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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="hajj caravan routes"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 413</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: hajj caravan routes</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">413</span> The Islamic Grand Tour: The Case of Caravan Hajj Routes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akram%20Atef%20Rawshdeh">Akram Atef Rawshdeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research aims to prove the role of Islamic pilgrimage caravans in formulating the concept of the tourism industry and the concept of Grand Tours before that which was found in Europe in the medieval and modern Ages, through its duration and the number of tourists who participated in it and its role in providing tourism services from the establishment of castles and inns that were built To accommodate pilgrims during their travels from different regions of the Islamic world to the holy places in Saudi Arabia, as well as food and beverage services, transportation and support services like tourist security and tourist guide services. This research will depend on the historical method <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grand%20tour" title="grand tour">grand tour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hajj%20caravan%20routes" title=" hajj caravan routes"> hajj caravan routes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tourism%20services" title=" tourism services"> tourism services</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transportation" title=" transportation"> transportation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156819/the-islamic-grand-tour-the-case-of-caravan-hajj-routes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156819.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">164</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">412</span> Finding Viable Pollution Routes in an Urban Network under a Predefined Cost</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dimitra%20Alexiou">Dimitra Alexiou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stefanos%20Katsavounis"> Stefanos Katsavounis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ria%20Kalfakakou"> Ria Kalfakakou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In an urban area the determination of transportation routes should be planned so as to minimize the provoked pollution taking into account the cost of such routes. In the sequel these routes are cited as pollution routes. The transportation network is expressed by a weighted graph G= (V, E, D, P) where every vertex represents a location to be served and E contains unordered pairs (edges) of elements in V that indicate a simple road. The distances/cost and a weight that depict the provoked air pollution by a vehicle transition at every road are assigned to each road as well. These are the items of set D and P respectively. Furthermore the investigated pollution routes must not exceed predefined corresponding values concerning the route cost and the route pollution level during the vehicle transition. In this paper we present an algorithm that generates such routes in order that the decision maker selects the most appropriate one. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bi-criteria" title="bi-criteria">bi-criteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pollution" title=" pollution"> pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shortest%20paths" title=" shortest paths"> shortest paths</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computation" title=" computation"> computation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7484/finding-viable-pollution-routes-in-an-urban-network-under-a-predefined-cost" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7484.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">374</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">411</span> Context-Aware Alert Method in Hajj Pilgrim Location-Based Tracking System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syarif%20Hidayat">Syarif Hidayat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As millions of people with different backgrounds perform hajj every year in Saudi Arabia, it brings out several problems. Missing people is among many crucial problems need to be encountered. Some people might have had insufficient knowledge of using tracking system equipment. Other might become a victim of an accident, lose consciousness, or even died, prohibiting them to perform certain activity. For those reasons, people could not send proper SOS message. The major contribution of this paper is the application of the diverse alert method in pilgrims tracking system. It offers a simple yet robust solution to send SOS message by pilgrims during Hajj. Knowledge of context aware computing is assumed herein. This study presents four methods that could be utilized by pilgrims to send SOS. The first method is simple mobile application contains only a button. The second method is based on behavior analysis based off GPS location movement anomaly. The third method is by introducing pressing pattern to smartwatch physical button as a panic button. The fourth method is by identifying certain accelerometer pattern recognition as a sign of emergency situations. Presented method in this paper would be an important part of pilgrims tracking system. The discussion provided here includes easy to use design whilst maintaining tracking accuracy, privacy, and security of its users. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=context%20aware%20computing" title="context aware computing">context aware computing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emergency%20alert%20system" title=" emergency alert system"> emergency alert system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GPS" title=" GPS"> GPS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hajj%20pilgrim%20tracking" title=" hajj pilgrim tracking"> hajj pilgrim tracking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=location-based%20services" title=" location-based services"> location-based services</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61684/context-aware-alert-method-in-hajj-pilgrim-location-based-tracking-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61684.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">216</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">410</span> Geographic Aspects of Egyptian Illegal Migration to Europe </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Ahmed%20Aly%20Hassanien">Mohamed Ahmed Aly Hassanien</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study examines the geographic aspects of Egyptian illegal migration to Europe. It used files of Egyptian government bodies and data obtained from a field study carried out in 2015 on the areas of origin. The study revealed that the phenomenon has passed historically through four phases. Areas of origin are classified geographically into three areas: coastal, river, and interior. The study developed a map for routes of migration which identified the main and secondary routes. The main routes included the Libyan, the Mediterranean and the Arab-Turkish routes. Recently, The Mediterranean route has been the largest and the most dangerous. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=areas%20of%20destination" title="areas of destination">areas of destination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=areas%20of%20origin" title=" areas of origin"> areas of origin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=illegal%20migration" title=" illegal migration"> illegal migration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=routes%20of%20migration" title=" routes of migration"> routes of migration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42595/geographic-aspects-of-egyptian-illegal-migration-to-europe" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42595.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">351</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">409</span> An Efficient Strategy for Relay Selection in Multi-Hop Communication</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jung-In%20Baik">Jung-In Baik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seung-Jun%20Yu"> Seung-Jun Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Young-Min%20Ko"> Young-Min Ko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyoung-Kyu%20Song"> Hyoung-Kyu Song</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper proposes an efficient relaying algorithm to obtain diversity for improving the reliability of a signal. The algorithm achieves time or space diversity gain by multiple versions of the same signal through two routes. Relays are separated between a source and destination. The routes between the source and destination are set adaptive in order to deal with different channels and noises. The routes consist of one or more relays and the source transmits its signal to the destination through the routes. The signals from the relays are combined and detected at the destination. The proposed algorithm provides a better performance than the conventional algorithms in bit error rate (BER). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-hop" title="multi-hop">multi-hop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OFDM" title=" OFDM"> OFDM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relay" title=" relay"> relay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relaying%20selection" title=" relaying selection"> relaying selection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43036/an-efficient-strategy-for-relay-selection-in-multi-hop-communication" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43036.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">445</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">408</span> Hospitality Genealogy: Tracing the Ethics and Ontologies of Hospitality-Making on the Silk-Routes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neil%20Michael%20Walsh">Neil Michael Walsh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Angelique%20Lombarts"> Angelique Lombarts</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The authors propose that hospitality is ‘made’ (constituted and performed) in the encounters on the Silk-Routes. Inspired with an initial Derridean perspective on hospitality (the conditional/unconditional) and methodologically underpinned with a Delueuzian relational-rhizomatic approach, the authors contend that hospitality is (re)produced in the encounters of self/other, east/west (among others). Thus, in the spirit of performativity and using the temporal-spatial conduit of the Silk Routes (the sites of ethical, cultural, economic, and material interaction of such exchange), the authors concur that hospitality is produced at the moment in which it is performed. Key themes engaged as units of analysis become welcome, reception, hostility, (and so on) which the authors engage and examine –as they unfold- in the narratives and accounts and material legacies of those who travelled the Silk Routes between the 2nd and 18th Centuries. The preliminary results suggest that these earlier performative moments in hospitality-making on the silk routes continue to resonate and ‘form’ the hospitalities of today. Indeed, these acts of hospitality continue to reconstitute and are never a final state of affairs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hospitality-genealogy" title="hospitality-genealogy">hospitality-genealogy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interactions" title=" interactions"> interactions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hospitality-making" title=" hospitality-making"> hospitality-making</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Silk-Routes" title=" Silk-Routes"> Silk-Routes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rhizome" title=" rhizome"> rhizome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relationality" title=" relationality"> relationality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129847/hospitality-genealogy-tracing-the-ethics-and-ontologies-of-hospitality-making-on-the-silk-routes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129847.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">407</span> Fuzzy Vehicle Routing Problem for Extreme Environment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Sirbiladze">G. Sirbiladze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Ghvaberidze"> B. Ghvaberidze</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Matsaberidze"> B. Matsaberidze</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A fuzzy vehicle routing problem is considered in the possibilistic environment. A new criterion, maximization of expectation of reliability for movement on closed routes is constructed. The objective of the research is to implement a two-stage scheme for solution of this problem. Based on the algorithm of preferences on the first stage, the sample of so-called “promising” routes will be selected. On the second stage, for the selected promising routes new bi-criteria problem will be solved - minimization of total traveled distance and maximization of reliability of routes. The problem will be stated as a fuzzy-partitioning problem. Two possible solutions of this scheme are considered. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vehicle%20routing%20problem" title="vehicle routing problem">vehicle routing problem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20partitioning%20problem" title=" fuzzy partitioning problem"> fuzzy partitioning problem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple-criteria%20optimization" title=" multiple-criteria optimization"> multiple-criteria optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=possibility%20theory" title=" possibility theory"> possibility theory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9460/fuzzy-vehicle-routing-problem-for-extreme-environment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9460.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">547</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">406</span> Species Diversity of Migratory Birds along Boat Touring Routes in Klong Kone Sub-District, Muang District, Samut Songkram Province, Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Chitman">P. Chitman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Charoenpokaraj"> N. Charoenpokaraj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research aims to study the species, feeding behavior and activity characteristics of birds which reap benefits from the research area in boat touring routes in Klong Kone Sub-district, Muang District, Samut Songkram Province, Thailand from October 2013 – May 2014. The results from the survey of birds on all three routes found that there are 11 families and 22 species. Route 1 (Klong Kone canal) had the most species, 20 species. According to feeding behavior, there were insectivorous, piscivorous and aquatic invertebrate feeder birds. Activity characteristics of birds which reap benefits from the research were finding food, nesting and raise nestlings along boat touring routes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bird%20species%20diversity" title="bird species diversity">bird species diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boat%20touring%20routes" title=" boat touring routes"> boat touring routes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samut%20Songkram" title=" Samut Songkram"> Samut Songkram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feeding%20behavior" title=" feeding behavior"> feeding behavior</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10543/species-diversity-of-migratory-birds-along-boat-touring-routes-in-klong-kone-sub-district-muang-district-samut-songkram-province-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10543.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">328</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">405</span> Investigating the Role of Emergency Nurses and Disaster Preparedness during Mass Gathering in Saudi Arabia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fuad%20Alzahrani">Fuad Alzahrani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yiannis%20Kyratsis"> Yiannis Kyratsis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Although emergency nurses, being the frontline workers in mass-gatherings, are essential for providing an effective public health response, little is known about the skills that emergency nurses have, or require, in order to respond effectively to a disaster event. This paper is designed to address this gap in the literature by conducting an empirical study on emergency nurses’ preparedness at the mass-gathering event of Hajj in Mecca city. To achieve this aim, this study conducted a cross-sectional survey among 106 emergency department nurses in all the public hospitals in Mecca in 2014. The results revealed that although emergency nurses’ role understanding is high; they have limited knowledge and awareness of how to respond appropriately to mass-gathering disaster events. To address this knowledge gap, the top three most beneficial types of education and training courses suggested are: hospital education sessions, the Emergency Management Saudi Course and workshop; and short courses in disaster management. Finally, recommendations and constructive strategies are developed to provide the best practice in enhancing disaster preparedness. This paper adds to the body of knowledge regarding emergency nurses and mass gathering disasters. This paper measures the level of disaster knowledge, previous disaster response experience and disaster education and training amongst emergency nurses in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is anticipated that this study will provide a foundation for future studies aimed at better preparing emergency nurses for disaster response. This paper employs new strategies to improve the emergency nurses’ response during mass gatherings for the Hajj. Increasing the emergency nurses’ knowledge will develop their effective responses in mass-gathering disasters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emergency%20nurses" title="emergency nurses">emergency nurses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mass-gatherings" title=" mass-gatherings"> mass-gatherings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hajj" title=" hajj"> hajj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disaster%20preparedness" title=" disaster preparedness"> disaster preparedness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disaster%20knowledge" title=" disaster knowledge"> disaster knowledge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perceived%20role" title=" perceived role"> perceived role</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disaster%20training" title=" disaster training"> disaster training</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=previous%20disaster%20response%20experience" title=" previous disaster response experience"> previous disaster response experience</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47246/investigating-the-role-of-emergency-nurses-and-disaster-preparedness-during-mass-gathering-in-saudi-arabia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47246.