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Hayes</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a></li> <li class="minerva__tab "><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a></li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Rutherford+B.+Hayes&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "President Hayes" and "Rutherford Hayes" redirect here. For his son, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_P._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rutherford P. Hayes">Rutherford P. Hayes</a>. For the Department in Paraguay, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presidente_Hayes_Department?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presidente Hayes Department">Presidente Hayes Department</a>. For the attack transport, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/USS_President_Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="USS President Hayes">USS President Hayes</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> Rutherford Birchard Hayes (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈrʌðərfərd/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8c\/En-us-Rutherford.oga\/En-us-Rutherford.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Rutherford.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8c/En-us-Rutherford.oga/En-us-Rutherford.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:En-us-Rutherford.oga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="File:En-us-Rutherford.oga">ⓘ</a>; October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was the 19th <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, serving from 1877 to 1881. A staunch <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ohio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, he was also a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brevet_(military)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brevet (military)">brevet</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Major_general?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Major general">major general</a> for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union army">Union army</a> during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <table class="infobox vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"> <div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;"> Rutherford B. Hayes </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/220px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/330px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg/440px-President_Rutherford_Hayes_1870_-_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3031" data-file-height="3688"></a> <div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;"> Portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1870–1880 </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">19th <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_A._Wheeler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_A._Garfield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">29th and 32nd <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Governor_of_Ohio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Ohio">Governor of Ohio</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 10, 1876 – March 2, 1877</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Ohio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lieutenant Governor of Ohio">Lieutenant</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_L._Young?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas L. Young">Thomas L. Young</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Allen_(governor)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Allen (governor)">William Allen</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th> <td class="infobox-data">Thomas L. Young</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 12, 1868 – January 8, 1872</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Calvin_Lee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="John Calvin Lee">John Calvin Lee</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacob_Dolson_Cox?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacob Dolson Cox">Jacob Dolson Cox</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_Follansbee_Noyes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward Follansbee Noyes">Edward Follansbee Noyes</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ohio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ohio%27s_2nd_congressional_district?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ohio's 2nd congressional district">2nd</a> district</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1865 – July 20, 1867</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Long?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexander Long">Alexander Long</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samuel_Fenton_Cary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samuel Fenton Cary">Samuel Fenton Cary</a></td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div style="display:inline" class="nickname"> Rutherford Birchard Hayes </div> (1822-10-04)October 4, 1822 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delaware,_Ohio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Delaware, Ohio">Delaware, Ohio</a>, U.S.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th> <td class="infobox-data">January 17, 1893(1893-01-17) (aged 70) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fremont,_Ohio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fremont, Ohio">Fremont, Ohio</a>, U.S.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th> <td class="infobox-data label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spiegel_Grove?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spiegel Grove">Spiegel Grove</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th> <td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> (until 1854)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (from 1854)</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th> <td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"> <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucy_Ware_Webb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucy Ware Webb">Lucy Ware Webb</a> </div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"> </div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"> </div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr>  <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1852; died  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1889) </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th> <td class="infobox-data">8, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Webb_Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Webb Hayes">Webb</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_P._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rutherford P. Hayes">Rutherford</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carl_Edwards?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carl Edwards">Carl Edwards</a> (great-great-great grandson)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kenyon_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kenyon College">Kenyon College</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harvard_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th> <td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li>Politician</li> <li>lawyer</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes_Signature.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Rutherford B. Hayes's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes_Signature.svg/128px-Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes_Signature.svg/192px-Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes_Signature.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes_Signature.svg/256px-Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="56"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th> <td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style> <div class="treeview"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union army">Union army</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Volunteers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Volunteers">United States Volunteers</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th> <td class="infobox-data">1861–1865</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier general</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Major general (United States)">Major general</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brevet_(military)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brevet (military)">brevet</a>)</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regiments</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/23rd_Ohio_Infantry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd Ohio Infantry">23rd Ohio Infantry</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanawha_Division?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kanawha Division">Kanawha Division</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th> <td class="infobox-data"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"> <div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>See list </div> </div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"> <li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"> <div class="treeview"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Carnifex_Ferry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Carnifex Ferry">Battle of Carnifex Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">Battle of Giles Court House</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_South_Mountain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of South Mountain">Battle of South Mountain</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wounded_in_action?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Buffington_Island?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Buffington Island">Battle of Buffington Island</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Cloyd%27s_Mountain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Cloyd's Mountain">Battle of Cloyd's Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Lynchburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Lynchburg">Battle of Lynchburg</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kernstown?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Battle of Kernstown">Second Battle of Kernstown</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Winchester?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Third Battle of Winchester">Third Battle of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Fisher%27s_Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Fisher's Hill">Battle of Fisher's Hill</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Creek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Cedar Creek">Battle of Cedar Creek</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"> <div></div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> As an attorney in Ohio, Hayes served as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cincinnati?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>'s city solicitor from 1858 to 1861. He was a staunch <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> who defended refugee slaves in court proceedings.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a> At the start of the Civil War, he left a fledgling political career to join the Union army as an officer. Hayes was wounded five times, most seriously at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_South_Mountain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of South Mountain">Battle of South Mountain</a> in 1862. He earned a reputation for bravery in combat, rising in the ranks to serve as brevet major general. After the war, he earned a reputation in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> as a prominent member of the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Half-Breeds_(politics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Half-Breeds (politics)">Half-Breed</a>" faction.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a> He served in Congress from 1865 to 1867 and was elected governor of Ohio, serving two consecutive terms from 1868 to 1872 and half of a third two-year term from 1876 to 1877 before his swearing-in as president. Hayes won the Republican nomination for president in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876 United States presidential election</a>. In the disputed<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001127%E2%80%93128-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001182%E2%80%93184Foner2002580%E2%80%93581-4">[4]</a> general election, he defeated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a> while losing the popular vote. Initially, neither candidate secured enough electoral votes to win the election, but Hayes prevailed after a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Congressional Commission</a> awarded him 20 contested electoral votes in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compromise_of_1877?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a>. The electoral dispute was resolved in a backroom deal whereby both Southern Democrats and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whiggish</a> Republican businessmen acquiesced to Hayes's election on the condition that he end both federal support for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reconstruction_era?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a> and the military occupation of the former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Hayes's administration was influenced by his belief in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meritocratic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Meritocratic">meritocratic</a> government and equal treatment without regard to wealth, social standing, or race. One of the defining events of his presidency was the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Railroad Strike of 1877">Great Railroad Strike of 1877</a>, which he resolved by calling in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> against the railroad workers. It remains the deadliest conflict between workers and strikebreakers in American history. As president, Hayes implemented modest civil-service reforms that laid the groundwork for further reform in the 1880s and 1890s. He vetoed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bland%E2%80%93Allison_Act?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bland–Allison Act">Bland–Allison Act of 1878</a>, which put silver money into circulation and raised nominal prices, but Congress overrode his veto. His policy toward western <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Native Americans in the United States">Indians</a> anticipated the assimilationist program of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dawes_Act_of_1887?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawes Act of 1887">Dawes Act of 1887</a>. At the end of his term, Hayes kept his pledge not to run for reelection and retired to his home in Ohio. Historians and scholars generally <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">rank</a> Hayes as an average to below-average president. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Early_life_and_family">1 Early life and family</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Childhood_and_family_history">1.1 Childhood and family history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Education_and_early_law_career">1.2 Education and early law career</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cincinnati_law_practice_and_marriage">1.3 Cincinnati law practice and marriage</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Civil_War">2 Civil War</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#West_Virginia_and_South_Mountain">2.1 West Virginia and South Mountain</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Army_of_the_Shenandoah">2.2 Army of the Shenandoah</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Post-war_politics">3 Post-war politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#U.S._Representative_from_Ohio">3.1 U.S. Representative from Ohio</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Governor_of_Ohio">3.2 Governor of Ohio</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Private_life_and_return_to_politics">3.3 Private life and return to politics</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Election_of_1876">4 Election of 1876</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Republican_nomination_and_campaign_against_Tilden">4.1 Republican nomination and campaign against Tilden</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Disputed_electoral_votes">4.2 Disputed electoral votes</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Presidency_(1877%E2%80%931881)">5 Presidency (1877–1881)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Inauguration">5.1 Inauguration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#The_South_and_the_end_of_Reconstruction">5.2 The South and the end of Reconstruction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Civil_service_reform">5.3 Civil service reform</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Great_Railroad_Strike">5.4 Great Railroad Strike</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Currency_debate">5.5 Currency debate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Foreign_policy">5.6 Foreign policy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Indian_policy">5.7 Indian policy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Great_Western_Tour_of_1880">5.8 Great Western Tour of 1880</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hayes's_White_House">5.9 Hayes's White House</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Judicial_appointments">5.10 Judicial appointments</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Post-presidency_(1881%E2%80%931893)">6 Post-presidency (1881–1893)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Legacy_and_honors">7 Legacy and honors</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliography">11 Bibliography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Books">11.1 Books</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles">11.2 Articles</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Early life and family" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Childhood_and_family_history">Childhood and family history</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Childhood and family history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Rutherford Birchard Hayes was born in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delaware,_Ohio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Delaware, Ohio">Delaware, Ohio</a>, on October 4, 1822, to Rutherford Ezekiel Hayes, Jr. and Sophia Birchard. Hayes's father, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vermont?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> storekeeper, had taken the family to Ohio in 1817. He died ten weeks before Rutherford's birth. Sophia took charge of the family, raising Hayes and his sister, Fanny, the only two of the four children to survive to adulthood.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom19957%E2%80%938-7">[7]</a> She never remarried,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199510Barnard200576%E2%80%9377-8">[8]</a> and Sophia's younger brother, Sardis Birchard, lived with the family for a time.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse20024-9">[9]</a> He was always close to Hayes and became a father figure to him, contributing to his early education.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199520%E2%80%9321Barnard200527%E2%80%9331-10">[10]</a> Through each of his parents, Hayes was descended from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_England?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New England">New England</a> colonists.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard200541-11">[11]</a> His earliest immigrant ancestor came to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Connecticut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scotland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse20023-12">[12]</a> Hayes's great-grandfather Ezekiel Hayes was a militia captain in Connecticut in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, but Ezekiel's son (Hayes's grandfather, also named Rutherford) left his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Branford,_Connecticut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Branford, Connecticut">Branford</a> home during the war for the relative peace of Vermont.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard200553-13">[13]</a> His mother's ancestors migrated to Vermont at a similar time. Hayes wrote: "I have always thought of myself as Scotch, but of the fathers of my family who came to America about thirty were English and two only, Hayes and Rutherford, were of Scotch descent. This is on my father's side. On my mother's side, the whole thirty-two were probably all of other peoples besides the Scotch."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Most of his close relatives outside Ohio continued to live there. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Noyes_(politician)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Noyes (politician)">John Noyes</a>, an uncle by marriage, had been his father's business partner in Vermont and was later elected to Congress.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199517%E2%80%9318-15">[15]</a> His first cousin, Mary Jane Mead, was the mother of sculptor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Larkin_Goldsmith_Mead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Larkin Goldsmith Mead">Larkin Goldsmith Mead</a> and architect <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Rutherford_Mead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Rutherford Mead">William Rutherford Mead</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199517%E2%80%9318-15">[15]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Humphrey_Noyes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Humphrey Noyes">John Humphrey Noyes</a>, the founder of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oneida_Community?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oneida Community">Oneida Community</a>, was also a first cousin.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199562%E2%80%9363Barnard2005113-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Education_and_early_law_career">Education and early law career</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Education and early law career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Hayes attended the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Common_school?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Common school">common schools</a> in Delaware, Ohio, and enrolled in 1836 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Methodist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norwalk_Seminary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norwalk Seminary">Norwalk Seminary</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norwalk,_Ohio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norwalk, Ohio">Norwalk, Ohio</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse20024%E2%80%935-17">[17]</a> He did well at Norwalk, and the next year transferred to the Webb School, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University-preparatory_school?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="University-preparatory school">preparatory school</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middletown,_Connecticut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middletown, Connecticut">Middletown</a>, Connecticut, where he studied <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199520%E2%80%9322Trefousse20025-18">[18]</a> Returning to Ohio, he attended <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kenyon_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kenyon College">Kenyon College</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gambier,_Ohio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gambier, Ohio">Gambier</a> in 1838.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199525-19">[19]</a> He enjoyed his time at Kenyon and was successful scholastically;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005107%E2%80%93113-20">[20]</a> while there, he joined several student societies and became interested in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> politics. His classmates included <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Stanley Matthews</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Celivergos_Zachos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Celivergos Zachos">John Celivergos Zachos</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Topping1-21">[21]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199533%E2%80%9343-22">[22]</a> He graduated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> with the highest honors in 1842 and addressed the class as its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valedictorian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valedictorian">valedictorian</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse20026-23">[23]</a> After briefly <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reading_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reading law">reading law</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a>, Ohio, Hayes moved east to attend <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harvard_Law_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> in 1843.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199543%E2%80%9351Barnard2005131%E2%80%93138-24">[24]</a> Graduating with an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bachelor of Laws">LL.B</a>, he was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Admission_to_practice_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Admission to practice law">admitted</a> to the Ohio bar in 1845 and opened his own law office in Lower Sandusky (now <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fremont,_Ohio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fremont, Ohio">Fremont</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199552%E2%80%9353-25">[25]</a> Business was slow at first, but he gradually attracted clients and also represented his uncle Sardis in real estate litigation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199555%E2%80%9360-26">[26]</a> In 1847 Hayes became ill with what his doctor thought was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tuberculosis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. Thinking a change in climate would help, he considered enlisting in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, but on his doctor's advice instead visited family in New England.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199562%E2%80%9366-27">[27]</a> Returning from there, Hayes and his uncle Sardis made a long journey to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Texas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Texas">Texas</a>, where Hayes visited with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guy_M._Bryan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guy M. Bryan">Guy M. Bryan</a>, a Kenyon classmate and distant relative.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199566%E2%80%9370Barnard2005114-28">[28]</a> Business remained meager on his return to Lower Sandusky, and Hayes decided to move to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cincinnati?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse20028-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Cincinnati_law_practice_and_marriage">Cincinnati law practice and marriage</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Cincinnati law practice and marriage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Hayes moved to Cincinnati in 1850, and opened a law office with John W. Herron, a lawyer from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chillicothe,_Ohio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chillicothe, Ohio">Chillicothe</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199573-30">[30]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[a]</a> Herron later joined a more established firm and Hayes formed a new partnership with William K. Rogers and Richard M. Corwine.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005184%E2%80%93185-33">[32]</a> He found business better in Cincinnati and enjoyed its social attractions, joining the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Literary_Club_of_Cincinnati?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Literary Club of Cincinnati">Cincinnati Literary Society</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Independent_Order_of_Odd_Fellows?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Independent Order of Odd Fellows">Odd Fellows Club</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199574%E2%80%9375-34">[33]</a> He also attended the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> in Cincinnati but did not become a member.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199574%E2%80%9375-34">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Rutherford_B._Hayes_and_his_wife.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Black-and-white picture of a man and a woman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Rutherford_B._Hayes_and_his_wife.jpg/220px-Rutherford_B._Hayes_and_his_wife.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="1536"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 288px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Rutherford_B._Hayes_and_his_wife.jpg/220px-Rutherford_B._Hayes_and_his_wife.jpg" data-alt="Black-and-white picture of a man and a woman" data-width="220" data-height="288" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Rutherford_B._Hayes_and_his_wife.jpg/330px-Rutherford_B._Hayes_and_his_wife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Rutherford_B._Hayes_and_his_wife.jpg/440px-Rutherford_B._Hayes_and_his_wife.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Rutherford and Lucy Hayes on their wedding day </figcaption> </figure> Hayes courted his future wife, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucy_Webb_Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucy Webb Hayes">Lucy Webb</a>, during his time there.