effort on emissions is positive for all countries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Military%20expenditure" title="Military expenditure">Military expenditure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=military%20personnel" title=" military personnel"> military personnel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=income" title=" income"> income</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=emissions%20of%20CO2%20and%20panel%20data." title=" emissions of CO2 and panel data."> emissions of CO2 and panel data.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003924/the-relationship-between-military-expenditure-military-personnel-economic-growth-and-the-environment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003924/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003924/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003924/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003924/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003924/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003924/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003924/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003924/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003924/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003924/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003924.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1969</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">320</span> Reducing Energy Consumption and GHG Emission by Integration of Flare Gas with Fuel Gas Network in Refinery </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=N.%20Tahouni">N. Tahouni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20Gholami"> M. Gholami</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20H.%20Panjeshahi"> M. H. Panjeshahi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Gas flaring is one of the most GHG emitting sources in the oil and gas industries. It is also a major way for wasting such an energy that could be better utilized and even generates revenue. Minimize flaring is an effective approach for reducing GHG emissions and also conserving energy in flaring systems. Integrating waste and flared gases into the fuel gas networks (FGN) of refineries is an efficient tool. A fuel gas network collects fuel gases from various source streams and mixes them in an optimal manner, and supplies them to different fuel sinks such as furnaces, boilers, turbines, etc. In this article we use fuel gas network model proposed by Hasan et al. as a base model and modify some of its features and add constraints on emission pollution by gas flaring to reduce GHG emissions as possible. Results for a refinery case study showed that integration of flare gas stream with waste and natural gas streams to construct an optimal FGN can significantly reduce total annualized cost and flaring emissions.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Flaring" title="Flaring">Flaring</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fuel%20gas%20network" title=" Fuel gas network"> Fuel gas network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=GHG%20emissions." title=" GHG emissions."> GHG emissions.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999300/reducing-energy-consumption-and-ghg-emission-by-integration-of-flare-gas-with-fuel-gas-network-in-refinery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999300/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999300/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999300/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999300/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999300/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999300/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999300/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999300/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999300/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999300/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999300.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1374</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">319</span> A Review on the Potential of Electric Vehicles in Reducing World CO2 Footprints</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Alotaibi">S. Alotaibi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Omer"> S. Omer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Y.%20Su"> Y. Su</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The conventional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) based vehicles are a threat to the environment as they account for a large proportion of the overall greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the world. Hence, it is required to replace these vehicles with more environment-friendly vehicles. Electric Vehicles (EVs) are promising technologies which offer both human comfort “noise, pollution” as well as reduced (or no) emissions of GHGs. In this paper, different types of EVs are reviewed and their advantages and disadvantages are identified. It is found that in terms of fuel economy, Plug-in Hybrid EVs (PHEVs) have the best fuel economy, followed by Hybrid EVs (HEVs) and ICE vehicles. Since Battery EVs (BEVs) do not use any fuel, their fuel economy is estimated as price per kilometer. Similarly, in terms of GHG emissions, BEVs are the most environmentally friendly since they do not result in any emissions while HEVs and PHEVs produce less emissions compared to the conventional ICE based vehicles. Fuel Cell EVs (FCEVs) are also zero-emission vehicles, but they have large costs associated with them. Finally, if the electricity is provided by using the renewable energy technologies through grid connection, then BEVs could be considered as zero emission vehicles.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Electric%20vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=fuel%20cell%20electric%20vehicle" title=" fuel cell electric vehicle"> fuel cell electric vehicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=hybrid%20electric%20vehicle" title=" hybrid electric vehicle"> hybrid electric vehicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=internal%20combustion%20engine." title=" internal combustion engine."> internal combustion engine.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011688/a-review-on-the-potential-of-electric-vehicles-in-reducing-world-co2-footprints" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011688/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011688/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011688/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011688/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011688/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011688/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011688/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011688/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011688/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011688/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011688.