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">431</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">404</span> The Development of Cultural Routes: The Case of Greece</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elissavet%20Kosta">Elissavet Kosta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: In this research, we will propose the methodology, which is required for the planning of the cultural route in order to prepare substantiated proposals for the development and planning of cultural routes in Greece in the near future. Our research has started at 2016. Methodology in our research: Α combination of primary and secondary research will be used as project methodology. Furthermore, this study aims to follow a multidisciplinary approach, using dimensions of qualitative and quantitative data analysis models. Regarding the documentation of the theoretical part of the project, the method of secondary research will be mainly used, yet in combination with bibliographic sources. However, the data collection regarding the research topic will be conducted exclusively through primary research (questionnaires and interviews). Cultural Routes: The cultural route is defined as a brand name touristic product, that is a product of cultural tourism, which is shaped according to a specific connecting element. Given its potential, the cultural route is an important ‘tool’ for the management and development of cultural heritage. Currently, a constant development concerning the cultural routes is observed in an international level during the last decades, as it is widely accepted that cultural tourism has an important role in the world touristic industry. Cultural Routes in Greece: Especially for Greece, we believe, actions have not been taken to the systematic development of the cultural routes yet. The cultural routes that include Greece and have been design in a world scale as well as the cultural routes, which have been design in Greek ground up to this moment are initiations of the Council of Europe, World Tourism Organization UNWTO and ‘Diazoma’ association. Regarding the study of cultural routes in Greece as a multidimensional concept, the following concerns have arisen: Firstly, we are concerned about the general impact of cultural routes at local and national level and specifically in the economic sector. Moreover, we deal with the concerns regarding the natural environment and we delve into the educational aspect of cultural routes in Greece. In addition, the audience we aim at is both specific and broad and we put forward the institutional framework of the study. Finally, we conduct the development and planning of new cultural routes, having in mind the museums as both the starting and ending point of a route. Conclusion: The contribution of our work is twofold and lies firstly on the fact that we attempt to create cultural routes in Greece and secondly on the fact that an interdisciplinary approach is engaged towards realizing our study objective. In particular, our aim is to take advantage of all the ways in which the promotion of a cultural route can have a positive influence on the way of life of society. As a result, we intend to analyze how a cultural route can turn into a well-organized activity that can be used as social intervention to develop tourism, strengthen the economy and improve access to cultural goods in Greece during the economic crisis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20heritage" title="cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20routes" title=" cultural routes"> cultural routes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20tourism" title=" cultural tourism"> cultural tourism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Greece" title=" Greece"> Greece</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79018/the-development-of-cultural-routes-the-case-of-greece" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79018.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">235</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">403</span> Bi-Criteria Vehicle Routing Problem for Possibility Environment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bezhan%20Ghvaberidze">Bezhan Ghvaberidze</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A multiple criteria optimization approach for the solution of the Fuzzy Vehicle Routing Problem (FVRP) is proposed. For the possibility environment the levels of movements between customers are calculated by the constructed simulation interactive algorithm. The first criterion of the bi-criteria optimization problem - minimization of the expectation of total fuzzy travel time on closed routes is constructed for the FVRP. A new, second criterion – maximization of feasibility of movement on the closed routes is constructed by the Choquet finite averaging operator. The FVRP is reduced to the bi-criteria partitioning problem for the so called “promising” routes which were selected from the all admissible closed routes. The convenient selection of the “promising” routes allows us to solve the reduced problem in the real-time computing. For the numerical solution of the bi-criteria partitioning problem the -constraint approach is used. An exact algorithm is implemented based on D. Knuth’s Dancing Links technique and the algorithm DLX. The Main objective was to present the new approach for FVRP, when there are some difficulties while moving on the roads. This approach is called FVRP for extreme conditions (FVRP-EC) on the roads. Also, the aim of this paper was to construct the solving model of the constructed FVRP. Results are illustrated on the numerical example where all Pareto-optimal solutions are found. Also, an approach for more complex model FVRP with time windows was developed. A numerical example is presented in which optimal routes are constructed for extreme conditions on the roads. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combinatorial%20optimization" title="combinatorial optimization">combinatorial optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fuzzy%20Vehicle%20routing%20problem" title=" Fuzzy Vehicle routing problem"> Fuzzy Vehicle routing problem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20objective%20programming" title=" multiple objective programming"> multiple objective programming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=possibility%20theory" title=" possibility theory"> possibility theory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59577/bi-criteria-vehicle-routing-problem-for-possibility-environment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59577.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">485</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">402</span> New Approaches to the Determination of the Time Costs of Movements</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dana%20Kristalova">Dana Kristalova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article deals with geographical conditions in terrain and their effect on the movement of vehicles, their effect on speed and safety of movement of people and vehicles. Finding of the optimal routes outside the communication is studied in the army environment, but it occur in civilian as well, primarily in crisis situation, or by the provision of assistance when natural disasters such as floods, fires, storms, etc. have happened. These movements require the optimization of routes when effects of geographical factors should be included. The most important factor is surface of the terrain. It is based on several geographical factors as are slopes, soil conditions, micro-relief, a type of surface and meteorological conditions. Their mutual impact has been given by coefficient of deceleration. This coefficient can be used for commander´s decision. New approaches and methods of terrain testing, mathematical computing, mathematical statistics or cartometric investigation are necessary parts of this evaluation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20of%20a%20terrain" title="surface of a terrain">surface of a terrain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=movement%20of%20vehicles" title=" movement of vehicles"> movement of vehicles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geographical%20factor" title=" geographical factor"> geographical factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization%20of%20routes" title=" optimization of routes"> optimization of routes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19508/new-approaches-to-the-determination-of-the-time-costs-of-movements" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19508.