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199578%E2%80%9386-35">[34]</a> His mother had encouraged him to get to know Lucy years earlier, but Hayes had believed she was too young and focused his attention on other women.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199561%E2%80%9362-36">[35]</a> Four years later, Hayes began to spend more time with Lucy. They became engaged in 1851 and married on December 30, 1852, at Lucy's mother's house.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199578%E2%80%9386-35">[34]</a> Over the next five years, Lucy gave birth to three sons: Birchard Austin (1853), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Webb_Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Webb Hayes">Webb Cook</a> (1856), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_P._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rutherford P. Hayes">Rutherford Platt</a> (1858).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005184%E2%80%93185-33">[32]</a> A <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Methodism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Methodism">Methodist</a>, Lucy was a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teetotalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Teetotalism">teetotaler</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a>. She influenced her husband's views on those issues, though he never formally joined her church.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005178%E2%80%93180,_187%E2%80%93188Hoogenboom199593%E2%80%9395-37">[36]</a> Hayes had begun his law practice dealing primarily with commercial issues but won greater prominence in Cincinnati as a criminal defense attorney,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse20029-38">[37]</a> defending several people accused of murder.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199587%E2%80%9393-39">[38]</a> In one case, he used a form of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insanity_defense?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Insanity defense">insanity defense</a> that saved the accused from the gallows; she was instead confined to a mental institution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200210-40">[39]</a> Hayes also defended slaves who had escaped and been accused under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199595%E2%80%9399Barnard2005189%E2%80%93191-41">[40]</a> Because Cincinnati was just across the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ohio_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kentucky?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, a slave state, it was a destination for escaping slaves, and many such cases were tried in its courts. A staunch abolitionist, Hayes found his work on behalf of fugitive slaves personally gratifying as well as politically useful, as it raised his profile in the newly formed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005196%E2%80%93197Trefousse200214%E2%80%9315-42">[41]</a> Hayes's political reputation rose with his professional plaudits. He declined a Republican nomination for a judgeship in 1856.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995100-43">[42]</a> Two years later, some Republicans proposed that Hayes fill a vacancy on the bench, and he considered accepting the appointment until the office of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/City_attorney?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="City attorney">city solicitor</a> also became vacant.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995104%E2%80%93105Barnard2005202%E2%80%93203-44">[43]</a> The city council elected Hayes city solicitor to fill the vacancy, and he was elected to a full two-year term in April 1859 by a larger majority than other Republicans on the ticket.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995107Barnard2005204-45">[44]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Civil War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Hayes_Civil_War.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="A bearded man in a 19th-century army uniform" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hayes_Civil_War.jpg/170px-Hayes_Civil_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="324" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1333"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 324px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hayes_Civil_War.jpg/170px-Hayes_Civil_War.jpg" data-alt="A bearded man in a 19th-century army uniform" data-width="170" data-height="324" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hayes_Civil_War.jpg/255px-Hayes_Civil_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hayes_Civil_War.jpg/340px-Hayes_Civil_War.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Hayes in Civil War uniform in 1861 </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="West_Virginia_and_South_Mountain">West Virginia and South Mountain</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: West Virginia and South Mountain" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As the Southern states quickly began to secede after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>'s election to the presidency in 1860, Hayes was lukewarm about <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Civil_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Civil War">civil war</a> to restore the Union. Considering that the two sides might be irreconcilable, he suggested that the Union "[l]et them go."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995113Barnard2005210-46">[45]</a> Though Ohio had voted for Lincoln in 1860, Cincinnati voters turned against the Republican party after secession. Its residents included many from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, and they voted for the Democrats and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Know-Nothing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Know-Nothing">Know-Nothings</a>, who combined to sweep the city elections in April 1861, ejecting Hayes from the city solicitor's office.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995114Barnard2005210%E2%80%93212-47">[46]</a> Returning to private practice, Hayes formed a very brief law partnership with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leopold_Markbreit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leopold Markbreit">Leopold Markbreit</a>, lasting three days before the war began.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995114Barnard2005210%E2%80%93212-47">[46]</a> After the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confederate States of America">Confederates</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">fired on Fort Sumter</a>, Hayes resolved his doubts and joined a volunteer company composed of his Literary Society friends.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995115Barnard2005213%E2%80%93214-48">[47]</a> That June, Governor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Dennison,_Jr.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="William Dennison, Jr.">William Dennison</a> appointed several of the officers of the volunteer company to positions in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/23rd_Ohio_Infantry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd Ohio Infantry">23rd Regiment of Ohio Volunteer Infantry</a>. Hayes was promoted to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Major_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Major (United States)">major</a>, and his friend and college classmate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Stanley Matthews</a> was appointed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">lieutenant colonel</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995116%E2%80%93117-49">[48]</a> Joining the regiment as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Private_(rank)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States" title="Private (rank)">private</a> was another future president, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_McKinley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995116%E2%80%93117-49">[48]</a> After a month of training, Hayes and the 23rd Ohio set out for western Virginia in July 1861 as a part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanawha_Division?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kanawha Division">Kanawha Division</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995120%E2%80%93121-50">[49]</a> They did not meet the enemy until September, when the regiment encountered Confederates at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Carnifex_Ferry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Carnifex Ferry">Carnifex Ferry</a> in present-day <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West_Virginia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> and drove them back.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995125%E2%80%93126Reid1868160-51">[50]</a> In November, Hayes was promoted to lieutenant colonel (Matthews having been promoted to colonel of another regiment) and led his troops deeper into western Virginia, where they entered winter quarters.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995128%E2%80%93130-52">[51]</a> The division resumed its advance the following spring, and Hayes led several raids against the rebel forces, on one of which he sustained a minor injury to his knee.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995136%E2%80%93141-53">[52]</a> That September, Hayes's regiment was called east to reinforce General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">John Pope</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Army_of_Virginia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Army of Virginia">Army of Virginia</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">Second Battle of Bull Run</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995141%E2%80%93143-54">[53]</a> Hayes and his troops did not arrive in time for the battle, but joined the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a> as it hurried north to cut off <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_E._Lee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a>, which was advancing into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maryland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995141%E2%80%93143-54">[53]</a> Marching north, the 23rd was the lead regiment encountering the Confederates at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_South_Mountain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of South Mountain">Battle of South Mountain</a> on September 14.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995146%E2%80%93148-55">[54]</a> Hayes led a charge against an entrenched position and was shot through his left arm, fracturing the bone.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995146%E2%80%93147Reid1868161-56">[55]</a> He had one of his men tie a handkerchief above the wound in an effort to stop the bleeding, and continued to lead his men in the battle. While resting, he ordered his men to meet a flanking attack, but instead his entire command moved backward, leaving Hayes lying in between the lines. Eventually, his men brought Hayes back behind their lines, and he was taken to hospital. The regiment continued on to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a>, but Hayes was out of action for the rest of the campaign.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995149%E2%80%93153-57">[56]</a> In October, he was promoted to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colonel (United States)">colonel</a> and assigned to command of the first brigade of the Kanawha Division as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brevet_(military)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brevet (military)">brevet</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200230-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Army_of_the_Shenandoah">Army of the Shenandoah</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Army of the Shenandoah" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:George_Crook_-_Brady-Handy.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Black-and-white picture of a forked-bearded man in an army uniform" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/George_Crook_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-George_Crook_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3976"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 289px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/George_Crook_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-George_Crook_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" data-alt="Black-and-white picture of a forked-bearded man in an army uniform" data-width="220" data-height="289" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/George_Crook_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/330px-George_Crook_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/George_Crook_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/440px-George_Crook_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Crook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Crook">George Crook</a> was Hayes's commander and the namesake of his fourth son </figcaption> </figure> The division spent the following winter and spring near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston, Virginia</a> (present-day West Virginia), out of contact with the enemy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995154%E2%80%93156-59">[58]</a> Hayes saw little action until July 1863, when the division skirmished with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Hunt Morgan">John Hunt Morgan</a>'s cavalry at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Buffington_Island?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Buffington Island">Battle of Buffington Island</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995157%E2%80%93158-60">[59]</a> Returning to Charleston for the rest of the summer, Hayes spent the fall encouraging the men of the 23rd Ohio to reenlist, and many did.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995159%E2%80%93161-61">[60]</a> In 1864, the Army command structure in West Virginia was reorganized, and Hayes's division was assigned to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Crook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Crook">George Crook</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Army_of_West_Virginia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Army of West Virginia">Army of West Virginia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995159%E2%80%93161-61">[60]</a> Advancing into southwestern Virginia, they destroyed Confederate salt and lead mines there.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995162%E2%80%93164Trefousse200232%E2%80%9333-62">[61]</a> On May 9, they engaged Confederate troops at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Cloyd%27s_Mountain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Cloyd's Mountain">Cloyd's Mountain</a>, where Hayes and his men charged the enemy entrenchments and drove the rebels from the field.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995162%E2%80%93164Trefousse200232%E2%80%9333-62">[61]</a> Following the rout, the Union forces destroyed Confederate supplies and again successfully skirmished with the enemy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995162%E2%80%93164Trefousse200232%E2%80%9333-62">[61]</a> Hayes and his brigade moved to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a> for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valley_Campaigns_of_1864?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley Campaigns of 1864">Valley Campaigns of 1864</a>. Crook's corps was attached to Major General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Hunter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Hunter">David Hunter</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_Army_of_the_Shenandoah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army of the Shenandoah">Army of the Shenandoah</a> and soon back in contact with Confederate forces, capturing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lexington,_Virginia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lexington, Virginia">Lexington, Virginia</a>, on June 11.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995166%E2%80%93168-63">[62]</a> They continued south toward <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lynchburg, Virginia">Lynchburg</a>, tearing up railroad track as they advanced,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995166%E2%80%93168-63">[62]</a> but Hunter believed the troops at Lynchburg were too powerful, and Hayes and his brigade returned to West Virginia.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995166%E2%80%93168-63">[62]</a> Hayes thought Hunter lacked aggression, writing in a letter home that "General Crook would have taken Lynchburg."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995166%E2%80%93168-63">[62]</a> Before the army could make another attempt, Confederate General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jubal_Early?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jubal Early">Jubal Early</a>'s raid into Maryland forced their recall to the north. Early's army surprised them at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kernstown?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Battle of Kernstown">Kernstown</a> on July 24, where Hayes was slightly wounded by a bullet to the shoulder.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995168%E2%80%93169-64">[63]</a> He also had a horse shot out from under him, and the army was defeated.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995168%E2%80%93169-64">[63]</a> Retreating to Maryland, the army was reorganized again, with Major General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philip_Sheridan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a> replacing Hunter.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995170%E2%80%93171-65">[64]</a> By August, Early was retreating up the valley, with Sheridan in pursuit. Hayes's troops fended off a Confederate assault at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Berryville?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Berryville">Berryville</a> and advanced to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Opequon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Opequon">Opequon Creek</a>, where they broke the enemy lines and pursued them farther south.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995172%E2%80%93173-66">[65]</a> They followed up the victory with another at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Fisher%27s_Hill?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Fisher's Hill">Fisher's Hill</a> on September 22, and one more at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Creek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Cedar Creek">Cedar Creek</a> on October 19.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995174%E2%80%93177-67">[66]</a> At Cedar Creek, Hayes sprained his ankle after being thrown from a horse and was struck in the head by a spent round, which did not cause serious damage.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995174%E2%80%93177-67">[66]</a> His leadership and bravery drew his superiors' attention, with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> later writing of Hayes, "[h]is conduct on the field was marked by conspicuous gallantry as well as the display of qualities of a higher order than that of mere personal daring."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2003564-68">[67]</a> Cedar Creek marked the end of the campaign. Hayes was promoted to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a> in October 1864 and brevetted <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Major general (United States)">major general</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995178%E2%80%93181-69">[68]</a> Around this time, Hayes learned of the birth of his fourth son, George Crook Hayes. The army went into winter quarters once more, and in spring 1865 the war quickly came to a close with Lee's surrender to Grant at Appomattox. Hayes visited <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Washington,_D.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, that May and observed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Review_of_the_Armies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grand Review of the Armies">Grand Review of the Armies</a>, after which he and the 23rd Ohio returned to their home state to be mustered out of the service.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995186%E2%80%93188-70">[69]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Post-war_politics">Post-war politics</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Post-war politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="U.S._Representative_from_Ohio">U.S. Representative from Ohio</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: U.S. Representative from Ohio" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> While serving in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_Army_of_the_Shenandoah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army of the Shenandoah">Army of the Shenandoah</a> in 1864, Hayes was nominated by Republicans for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ohio%27s_2nd_congressional_district?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ohio's 2nd congressional district">Ohio's 2nd congressional district</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995171%E2%80%93176Barnard2005225%E2%80%93227-71">[70]</a> Asked by friends in Cincinnati to leave the army to campaign, he refused, saying that an "officer fit for duty who at this crisis would abandon his post to electioneer for a seat in Congress ought to be scalped."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995171%E2%80%93176Barnard2005225%E2%80%93227-71">[70]</a> Instead, Hayes wrote several letters to the voters explaining his political positions and was elected by a 2,400-vote majority over the incumbent, Democrat <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_Long?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexander Long">Alexander Long</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995171%E2%80%93176Barnard2005225%E2%80%93227-71">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders,_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="A photograph of a man in a black suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg/170px-Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2050" data-file-height="2634"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg/170px-Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg" data-alt="A photograph of a man in a black suit" data-width="170" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg/255px-Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg/340px-Andrew_Johnson_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders%2C_c1870-1880-Edit1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Democratic President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrew_Johnson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> and Radical Republicans fought over Reconstruction. </figcaption> </figure> When the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/39th_United_States_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="39th United States Congress">39th Congress</a> assembled in December 1865, Hayes was sworn in as a part of a large Republican majority. Hayes identified with the party's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)">moderate</a> wing, but was willing to vote with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radical_Republicans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radical Republicans">radicals</a> for the sake of party unity.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995200%E2%80%93201Conwell1876145%E2%80%93180-72">[71]</a> The major legislative effort of the Congress was the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, for which Hayes voted and which passed both houses of Congress in June 1866.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995200%E2%80%93201Trefousse200241%E2%80%9344Richardson200117%E2%80%9318-73">[72]</a> Hayes's beliefs were in line with his fellow Republicans on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a> issues: that the South should be restored to the Union, but not without adequate protections for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freedmen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">freedmen</a> and other black southerners.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995203Trefousse200240%E2%80%9341-74">[73]</a> President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrew_Johnson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>, who succeeded to office following Lincoln's assassination, to the contrary wanted to readmit the seceded states quickly without first ensuring that they adopted laws protecting the newly freed slaves' civil rights; he also granted pardons to many of the leading former Confederates.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995203Trefousse200240%E2%80%9341-74">[73]</a> Hayes, along with congressional Republicans, disagreed. They worked to reject Johnson's vision of Reconstruction and to pass the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995197%E2%80%93199Trefousse200242-75">[74]</a> Reelected in 1866, Hayes returned to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lame_duck_session_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lame duck session (United States)">lame-duck session</a>. On January 7, 1867, he voted for the resolution that authorized the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_against_Andrew_Johnson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="First impeachment inquiry against Andrew Johnson">first impeachment inquiry against Andrew Johnson</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76">[75]</a> He also voted during this time for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tenure of Office Act (1867)">Tenure of Office Act</a>, which ensured that Johnson could not remove administration officials without the Senate's consent,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995204%E2%80%93205-77">[76]</a> and unsuccessfully pressed for a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_civil_service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States civil service">civil service reform</a> bill that attracted the votes of many reform-minded Republicans.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995204%E2%80%93205Foner2002493%E2%80%93494-78">[77]</a> Hayes continued to vote with the majority in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/40th_United_States_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="40th United States Congress">40th Congress</a> on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction Acts</a>, but resigned in July 1867 to run for governor of Ohio.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995208%E2%80%93210-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Governor_of_Ohio">Governor of Ohio</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Governor of Ohio" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A popular Congressman and former Army officer, Hayes was considered by Ohio Republicans to be an excellent standard-bearer for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1867_Ohio_gubernatorial_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1867 Ohio gubernatorial election">1867 election campaign</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995211%E2%80%93213Trefousse200245%E2%80%9346-80">[79]</a> His political views were more moderate than the Republican party's platform, although he agreed with the proposed amendment to the Ohio state constitution that would guarantee <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> to black male Ohioans.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995211%E2%80%93213Trefousse200245%E2%80%9346-80">[79]</a> Hayes's opponent, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allen G. Thurman">Allen G. Thurman</a>, made the proposed amendment the centerpiece of the campaign and opposed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black suffrage">black suffrage</a>. Both men campaigned vigorously, making speeches across the state, mostly focusing on the suffrage question.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995211%E2%80%93213Trefousse200245%E2%80%9346-80">[79]</a> The election was mostly a disappointment to Republicans, as the amendment failed to pass and Democrats gained a majority in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ohio_General_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ohio General Assembly">state legislature</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995214Barnard2005238%E2%80%93239-81">[80]</a> Hayes thought at first that he, too, had lost, but the final tally showed that he had won the election by 2,983 votes of 484,603 votes cast.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995214Barnard2005238%E2%80%93239-81">[80]</a> As a Republican governor with a Democratic legislature, Hayes had a limited role in governing, especially since <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Governor_of_Ohio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Ohio">Ohio's governor</a> had no <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veto">veto</a> power. Despite these constraints, he oversaw the establishment of a school for deaf-mutes and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reform_school?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reform school">reform school</a> for girls.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200247%E2%80%9348-82">[81]</a> He endorsed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">impeachment of President Andrew Johnson</a> and urged his conviction, which failed by one vote in the United States Senate.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995215%E2%80%93216-83">[82]</a> Nominated for a second term in 1869, Hayes campaigned again for equal rights for black Ohioans and sought to associate his Democratic opponent, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_H._Pendleton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George H. Pendleton">George H. Pendleton</a>, with disunion and Confederate sympathies.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995218%E2%80%93220Barnard2005239%E2%80%93241-84">[83]</a> Hayes was reelected with an increased majority, and the Republicans took the legislature, ensuring Ohio's ratification of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, which guaranteed black (male) suffrage.