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">539</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">318</span> Real-World PM, PN and NOx Emission Differences among DOC+CDPF Retrofit Diesel-, Diesel- and Natural Gas-Fueled Buses</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Zhiwen%20Yang">Zhiwen Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jingyuan%20Li"> Jingyuan Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Zhenkai%20Xie"> Zhenkai Xie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jian%20Ling"> Jian Ling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jiguang%20Wang"> Jiguang Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mengliang%20Li"> Mengliang Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>To reflect the influence of after-treatment system retrofit and natural gas-fueled vehicle replace on exhaust emissions emitted by urban buses, a portable emission measurement system (PEMS) was employed herein to conduct real driving emission measurements. This study investigated the differences in particle number (PN), particle mass (PM), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions from a China IV diesel bus retrofitted by catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF), a China IV diesel bus, and a China V natural gas bus. The results show that both tested diesel buses possess markedly advantages in NOx emission control when compared to the lean-burn natural gas bus equipped without any NOx after-treatment system. As to PN and PM, only the DOC+CDPF retrofitting diesel bus exhibits enormous benefits on emission control related to the natural gas bus, especially the normal diesel bus. Meanwhile, the differences in PM and PN emissions between retrofitted and normal diesel buses generally increase with the increase in vehicle specific power (VSP). Furthermore, the differences in PM emissions, especially those in the higher VSP ranges, are more significant than those in PN. In addition, the maximum peak PN particle size (32 nm) of the retrofitted diesel bus was significantly lower than that of the normal diesel bus (100 nm). These phenomena indicate that the CDPF retrofitting can effectively reduce diesel bus exhaust particle emissions, especially those with large particle sizes.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=CDPF" title="CDPF">CDPF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=diesel" title=" diesel"> diesel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=natural%20gas" title=" natural gas"> natural gas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=real-world%20emissions." title=" real-world emissions."> real-world emissions.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012635/real-world-pm-pn-and-nox-emission-differences-among-doccdpf-retrofit-diesel-diesel-and-natural-gas-fueled-buses" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012635/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012635/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012635/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012635/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012635/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012635/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012635/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012635/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012635/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012635/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012635.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">475</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">317</span> Changes in Fine PM Pollution Levels with Tightening of Regulations on Vehicle Emissions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Akihiro%20Iijima">Akihiro Iijima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Kimiyo%20Kumagai"> Kimiyo Kumagai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A long-term campaign for monitoring the concentration of atmospheric Particulate Matter (PM) was conducted at multiple sites located in the center and suburbs of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area in Japan. The concentration of fine PM has shown a declining trend over the last two decades. A positive matrix factorization model elucidated that the contribution of combustion sources was drastically reduced. In Japan, the regulations on vehicle exhaust emissions were phased in and gradually tightened over the last two decades, which has triggered a notable reduction in PM emissions from automobiles and has contributed to the mitigation of the problem of fine PM pollution. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Air%20pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Diesel-powered%20vehicle" title=" Diesel-powered vehicle"> Diesel-powered vehicle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Positive%0Amatrix%20factorization" title=" Positive matrix factorization"> Positive matrix factorization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Receptor%20modeling." title=" Receptor modeling."> Receptor modeling.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6567/changes-in-fine-pm-pollution-levels-with-tightening-of-regulations-on-vehicle-emissions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6567/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6567/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6567/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6567/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6567/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6567/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6567/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6567/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6567/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6567/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6567.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1765</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">316</span> Analysis on Greenhouse Gas Emissions Potential by Deploying the Green Cars in Korean Road Transport Sector</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sungjun%20Hong">Sungjun Hong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Yanghon%20Chung"> Yanghon Chung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nyunbae%20Park"> Nyunbae Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sangyong%20Park"> Sangyong Park</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> South Korea, as the 7th largest greenhouse gas emitting country in 2011, announced that the national reduction target of greenhouse gas emissions was 30% based on BAU (Business As Usual) by 2020. And the reduction rate of the transport sector is 34.3% which is the highest figure among all sectors. This paper attempts to analyze the environmental effect on deploying the green cars in Korean road transport sector. In order to calculate the greenhouse gas emissions, the LEAP model is applied in this study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Green%20car" title="Green car">Green car</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=greenhouse%20gas" title=" greenhouse gas"> greenhouse gas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=LEAP%20model" title=" LEAP model"> LEAP model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=road%0D%0Atransport%20sector." title=" road transport sector."> road transport sector.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004951/analysis-on-greenhouse-gas-emissions-potential-by-deploying-the-green-cars-in-korean-road-transport-sector" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004951/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004951/bibtex" target="_blank" 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