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">462</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">401</span> Signal Strength Based Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chothmal">Chothmal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we present a route discovery process which uses the signal strength on a link as a parameter of its inclusion in the route discovery method. The proposed signal-to-interference and noise ratio (SINR) based multipath reactive routing protocol is named as SINR-MP protocol. The proposed SINR-MP routing protocols has two following two features: a) SINR-MP protocol selects routes based on the SINR of the links during the route discovery process therefore it select the routes which has long lifetime and low frame error rate for data transmission, and b) SINR-MP protocols route discovery process is multipath which discovers more than one SINR based route between a given source destination pair. The multiple routes selected by our SINR-MP protocol are node-disjoint in nature which increases their robustness against link failures, as failure of one route will not affect the other route. The secondary route is very useful in situations where the primary route is broken because we can now use the secondary route without causing a new route discovery process. Due to this, the network overhead caused by a route discovery process is avoided. This increases the network performance greatly. The proposed SINR-MP routing protocol is implemented in the trail version of network simulator called Qualnet. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ad%20hoc%20networks" title="ad hoc networks">ad hoc networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20of%20service" title=" quality of service"> quality of service</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=video%20streaming" title=" video streaming"> video streaming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.264%2FSVC" title=" H.264/SVC"> H.264/SVC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20routes" title=" multiple routes"> multiple routes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=video%20traces" title=" video traces"> video traces</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46573/signal-strength-based-multipath-routing-for-mobile-ad-hoc-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46573.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">249</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">400</span> Bird Diversity along Boat Touring Routes in Tha Ka Sub-District, Amphawa District, Samut Songkram Province, Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Charoenpokaraj">N. Charoenpokaraj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Chitman"> P. Chitman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research aims to study species, abundance, status of birds, the similarities and activity characteristics of birds which reap benefits from the research area in boat touring routes in Tha Ka sub-district, Amphawa District, Samut Songkram Province, Thailand. from October 2012 – September 2013. The data was analyzed to find the abundance, and similarity index of the birds. The results from the survey of birds on all three routes found that there are 33 families and 63 species. Route 3 (traditional coconut sugar making kiln – resort) had the most species; 56 species. There were 18 species of commonly found birds with an abundance level of 5, which calculates to 28.57% of all bird species. In August, 46 species are found, being the greatest number of bird species benefiting from this route. As for the status of the birds, there are 51 resident birds, 7 resident and migratory birds, and 5 migratory birds. On Route 2 and Route 3, the similarity index value is equal to 0.881. The birds are classified by their activity characteristics i.e. insectivore, piscivore, granivore, nectrivore and aquatic invertebrate feeder birds. Some birds also use the area for nesting. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bird%20diversity" title="bird diversity">bird diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boat%20touring%20routes" title=" boat touring routes"> boat touring routes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samut%20Songkram" title=" Samut Songkram"> Samut Songkram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=similarity%20index" title=" similarity index"> similarity index</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10542/bird-diversity-along-boat-touring-routes-in-tha-ka-sub-district-amphawa-district-samut-songkram-province-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10542.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">336</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">399</span> Digital and Technological Transformation of Trekking Routes of Cappadocia Valleys</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C5%9Eenay%20G%C3%BCng%C3%B6r">Şenay Güngör</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emre%20Elba%C5%9Fi"> Emre Elbaşi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beyda%20Sadiko%C4%9Flu"> Beyda Sadikoğlu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Utku%20Eren%20Ba%C4%9Fci"> Utku Eren Bağci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C3%96mer%20Uzunel"> Ömer Uzunel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the first places that comes to mind when it comes to tourism in Turkey is the Cappadocia Region. Due to its rich geological and geomorphological heritage, Cappadocia is one of the most visited destinations in the world. In fact, in the first half of 2023, the number of international tourists visiting Cappadocia exceeded 2 million. Considering that the economy of the Cappadocia region is largely based on tourism, it is understood that the quality and technology integration levels of the touristic services offered in the region are of great importance. In this context; as a result of the observations made in Kızılçukur, Meskendir, Güllüdere 1 and Güllüdere 2 valleys, where the important hiking routes of the Cappadocia Region are located, it has been observed that the digital level of the routes is insufficient. It has been observed that the telephone networks in the area are very low or have completely lost their signal strength. In addition, it was determined that the materials such as maps and brochures used by tourism agencies to introduce the valleys are simple and incomplete. It is thought that this situation negatively affects the tourists' orientation and touristic experience in the field. Eliminating these deficiencies identified in the field, improving the digital level of the above-mentioned hiking routes and increasing the added value in destinations are among the main objectives of our study. Within the scope of the study, a mobile application that can work both online and offline on hiking routes has been prepared. 3D modeling of Kızılçukur, Meskendir, Güllüdere 1 and Güllüdere 2 valleys were made using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). In addition, a website has been created to enable tourists to easily access all the above-mentioned information, visuals and technological applications related to the routes. As it is known, the effective use of information and communication technologies in touristic regions not only increases the satisfaction levels of tourists, but also positively affects the attraction of qualified tourists to the region. When the tangible and intangible outputs of this study are evaluated, it is thought that it will serve the social and economic development of the region and set an example for the digital transformation of other routes in the region. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nev%C5%9Fehir" title="nevşehir">nevşehir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cappadocia" title=" cappadocia"> cappadocia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cappadocia%20valleys" title=" cappadocia valleys"> cappadocia valleys</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trekking%20route" title=" trekking route"> trekking route</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179262/digital-and-technological-transformation-of-trekking-routes-of-cappadocia-valleys" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179262.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">62</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">398</span> A Method Development for Improving the Efficiency of Solid Waste Collection System Using Network Analyst</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dhvanidevi%20N.%20Jadeja">Dhvanidevi N. Jadeja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daya%20S.%20Kaul"> Daya S. Kaul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anurag%20A.