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995218%E2%80%93220Barnard2005239%E2%80%93241-84">[83]</a> With a Republican legislature, Hayes's second term was more enjoyable. Suffrage was expanded and a state Agricultural and Mechanical College (later to become <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ohio_State_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a>) was established.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995225%E2%80%93228-85">[84]</a> He also proposed a reduction in state taxes and reform of the state prison system.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995231%E2%80%93232-86">[85]</a> Choosing not to seek reelection, Hayes looked forward to retiring from politics in 1872.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995236%E2%80%93240-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Private_life_and_return_to_politics">Private life and return to politics</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Private life and return to politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Spiegel_Grove_(Rutherford_B._Hayes_Summer_Home).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="A large brick house surrounded by trees" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Spiegel_Grove_%28Rutherford_B._Hayes_Summer_Home%29.jpg/220px-Spiegel_Grove_%28Rutherford_B._Hayes_Summer_Home%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2084" data-file-height="1585"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Spiegel_Grove_%28Rutherford_B._Hayes_Summer_Home%29.jpg/220px-Spiegel_Grove_%28Rutherford_B._Hayes_Summer_Home%29.jpg" data-alt="A large brick house surrounded by trees" data-width="220" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Spiegel_Grove_%28Rutherford_B._Hayes_Summer_Home%29.jpg/330px-Spiegel_Grove_%28Rutherford_B._Hayes_Summer_Home%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Spiegel_Grove_%28Rutherford_B._Hayes_Summer_Home%29.jpg/440px-Spiegel_Grove_%28Rutherford_B._Hayes_Summer_Home%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Hayes's home, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spiegel_Grove?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spiegel Grove">Spiegel Grove</a>, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fremont,_Ohio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fremont, Ohio">Fremont, Ohio</a> </figcaption> </figure> As Hayes prepared to leave office, several delegations of reform-minded Republicans urged him to run for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Senate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> against the incumbent Republican, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Sherman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995236%E2%80%93240-87">[86]</a> Hayes declined, preferring to preserve party unity and retire to private life.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995236%E2%80%93240-87">[86]</a> He especially looked forward to spending time with his children, two of whom (daughter Fanny and son Scott) had been born in the past five years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995241%E2%80%93242-88">[87]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[b]</a> Initially, Hayes tried to promote railway extensions to his hometown, Fremont. He also managed some real estate he had acquired in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duluth, Minnesota">Duluth, Minnesota</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995240%E2%80%93245Barnard2005250%E2%80%93252-91">[89]</a> Not entirely removed from politics, Hayes held out some hope of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Cabinet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Cabinet">cabinet</a> appointment, but was disappointed to receive only an appointment as assistant U.S. treasurer at Cincinnati, which he turned down.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995246%E2%80%93248-92">[90]</a> He agreed to be nominated for his old House seat in 1872 but was disappointed when he lost the election to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_B._Banning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry B. Banning">Henry B. Banning</a>, a fellow <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kenyon_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kenyon College">Kenyon College</a> alumnus.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995243%E2%80%93244Barnard2005250%E2%80%93252-93">[91]</a> In 1873, Lucy gave birth to another son, Manning Force Hayes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995249%E2%80%93250-94">[92]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96">[c]</a> That same year, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Panic_of_1873?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a> hurt business prospects across the nation, including Hayes's. His uncle Sardis Birchard died that year, and the Hayes family moved into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spiegel_Grove?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spiegel Grove">Spiegel Grove</a>, the grand house Birchard had built with them in mind.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995249%E2%80%93251-97">[94]</a> That year Hayes announced his uncle's bequest of $50,000 in assets to endow a public library for Fremont, to be called the Birchard Library. It opened in 1874 on Front Street, and a new building was completed and opened in 1878 in Fort Stephenson State Park, as per the terms of the bequest. Hayes served as chairman of the library's board of trustees until his death.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[95]</a> Hayes hoped to stay out of politics in order to pay off the debts he had incurred during the Panic, but when the Republican state convention nominated him for governor in 1875, he accepted.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995256%E2%80%93257Barnard2005270%E2%80%93271-99">[96]</a> His campaign against Democratic nominee <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Allen_(governor)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Allen (governor)">William Allen</a> focused primarily on Protestant fears about the possibility of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blaine_Amendment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blaine Amendment">state aid to Catholic schools</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995257%E2%80%93260Barnard2005271%E2%80%93275Foner2002557-100">[97]</a> Hayes was against such funding and, while not known to be personally <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-Catholic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Catholic">anti-Catholic</a>, he allowed anti-Catholic fervor to contribute to the enthusiasm for his candidacy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995257%E2%80%93260Barnard2005271%E2%80%93275Foner2002557-100">[97]</a> The campaign was a success, and on October 12, 1875, Hayes was returned to the governorship by a 5,544-vote majority.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995257%E2%80%93260Barnard2005271%E2%80%93275Foner2002557-100">[97]</a> The first person to earn a third term as governor of Ohio, Hayes reduced the state debt, reestablished the Board of Charities, and repealed the Geghan Bill, which had allowed for the appointment of Catholic priests to schools and penitentiaries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200261%E2%80%9364-101">[98]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Election_of_1876">Election of 1876</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Election of 1876" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876 United States presidential election</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Republican_nomination_and_campaign_against_Tilden">Republican nomination and campaign against Tilden</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Republican nomination and campaign against Tilden" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Hayes-Wheeler.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Sepia-toned picture of two men; one bearded, one clean-shaven" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hayes-Wheeler.jpg/220px-Hayes-Wheeler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3011" data-file-height="4147"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 303px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hayes-Wheeler.jpg/220px-Hayes-Wheeler.jpg" data-alt="Sepia-toned picture of two men; one bearded, one clean-shaven" data-width="220" data-height="303" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hayes-Wheeler.jpg/330px-Hayes-Wheeler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Hayes-Wheeler.jpg/440px-Hayes-Wheeler.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Original <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Currier_%26_Ives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Currier & Ives">Currier & Ives</a> campaign poster depicting the Hayes-Wheeler ticket, the last and rarest in the firm's "Grand National Banner" series </figcaption> </figure> Hayes's success in Ohio immediately elevated him to the top ranks of Republican politicians under consideration for the presidency in 1876.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200262-102">[99]</a> The Ohio delegation to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 Republican National Convention</a> was united behind him, and Senator <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Sherman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a> did all in his power to get Hayes the nomination.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995260%E2%80%93261Robinson200157-103">[100]</a> In June 1876, the convention assembled with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_G._Blaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maine">Maine</a> as the favorite.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995262%E2%80%93263Robinson200153%E2%80%9355-104">[101]</a> Blaine started with a significant lead in the delegate count, but could not muster a majority. As he failed to gain votes, the delegates looked elsewhere for a nominee and settled on Hayes on the seventh ballot.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995263%E2%80%93264Robinson200161%E2%80%9363-105">[102]</a> The convention selected Representative <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_A._Wheeler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a> from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_(state)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York (state)">New York</a> for vice president, a man about whom Hayes had recently asked, "I am ashamed to say: who is Wheeler?"<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995260Robinson200163-106">[103]</a> The campaign strategy of Hayes and Wheeler emphasized conciliatory appeals to the Southern Whiggish element, attempting to "detach" old Southern Whigs from Southern Democrats.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107">[104]</a> When <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_Douglass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> asked whether the Republican Party would continue its devotion to protecting black civil rights or "get along without the vote of the black man in the South", Hayes and Wheeler advocated the latter. The Democratic nominee was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a>, the governor of New York. Tilden was considered a formidable adversary who, like Hayes, had a reputation for honesty.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200164%E2%80%9368,_90%E2%80%9395-108">[105]</a> Also like Hayes, Tilden was a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gold_standard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gold standard">hard-money</a> man and supported civil service reform.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200164%E2%80%9368,_90%E2%80%9395-108">[105]</a> In accordance with the custom of the time, the campaign was conducted by surrogates, with Hayes and Tilden remaining in their respective hometowns.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200197%E2%80%9398-109">[106]</a> The poor economic conditions made the party in power unpopular and made Hayes suspect he would lose the election.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200271-110">[107]</a> Both candidates concentrated on the swing states of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_(state)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, as well as the three southern states—<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louisiana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Carolina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Florida?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Florida">Florida</a>—where <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a> Republican governments still barely ruled, amid recurring political violence, including widespread efforts to suppress <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freedman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freedman">freedman</a> voting.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200272%E2%80%9373Robinson2001113%E2%80%93114-111">[108]</a> The Republicans emphasized the danger of letting Democrats run the nation so soon after Southern Democrats had provoked the Civil War and, to a lesser extent, the danger a Democratic administration would pose to the recently won civil rights of southern blacks.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995269%E2%80%93271-112">[109]</a> Democrats, for their part, trumpeted Tilden's record of reform and contrasted it with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant_presidential_administration_scandals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulysses S. Grant presidential administration scandals">corruption of the incumbent Grant administration</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson200199%E2%80%93102-113">[110]</a> As the returns were tallied on election day, it was clear that the race was close: Democrats had carried most of the South, as well as New York, Indiana, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Connecticut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Jersey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200274-114">[111]</a> In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northeastern_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a>, an increasing number of immigrants and their descendants voted Democratic. Although Tilden won the popular vote and claimed 184 electoral votes, Republican leaders challenged the results and charged Democrats with fraud and voter suppression of blacks (who would otherwise have voted Republican) in Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESproat1974163%E2%80%93164-115">[112]</a> Republicans realized that if they held the three disputed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Redeemers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redeemers">unredeemed</a> southern states together with some of the western states, they would emerge with an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral college</a> majority.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200275Robinson2001119%E2%80%93123Sproat1974163%E2%80%93164-116">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Disputed_electoral_votes">Disputed electoral votes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Disputed electoral votes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compromise_of_1877?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission (United States)</a> </div> On November 11, three days after election day, Tilden appeared to have won 184 electoral votes, one short of a majority.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001126%E2%80%93127-117">[114]</a> Hayes appeared to have 166, with the 19 votes of Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina still in doubt.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001126%E2%80%93127-117">[114]</a> Republicans and Democrats each claimed victory in the three latter states, but the results in those states were rendered uncertain because of fraud by both parties.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001131%E2%80%93142Hoogenboom1995277%E2%80%93279-118">[115]</a> To further complicate matters, one of the three electors from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oregon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> (a state Hayes had won) was disqualified, reducing Hayes's total to 165, and raising the disputed votes to 20.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001127%E2%80%93128-3">[3]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-120">[d]</a> If Hayes was not awarded all 20 disputed votes, Tilden would be elected president. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1876.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="A map of the United States showing electoral results in 1876" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/ElectoralCollege1876.svg/300px-ElectoralCollege1876.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/ElectoralCollege1876.svg/300px-ElectoralCollege1876.svg.png" data-alt="A map of the United States showing electoral results in 1876" data-width="300" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/ElectoralCollege1876.svg/450px-ElectoralCollege1876.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/ElectoralCollege1876.svg/600px-ElectoralCollege1876.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Results of the 1876 election, with states won by Hayes in red, and those won by Tilden in blue </figcaption> </figure> There was considerable debate about which person or house of Congress was authorized to decide between the competing slates of electors, with the Republican Senate and the Democratic House each claiming priority.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001145%E2%80%93154Hoogenboom1995281%E2%80%93286-121">[117]</a> By January 1877, with the question still unresolved, Congress and President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> agreed to submit the matter to a bipartisan <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission</a>, which would be authorized to determine the fate of the disputed electoral votes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001157-122">[118]</a> The commission was to be made up of five <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States House of Representatives">representatives</a>, five <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Senate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Senate">senators</a>, and five <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court justices</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001158-123">[119]</a> To ensure partisan balance, there would be seven Democrats and seven Republicans, with Justice <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">David Davis</a>, an independent respected by both parties, as the 15th member.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001158-123">[119]</a> The balance was upset when Democrats in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Illinois_State_Legislature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois State Legislature">Illinois legislature</a> elected Davis to the Senate, hoping to sway his vote.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995286-124">[120]</a> Davis disappointed Democrats by refusing to serve on the Commission because of his election to the Senate.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995286-124">[120]</a> As all the remaining Justices were Republicans, Justice <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph P. Bradley">Joseph P. Bradley</a>, believed to be the most independent-minded of them, was selected to take Davis's place on the commission.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001159%E2%80%93161-125">[121]</a> The Commission met in February and the eight Republicans voted to award all 20 electoral votes to Hayes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001166%E2%80%93171-126">[122]</a> Democrats, outraged by the result, attempted a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filibuster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filibuster">filibuster</a> to prevent Congress from accepting the commission's findings.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001171%E2%80%93183-127">[123]</a> Eventually, the filibusterers gave up, allowing the House and Senate to reassemble to complete the count of the electoral votes, and at 4:10 am on March 2, Senator <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Thomas W. Ferry</a> announced that Hayes and Wheeler had been elected to the presidency and vice presidency by an electoral margin of 185–184.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-128">[124]</a> As inauguration day neared, Republican and Democratic Congressional leaders met at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wormley%27s_Hotel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wormley's Hotel">Wormley's Hotel</a> in Washington to negotiate a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compromise_of_1877?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compromise of 1877">compromise</a>. Republicans promised concessions in exchange for Democratic acquiescence to the committee's decision. The main concession Hayes promised was the withdrawal of federal troops from the South and an acceptance of the election of Democratic governments in the remaining "unredeemed" southern states.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001182%E2%80%93184Foner2002580%E2%80%93581-4">[4]</a> The Democrats agreed, and on March 2, the filibuster was ended. Hayes was elected, but Reconstruction was finished, and freedmen were left at the mercy of white Democrats who did not intend to preserve their rights.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001185%E2%80%93189Foner2002581%E2%80%93587-129">[125]</a> On April 3, Hayes ordered Secretary of War <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_W._McCrary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George W. McCrary">George W. McCrary</a> to withdraw federal troops stationed at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Carolina_State_House?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Carolina State House">South Carolina State House</a> to their barracks. On April 20, he ordered McCrary to send the federal troops stationed at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Orleans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>'s St. Louis Hotel to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jackson_Barracks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jackson Barracks">Jackson Barracks</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds2013113Clendenen1969246-130">[126]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Presidency_(1877–1881)">Presidency (1877–1881)</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Presidency (1877–1881)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Inauguration">Inauguration</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Inauguration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Hayes-inaugurations.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="A large crowd of people outside the United States Capitol building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hayes-inaugurations.jpg/220px-Hayes-inaugurations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="601"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 281px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hayes-inaugurations.jpg/220px-Hayes-inaugurations.jpg" data-alt="A large crowd of people outside the United States Capitol building" data-width="220" data-height="281" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hayes-inaugurations.jpg/330px-Hayes-inaugurations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Hayes-inaugurations.jpg/440px-Hayes-inaugurations.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Chief Justice <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morrison_R._Waite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrison R. Waite">Morrison R. Waite</a> administering the oath of office to Hayes </figcaption> </figure> Because March 4, 1877, was a Sunday, Hayes took the oath of office privately on Saturday, March 3, in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Red_Room_(White_House)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Red Room (White House)">Red Room</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_House?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="White House">White House</a>, the first president to do so in the Executive Mansion. He took the oath publicly on March 5 on the East Portico of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Capitol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995295%E2%80%93297-131">[127]</a> In his inaugural address, Hayes attempted to soothe the passions of the past few months, saying that "he serves his party best who serves his country best".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200285%E2%80%9386-132">[128]</a> He pledged to support "wise, honest, and peaceful local self-government" in the South, as well as reform of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_civil_service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States civil service">civil service</a> and a full return to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gold_standard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995298%E2%80%93299-133">[129]</a> Despite his message of conciliation, many Democrats never considered Hayes's election legitimate and referred to him as "Rutherfraud" or "His Fraudulency" for the next four years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005402%E2%80%93403-134">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="The_South_and_the_end_of_Reconstruction">The South and the end of Reconstruction</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: The South and the end of Reconstruction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Hayes had firmly supported Republican <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a> policies throughout his career, but the first major act of his presidency was an end to Reconstruction and the return of the South to "home rule".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200290%E2%80%9393-135">[131]</a> Even without the conditions of the Wormley's Hotel agreement, Hayes would have been hard-pressed to continue his predecessors' policies. The House of Representatives in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/45th_United_States_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="45th United States Congress">45th Congress</a> was controlled by a majority of Democrats, and they refused to appropriate enough funds for the army to continue to garrison the South.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995304%E2%80%93307Foner2002580%E2%80%93583Davison1972142-136">[132]</a> Even among Republicans, devotion to continued military Reconstruction was fading in the face of persistent Southern insurgency and violence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972138Trefousse200292-137">[133]</a> Only two states, South Carolina and Louisiana, were still under Reconstruction's sway when Hayes assumed the presidency on March 5. On April 3, Hayes ordered Secretary of War <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_W._McCrary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George W. McCrary">George W. McCrary</a> to withdraw federal troops stationed at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Carolina_State_House?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Carolina State House">South Carolina State House</a> to their barracks. On April 20, he ordered McCrary to send the federal troops stationed at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Orleans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>'s St. Louis Hotel to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jackson_Barracks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jackson Barracks">Jackson Barracks</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds2013113Clendenen1969246-130">[126]</a> At the time of the 1876 election only three states, Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana, still had Republican governments. In Florida the Democrats won the governor's election and controlled the state house, leaving South Carolina and Louisiana as the only states where Republican regimes were still supported by federal troops.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200290%E2%80%9391-138">[134]</a> Without troops to enforce the voting rights laws, these soon fell to Democratic control.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClendenen1969244-139">[135]</a> Hayes's later attempts to protect the rights of southern blacks were ineffective, as were his attempts to rebuild Republican strength in the South.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995317%E2%80%93318Davison1972141%E2%80%93143-140">[136]</a> But he did defeat Congress's efforts to curtail federal power to monitor federal elections.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972162%E2%80%93163Hoogenboom1995392%E2%80%93402Richardson2001161-141">[137]</a> Democrats in Congress passed an army <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Appropriations_bill_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">appropriation bill</a> in 1879 with a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rider_(legislation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rider (legislation)">rider</a> that would have repealed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enforcement_Acts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enforcement Acts">Enforcement Acts</a>, which had been used to suppress the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>. Chapters had flourished across the South and it had been one of the insurgent groups that attacked and suppressed freedmen.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972162%E2%80%93163Hoogenboom1995392%E2%80%93402Richardson2001161-141">[137]</a> Those Acts, passed during Reconstruction, made it a crime to prevent someone from voting because of his race. Other paramilitary groups, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Red_Shirts_(Southern_United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Shirts (Southern United States)">Red Shirts</a> in the Carolinas, however, had intimidated freedmen and suppressed the vote. Hayes was determined to preserve the law protecting black voters, and vetoed the appropriation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972162%E2%80%93163Hoogenboom1995392%E2%80%93402Richardson2001161-141">[137]</a> The Democrats did not have enough votes to override the veto, but they passed a new bill with the same rider. Hayes vetoed that bill too, and the process was repeated three more times.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972162%E2%80%93163Hoogenboom1995392%E2%80%93402Richardson2001161-141">[137]</a> Finally, Congress passed a bill without the offensive rider, but refused to pass another bill to fund federal marshals, who were vital to the enforcement of the Enforcement Acts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972162%E2%80%93163Hoogenboom1995392%E2%80%93402Richardson2001161-141">[137]</a> The election laws remained in effect, but the funds to enforce them were curtailed for the time being.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995402-142">[138]</a> Hayes tried to reconcile the social <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mores?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mores">mores</a> of the South with the recently passed civil rights laws by distributing patronage among southern Democrats. "My task was to wipe out the color line, to abolish sectionalism, to end the war and bring peace," he wrote in his diary. "To do this, I was ready to resort to unusual measures and to risk my own standing and reputation within my party and the country."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005418-143">[139]</a> All his efforts were in vain; Hayes failed to persuade the South to accept legal racial equality or to convince Congress to appropriate funds to enforce the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1875?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil Rights Act of 1875">civil rights laws</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995317%E2%80%93318-144">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Civil_service_reform">Civil service reform</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Civil service reform" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Hayes took office determined to reform the system of civil service appointments, which had been based on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spoils_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spoils system">spoils system</a> since <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrew_Jackson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>'s presidency.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200293%E2%80%9394-145">[141]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-147">[e]</a> Instead of giving federal jobs to political supporters, Hayes wished to award them by merit according to an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_service_examination?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil service examination">examination</a> that all applicants would take.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995318%E2%80%93319-148">[143]</a> Hayes's call for reform immediately brought him into conflict with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stalwart_(politics)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalwart (politics)">Stalwart</a>, or pro-spoils, branch of the Republican party. Senators of both parties were accustomed to being consulted about political appointments and turned against Hayes. Foremost among his enemies was New York Senator <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roscoe Conkling">Roscoe Conkling</a>, who fought Hayes's reform efforts at every turn.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972164%E2%80%93165-149">[144]</a> To show his commitment to reform, Hayes appointed one of the best-known advocates of reform at the time, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carl_Schurz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a>, to be <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a> and asked Schurz and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_M._Evarts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William M. Evarts">William M. Evarts</a> to lead a special cabinet committee charged with drawing up new rules for federal appointments.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul199871-150">[145]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury Secretary</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Sherman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a> ordered <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Jay_(lawyer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Jay (lawyer)">John Jay</a> to investigate the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_Custom_House?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Custom House">New York Custom House</a>, which was stacked with Conkling's spoilsmen.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995318%E2%80%93319-148">[143]</a> Jay's report suggested that the New York Custom House was so overstaffed with political appointees that 20% of the employees were expendable.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995322%E2%80%93325Davison1972164%E2%80%93165Trefousse200295%E2%80%9396-151">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Cartoon of one man kicking another out of a building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg/220px-Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="1269"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 178px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg/220px-Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg" data-alt="Cartoon of one man kicking another out of a building" data-width="220" data-height="178" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg/330px-Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg/440px-Arthur_NYcustoms_house_cartoon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A cartoon of Hayes kicking <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> out of the New York Custom House </figcaption> </figure> Although he could not convince Congress to prohibit the spoils system, Hayes issued an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive order (United States)">executive order</a> that forbade federal office holders from being required to make campaign contributions or otherwise taking part in party politics.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995322%E2%80%93325Davison1972164%E2%80%93165Trefousse200295%E2%80%9396-151">[146]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Collector_of_the_Port_of_New_York?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Collector of the Port of New York">Collector of the Port of New York</a>, and his subordinates <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alonzo_B._Cornell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alonzo B. Cornell">Alonzo B. Cornell</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_H._Sharpe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George H. Sharpe">George H. Sharpe</a>, all Conkling supporters, refused to obey the order.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995322%E2%80%93325Davison1972164%E2%80%93165Trefousse200295%E2%80%9396-151">[146]</a> In September 1877, Hayes demanded their resignations, which they refused to give. He submitted appointments of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt,_Sr.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Roosevelt, Sr.">Theodore Roosevelt, Sr.</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L._Bradford_Prince?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="L. Bradford Prince">L. Bradford Prince</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edwin_Atkins_Merritt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edwin Atkins Merritt">Edwin Merritt</a>—all supporters of Evarts, Conkling's New York rival—to the Senate for confirmation as their replacements.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995352Trefousse200295%E2%80%9396-152">[147]</a> The Senate's Commerce Committee, chaired by Conkling, voted unanimously to reject the nominees. The full Senate rejected Roosevelt and Prince by a vote of 31–25, and confirmed Merritt only because Sharpe's term had expired.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995353%E2%80%93355Trefousse2002100%E2%80%93101-153">[148]</a> Hayes was forced to wait until July 1878, when he fired Arthur and Cornell during a Congressional recess and replaced them with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Recess_appointment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Recess appointment">recess appointments</a> of Merritt and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silas_W._Burt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silas W. Burt">Silas W. Burt</a>, respectively.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995370%E2%80%93371-154">[149]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-156">[f]</a> Conkling opposed confirmation of the appointees when the Senate reconvened in February 1879, but Merritt was approved by a vote of 31–25 and Burt by 31–19, giving Hayes his most significant civil service reform victory.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995382%E2%80%93384Barnard2005456-157">[151]</a> For the remainder of his term, Hayes pressed Congress to enact permanent reform legislation and fund the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Civil Service Commission">United States Civil Service Commission</a>, even using his last <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/State_of_the_Union_address?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="State of the Union address">annual message</a> to Congress in 1880 to appeal for reform. Reform legislation did not pass during Hayes's presidency, but his advocacy provided "a significant precedent as well as the political impetus for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Act</a> of 1883," which was signed into law by President Chester Arthur.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul199873%E2%80%9374-158">[152]</a> Hayes allowed some exceptions to the ban on assessments, permitting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Congdon_Gorham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Congdon Gorham">George Congdon Gorham</a>, secretary of the Republican Congressional Committee, to solicit campaign contributions from federal officeholders during the Congressional elections of 1878.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESproat1974165%E2%80%93166-159">[153]</a> In 1880, Hayes quickly forced <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_W._Thompson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard W. Thompson">Richard W. Thompson</a> to resign after Thompson accepted a $25,000 (~$677,772 in 2023) salary for a nominal job offered by French engineer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Lesseps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferdinand de Lesseps">Ferdinand de Lesseps</a> to promote a French canal in Panama.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESproat1974169%E2%80%93170-160">[154]</a> Hayes also dealt with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Star_route_scandal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Star route scandal">corruption in the postal service</a>. In 1880, Schurz and Senator <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_A._Logan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a> asked Hayes to shut down the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Star_routes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Star routes">star route</a>" rings, a system of corrupt contract profiteering in the Postal Service, and to fire Second Assistant Postmaster-General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_J._Brady?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas J. Brady">Thomas J. Brady</a>, the alleged ringleader.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotsche1935409%E2%80%93411-161">[155]</a> Hayes stopped granting new star route contracts but let existing contracts continue to be enforced.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995439%E2%80%93440-162">[156]</a> Democrats accused him of delaying proper investigation so as not to damage Republicans' chances in the 1880 elections but did not press the issue in their campaign literature, as members of both parties were implicated in the corruption.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotsche1935409%E2%80%93411-161">[155]</a> Historian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hans_L._Trefousse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hans L. Trefousse">Hans L. Trefousse</a> later wrote that Hayes "hardly knew the chief suspect [Brady] and certainly had no connection with the [star route] corruption."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse2002144-163">[157]</a> Although Hayes and the Congress both investigated the contracts and found no compelling evidence of wrongdoing, Brady and others were indicted for conspiracy in 1882.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotsche1935414%E2%80%93415-164">[158]</a> After two trials, the defendants were acquitted in 1883.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotsche1935416-165">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Great_Railroad_Strike">Great Railroad Strike</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Great Railroad Strike" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Railroad Strike of 1877">Great Railroad Strike of 1877</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Harpers_8_11_1877_Destruction_of_the_Union_Depot.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="A burning building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Harpers_8_11_1877_Destruction_of_the_Union_Depot.jpg/220px-Harpers_8_11_1877_Destruction_of_the_Union_Depot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2437" data-file-height="1641"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Harpers_8_11_1877_Destruction_of_the_Union_Depot.jpg/220px-Harpers_8_11_1877_Destruction_of_the_Union_Depot.jpg" data-alt="A burning building" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Harpers_8_11_1877_Destruction_of_the_Union_Depot.jpg/330px-Harpers_8_11_1877_Destruction_of_the_Union_Depot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Harpers_8_11_1877_Destruction_of_the_Union_Depot.jpg/440px-Harpers_8_11_1877_Destruction_of_the_Union_Depot.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Burning of Union Depot, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, July 21–22, 1877 </figcaption> </figure> In his first year in office, Hayes was faced with the United States' largest labor uprising to date, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Railroad Strike of 1877">Great Railroad Strike of 1877</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner2002583Stowell19991%E2%80%932Richardson2001121-166">[160]</a> To make up for financial losses suffered since the panic of 1873, the major railroads had cut their employees' wages several times in 1877.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995326%E2%80%93327-167">[161]</a> In July of that year, workers at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baltimore_%26_Ohio_Railroad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore & Ohio Railroad">Baltimore & Ohio Railroad</a> walked off the job in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martinsburg,_West_Virginia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martinsburg, West Virginia">Martinsburg, West Virginia</a>, to protest their reduction in pay.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198975%E2%80%9377Stowell1999117-168">[162]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Strike_action?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Strike action">strike</a> quickly spread to workers of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York Central Railroad">New York Central</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erie_Railroad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erie Railroad">Erie</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania</a> railroads, with the strikers soon numbering in the thousands.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995328%E2%80%93333Davison1972145%E2%80%93153Barnard2005445%E2%80%93447-169">[163]</a> Fearing a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Riot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Riot">riot</a>, Governor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_M._Mathews?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry M. Mathews">Henry M. Mathews</a> asked Hayes to send federal troops to Martinsburg, and Hayes did so, but when the troops arrived there was no riot, only a peaceful protest.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruce198993%E2%80%9394-170">[164]</a> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baltimore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, however, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baltimore_railroad_strike_of_1877?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baltimore railroad strike of 1877">a riot did erupt</a> on July 20, and Hayes ordered the troops at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fort_McHenry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fort McHenry">Fort McHenry</a> to assist the governor in suppressing it.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995328%E2%80%93333Davison1972145%E2%80%93153Barnard2005445%E2%80%93447-169">[163]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pittsburgh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> exploded into riots next, but Hayes was reluctant to send in troops without the governor's request.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995328%E2%80%93333Davison1972145%E2%80%93153Barnard2005445%E2%80%93447-169">[163]</a> Other discontented citizens joined the railroad workers in rioting.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStowell1999116%E2%80%93127Hoogenboom1995328-171">[165]</a> After a few days, Hayes resolved to send in troops to protect federal property wherever it appeared to be threatened and gave Major General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> overall command of the situation, marking the first use of federal troops to break a strike against a private company.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995328%E2%80%93333Davison1972145%E2%80%93153Barnard2005445%E2%80%93447-169">[163]</a> The riots spread further, to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chicago?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a>, where strikers shut down railroad facilities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995328%E2%80%93333Davison1972145%E2%80%93153Barnard2005445%E2%80%93447-169">[163]</a> By July 29, the riots had ended and federal troops returned to their barracks.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner2002585-172">[166]</a> No federal troops had killed any of the strikers, or been killed themselves, but clashes between state militia troops and strikers resulted in deaths on both sides.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972148%E2%80%93150Trefousse200295-173">[167]</a> The railroads were victorious in the short term, as the workers returned to their jobs and some wage cuts remained in effect. But the public blamed the railroads for the strikes and violence, and they were compelled to improve working conditions and make no further cuts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995334Davison1972152%E2%80%93153-174">[168]</a> Business leaders praised Hayes, but his own opinion was more equivocal; as he recorded in his diary: <blockquote> "The strikes have been put down by force; but now for the real remedy. Can't something [be] done by education of strikers, by judicious control of capitalists, by wise general policy to end or diminish the evil? The railroad strikers, as a rule, are good men, sober, intelligent, and industrious."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005446%E2%80%93447Hayes1922440v._3-175">[169]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Currency_debate">Currency debate</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Currency debate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:John-Sherman-2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Black-and-white photograph of a man, seated" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/John-Sherman-2.jpg/220px-John-Sherman-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2986" data-file-height="3595"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 265px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/John-Sherman-2.jpg/220px-John-Sherman-2.jpg" data-alt="Black-and-white photograph of a man, seated" data-width="220" data-height="265" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/John-Sherman-2.jpg/330px-John-Sherman-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/John-Sherman-2.jpg/440px-John-Sherman-2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Treasury Secretary <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Sherman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a> worked with Hayes to return the country to the gold standard. </figcaption> </figure> Hayes confronted two issues regarding the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Currency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Currency">currency</a>, the first of which was the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Free_Silver?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Silver">coinage of silver</a>, and its relation to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gold_standard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gold standard">gold</a>. In 1873, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1873?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coinage Act of 1873">Coinage Act of 1873</a> stopped the coinage of silver for all coins worth a dollar or more, effectively tying the dollar to the value of gold. As a result, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deflation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deflation">money supply contracted</a> and the effects of the Panic of 1873 grew worse, making it more expensive for debtors to pay debts they had contracted when currency was less valuable.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995356-176">[170]</a> Farmers and laborers, especially, clamored for the return of coinage in both metals, believing the increased money supply would restore wages and property values.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger2008358-177">[171]</a> Democratic Representative <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_P._Bland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard P. Bland">Richard P. Bland</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Missouri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> proposed a bill to require the United States to coin as much silver as miners could sell the government, thus increasing the money supply and aiding debtors.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972176%E2%80%93177-178">[172]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_B._Allison?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William B. Allison">William B. Allison</a>, a Republican from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iowa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, offered an amendment in the Senate limiting the coinage to two to four million dollars per month, and the resulting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bland%E2%80%93Allison_Act?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bland–Allison Act">Bland–Allison Act</a> passed both houses of Congress in 1878.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972176%E2%80%93177-178">[172]</a> Hayes feared the Act would cause <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inflation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inflation">inflation</a> that would be ruinous to business, effectively impairing contracts that were based on the gold dollar, as the silver dollar proposed in the bill would have an intrinsic value of 90 to 92 percent of the existing gold dollar.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995358%E2%80%93360-179">[173]</a> He also believed that inflating the currency was dishonest, saying, "[e]xpediency and justice both demand an honest currency."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995358%E2%80%93360-179">[173]</a> He vetoed the bill, but Congress overrode his veto, the only time it did so during his presidency.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972176%E2%80%93177-178">[172]</a> The second issue concerned <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Notes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Notes">United States Notes</a> (commonly called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenback_(money)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenback (money)">greenbacks</a>), a form of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fiat_money?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fiat money">fiat currency</a> first issued during the Civil War. The government accepted these notes as valid for payment of taxes and tariffs, but unlike ordinary dollars, they were not redeemable in gold.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972176%E2%80%93177-178">[172]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specie_Payment_Resumption_Act?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Specie Payment Resumption Act">Specie Payment Resumption Act</a> of 1875 required the treasury to redeem any outstanding greenbacks in gold, thus retiring them from circulation and restoring a single, gold-backed currency.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972176%E2%80%93177-178">[172]</a> Sherman agreed with Hayes's favorable opinion of the Act, and stockpiled gold in preparation for the exchange of greenbacks for gold.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995358%E2%80%93360-179">[173]</a> But once the public was confident that they could redeem greenbacks for specie (gold), few did so; when the Act took effect in 1879, only $130,000 of the outstanding $346,000,000 in greenbacks were actually redeemed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse2002107-180">[174]</a> Together with the Bland–Allison Act, the successful specie resumption effected a workable compromise between inflationists and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hard_money_(policy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hard money (policy)">hard money</a> men and, as the world economy began to improve, agitation for more greenbacks and silver coinage quieted down for the rest of Hayes's presidency.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972177%E2%80%93180-181">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Foreign policy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="A Chinese man sitting outside a locked gate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg/220px-The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1060"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 239px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg/220px-The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg" data-alt="A Chinese man sitting outside a locked gate" data-width="220" data-height="239" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg/330px-The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg/440px-The_only_one_barred_out_cph.3b48680.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> A political cartoon from 1882, criticizing Chinese exclusion </figcaption> </figure> Most of Hayes's foreign-policy concerns involved <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_America?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>. In 1878, following the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paraguayan_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a>, he arbitrated a territorial dispute between <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Argentina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paraguay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995416-182">[176]</a> Hayes awarded the disputed land in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gran_Chaco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gran Chaco">Gran Chaco</a> region to Paraguay, and the Paraguayans honored him by renaming a city (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villa_Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Villa Hayes">Villa Hayes</a>) and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Department_(country_subdivision)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Department (country subdivision)">department</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presidente_Hayes_Department?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presidente Hayes Department">Presidente Hayes</a>) in his honor.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995416-182">[176]</a> Hayes became concerned over the plans of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Lesseps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferdinand de Lesseps">Ferdinand de Lesseps</a>, the builder of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suez_Canal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, to construct a canal across the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a>, then part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colombia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995417%E2%80%93418-183">[177]</a> Worried about a repetition of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">French adventurism in Mexico</a>, Hayes interpreted the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> firmly.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995420%E2%80%93421Barnard2005442-184">[178]</a> In a message to Congress, Hayes explained his opinion on the canal: "The policy of this country is a canal under American control ... The United States cannot consent to the surrender of this control to any European power or any combination of European powers."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995420%E2%80%93421Barnard2005442-184">[178]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mexico_%E2%80%93_United_States_border?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico – United States border">Mexican border</a> also drew Hayes's attention. Throughout the 1870s, "lawless bands" often crossed the border on raids into Texas.