%20Kandya"> Anurag A. Kandya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) collection in a city is performed in less effective manner which results in the poor management of the environment and natural resources. Municipal corporation does not possess efficient waste management and recycling programs because of the complex task involving many factors. Solid waste collection system depends upon various factors such as manpower, number and size of vehicles, transfer station size, dustbin size and weight, on-road traffic, and many others. These factors affect the collection cost, energy and overall municipal tax for the city. Generally, different types of waste are scattered throughout the city in a heterogeneous way that poses changes for efficient collection of solid waste. Efficient waste collection and transportation strategy must be effectively undertaken which will include optimization of routes, volume of waste, and manpower. Being these optimized, the overall cost can be reduced as the fuel and energy requirements would be less and also the municipal waste taxes levied will be less. To carry out the optimization study of collection system various data needs to be collected from the Ahmedabad municipal corporation such as amount of waste generated per day, number of workers, collection schedule, road maps, number of transfer station, location of transfer station, number of equipment (tractors, machineries), number of zones, route of collection etc. The ArcGis Network Analyst is introduced for the best routing identification applied in municipal waste collection. The simulation consists of scenarios of visiting loading spots in the municipality of Ahmedabad, considering dynamic factors like network traffic changes, closed roads due to natural or technical causes. Different routes were selected in a particular area of Ahmedabad city, and present routes were optimized to reduce the length of the routes, by using ArcGis Network Analyst. The result indicates up to 35% length minimization in the routes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collection%20routes" title="collection routes">collection routes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency" title=" efficiency"> efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=municipal%20solid%20waste" title=" municipal solid waste"> municipal solid waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93159/a-method-development-for-improving-the-efficiency-of-solid-waste-collection-system-using-network-analyst" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93159.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">397</span> Changing Routes: The Adaptability of Somali Migrants and Their Smuggling Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexandra%20Amling">Alexandra Amling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emina%20Sadic"> Emina Sadic</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The migration routes linking the Horn of Africa to Europe shift in response to political and humanitarian developments across the region. Abrupt changes to those routes can have profound effects on the relative ease of movement and the well-being of migrants. Somali migrants have traditionally been able to rely on a sophisticated, well-established, and reliable network of smugglers to facilitate their journey through the Sahel to Libya, but changes to the routes have undermined those networks. Recently, these shifts have made the journey from Somalia to Europe much more perilous. As the Libyan coast guard intensifies its efforts to stymie boats leaving its coast for Italian shores, arrivals in Spain are trending upwards. This paper thus, will examine how the instability in transit countries that are most commonly used by Somali migrants has had an impact on the reliability of their massive network of smuggling, and how resurgence in the Western route toward Spain provides a potentially new opportunity to reach Europe—a route that has rarely been used by the Somali migrant population in the past. First, the paper will discuss what scholars have called the pastoralist, nomadic tradition of Somalis which reportedly has allowed them to endure the long journeys from Somalia to their chosen destinations. Facilitated by relatives or clan affiliation, Somali migrants have historically been able to rely on a smuggling network that – at least tangentially – provided more security nets during their travels. Given the violence and chaos that unfolded both in Libya and Yemen in 2011 and 2015, respectively, the paper will, secondly, examine which actors in smuggling hubs increase the vulnerabilities of Somalis, pushing them to consider other routes. As a result, this paper will consider to what extent Somalis could follow the stream of other migrants to Algeria and Morocco to enter Europe via Spain. By examining one particular group of migrants and the nature and limitations of the networks associated with their movements, the paper will demonstrate the resilience and adaptability of both the migrants and the networks regardless of the ever-changing nature of migration routes and actors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=migration" title=" migration"> migration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smuggling%20networks" title=" smuggling networks"> smuggling networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Somalia" title=" Somalia"> Somalia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79364/changing-routes-the-adaptability-of-somali-migrants-and-their-smuggling-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79364.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">191</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">396</span> A Framework for Secure Information Flow Analysis in Web Applications </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ralph%20Adaimy">Ralph Adaimy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wassim%20El-Hajj"> Wassim El-Hajj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghassen%20Ben%20Brahim"> Ghassen Ben Brahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hazem%20Hajj"> Hazem Hajj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haidar%20Safa"> Haidar Safa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Huge amounts of data and personal information are being sent to and retrieved from web applications on daily basis. Every application has its own confidentiality and integrity policies. Violating these policies can have broad negative impact on the involved company’s financial status, while enforcing them is very hard even for the developers with good security background. In this paper, we propose a framework that enforces security-by-construction in web applications. Minimal developer effort is required, in a sense that the developer only needs to annotate database attributes by a security class. The web application code is then converted into an intermediary representation, called Extended Program Dependence Graph (EPDG). Using the EPDG, the provided annotations are propagated to the application code and run against generic security enforcement rules that were carefully designed to detect insecure information flows as early as they occur. As a result, any violation in the data’s confidentiality or integrity policies is reported. As a proof of concept, two PHP web applications, Hotel Reservation and Auction, were used for testing and validation. The proposed system was able to catch all the existing insecure information flows at their source. Moreover and to highlight the simplicity of the suggested approaches vs. existing approaches, two professional web developers assessed the annotation tasks needed in the presented case studies and provided a very positive feedback on the simplicity of the annotation task. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=web%20applications%20security" title="web applications security">web applications security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=secure%20information%20flow" title=" secure information flow"> secure information flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=program%20dependence%20graph" title=" program dependence graph"> program dependence graph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=database%20annotation" title=" database annotation"> database annotation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19919/a-framework-for-secure-information-flow-analysis-in-web-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19919.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">471</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">395</span> Safe Routes to Schools (SRTS): Children’ Safety Improvement Under COVID-19 Pandemic Conditions in Jordan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khair%20Jadaan">Khair Jadaan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qasem%20Alqasem"> Qasem Alqasem</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> School children are vulnerable road user groups and are particularly at high risk calling for the need to improve their safety. Safe Routes to Schools (SRTS) concept is considered as one safety improvement approach that would effectively help improve school children’s safety. This paper aims to determine the best practice SRTS for Jordan based on the international experience attained through extensive and selected literature review falling under the 5 E’s and additionally on information/data collected through a survey performed using an online predesigned questionnaire to investigate the reactions and attitudes of students and their parents towards the proposed SRTS program. Data are analyzed using SPSS and MS software, especially Excel, in addition to some literature reviews inserted in this study. The results represent some recommendations that are strongly believed to help decision makers to develop the current safety conditions of the school routes. The challenges that the implementation of this program would face including COVID-19 protection for teachers and students are addressed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children" title="children">children</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COVID-19" title=" COVID-19"> COVID-19</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jordan" title=" Jordan"> Jordan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety" title=" safety"> safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=school" title=" school"> school</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SRTS" title=" SRTS"> SRTS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=5%20E%E2%80%99s" title=" 5 E’s"> 5 E’s</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147531/safe-routes-to-schools-srts-children-safety-improvement-under-covid-19-pandemic-conditions-in-jordan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147531.