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995335Barnard2005443-185">[179]</a> Three months after taking office, Hayes granted the Army the power to pursue <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bandit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandit">bandits</a>, even if it required crossing into Mexican territory.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995335Barnard2005443-185">[179]</a> Mexican president <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> protested the order and sent troops to the border.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995335Barnard2005443-185">[179]</a> The situation calmed as Díaz and Hayes agreed to jointly pursue bandits and Hayes agreed not to allow Mexican revolutionaries to raise armies in the United States.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995337Barnard2005444-186">[180]</a> The violence along the border decreased, and in 1880 Hayes revoked the order allowing pursuit into Mexico.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995338-187">[181]</a> Outside the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_Hemisphere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>, Hayes's biggest foreign-policy concern dealt with China. In 1868 the Senate had ratified the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burlingame_Treaty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burlingame Treaty">Burlingame Treaty</a> with China, allowing an unrestricted flow of Chinese immigrants into the United States. As the economy soured after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Panic_of_1873?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a>, Chinese immigrants were blamed in the American West for depressing workmen's wages.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995387-188">[182]</a> During the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, anti-Chinese riots broke out in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Francisco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, and a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (United States)">third party</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Workingman%27s_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Workingman's Party">Workingman's Party</a>, formed with an emphasis on stopping Chinese immigration.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995387-188">[182]</a> In response, Congress passed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> in 1879, abrogating the 1868 treaty.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995388%E2%80%93389Barnard2005447%E2%80%93449Rhodes1919180%E2%80%93196-189">[183]</a> Hayes vetoed the bill, believing that the United States should not abrogate treaties without negotiation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995388%E2%80%93389Barnard2005447%E2%80%93449-190">[184]</a> The veto drew praise from Northeastern New England Republicans, but Hayes was bitterly denounced in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western United States">Western United States</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995388%E2%80%93389Barnard2005447%E2%80%93449-190">[184]</a> In the subsequent furor, Democrats in the House of Representatives attempted to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_efforts_to_impeach_presidents_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of efforts to impeach presidents of the United States">impeach</a> him, but narrowly failed when Republicans prevented a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quorum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quorum">quorum</a> by refusing to vote.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995390%E2%80%93391-191">[185]</a> After the veto, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_State?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Assistant Secretary of State">Assistant Secretary of State</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_W._Seward?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick W. Seward">Frederick W. Seward</a> suggested that the countries work together to reduce immigration, and he and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Burrill_Angell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Burrill Angell">James Burrill Angell</a> negotiated with the Chinese to do so.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995390%E2%80%93391-191">[185]</a> Congress passed a new law to that effect, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> of 1882, after Hayes had left office.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995390%E2%80%93391-191">[185]</a> In 1877 former President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> embarked on a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_tour_of_Ulysses_S._Grant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World tour of Ulysses S. Grant">world tour</a> shortly after his second term. Hayes was aware of Grant's popularity in Europe and encouraged Grant to extend his tour in the hope that it would improve various foreign relations and strengthen American interests abroad.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2016xi%E2%80%93xii,_2%E2%80%933-192">[186]</a> When Grant was in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nice">Nice</a> he boarded <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/USS_Vandalia_(1876)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="USS Vandalia (1876)">USS Vandalia</a>, a screw <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sloop-of-war?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sloop-of-war">sloop-of-war</a> that Hayes had personally sent by for Grant's winter cruise about the Mediterranean and journey to Egypt.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2016597-193">[187]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFeely1981464White2016589,_599-194">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Indian_policy">Indian policy</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Indian policy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Schurz_Departing_Interior_Department.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Schurz_Departing_Interior_Department.jpg/220px-Schurz_Departing_Interior_Department.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1049"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 256px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Schurz_Departing_Interior_Department.jpg/220px-Schurz_Departing_Interior_Department.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="256" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Schurz_Departing_Interior_Department.jpg/330px-Schurz_Departing_Interior_Department.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Schurz_Departing_Interior_Department.jpg/440px-Schurz_Departing_Interior_Department.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> An 1881 political cartoon about <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carl_Schurz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a>'s management of the Indian Bureau </figcaption> </figure> Interior Secretary <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carl_Schurz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a> carried out Hayes's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">American Indian</a> policy, beginning with preventing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a> from taking over the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972184%E2%80%93185-195">[189]</a> Hayes and Schurz carried out a policy that included assimilation into white culture, educational training, and dividing Indian land into individual household allotments.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse2002109Davison1972186%E2%80%93187-196">[190]</a> Hayes believed his policies would lead to self-sufficiency and peace between Indians and whites.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995341%E2%80%93343,_449%E2%80%93450-197">[191]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dawes_Act?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dawes Act">allotment system</a> under the Dawes Act, later signed by President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grover_Cleveland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> in 1887, was favored by liberal reformers at the time, including Schurz, but instead proved detrimental to American Indians. They lost much of their land through sales of what the government classified as "surplus lands", and more to unscrupulous white <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speculation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speculation">speculators</a> who tried to get the Indians to sell their allotments.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuart1977452%E2%80%93454-198">[192]</a> Hayes and Schurz reformed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> to reduce fraud and gave Indians responsibility for policing their reservations, but they were generally understaffed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995343%E2%80%93344,_449-199">[193]</a> Hayes dealt with several conflicts with Indian tribes. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nez_Perce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nez Perce">Nez Perce</a>, led by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_Joseph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chief Joseph">Chief Joseph</a>, began <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nez_Perce_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nez Perce War">an uprising</a> in June 1877 when Major General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oliver_O._Howard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver O. Howard">Oliver O. Howard</a> ordered them to move to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_reservation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian reservation">reservation</a>. Howard's men defeated the Nez Perce in battle, and the tribe began a 1,700-mile retreat to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995338%E2%80%93340-200">[194]</a> In October, after a decisive battle at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Bear_Paw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Bear Paw">Bear Paw</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montana">Montana</a>, Chief Joseph surrendered and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William T. Sherman</a> ordered the tribe transported to Indian Territory in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kansas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, where they were forced to remain until 1885.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995340%E2%80%93341-201">[195]</a> The Nez Perce war was not the last conflict in the West, as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bannock_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bannock people">Bannock</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bannock_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bannock War">rose up</a> in spring 1878 in Idaho and raided nearby settlements before being defeated by Howard's army in July.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972184%E2%80%93185-195">[189]</a> War with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ute_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ute people">Ute tribe</a> broke out in Colorado in 1879 when some Ute killed Indian agent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nathan_Meeker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nathan Meeker">Nathan Meeker</a>, who had been attempting to convert them to Christianity. The subsequent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/White_River_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="White River War">White River War</a> ended when Schurz negotiated peace with the Ute and prevented white settlers from taking revenge for Meeker's death.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse2002123-202">[196]</a> Hayes also became involved in resolving the removal of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ponca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ponca">Ponca</a> tribe from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nebraska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_Territory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (present-day <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oklahoma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>) because of a misunderstanding during the Grant administration. The tribe's problems came to Hayes's attention after its chief, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Standing_Bear?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Standing Bear">Standing Bear</a>, filed a lawsuit to contest Schurz's demand that they stay in Indian Territory. Overruling Schurz, Hayes set up a commission in 1880 that ruled the Ponca were free to return to their home territory in Nebraska or stay on their reservation in Indian Territory. The Ponca were awarded compensation for their land rights, which had been previously granted to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sioux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sioux">Sioux</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995450%E2%80%93454Sproat1974173-203">[197]</a> In a message to Congress in February 1881, Hayes insisted he would "give to these injured people that measure of redress which is required alike by justice and by humanity."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse2002124-204">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Great_Western_Tour_of_1880">Great Western Tour of 1880</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Great Western Tour of 1880" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Rutherford_B._Hayes.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Rutherford_B._Hayes.png/220px-Rutherford_B._Hayes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="510"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 263px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Rutherford_B._Hayes.png/220px-Rutherford_B._Hayes.png" data-width="220" data-height="263" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Rutherford_B._Hayes.png/330px-Rutherford_B._Hayes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Rutherford_B._Hayes.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Portrait of Rutherford B. Hayes by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eliphalet_Frazer_Andrews?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eliphalet Frazer Andrews">Eliphalet Frazer Andrews</a>, 1881 </figcaption> </figure> In 1880, Hayes embarked on a 71-day tour of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western United States">Western United States</a>, becoming the second sitting president to travel west of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rocky_Mountains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>. (Hayes's immediate predecessor, Ulysses Grant, visited Utah in 1875.) Hayes's traveling party included his wife and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William T. Sherman</a>, who helped organize the trip. Hayes began his trip in September 1880, departing from Chicago on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transcontinental_railroad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transcontinental railroad">transcontinental railroad</a>. He journeyed across the continent, ultimately arriving in California, stopping first in Wyoming and then Utah and Nevada, reaching Sacramento and San Francisco. By railroad and stagecoach, the party traveled north to Oregon, arriving in Portland, and from there to Vancouver, Washington. Going by steamship, they visited Seattle, and then returned to San Francisco. Hayes then toured several southwestern states before returning to Ohio in November, in time to cast a vote in the 1880 presidential election.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-205">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Hayes's_White_House">Hayes's White House</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Hayes's White House" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Hayes and his wife <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucy_Webb_Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucy Webb Hayes">Lucy</a> were known for their policy of keeping an alcohol-free White House, giving rise to her nickname "Lemonade Lucy."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom19953Davison1972xv-206">[200]</a> The first reception at the Hayes White House included wine,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison197282Barnard2005480-207">[201]</a> but Hayes was dismayed at drunken behavior at receptions hosted by ambassadors around Washington, leading him to follow his wife's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Temperance_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Temperance movement">temperance</a> leanings.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995384-208">[202]</a> Alcohol was not served again in the Hayes White House. Critics charged Hayes with parsimony, but Hayes spent more money (which came out of his personal budget) after the ban, ordering that any savings from eliminating alcohol be used on more lavish entertainment.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995385%E2%80%93386Barnard2005480-209">[203]</a> His temperance policy also paid political dividends, strengthening his support among <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> ministers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995384-208">[202]</a> Although Secretary Evarts quipped that at the White House dinners, "water flowed like wine," the policy was a success in convincing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prohibition in the United States">prohibitionists</a> to vote Republican.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995458-210">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Judicial_appointments">Judicial appointments</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Judicial appointments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of federal judges appointed by Rutherford B. Hayes">List of federal judges appointed by Rutherford B. Hayes</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Thomas_Stanley_Matthews_-_Brady-Handy.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Black-and-white photograph of a bearded man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Thomas_Stanley_Matthews_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/170px-Thomas_Stanley_Matthews_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="3568"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 215px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Thomas_Stanley_Matthews_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/170px-Thomas_Stanley_Matthews_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" data-alt="Black-and-white photograph of a bearded man" data-width="170" data-height="215" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Thomas_Stanley_Matthews_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/255px-Thomas_Stanley_Matthews_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Thomas_Stanley_Matthews_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/340px-Thomas_Stanley_Matthews_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Stanley Matthews's</a> confirmation to the Supreme Court was more difficult than Hayes expected. </figcaption> </figure> Hayes appointed two <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a> to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a>. The first vacancy occurred when David Davis resigned to enter the Senate during the election controversy of 1876. On taking office, Hayes appointed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Marshall Harlan">John Marshall Harlan</a> to the seat. A former candidate for governor of Kentucky, Harlan had been <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benjamin_Bristow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benjamin Bristow">Benjamin Bristow</a>'s campaign manager at the 1876 Republican convention, and Hayes had earlier considered him for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Attorney_General_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of the United States">attorney general</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972130%E2%80%93132-211">[205]</a> Hayes submitted the nomination in October 1877, but it aroused some dissent in the Senate because of Harlan's limited experience in public office.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972130%E2%80%93132-211">[205]</a> Harlan was nonetheless confirmed and served on the court for 34 years, voting (usually in the minority) for aggressive enforcement of the civil rights laws.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972130%E2%80%93132-211">[205]</a> In 1880, a second seat became vacant upon the resignation of Justice <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Strong_(Pennsylvania_judge)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="William Strong (Pennsylvania judge)">William Strong</a>. Hayes nominated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Burnham_Woods?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Burnham Woods">William Burnham Woods</a>, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carpetbagger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carpetbagger">carpetbagger</a> Republican <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Circuit_court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Circuit court">circuit court</a> judge from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alabama?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972132Hoogenboom1995454-212">[206]</a> Woods served six years on the Court, ultimately proving a disappointment to Hayes as he interpreted the Constitution in a manner more similar to that of Southern Democrats than to Hayes's own preferences.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005268,_498-213">[207]</a> Hayes unsuccessfully attempted to fill a third vacancy in 1881. Justice <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noah Haynes Swayne">Noah Haynes Swayne</a> resigned with the expectation that Hayes would fill his seat by appointing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Stanley Matthews</a>, a friend of both men.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972129-214">[208]</a> Many senators objected to the appointment, believing that Matthews was too close to corporate and railroad interests, especially those of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jay_Gould?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jay Gould">Jay Gould</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005498%E2%80%93499-215">[209]</a> and the Senate adjourned without voting on the nomination.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972129-214">[208]</a> The following year, when <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_A._Garfield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> entered the White House, he resubmitted Matthews's nomination to the Senate, which this time confirmed Matthews by one vote, 24 to 23.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972129-214">[208]</a> Matthews served for eight years until his death in 1889. His opinion in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yick_Wo_v._Hopkins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yick Wo v. Hopkins">Yick Wo v. Hopkins</a> in 1886 advanced his and Hayes's views on the protection of ethnic minorities' rights.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995457-216">[210]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Post-presidency_(1881–1893)">Post-presidency (1881–1893)</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Post-presidency (1881–1893)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Hayes_in_1886.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hayes_in_1886.jpg/220px-Hayes_in_1886.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="450"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 295px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hayes_in_1886.jpg/220px-Hayes_in_1886.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="295" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hayes_in_1886.jpg/330px-Hayes_in_1886.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Hayes_in_1886.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Hayes in 1886 </figcaption> </figure> Hayes declined to seek reelection in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880</a>, keeping his pledge not to run for a second term.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun2017549-217">[211]</a> During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 Republican National Convention</a>, he opposed the nomination of both Conkling and Arthur for the Vice Presidency, as well as opposing Grant's attempt to run for a third term. Hayes considered Grant a failure as president, and believed the president should have a single six-year term.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-218">[212]</a> He was gratified by the election of fellow Ohio Republican <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_A._Garfield?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> to succeed him, and consulted with him on appointments for the next administration.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995447%E2%80%93465-219">[213]</a> After Garfield's inauguration, Hayes and his family returned to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spiegel_Grove?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spiegel Grove">Spiegel Grove</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995466%E2%80%93467-220">[214]</a> In 1881, he was elected a companion of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States</a>. He served as commander-in-chief (national president) of the Loyal Legion from 1888 until his death in 1893. Although he remained a loyal Republican, Hayes was not too disappointed in Democrat <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grover_Cleveland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>'s election to the presidency in 1884, approving of Cleveland's views on civil service reform.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995483-221">[215]</a> He was also pleased at the progress of the political career of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_McKinley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>, his army comrade and political protégé.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995524%E2%80%93525-222">[216]</a> Hayes became an advocate for educational charities and federal education subsidies for all children.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995471%E2%80%93475Thelen1970156-223">[217]</a> He believed education was the best way to heal the rifts in American society and allow people to improve themselves.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThelen1970154%E2%80%93156-224">[218]</a> In 1887 Hayes was appointed to the Board of Trustees of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ohio_State_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a>, the school he helped found as governor of Ohio.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995498%E2%80%93499-225">[219]</a> He emphasized the need for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vocational_school?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vocational school">vocational</a>, as well as academic, education: "I preach the gospel of work," he wrote, "I believe in skilled labor as a part of education."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005506-226">[220]</a> He urged Congress, unsuccessfully, to pass a bill written by Senator <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_W._Blair?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry W. Blair">Henry W. Blair</a> that would have allowed federal aid for education for the first time.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwint195248%E2%80%9349-227">[221]</a> In 1889 Hayes gave a speech encouraging black students to apply for scholarships from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slater_Fund?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slater Fund">Slater Fund</a>, one of the charities with which he was affiliated.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995518%E2%80%93523-228">[222]</a> One such student, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>, received a scholarship in 1892.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995518%E2%80%93523-228">[222]</a> Hayes also advocated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prison_reform?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prison reform">better prison conditions</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995496%E2%80%93497Thelen1970151-229">[223]</a> In retirement, Hayes was troubled by the disparity between the rich and the poor, saying in an 1886 speech, "free government cannot long endure if property is largely in a few hands and large masses of people are unable to earn homes, education, and a support in old age."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005513Hoogenboom1995539-230">[224]</a> The next year, he recorded thoughts on that subject in his diary: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"> In church it occurred to me that it is time for the public to hear that the giant evil and danger in this country, the danger which transcends all others, is the vast wealth owned or controlled by a few persons. Money is power. In Congress, in state legislatures, in city councils, in the courts, in the political conventions, in the press, in the pulpit, in the circles of the educated and the talented, its influence is growing greater and greater. Excessive wealth in the hands of the few means extreme poverty, ignorance, vice, and wretchedness as the lot of the many. It is not yet time to debate about the remedy. The previous question is as to the danger—the evil. Let the people be fully informed and convinced as to the evil. Let them earnestly seek the remedy and it will be found. Fully to know the evil is the first step towards reaching its eradication. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_George?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry George">Henry George</a> is strong when he portrays the rottenness of the present system. We are, to say the least, not yet ready for his remedy. We may reach and remove the difficulty by changes in the laws regulating corporations, descents of property, wills, trusts, taxation, and a host of other important interests, not omitting lands and other property.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1922354v._4Swint195246%E2%80%9347-231">[225]</a> </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Hayes_grave_at_Spiegel_Grove.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hayes_grave_at_Spiegel_Grove.jpg/220px-Hayes_grave_at_Spiegel_Grove.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hayes_grave_at_Spiegel_Grove.jpg/220px-Hayes_grave_at_Spiegel_Grove.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hayes_grave_at_Spiegel_Grove.jpg/330px-Hayes_grave_at_Spiegel_Grove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hayes_grave_at_Spiegel_Grove.jpg/440px-Hayes_grave_at_Spiegel_Grove.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Grave at Spiegel Grove </figcaption> </figure> Hayes was greatly saddened by his wife's death in 1889.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995508%E2%80%93510-232">[226]</a> When she died, he wrote, "the soul had left [Spiegel Grove]".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995508%E2%80%93510-232">[226]</a> After Lucy's death, Hayes's daughter Fanny became his traveling companion, and he enjoyed visits from his grandchildren.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995509%E2%80%93520-233">[227]</a> In 1890, he chaired the Lake Mohonk Conference on the Negro Question, a gathering of reformers that met in upstate New York to discuss racial issues.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995515%E2%80%93517Foner2002605%E2%80%93606-234">[228]</a> Hayes died of complications of a heart attack at his home on January 17, 1893, at the age of 70.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005522%E2%80%93523-235">[229]</a> His last words were "I know that I'm going where Lucy is."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005522%E2%80%93523-235">[229]</a> President-elect Cleveland and Ohio governor McKinley, who would be Cleveland's immediate successor in 1897, led the funeral procession that followed his body until Hayes was interred in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oakwood_Cemetery_(Fremont,_Ohio)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oakwood Cemetery (Fremont, Ohio)">Oakwood Cemetery</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fremont,_Ohio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fremont, Ohio">Fremont, Ohio</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995532%E2%80%93533-236">[230]</a> In 1915, his remains were moved to his former home in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spiegel_Grove?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spiegel Grove">Spiegel Grove</a> for burial with his wife Lucy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-237">[231]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-238">[232]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Legacy and honors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Biographer <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ari_Hoogenboom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ari Hoogenboom">Ari Hoogenboom</a> has written that Hayes's greatest achievement was to restore popular faith in the presidency and reverse the deterioration of executive power that had established itself after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a> in 1865. His supporters have praised his commitment to civil-service reform; his critics have derided his leniency toward former Confederate states as well as his withdrawal of federal support for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/African_Americans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>' voting rights and civil rights.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-239">[233]</a> Historians and scholars generally <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">rank</a> Hayes as an average to below-average president.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-240">[234]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-241">[235]</a> After the donation of his home to the state of Ohio for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spiegel_Grove?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spiegel Grove">Spiegel Grove State Park</a>, Hayes was reinterred there in 1915.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-NPS_2004-01-24-242">[236]</a> The next year the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes_Presidential_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center">Hayes Commemorative Library and Museum</a>, the country's first presidential library, opened on the site, funded by contributions from the state of Ohio and Hayes's family.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1980485%E2%80%93488-243">[237]</a> In 1922 the U.S. Post Office issued its first postage stamp honoring Hayes, 29 years after his death, on the 100th anniversary of his birth. Another Hayes stamp, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:RB_Hayes_1938_Issue2-19c.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="File:RB Hayes 1938 Issue2-19c.jpg">a 19-cent issue</a>, was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presidential_Issue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presidential Issue">released in 1938</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-244">[238]</a> In 2011, the U.S. Mint released a "Golden Dollar", the first item of U.S. currency to honor Hayes.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-245">[239]</a> <table style="margin:auto"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Hayes_1922_Issue2-11c.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hayes_1922_Issue2-11c.jpg/180px-Hayes_1922_Issue2-11c.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="634"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 205px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hayes_1922_Issue2-11c.jpg/180px-Hayes_1922_Issue2-11c.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hayes_1922_Issue2-11c.jpg/270px-Hayes_1922_Issue2-11c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Hayes_1922_Issue2-11c.jpg/360px-Hayes_1922_Issue2-11c.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Hayes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/U.S._Presidents_on_U.S._postage_stamps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Rutherford_B._Hayes" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps">postage stamp</a>, 1922 issue, 100th anniversary of birth </figcaption> </figure></td> <td>  </td> <td> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Rutherford_Hayes_Presidential_Golden_Dollar,_of_2011,_1_dollar.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rutherford_Hayes_Presidential_Golden_Dollar%2C_of_2011%2C_1_dollar.jpg/400px-Rutherford_Hayes_Presidential_Golden_Dollar%2C_of_2011%2C_1_dollar.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="206" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="648"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 206px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rutherford_Hayes_Presidential_Golden_Dollar%2C_of_2011%2C_1_dollar.jpg/400px-Rutherford_Hayes_Presidential_Golden_Dollar%2C_of_2011%2C_1_dollar.jpg" data-width="400" data-height="206" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rutherford_Hayes_Presidential_Golden_Dollar%2C_of_2011%2C_1_dollar.jpg/600px-Rutherford_Hayes_Presidential_Golden_Dollar%2C_of_2011%2C_1_dollar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rutherford_Hayes_Presidential_Golden_Dollar%2C_of_2011%2C_1_dollar.jpg/800px-Rutherford_Hayes_Presidential_Golden_Dollar%2C_of_2011%2C_1_dollar.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> Hayes Presidential "Golden Dollar", Minted 2011 </div> </figcaption> </figure></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Hayes had arbitrated and decided an 1878 dispute between Argentina and Paraguay in favor of Paraguay, giving Paraguay 60% of its current territory. This led to the naming of a province in the region after him: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presidente_Hayes_Department?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presidente Hayes Department">Presidente Hayes Department</a> (capital: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villa_Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Villa Hayes">Villa Hayes</a>); an official holiday: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laudo_Hayes_Firm_Day?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laudo Hayes Firm Day">Laudo Hayes Firm Day</a>, the anniversary of the decision, celebrated in Presidente Hayes province; a local soccer team: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Club_Presidente_Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Club Presidente Hayes">Club Presidente Hayes</a> (also known as "Los Yanquis"), based in the national capital, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asuncion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Asuncion">Asuncion</a>; a postage stamp, the design of which was chosen in a contest run by the U.S. Embassy; and even the granting of the wish of a young girl who came out of a coma—a trip to the Hayes Presidential Center in Fremont, Ohio.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-246">[240]</a> Also named for Hayes is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hayes_County,_Nebraska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hayes County, Nebraska">Hayes County, Nebraska</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-247">[241]</a> Hayes was elected a member of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a> on October 21, 1890.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-248">[242]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes_High_School_(Delaware,_Ohio)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rutherford B. Hayes High School (Delaware, Ohio)">Rutherford B. Hayes High School</a> in Hayes's hometown of Delaware, Ohio, was named in his honor, as is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University,_Hayes_and_Orton_Halls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University, Hayes and Orton Halls">Hayes Hall</a>, built in 1893, at the Ohio State University. It is Ohio State's oldest remaining building, and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 16, 1970, due to its front facade, which remains virtually untouched from its original appearance. Hayes knew the building would be named in his honor, but did not live to see it completed.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-249">[243]</a> The City of Delaware also erected a statue of Hayes. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a> Herron's daughter, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helen_Herron_Taft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helen Herron Taft">Helen</a>, later married <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Howard_Taft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005167-31">[31]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-90">^</a> His first two sons, Joseph and George, had died in infancy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200231,_42-89">[88]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-96">^</a> He was named after Hayes's friend, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manning_Force?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Manning Force">Manning Force</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200259-95">[93]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-120">^</a> The elector, John W. Watts, was disqualified because he held "an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States", in violation of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Clause_2:_Method_of_choosing_electors" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, section 1, clause 2</a> of the U.S. Constitution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995279-119">[116]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-147">^</a> Hayes's predecessor, President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, appointed the first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Civil Service Commission">Civil Service Commission</a> in 1871, but it dissolved in 1874.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun2017293%E2%80%93294-146">[142]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_K._Graham?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles K. Graham">Charles K. Graham</a> filled Merritt's former position.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995370-155">[150]</a></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/rutherford-b-hayes/">"Rutherford B. Hayes"</a>. The White House. Retrieved May 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+White+House&rft.atitle=Rutherford+B.+Hayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fabout-the-white-house%2Fpresidents%2Frutherford-b-hayes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> Welch, Richard E., Jr. (1971). George Frisbie Hoar and the Half-Breed Republicans, p. 91. 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Hayes and the End of Reconstruction""</a>. Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Library & Museums. Retrieved May 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rutherford+B.+Hayes+Presidential+Library+%26+Museums&rft.atitle=%22Betrayal+of+the+Freedman%3A+Rutherford+B.+Hayes+and+the+End+of+Reconstruction%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbhayes.org%2Fhayes%2Fbetrayal-of-the-freedman-rutherford-b.-hayes-and-the-end-of-reconstruction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://online.maryville.edu/business-degrees/americas-gilded-age/">"America's Gilded Age: Robber Barons and Captains of Industry"</a>. Maryville Online. Retrieved February 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maryville+Online&rft.atitle=America%27s+Gilded+Age%3A+Robber+Barons+and+Captains+of+Industry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.maryville.edu%2Fbusiness-degrees%2Famericas-gilded-age%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom19957–8-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom19957%E2%80%938_7-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 7–8.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199510Barnard200576–77-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199510Barnard200576%E2%80%9377_8-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, p. 10; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, pp. 76–77.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse20024-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse20024_9-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTrefousse2002">Trefousse 2002</a>, p. 4.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199520–21Barnard200527–31-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199520%E2%80%9321Barnard200527%E2%80%9331_10-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 20–21; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, pp. 27–31.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard200541-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard200541_11-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, p. 41.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse20023-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse20023_12-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTrefousse2002">Trefousse 2002</a>, p. 3.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard200553-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard200553_13-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, p. 53.</li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/hayes-family-genealogy/">"Hayes Family Genealogy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hayes+Family+Genealogy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbhayes.org%2Fhayes%2Fhayes-family-genealogy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199517–18-15">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199517%E2%80%9318_15-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199517%E2%80%9318_15-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 17–18.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199562–63Barnard2005113-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199562%E2%80%9363Barnard2005113_16-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 62–63; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, p. 113.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse20024–5-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse20024%E2%80%935_17-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTrefousse2002">Trefousse 2002</a>, pp. 4–5.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199520–22Trefousse20025-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199520%E2%80%9322Trefousse20025_18-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 20–22; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTrefousse2002">Trefousse 2002</a>, p. 5.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199525-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199525_19-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, p. 25.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005107–113-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005107%E2%80%93113_20-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, pp. 107–113.</li> <li id="cite_note-Topping1-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Topping1_21-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ahepahistory.org/History-of-the-Order-of-AHEPA-1922-1972-George-Leber/docs/John-Zachos-Cincinnati-Historical-Bulletin-1976-by-Eva-Catafygiotu-Topping.pdf">"Topping, Eva Catafygiotu"</a> John Zachos Cincinnatian from Constantinople The Cincinnati Historical Society Bulletin Volumes 33–34 Cincinnati Historical Society 1975: p. 51</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199533–43-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199533%E2%80%9343_22-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 33–43.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse20026-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse20026_23-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTrefousse2002">Trefousse 2002</a>, p. 6.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199543–51Barnard2005131–138-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199543%E2%80%9351Barnard2005131%E2%80%93138_24-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 43–51; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, pp. 131–138.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199552–53-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199552%E2%80%9353_25-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 52–53.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199555–60-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199555%E2%80%9360_26-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 55–60.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199562–66-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199562%E2%80%9366_27-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 62–66.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199566–70Barnard2005114-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199566%E2%80%9370Barnard2005114_28-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 66–70; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, p. 114.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse20028-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse20028_29-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTrefousse2002">Trefousse 2002</a>, p. 8.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199573-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199573_30-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, p. 73.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005167-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005167_31-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, p. 167.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005184–185-33">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005184%E2%80%93185_33-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005184%E2%80%93185_33-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, pp. 184–185.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199574–75-34">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199574%E2%80%9375_34-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199574%E2%80%9375_34-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 74–75.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199578–86-35">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199578%E2%80%9386_35-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199578%E2%80%9386_35-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 78–86.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199561–62-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199561%E2%80%9362_36-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 61–62.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005178–180,_187–188Hoogenboom199593–95-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005178%E2%80%93180,_187%E2%80%93188Hoogenboom199593%E2%80%9395_37-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, pp. 178–180, 187–188; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 93–95.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse20029-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse20029_38-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTrefousse2002">Trefousse 2002</a>, p. 9.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199587–93-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199587%E2%80%9393_39-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 87–93.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200210-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse200210_40-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTrefousse2002">Trefousse 2002</a>, p. 10.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199595–99Barnard2005189–191-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom199595%E2%80%9399Barnard2005189%E2%80%93191_41-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 95–99; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, pp. 189–191.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005196–197Trefousse200214–15-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005196%E2%80%93197Trefousse200214%E2%80%9315_42-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, pp. 196–197; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTrefousse2002">Trefousse 2002</a>, pp. 14–15.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995100-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995100_43-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, p. 100.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995104–105Barnard2005202–203-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995104%E2%80%93105Barnard2005202%E2%80%93203_44-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 104–105; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, pp. 202–203.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995107Barnard2005204-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995107Barnard2005204_45-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, p. 107; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, p. 204.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995113Barnard2005210-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995113Barnard2005210_46-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, p. 113; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, p. 210.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995114Barnard2005210–212-47">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995114Barnard2005210%E2%80%93212_47-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995114Barnard2005210%E2%80%93212_47-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, p. 114; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, pp. 210–212.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995115Barnard2005213–214-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995115Barnard2005213%E2%80%93214_48-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, p. 115; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, pp. 213–214.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995116–117-49">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995116%E2%80%93117_49-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995116%E2%80%93117_49-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 116–117.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995120–121-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995120%E2%80%93121_50-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 120–121.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995125–126Reid1868160-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995125%E2%80%93126Reid1868160_51-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 125–126; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFReid1868">Reid 1868</a>, p. 160.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995128–130-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995128%E2%80%93130_52-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 128–130.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995136–141-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995136%E2%80%93141_53-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 136–141.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995141–143-54">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995141%E2%80%93143_54-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995141%E2%80%93143_54-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 141–143.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995146–148-55"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995146%E2%80%93148_55-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 146–148.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995146–147Reid1868161-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995146%E2%80%93147Reid1868161_56-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 146–147; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFReid1868">Reid 1868</a>, p. 161.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995149–153-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995149%E2%80%93153_57-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 149–153.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200230-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse200230_58-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTrefousse2002">Trefousse 2002</a>, p. 30.</li> <li 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2005</a>, pp. 225–227.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995200–201Conwell1876145–180-72"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995200%E2%80%93201Conwell1876145%E2%80%93180_72-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 200–201; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFConwell1876">Conwell 1876</a>, pp. 145–180.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995200–201Trefousse200241–44Richardson200117–18-73"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995200%E2%80%93201Trefousse200241%E2%80%9344Richardson200117%E2%80%9318_73-0">^</a> <a 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(P. 320-2, 321-2). -- House Vote #418 -- Jan 7, 1867"</a>. GovTrack.us. Retrieved March 23, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GovTrack.us&rft.atitle=To+Pass+a+Resolution+to+Impeach+the+President.+%28P.+320-2%2C+321-2%29.+--+House+Vote+%23418+--+Jan+7%2C+1867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fvotes%2F39-2%2Fh418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995204–205-77"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995204%E2%80%93205_77-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 204–205.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995204–205Foner2002493–494-78"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995204%E2%80%93205Foner2002493%E2%80%93494_78-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 204–205; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFoner2002">Foner 2002</a>, pp. 493–494.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995208–210-79"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995208%E2%80%93210_79-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 208–210.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995211–213Trefousse200245–46-80">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995211%E2%80%93213Trefousse200245%E2%80%9346_80-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995211%E2%80%93213Trefousse200245%E2%80%9346_80-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995211%E2%80%93213Trefousse200245%E2%80%9346_80-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 211–213; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTrefousse2002">Trefousse 2002</a>, pp. 45–46.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995214Barnard2005238–239-81">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995214Barnard2005238%E2%80%93239_81-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995214Barnard2005238%E2%80%93239_81-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, p. 214; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, pp. 238–239.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200247–48-82"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse200247%E2%80%9348_82-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTrefousse2002">Trefousse 2002</a>, pp. 47–48.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995215–216-83"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995215%E2%80%93216_83-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 215–216.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995218–220Barnard2005239–241-84">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995218%E2%80%93220Barnard2005239%E2%80%93241_84-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995218%E2%80%93220Barnard2005239%E2%80%93241_84-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 218–220; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, pp. 239–241.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995225–228-85"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995225%E2%80%93228_85-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 225–228.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995231–232-86"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995231%E2%80%93232_86-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 231–232.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995236–240-87">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995236%E2%80%93240_87-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995236%E2%80%93240_87-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995236%E2%80%93240_87-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 236–240.