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">111</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">394</span> The Impact of Tourism on the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Pilgrim Routes: The Case of El Camino de Santiago</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miguel%20Angel%20Calvo%20Salve">Miguel Angel Calvo Salve</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This qualitative and quantitative study will identify the impact of tourism pressure on the intangible cultural heritage of the pilgrim route of El Camino de Santiago (Saint James Way) and propose an approach to a sustainable touristic model for these Cultural Routes. Since 1993, the Spanish Section of the Pilgrim Route of El Camino de Santiago has been on the World Heritage List. In 1994, the International Committee on Cultural Routes (CIIC-ICOMOS) initiated its work with the goal of studying, preserving, and promoting the cultural routes and their significance as a whole. Another ICOMOS group, the Charter on Cultural Routes, pointed out in 2008 the importance of both tangible and intangible heritage and the need for a holistic vision in preserving these important cultural assets. Tangible elements provide a physical confirmation of the existence of these cultural routes, while the intangible elements serve to give sense and meaning to it as a whole. Intangible assets of a Cultural Route are key to understanding the route's significance and its associated heritage values. Like many pilgrim routes, the Route to Santiago, as the result of a long evolutionary process, exhibits and is supported by intangible assets, including hospitality, cultural and religious expressions, music, literature, and artisanal trade, among others. A large increase in pilgrims walking the route, with very different aims and tourism pressure, has shown how the dynamic links between the intangible cultural heritage and the local inhabitants along El Camino are fragile and vulnerable. Economic benefits for the communities and population along the cultural routes are commonly fundamental for the micro-economies of the people living there, substituting traditional productive activities, which, in fact, modifies and has an impact on the surrounding environment and the route itself. Consumption of heritage is one of the major issues of sustainable preservation promoted with the intention of revitalizing those sites and places. The adaptation of local communities to new conditions aimed at preserving and protecting existing heritage has had a significant impact on immaterial inheritance. Based on questionnaires to pilgrims, tourists and local communities along El Camino during the peak season of the year, and using official statistics from the Galician Pilgrim’s Office, this study will identify the risk and threats to El Camino de Santiago as a Cultural Route. The threats visible nowadays due to the impact of mass tourism include transformations of tangible heritage, consumerism of the intangible, changes of local activities, loss in the authenticity of symbols and spiritual significance, and pilgrimage transformed into a tourism ‘product’, among others. The study will also approach some measures and solutions to mitigate those impacts and better preserve this type of cultural heritage. Therefore, this study will help the Route services providers and policymakers to better preserve the Cultural Route as a whole to ultimately improve the satisfying experience of pilgrims. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20routes" title="cultural routes">cultural routes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=El%20Camino%20de%20Santiago" title=" El Camino de Santiago"> El Camino de Santiago</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impact%20of%20tourism" title=" impact of tourism"> impact of tourism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intangible%20heritage" title=" intangible heritage"> intangible heritage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177843/the-impact-of-tourism-on-the-intangible-cultural-heritage-of-pilgrim-routes-the-case-of-el-camino-de-santiago" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/177843.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">83</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">393</span> Digital And Technological Transformation of Cappadocia Valleys: Kizilçukur, Meskendi̇r, Güllüdere 1, Güllüdere 2</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C5%9Eenay%20G%C3%BCng%C3%B6r">Şenay Güngör</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emre%20Elba%C5%9Fi"> Emre Elbaşi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beyda%20Sadik%C4%9Flu"> Beyda Sadikğlu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Utku%20Eren%20Ba%C4%9Fci"> Utku Eren Bağci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C3%96mer%20Uzunel"> Ömer Uzunel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the first places that comes to mind when it comes to tourism in Turkey is the Cappadocia Region. Due to its rich geological and geomorphological heritage, Cappadocia is one of the most visited destinations in the world. In fact, in the first half of 2023, the number of international tourists visiting Cappadocia exceeded 2 million. Considering that the economy of the Cappadocia region is largely based on tourism, it is understood that the quality and technology integration levels of the touristic services offered in the region are of great importance. In this context; as a result of the observations made in Kızılçukur, Meskendir, Güllüdere 1 and Güllüdere 2 valleys, where the important hiking routes of the Cappadocia Region are located, it has been observed that the digital level of the routes is insufficient. It has been observed that the telephone networks in the area are very low or have completely lost their signal strength. In addition, it was determined that the materials such as maps and brochures used by tourism agencies to introduce the valleys are simple and incomplete. It is thought that this situation negatively affects the tourists' orientation and touristic experience in the field. Eliminating these deficiencies identified in the field, improving the digital level of the above-mentioned hiking routes and increasing the added value in destinations are among the main objectives of our study. Within the scope of the study, a mobile application that can work both online and offline on hiking routes has been prepared. 3D modeling of Kızılçukur, Meskendir, Güllüdere 1 and Güllüdere 2 valleys were made using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). In addition, a website has been created to enable tourists to easily access all the above-mentioned information, visuals and technological applications related to the routes. As it is known, the effective use of information and communication technologies in touristic regions not only increases the satisfaction levels of tourists, but also positively affects the attraction of qualified tourists to the region. When the tangible and intangible outputs of this study are evaluated, it is thought that it will serve the social and economic development of the region and set an example for the digital transformation of other routes in the region. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nev%C5%9Fehir" title="nevşehir">nevşehir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cappadocia" title=" cappadocia"> cappadocia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cappadocia%20valleys" title=" cappadocia valleys"> cappadocia valleys</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tourism%20route" title=" tourism route"> tourism route</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179050/digital-and-technological-transformation-of-cappadocia-valleys-kizilcukur-meskendir-gulludere-1-gulludere-2" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179050.