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995241–242-88"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995241%E2%80%93242_88-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 241–242.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200231,_42-89"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse200231,_42_89-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTrefousse2002">Trefousse 2002</a>, pp. 31, 42.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995240–245Barnard2005250–252-91"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995240%E2%80%93245Barnard2005250%E2%80%93252_91-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 240–245; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, pp. 250–252.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995246–248-92"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995246%E2%80%93248_92-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 246–248.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995243–244Barnard2005250–252-93"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995243%E2%80%93244Barnard2005250%E2%80%93252_93-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 243–244; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, pp. 250–252.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995249–250-94"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995249%E2%80%93250_94-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 249–250.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200259-95"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse200259_95-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTrefousse2002">Trefousse 2002</a>, p. 59.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995249–251-97"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995249%E2%80%93251_97-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 249–251.</li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.birchard.lib.oh.us/missionHistory.htm">"Library History: Birchard Public Library of Sandusky County"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804170108/http://www.birchard.lib.oh.us/missionHistory.htm">Archived</a> August 4, 2018, at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Birchard Library website</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995256–257Barnard2005270–271-99"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995256%E2%80%93257Barnard2005270%E2%80%93271_99-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 256–257; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, pp. 270–271.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995257–260Barnard2005271–275Foner2002557-100">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995257%E2%80%93260Barnard2005271%E2%80%93275Foner2002557_100-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995257%E2%80%93260Barnard2005271%E2%80%93275Foner2002557_100-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995257%E2%80%93260Barnard2005271%E2%80%93275Foner2002557_100-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 257–260; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, pp. 271–275; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFoner2002">Foner 2002</a>, p. 557.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200261–64-101"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse200261%E2%80%9364_101-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTrefousse2002">Trefousse 2002</a>, pp. 61–64.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse200262-102"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse200262_102-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTrefousse2002">Trefousse 2002</a>, p. 62.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995260–261Robinson200157-103"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995260%E2%80%93261Robinson200157_103-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 260–261; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRobinson2001">Robinson 2001</a>, p. 57.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995262–263Robinson200153–55-104"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995262%E2%80%93263Robinson200153%E2%80%9355_104-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 262–263; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRobinson2001">Robinson 2001</a>, pp. 53–55.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995263–264Robinson200161–63-105"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995263%E2%80%93264Robinson200161%E2%80%9363_105-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 263–264; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRobinson2001">Robinson 2001</a>, pp. 61–63.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995260Robinson200163-106"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995260Robinson200163_106-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, p. 260; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRobinson2001">Robinson 2001</a>, p. 63.</li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427065109/https://www.senate.gov/about/officers-staff/vice-president/wheeler-william.htm">About the Vice President | William A. Wheeler, 19th Vice President (1877-1881)</a>. United States Senate via Internet Archive. 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<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 277–279.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995279-119"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995279_119-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, p. 279.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001145–154Hoogenboom1995281–286-121"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2001145%E2%80%93154Hoogenboom1995281%E2%80%93286_121-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRobinson2001">Robinson 2001</a>, pp. 145–154; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 281–286.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001157-122"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2001157_122-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRobinson2001">Robinson 2001</a>, p. 157.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001158-123">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2001158_123-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2001158_123-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRobinson2001">Robinson 2001</a>, p. 158.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995286-124">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995286_124-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995286_124-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, p. 286.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001159–161-125"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2001159%E2%80%93161_125-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRobinson2001">Robinson 2001</a>, pp. 159–161.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001166–171-126"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2001166%E2%80%93171_126-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRobinson2001">Robinson 2001</a>, pp. 166–171.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001171–183-127"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2001171%E2%80%93183_127-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRobinson2001">Robinson 2001</a>, pp. 171–183.</li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://elections.harpweek.com/Controversy.htm">"HarpWeek | Hayes vs. Tilden: The Electoral College Controversy of 1876-1877"</a>. elections.harpweek.com. Retrieved May 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elections.harpweek.com&rft.atitle=HarpWeek+%7C+Hayes+vs.+Tilden%3A+The+Electoral+College+Controversy+of+1876-1877&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felections.harpweek.com%2FControversy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2001185–189Foner2002581–587-129"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2001185%E2%80%93189Foner2002581%E2%80%93587_129-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFRobinson2001">Robinson 2001</a>, pp. 185–189; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFoner2002">Foner 2002</a>, pp. 581–587.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDodds2013113Clendenen1969246-130">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds2013113Clendenen1969246_130-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDodds2013113Clendenen1969246_130-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDodds2013">Dodds 2013</a>, p. 113; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFClendenen1969">Clendenen 1969</a>, p. 246.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995295–297-131"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995295%E2%80%93297_131-0">^</a> <a 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<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, p. 352; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTrefousse2002">Trefousse 2002</a>, pp. 95–96.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995353–355Trefousse2002100–101-153"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995353%E2%80%93355Trefousse2002100%E2%80%93101_153-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 353–355; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTrefousse2002">Trefousse 2002</a>, pp. 100–101.</li> <li 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFTrefousse2002">Trefousse 2002</a>, p. 123.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995450–454Sproat1974173-203"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995450%E2%80%93454Sproat1974173_203-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 450–454; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSproat1974">Sproat 1974</a>, p. 173.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrefousse2002124-204"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrefousse2002124_204-0">^</a> <a 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<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, p. 480.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995384-208">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995384_208-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995384_208-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, p. 384.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995385–386Barnard2005480-209"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995385%E2%80%93386Barnard2005480_209-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 385–386; 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<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, p. 454.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005268,_498-213"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005268,_498_213-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, pp. 268, 498.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1972129-214">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison1972129_214-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison1972129_214-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison1972129_214-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDavison1972">Davison 1972</a>, p. 129.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005498–499-215"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005498%E2%80%93499_215-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, pp. 498–499.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995457-216"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995457_216-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, p. 457.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun2017549-217"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalhoun2017549_217-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCalhoun2017">Calhoun 2017</a>, p. 549.</li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://resources.ohiohistory.org/hayes/browse/chapterxxxviii.html">"Volume III Chapter XXXVIII"</a>. resources.ohiohistory.org. Retrieved October 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=resources.ohiohistory.org&rft.atitle=Volume+III+Chapter+XXXVIII&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresources.ohiohistory.org%2Fhayes%2Fbrowse%2Fchapterxxxviii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995447–465-219"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995447%E2%80%93465_219-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 447–465.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995466–467-220"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995466%E2%80%93467_220-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 466–467.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995483-221"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995483_221-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, p. 483.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995524–525-222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995524%E2%80%93525_222-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 524–525.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995471–475Thelen1970156-223"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995471%E2%80%93475Thelen1970156_223-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 471–475; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFThelen1970">Thelen 1970</a>, p. 156.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThelen1970154–156-224"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThelen1970154%E2%80%93156_224-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFThelen1970">Thelen 1970</a>, pp. 154–156.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995498–499-225"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995498%E2%80%93499_225-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 498–499.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005506-226"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005506_226-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, p. 506.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwint195248–49-227"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwint195248%E2%80%9349_227-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSwint1952">Swint 1952</a>, pp. 48–49.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995518–523-228">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995518%E2%80%93523_228-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995518%E2%80%93523_228-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 518–523.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995496–497Thelen1970151-229"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995496%E2%80%93497Thelen1970151_229-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 496–497; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFThelen1970">Thelen 1970</a>, p. 151.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005513Hoogenboom1995539-230"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005513Hoogenboom1995539_230-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, p. 513; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, p. 539.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes1922354v._4Swint195246–47-231"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes1922354v._4Swint195246%E2%80%9347_231-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHayes1922">Hayes 1922</a>, p. 354, v. 4; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSwint1952">Swint 1952</a>, pp. 46–47.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995508–510-232">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995508%E2%80%93510_232-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995508%E2%80%93510_232-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 508–510.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995509–520-233"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995509%E2%80%93520_233-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 509–520.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995515–517Foner2002605–606-234"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995515%E2%80%93517Foner2002605%E2%80%93606_234-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 515–517; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFFoner2002">Foner 2002</a>, pp. 605–606.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005522–523-235">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005522%E2%80%93523_235-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard2005522%E2%80%93523_235-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBarnard2005">Barnard 2005</a>, pp. 522–523.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995532–533-236"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoogenboom1995532%E2%80%93533_236-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHoogenboom1995">Hoogenboom 1995</a>, pp. 532–533.</li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressH000393" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index%3DH000393">"Rutherford B. Hayes (id: H000393)"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Rutherford+B.+Hayes+%28id%3A+H000393%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DH000393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonMank2016" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Scott; Mank, Gregory W. (forward) (2016). "Hayes, Rutherford Birchard, #5668". Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons (3rd ed.). McFarland & Company, Inc. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786479924?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786479924"><bdi>978-0786479924</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/948561021">948561021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hayes%2C+Rutherford+Birchard%2C+%235668&rft.btitle=Resting+Places%3A+The+Burial+Sites+of+More+Than+14%2C000+Famous+Persons&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F948561021&rft.isbn=978-0786479924&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Mank%2C+Gregory+W.+%28forward%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2010" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Neil A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dhikn4BGc2nUC%26pg%3DPA163">Presidents: A Biographical Dictionary</a>. Washington, DC: Facts on File. p. 163. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7708-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7708-3"><bdi>978-0-8160-7708-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidents%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7708-3&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhikn4BGc2nUC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fedsoc.org/commentary/publications/rating-the-presidents-of-the-united-states-1789-2000-a-survey-of-scholars-in-history-political-science-and-law">"Rating the Presidents of the United States, 1789–2000: A Survey of Scholars in History, Political Science, and Law"</a>. Federalist Society. Washington, DC. November 16, 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Federalist+Society&rft.atitle=Rating+the+Presidents+of+the+United+States%2C+1789%E2%80%932000%3A+A+Survey+of+Scholars+in+History%2C+Political+Science%2C+and+Law&rft.date=2000-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffedsoc.org%2Fcommentary%2Fpublications%2Frating-the-presidents-of-the-united-states-1789-2000-a-survey-of-scholars-in-history-political-science-and-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtis2014" class="citation news cs1">Otis, John (October 30, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/10/30/360126710/the-place-where-rutherford-b-hayes-is-a-really-big-deal">"The Place Where Rutherford B. Hayes Is A Really Big Deal"</a>. NPR. Washington, DC. <q>Rutherford B. Hayes, the 19th U.S. president, doesn't get much respect. He's remembered, if at all, for losing the popular vote in 1876 but winning the presidency through Electoral College maneuvering.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=The+Place+Where+Rutherford+B.+Hayes+Is+A+Really+Big+Deal&rft.date=2014-10-30&rft.aulast=Otis&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fparallels%2F2014%2F10%2F30%2F360126710%2Fthe-place-where-rutherford-b-hayes-is-a-really-big-deal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-NPS_2004-01-24-242"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-NPS_2004-01-24_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/Presidents/site50.htm">"The Presidents (Spiegel Grove)"</a>. 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Retrieved November 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Survey+of+Historic+Sites+and+Buildings&rft.atitle=The+Presidents+%28Spiegel+Grove%29&rft.date=2004-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhistory%2Fhistory%2Fonline_books%2FPresidents%2Fsite50.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1980485–488-243"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1980485%E2%80%93488_243-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSmith1980">Smith 1980</a>, pp. 485–488.</li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="scott2024" class="citation book cs1">Bigalke, Jay, ed. 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Retrieved December 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+P+Presidential+Dollars+%3A+Rutherford+B.+Hayes+Golden+Dollar&rft.pub=USA+Coin+Book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usacoinbook.com%2Fcoins%2F5272%2Fdollars%2Fpresidential%2F2011-P%2Frutherford-b-hayes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeeter2009" class="citation web cs1">Teeter, R (February 16, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.dailykos.com/story/2009/02/16/698197/-Rutherford-Hayes-other-legacy">"Rutherford Hayes' other legacy"</a>. Kos Media, LLC. Retrieved October 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rutherford+Hayes%27+other+legacy&rft.pub=Kos+Media%2C+LLC&rft.date=2009-02-16&rft.aulast=Teeter&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailykos.com%2Fstory%2F2009%2F02%2F16%2F698197%2F-Rutherford-Hayes-other-legacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannett1905" class="citation book cs1">Gannett, Henry (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ">The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States</a> (2nd ed.). Washington: Government Printing Office. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n152">153</a>. Retrieved March 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Certain+Place+Names+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=153&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Gannett&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlisth">"MemberListH | American Antiquarian Society"</a>. www.americanantiquarian.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.americanantiquarian.org&rft.atitle=MemberListH+%26%23124%3B+American+Antiquarian+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fmemberlisth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://design.osu.edu/about/history-hayes-hall">"History of Hayes Hall"</a>. The Ohio State University. Retrieved February 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Hayes+Hall&rft.pub=The+Ohio+State+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdesign.osu.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory-hayes-hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Books">Books</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Books" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnard2005" class="citation book cs1">Barnard, Harry (2005) [1954]. Rutherford Hayes and his America. Newtown, Connecticut: American Political Biography Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-945707-05-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-945707-05-9"><bdi>978-0-945707-05-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rutherford+Hayes+and+his+America&rft.place=Newtown%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=American+Political+Biography+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-945707-05-9&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce1989" class="citation book cs1">Bruce, Robert V. (1989) [1959]. 1877: Year of Violence. Ivan R. Dee, Publisher. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-929587-05-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-929587-05-9"><bdi>978-0-929587-05-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1877%3A+Year+of+Violence&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee%2C+Publisher&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-929587-05-9&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_W._Calhoun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles W. Calhoun">Calhoun, Charles W.</a> (2017). The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2484-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2484-3"><bdi>978-0-7006-2484-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Ulysses+S.+Grant&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-2484-3&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2016" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Edwina S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DaZS-CwAAQBAJ">Citizen of a Wider Commonwealth: Ulysses S. Grant's Postpresidential Diplomacy</a>. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809334780?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809334780"><bdi>978-0809334780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen+of+a+Wider+Commonwealth%3A+Ulysses+S.+Grant%27s+Postpresidential+Diplomacy&rft.place=Carbondale%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0809334780&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Edwina+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaZS-CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConwell1876" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Russell_H._Conwell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Russell H. Conwell">Conwell, Russell H.</a> (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/lifepublicservic02conw/page/n7/mode/2up">Life and public services of Gov. Rutherford B. Hayes</a>. B oston: B. B. Russell; Philadelphia, Quaker city pub. house.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+public+services+of+Gov.+Rutherford+B.+Hayes&rft.place=B+oston&rft.pub=B.+B.+Russell%3B+Philadelphia%2C+Quaker+city+pub.+house&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Conwell&rft.aufirst=Russell+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifepublicservic02conw%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavison1972" class="citation book cs1">Davison, Kenneth E. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/presidencyofruth00davi">The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-6275-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-6275-1"><bdi>978-0-8371-6275-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Rutherford+B.+Hayes&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-8371-6275-1&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofruth00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodds2013" class="citation book cs1">Dodds, Graham G. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DPcN42ujUhMAC">Take Up Your Pen: Unilateral Presidential Directives in American Politics</a>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0815-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0815-3"><bdi>978-0-8122-0815-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Take+Up+Your+Pen%3A+Unilateral+Presidential+Directives+in+American+Politics&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0815-3&rft.aulast=Dodds&rft.aufirst=Graham+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPcN42ujUhMAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eric_Foner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eric Foner">Foner, Eric</a> (2002) [1988]. Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093716-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-093716-4"><bdi>978-0-06-093716-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstruction%3A+America%27s+Unfinished+Revolution%2C+1863%E2%80%931877&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial+Modern+Classics&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-06-093716-4&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant, Ulysses S.</a> (2003) [1885]. Personal Memoirs. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-4990-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-4990-6"><bdi>978-0-7607-4990-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+Memoirs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble%2C+Inc&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-4990-6&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Ulysses+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1922" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Rutherford B. (1922). Williams, Charles Richard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/diarylettersofru01haye/page/n9/mode/2up">The Diary and Letters of Rutherford B. Hayes, Nineteenth President of the United States</a>. Vol. 1. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State Archeological and Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+and+Letters+of+Rutherford+B.+Hayes%2C+Nineteenth+President+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Columbus%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Ohio+State+Archeological+and+Historical+Society&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Rutherford+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiarylettersofru01haye%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">—— (1922). —— (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/diarylettersofru00haye/page/n9/mode/2up">The Diary and Letters of Rutherford B. Hayes, Nineteenth President of the United States</a>. Vol. 2. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State Archeological and Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+and+Letters+of+Rutherford+B.+Hayes%2C+Nineteenth+President+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Columbus%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Ohio+State+Archeological+and+Historical+Society&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Rutherford+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiarylettersofru00haye%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">—— (1922). —— (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/rutherfordbirch03hayerich/page/n9/mode/2up">The Diary and Letters of Rutherford B. Hayes, Nineteenth President of the United States</a>. 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Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State Archeological and Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+and+Letters+of+Rutherford+B.+Hayes%2C+Nineteenth+President+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Columbus%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Ohio+State+Archeological+and+Historical+Society&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Rutherford+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frutherfordbirch03hayerich%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoogenboom1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ari_Hoogenboom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ari Hoogenboom">Hoogenboom, Ari</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780700606412">Rutherford Hayes: Warrior and President</a>. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0641-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0641-2"><bdi>978-0-7006-0641-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rutherford+Hayes%3A+Warrior+and+President&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0641-2&rft.aulast=Hoogenboom&rft.aufirst=Ari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780700606412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFeely1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_S._McFeely?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William S. McFeely">McFeely, William S.</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DGdpmKTM5zTwC">Grant: A Biography</a>. New York: Norton. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3933-4287-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3933-4287-1"><bdi>978-0-3933-4287-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grant%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-3933-4287-1&rft.aulast=McFeely&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGdpmKTM5zTwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1868" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid, Whitelaw</a> (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/ohioinwarhersta01reidgoog">Ohio in the War: The history of her regiments, and other military organizations</a>. Moore, Wilstach & Baldwin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ohio+in+the+War%3A+The+history+of+her+regiments%2C+and+other+military+organizations&rft.pub=Moore%2C+Wilstach+%26+Baldwin&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Whitelaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fohioinwarhersta01reidgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1919" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, J. F. (1919). History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850: 1877–1896.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+United+States+from+the+Compromise+of+1850%3A+1877%E2%80%931896&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2001" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Heather Cox (2001). The Death of Reconstruction. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00637-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00637-9"><bdi>978-0-674-00637-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Reconstruction&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00637-9&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Heather+Cox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2001" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Lloyd (2001) [1968]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/stolenelectionha0000robi">The Stolen Election: Hayes versus Tilden—1876</a>. New York: Tom Doherty Associates. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7653-0206-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7653-0206-9"><bdi>978-0-7653-0206-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stolen+Election%3A+Hayes+versus+Tilden%E2%80%941876&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Tom+Doherty+Associates&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7653-0206-9&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstolenelectionha0000robi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSproat1974" class="citation book cs1">Sproat, John G. (1974). "Rutherford B. Hayes: 1877–1881". In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="C. Vann Woodward">Woodward, C. Vann</a> (ed.). Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct. New York: Delacorte Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-440-05923-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-440-05923-3"><bdi>978-0-440-05923-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rutherford+B.+Hayes%3A+1877%E2%80%931881&rft.btitle=Responses+of+the+Presidents+to+Charges+of+Misconduct&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Delacorte+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-440-05923-3&rft.aulast=Sproat&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStowell1999" class="citation book cs1">Stowell, David O. 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Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77668-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-77668-2"><bdi>978-0-226-77668-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Streets%2C+Railroads%2C+and+the+Great+Strike+of+1877&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+Of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-226-77668-2&rft.aulast=Stowell&rft.aufirst=David+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrefousse2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hans_L._Trefousse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hans L. Trefousse">Trefousse, Hans L.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/rutherfordbhayes00hans">Rutherford B. Hayes</a>. New York: Times Books. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6907-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6907-5"><bdi>978-0-8050-6907-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rutherford+B.+Hayes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6907-5&rft.aulast=Trefousse&rft.aufirst=Hans+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frutherfordbhayes00hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irwin_Unger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irwin Unger">Unger, Irwin</a> (2008) [1964]. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Greenback_Era:_A_Social_and_Political_History_of_American_Finance,_1865%E2%80%931879?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance, 1865–1879">The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance, 1865–1879</a>. New York: ACLS Humanities. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59740-431-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59740-431-0"><bdi>978-1-59740-431-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenback+Era%3A+A+Social+and+Political+History+of+American+Finance%2C+1865%E2%80%931879&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=ACLS+Humanities&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59740-431-0&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Irwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2016" class="citation book cs1">White, Ronald C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DTPNRCwAAQBAJ">American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant</a>. Random House Publishing Group. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5883-6992-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5883-6992-5"><bdi>978-1-5883-6992-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Ulysses%3A+A+Life+of+Ulysses+S.+Grant&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5883-6992-5&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Ronald+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTPNRCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Articles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"> <div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClendenen1969" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clarence_C._Clendenen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clarence C. Clendenen">Clendenen, Clarence</a> (October 1969). "President Hayes' "Withdrawal" of the Troops: An Enduring Myth". The South Carolina Historical Magazine. 70 (4): 240–250. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27566958">27566958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+South+Carolina+Historical+Magazine&rft.atitle=President+Hayes%27+%22Withdrawal%22+of+the+Troops%3A+An+Enduring+Myth&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=240-250&rft.date=1969-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27566958%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Clendenen&rft.aufirst=Clarence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlotsche1935" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J._Martin_Klotsche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="J. Martin Klotsche">Klotsche, J. Martin</a> (December 1935). "The Star Route Cases". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 22 (3): 407–418. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F1892626">10.2307/1892626</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1892626">1892626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mississippi+Valley+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Star+Route+Cases&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=407-418&rft.date=1935-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1892626&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1892626%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Klotsche&rft.aufirst=J.+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1998" class="citation journal cs1">Paul, Ezra (Winter 1998). "Congressional Relations and Public Relations in the Administration of Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–81)". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 28 (1): 68–87. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27551831">27551831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Congressional+Relations+and+Public+Relations+in+the+Administration+of+Rutherford+B.+Hayes+%281877%E2%80%9381%29&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=68-87&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27551831%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Ezra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Skidmore, Max J. "Rutherford B. Hayes." in Maligned Presidents: The Late 19th Century (2014): 50–62.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1980" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Thomas A. (1980). "Before Hyde Park: The Rutherford B. Hayes Library". The American Archivist. 43 (4): 485–488. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40292342">40292342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Archivist&rft.atitle=Before+Hyde+Park%3A+The+Rutherford+B.+Hayes+Library&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=485-488&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40292342%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart1977" class="citation journal cs1">Stuart, Paul (September 1977). "United States Indian Policy: From the Dawes Act to the American Indian Policy Review Commission". Social Service Review. 51 (3): 451–463. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1086%252F643524">10.1086/643524</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30015511">30015511</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143506388">143506388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Service+Review&rft.atitle=United+States+Indian+Policy%3A+From+the+Dawes+Act+to+the+American+Indian+Policy+Review+Commission&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=451-463&rft.date=1977-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143506388%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30015511%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F643524&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwint1952" class="citation journal cs1">Swint, Henry L. (June 1952). "Rutherford B. Hayes, Educator". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 39 (1): 45–60. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F1902843">10.2307/1902843</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1902843">1902843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mississippi+Valley+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Rutherford+B.+Hayes%2C+Educator&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-60&rft.date=1952-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1902843&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1902843%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Swint&rft.aufirst=Henry+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThelen1970" class="citation journal cs1">Thelen, David P. (Summer 1970). "Rutherford B. Hayes and the Reform Tradition in the Gilded Age". American Quarterly. 22 (2): 150–165. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F2711639">10.2307/2711639</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711639">2711639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Rutherford+B.+Hayes+and+the+Reform+Tradition+in+the+Gilded+Age&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=150-165&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2711639&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2711639%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thelen&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Rutherford_B._Hayes&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressH000393" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index%3DH000393">"Rutherford B. Hayes (id: H000393)"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Rutherford+B.+Hayes+%28id%3A+H000393%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DH000393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARutherford+B.+Hayes" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.rbhayes.org">The Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/hayes/index.html">Rutherford B. Hayes: A Resource Guide</a> from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Library_of_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://millercenter.org/president/hayes">Extensive essays on Rutherford B. Hayes</a> and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.c-span.org/video/?150637-1/life-portrait-rutherford-b-hayes">"Life Portrait of Rutherford B. Hayes"</a>, from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C-SPAN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Presidents:_Life_Portraits?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Presidents: Life Portraits">American Presidents: Life Portraits</a>, July 19, 1999</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Presidents/Hayes-Rutherford-B">Rutherford B. Hayes Personal Manuscripts & Letters</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://librivox.org/author/11290">Works by Rutherford B. Hayes</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LibriVox?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1652">Works by Rutherford B. 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.sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style> <div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"> <div class="sister-bar-header"> Rutherford B. Hayes at Wikipedia's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>: </div> <ul class="sister-bar-content"> <li class="sister-bar-item"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="14" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" class="extiw" title="c:Rutherford B. Hayes">Media</a> from Commons</li> <li class="sister-bar-item"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" class="extiw" title="q:Rutherford B. 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Hayes – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2588%25AB%25E1%258B%2598%25E1%2588%25AD%25E1%258D%258E%25E1%2588%25AD%25E1%258B%25B5_%25E1%2588%2584%25E1%258B%25AD%25E1%2588%25B5" title="ራዘርፎርድ ሄይስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ራዘርፎርድ ሄይስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B0%25D8%25B1%25D9%2581%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF_%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D8%25B2" title="رذرفورد هايز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رذرفورد هايز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raterford_Heys" title="Raterford Heys – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Raterford Heys" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D9%2581%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF_%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25DA%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF_%25D9%2587%25DB%258C%25D8%25B2" title="رادرفورد بیرچارد هیز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رادرفورد بیرچارد هیز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25AB%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A1_%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BF._%25E0%25A6%25B9%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%2587%25E0%25A6%259C" title="রাদারফোর্ড বি. হেইজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাদারফোর্ড বি. হেইজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D1%258D%25D1%2580%25D1%2584%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4_%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9%25D1%2581" title="Ратэрфорд Хейс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ратэрфорд Хейс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D1%2583%25D1%2582%25D1%258D%25D1%2580%25D1%2584%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4_%25D0%2591%25D1%258D%25D1%2580%25D1%2587%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4_%25D0%2593%25D1%258D%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581" title="Рутэрфорд Бэрчард Гэес – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рутэрфорд Бэрчард Гэес" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D1%258A%25D0%25B4%25D1%258A%25D1%2580%25D1%2584%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4_%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9%25D1%2581" title="Ръдърфорд Хейс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ръдърфорд Хейс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes" title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes" title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2584%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4_%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9%25D0%25B7" title="Ратерфорд Хейз – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ратерфорд Хейз" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DE%2583%25DE%25AA%25DE%258C%25DE%25A6%25DE%258A%25DE%25AF%25DE%258D%25DE%25B0%25DE%2591%25DE%25B0_%25DE%2584%25DE%25A8%25DE%2586%25DE%25A7%25DE%2591%25DE%25B0_%25DE%2580%25DE%25AD%25DE%2587%25DE%25A8%25DE%2590%25DE%25B0" title="ރުތަފޯލްޑް ބިކާޑް ހޭއިސް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރުތަފޯލްޑް ބިކާޑް ހޭއިސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Hayes" title="Rutherford Hayes – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rutherford Hayes" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A1%25CE%25AC%25CE%25B4%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CF%2586%25CE%25BF%25CF%2581%25CE%25BD%25CF%2584_%25CE%25A7%25CE%25B1%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B7%25CE%25B6" title="Ράδερφορντ Χαίηζ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ράδερφορντ Χαίηζ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes" title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D9%2581%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF_%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25DA%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF_%25D9%2587%25DB%258C%25D8%25B2" title="رادرفورد بیرچارد هیز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رادرفورد بیرچارد هیز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes" title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%259F%25AC%25EB%258D%2594%25ED%258D%25BC%25EB%2593%259C_B._%25ED%2597%25A4%25EC%259D%25B4%25EC%258A%25A4" title="러더퍼드 B. 헤이스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러더퍼드 B. 헤이스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%258C%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25A9%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D6%2586%25D5%25B8%25D6%2580%25D5%25A4_%25D4%25B2._%25D5%2580%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B5%25D5%25BD" title="Ռութերֆորդ Բ. Հեյս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռութերֆորդ Բ. Հեյս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25AB%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A1_%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A1_%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25B8" title="रदरफोर्ड बर्कर्ड हेयस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रदरफोर्ड बर्कर्ड हेयस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Hayes" title="Rutherford Hayes – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rutherford Hayes" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A8%25D7%25AA%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A4%25D7%2595%25D7%25A8%25D7%2593_%25D7%2594%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%2596" title="רתרפורד הייז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רתרפורד הייז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2596%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2593_%25E1%2583%25B0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2598" title="რეზერფორდ ჰეისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რეზერფორდ ჰეისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2584%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4_%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9%25D1%2581" title="Ратерфорд Хейс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ратерфорд Хейс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes" title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raterfords_Heizs" title="Raterfords Heizs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Raterfords Heizs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes" title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2584%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4_%25D0%2591._%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B5%25D1%2598%25D1%2581" title="Радерфорд Б. Хејс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Радерфорд Б. Хејс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes" title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B4%25A5%25E0%25B5%25BC%25E0%25B4%25AB%25E0%25B5%258B%25E0%25B5%25BC%25E0%25B4%25A1%25E0%25B5%258D_%25E0%25B4%25B9%25E0%25B5%2586%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B5%258D" title="റഥർഫോർഡ് ഹെയ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റഥർഫോർഡ് ഹെയ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25AB%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A1_%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A5%2580._%25E0%25A4%25B9%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B8" title="रदरफोर्ड बी. हेस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रदरफोर्ड बी. हेस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2596%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2593_%25E1%2583%25B0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%2598" title="რეზერფორდ ჰეისი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რეზერფორდ ჰეისი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B0%25D8%25B1%25D9%2581%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF_%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D8%25B3" title="رذرفورد هايس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رذرفورد هايس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D9%2581%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF_%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1_%25DA%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF_%25D9%2587%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3" title="روترفورد بیر چارد هیس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="روترفورد بیر چارد هیس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2584%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4_%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9%25D1%2581" title="Ратерфорд Хейс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ратерфорд Хейс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%25B0%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2596%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%25B7%25E1%2580%2592%25E1%2580%25BA_%25E1%2580%2598%25E1%2580%259B%25E1%2580%2585%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2581%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2592%25E1%2580%25BA_%25E1%2580%259F%25E1%2580%25B1%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2585%25E1%2580%25BA" title="ရူသာဖို့ဒ် ဘရစ်ချက်ဒ် ဟေးစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရူသာဖို့ဒ် ဘရစ်ချက်ဒ် ဟေးစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Hayes" title="Rutherford Hayes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rutherford Hayes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%25A9%25E3%2582%25B6%25E3%2583%2595%25E3%2582%25A9%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%2589%25E3%2583%25BB%25E3%2583%2598%25E3%2582%25A4%25E3%2582%25BA" title="ラザフォード・ヘイズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラザフォード・ヘイズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes" title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A9%2581%25E0%25A8%25A6%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25AB%25E0%25A9%258B%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25A1_%25E0%25A8%25AC%25E0%25A9%2580._%25E0%25A8%25B9%25E0%25A9%2587%25E0%25A8%2588%25E0%25A8%259C%25E0%25A8%25BC" title="ਰੁਦਰਫੋਰਡ ਬੀ. ਹੇਈਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੁਦਰਫੋਰਡ ਬੀ. ਹੇਈਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D9%2581%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25DA%2588_%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C_%25DB%2581%25DB%258C%25D8%25B2" title="ردرفورڈ بی ہیز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ردرفورڈ بی ہیز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D9%2581%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF_%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25DA%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF_%25D9%2587%25DB%2590%25D8%25B2" title="رادرفورد بیرچارد هېز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رادرفورد بیرچارد هېز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes" title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Hayes" title="Rutherford Hayes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rutherford Hayes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes" title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes" title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9%25D1%2581,_%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2584%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4_%25D0%2591%25D1%2591%25D1%2580%25D1%2587%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4" title="Хейс, Ратерфорд Бёрчард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хейс, Ратерфорд Бёрчард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Birchard_Hayes" title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rutherford Birchard Hayes" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%2595%25DB%2586%25D8%25AF%25DB%2595%25D8%25B1%25D9%2581%25DB%2586%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF_%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C_%25DA%25BE%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3" title="ڕۆدەرفۆرد بی ھایس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆدەرفۆرد بی ھایس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2584%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4_%25D0%2591._%25D0%25A5%25D0%25B5%25D1%2598%25D0%25B7" title="Радерфорд Б. Хејз – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Радерфорд Б. Хејз" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2584%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4_%25D0%2591%25D3%25A9%25D1%2580%25D1%2587%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4_%25D2%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9%25D0%25B7" title="Разерфорд Бөрчард Һейз – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Разерфорд Бөрчард Һейз" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B8%259F%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B8%2594_%25E0%25B8%259A%25E0%25B8%25B5._%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25AE%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B9%258C" title="รัทเทอร์ฟอร์ด บี. เฮส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัทเทอร์ฟอร์ด บี. เฮส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258F%25AD%25E1%258F%2594%25E1%258F%25AC%25E1%258F%2597_%25E1%258F%258B._%25E1%258E%25AE%25E1%258F%25B1%25E1%258F%258F" title="ᏭᏔᏬᏗ Ꮛ. ᎮᏱᏏ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏭᏔᏬᏗ Ꮛ. ᎮᏱᏏ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A0%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2584%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4_%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9%25D0%25B7" title="Резерфорд Гейз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Резерфорд Гейз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D9%2581%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25DA%2588_%25D8%25A8%25DB%258C_%25DB%2581%25DB%258C%25D8%25B2" title="ردرفورڈ بی ہیز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ردرفورڈ بی ہیز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%258B%2589%25E7%2591%259F%25E7%25A6%258F%25E5%25BE%25B7%25C2%25B7%25E4%25BC%25AF%25E6%259F%25A5%25E5%25BE%25B7%25C2%25B7%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E6%2596%25AF" title="拉瑟福德·伯查德·海斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拉瑟福德·伯查德·海斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A8%25D7%2590%25D7%2598%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8%25D7%25A4%25D7%2590%25D7%25A8%25D7%2593_%25D7%2591%25D7%2599_%25D7%2594%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%2596" title="ראטערפארד בי הייז – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראטערפארד בי הייז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%259B%25A7%25E7%2591%259F%25E7%25A6%258F%25C2%25B7%25E5%25B8%2583%25E5%25AF%259F%25C2%25B7%25E5%25B8%258C%25E6%2596%25AF" title="盧瑟福·布察·希斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="盧瑟福·布察·希斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Rutherford B. Hayes" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%258B%2589%25E7%2591%259F%25E7%25A6%258F%25E5%25BE%25B7%25C2%25B7%25E4%25BC%25AF%25E6%259F%25A5%25E5%25BE%25B7%25C2%25B7%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E6%2596%25AF" title="拉瑟福德·伯查德·海斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拉瑟福德·伯查德·海斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 1 December 2024, at 08:16 (UTC).</li> 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