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">56</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">392</span> Public Transport Planning System by Dijkstra Algorithm: Case Study Bangkok Metropolitan Area</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pimploi%20Tirastittam">Pimploi Tirastittam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phutthiwat%20Waiyawuththanapoom"> Phutthiwat Waiyawuththanapoom</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays the promotion of the public transportation system in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area is increased such as the “Free Bus for Thai Citizen” Campaign and the prospect of the several MRT routes to increase the convenient and comfortable to the Bangkok Metropolitan area citizens. But citizens do not make full use of them it because the citizens are lack of the data and information and also the confident to the public transportation system of Thailand especially in the time and safety aspects. This research is the Public Transport Planning System by Dijkstra Algorithm: Case Study Bangkok Metropolitan Area by focusing on buses, BTS and MRT schedules/routes to give the most information to passengers. They can choose the way and the routes easily by using Dijkstra STAR Algorithm of Graph Theory which also shows the fare of the trip. This Application was evaluated by 30 normal users to find the mean and standard deviation of the developed system. Results of the evaluation showed that system is at a good level of satisfaction (4.20 and 0.40). From these results we can conclude that the system can be used properly and effectively according to the objective. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dijkstra%20algorithm" title="Dijkstra algorithm">Dijkstra algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graph%20theory" title=" graph theory"> graph theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20transport" title=" public transport"> public transport</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bangkok%20metropolitan%20area" title=" Bangkok metropolitan area"> Bangkok metropolitan area</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2799/public-transport-planning-system-by-dijkstra-algorithm-case-study-bangkok-metropolitan-area" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2799.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">247</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">391</span> Travel Planning in Public Transport Networks Applying the Algorithm A* for Metropolitan District of Quito</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Fernanda%20Salgado">M. Fernanda Salgado</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alfonso%20Tierra"> Alfonso Tierra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wilbert%20Aguilar"> Wilbert Aguilar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present project consists in applying the informed search algorithm A star (A*) to solve traveler problems, applying it by urban public transportation routes. The digitization of the information allowed to identify 26% of the total of routes that are registered within the Metropolitan District of Quito. For the validation of this information, data were taken in field on the travel times and the difference with respect to the times estimated by the program, resulting in that the difference between them was not greater than 2:20 minutes. We validate A* algorithm with the Dijkstra algorithm, comparing nodes vectors based on the public transport stops, the validation was established through the student t-test hypothesis. Then we verified that the times estimated by the program using the A* algorithm are similar to those registered on field. Furthermore, we review the performance of the algorithm generating iterations in both algorithms. Finally, with these iterations, a hypothesis test was carried out again with student t-test where it was concluded that the iterations of the base algorithm Dijsktra are greater than those generated by the algorithm A*. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algorithm%20A%2A" title="algorithm A*">algorithm A*</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graph" title=" graph"> graph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobility" title=" mobility"> mobility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20transport" title=" public transport"> public transport</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=travel%20planning" title=" travel planning"> travel planning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=routes" title=" routes"> routes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81275/travel-planning-in-public-transport-networks-applying-the-algorithm-a-for-metropolitan-district-of-quito" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81275.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">239</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">390</span> A Novel Solution Methodology for Transit Route Network Design Problem</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghada%20Moussa">Ghada Moussa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mamoud%20Owais"> Mamoud Owais</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Transit Route Network Design Problem (TrNDP) is the most important component in Transit planning, in which the overall cost of the public transportation system highly depends on it. The main purpose of this study is to develop a novel solution methodology for the TrNDP, which goes beyond pervious traditional sophisticated approaches. The novelty of the solution methodology, adopted in this paper, stands on the deterministic operators which are tackled to construct bus routes. The deterministic manner of the TrNDP solution relies on using linear and integer mathematical formulations that can be solved exactly with their standard solvers. The solution methodology has been tested through Mandl’s benchmark network problem. The test results showed that the methodology developed in this research is able to improve the given network solution in terms of number of constructed routes, direct transit service coverage, transfer directness and solution reliability. Although the set of routes resulted from the methodology would stand alone as a final efficient solution for TrNDP, it could be used as an initial solution for meta-heuristic procedures to approach global optimal. Based on the presented methodology, a more robust network optimization tool would be produced for public transportation planning purposes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integer%20programming" title="integer programming">integer programming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transit%20route%20design" title=" transit route design"> transit route design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transportation" title=" transportation"> transportation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20planning" title=" urban planning"> urban planning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5927/a-novel-solution-methodology-for-transit-route-network-design-problem" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5927.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">273</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">389</span> Strategies to Mitigate Disasters at the Hajj Religious Festival Using GIS and Agent Based Modelling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muteb%20Alotaibi">Muteb Alotaibi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Graham%20Clarke"> Graham Clarke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nick%20Malleson"> Nick Malleson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Hajj religious festival at Mina in Saudi Arabia has always presented the opportunity for injuries or deaths. For example, in 1990, a stampede killed 1426 pilgrims, whilst in 1997, 343 people were killed and 1500 injured due to a fire fuelled by high winds sweeping through the tent city in Mina.Many more minor incidents have occurred since then. It is predicted that 5 million pilgrims will soon perform the ritual at Mina (which is, in effect, a temporary city built each year in the desert), which might lead in the future to severe congestion and accidents unless the research is conducted on actions that contribute positively to improving the management of the crowd and facilitating the flow of pilgrims safely and securely. To help prevent further disasters, it is important to first plan better, more accessible locations for emergency services across Mina to ensure a good service for pilgrims. In this paper, we first use a Location Allocation Model (LAM) within a network GIS to examine the optimal locations for key services in the temporary city of Mina. This has been undertaken in relation to the location and movement of the pilgrims during the six day religious festival. The results of various what-if scenarios have been compared against the current location of services. A major argument is that planners should be flexible and locate facilities at different locations throughout the day and night. The use of location-allocation models in this type of comparative static mode has rarely been operationalised in the literature. Second, we model pilgrim movements and behaviours along with the most crowded parts of the network. This has been modelled using an agent-based model. This model allows planners to understand the key bottlenecks in the network and at what usage levels the paths become critically congested. Thus the paper has important implications and recommendations for future disaster planning strategies. This will enable planners to see at what stage in the movements of pilgrims problems occur in terms of potential crushes and trampling incidents. The main application of this research was only customised for pedestrians as the concentration only for pedestrians who move to Jamarat via foot. Further, the network in the middle of Mina was only dedicated for pedestrians for safety, so no Buses, trains and private cars were allowed in this area to prevent the congestion within this network. Initially, this research focus on Mina city as ‘temporary city’ and also about service provision in temporary cities, which is not highlighted in literature so far. Further, it is the first study which use the dynamic demand to optimise the services in the case of day and night time. Moreover, it is the first study which link the location allocation model for optimising services with ABM to find out whether or not the service location is located in the proper location in which it’s not affecting on crowd movement in mainstream flow where some pilgrims need to have health services. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ABM" title="ABM">ABM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crowd%20management" title=" crowd management"> crowd management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hajj" title=" hajj"> hajj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temporary%20city" title=" temporary city"> temporary city</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150925/strategies-to-mitigate-disasters-at-the-hajj-religious-festival-using-gis-and-agent-based-modelling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150925.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">388</span> Personal Exposure to Respirable Particles and Other Selected Gases among Cyclists near and Away from Busy Roads of Perth Metropolitan Area</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anu%20Shrestha">Anu Shrestha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Krassi%20Rumchev"> Krassi Rumchev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ben%20Mullins"> Ben Mullins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yun%20Zhao"> Yun Zhao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Linda%20Selvey"> Linda Selvey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cycling is often promoted as a means of reducing vehicular congestion, noise and greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions in urban areas. It is also indorsed as a healthy means of transportation in terms of reducing the risk of developing a range of physical and psychological conditions. However, people who cycle regularly may not be aware that they can become exposed to high levels of Vehicular Air Pollutants (VAP) emitted by nearby traffics and therefore experience adverse health effects as a result. The study will highlight the present scenario of ambient air pollution level in different cycling routes in Perth and also highlight significant contribution to the understanding of health risks that cyclist may face from exposure to particulate air pollution. Methodology: This research was conducted in Perth, Western Austral and consisted of two groups of cyclists cycling near high (2 routes) and low (two routes) vehicular traffic roads, at high and low levels of exertion, during the cold and warm seasons. A sample size of 123 regular cyclists who cycled at least 80 km/week, aged 20-55, and non-smoker were selected for this study. There were altogether 100 male and 23 female who were asked to choose one or more routes among four different routes, and each participant cycled the route for warm or cold or both seasons. Cyclist who reported cardiovascular and other chronic health conditions (excluding asthma) were not invited into the study. Exposures to selected air pollutants were assessed by undertaking background and personal measurements alone with the measurement of heart and breathe rate of each participant. Finding: According to the preliminary study findings, the cyclists who used cycling route close to high traffic route were exposed to higher levels of measured air pollutants Nitrogen Oxide (NO₂) =0.12 ppm, sulfur dioxide (SO₂)=0.06 ppm and carbon monoxide (CO)=0.25 PPM compared to those who cycled away from busy roads. However, we measured high concentrations of particulate air pollution near one of the low traffic route which we associate with the close proximity to ferry station. Concluding Statement: As a conclusion, we recommend that cycling routes should be selected away from high traffic routes. If possible, we should also consider that if the cycling route is surrounded by the dense populated infrastructures, it can trap the pollutants and always facilitate in increasing inhalation of particle count among the cyclists. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20pollution" title="air pollution">air pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20monoxide" title=" carbon monoxide"> carbon monoxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyclists%27%20health" title=" cyclists' health"> cyclists' health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitrogen%20dioxide" title=" nitrogen dioxide"> nitrogen dioxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitrogen%20oxide" title=" nitrogen oxide"> nitrogen oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=respirable%20particulate%20matters" title=" respirable particulate matters"> respirable particulate matters</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52412/personal-exposure-to-respirable-particles-and-other-selected-gases-among-cyclists-near-and-away-from-busy-roads-of-perth-metropolitan-area" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52412.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">263</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">387</span> Formulation and Evaluation of Ethosomes of Plumeria indica Linn. Flowers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sumeet%20Dwivedi">Sumeet Dwivedi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shweta%20Shriwas"> Shweta Shriwas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raghvendra%20Dubey"> Raghvendra Dubey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The number of products based on new drug delivery systems has significantly increased in the past few years, and this growth is expected to continue in the near future. These biopharmaceuticals present challenges to drug delivery scientists because of their unique nature and difficulty in delivery through conventional routes. Therefore, future research will focus on the delivery of these complex molecules through different routes, including oral, nasal, pulmonary, vaginal, rectal, etc. The aim of present study was to formulate and evaluate ethosomes of Plumeria indica flowers which may deliver the drug to targeted site more efficiently than marketed preparation and also overcome the problems related with oral administration of drug. The formulations were prepared with ethanol, lecithin, propylene glycol and were evaluated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ethosomes" title="ethosomes">ethosomes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbal%20extract" title=" herbal extract"> herbal extract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plumeria%20alba" title=" plumeria alba"> plumeria alba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lecithin" title=" lecithin"> lecithin</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60035/formulation-and-evaluation-of-ethosomes-of-plumeria-indica-linn-flowers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60035.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">263</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">386</span> Developing a Spatial Transport Model to Determine Optimal Routes When Delivering Unprocessed Milk</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sunday%20Nanosi%20Ndovi">Sunday Nanosi Ndovi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patrick%20Albert%20Chikumba"> Patrick Albert Chikumba</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Malawi, smallholder dairy farmers transport unprocessed milk to sell at Milk Bulking Groups (MBGs). MBGs store and chill the milk while awaiting collection by processors. The farmers deliver milk using various modes of transportation such as foot, bicycle, and motorcycle. As a perishable food, milk requires timely transportation to avoid deterioration. In other instances, some farmers bypass the nearest MBGs for facilities located further away. Untimely delivery worsens quality and results in rejection at MBG. Subsequently, these rejections lead to revenue losses for dairy farmers. Therefore, the objective of this study was to optimize routes when transporting milk by selecting the shortest route using time as a cost attribute in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). A spatially organized transport system impedes milk deterioration while promoting profitability for dairy farmers. A transportation system was modeled using Route Analysis and Closest Facility network extensions. The final output was to find the quickest routes and identify the nearest milk facilities from incidents. Face-to-face interviews targeted leaders from all 48 MBGs in the study area and 50 farmers from Namahoya MBG. During field interviews, coordinates were captured in order to create maps. Subsequently, maps supported the selection of optimal routes based on the least travel times. The questionnaire targeted 200 respondents. Out of the total, 182 respondents were available. Findings showed that out of the 50 sampled farmers that supplied milk to Namahoya, only 8% were nearest to the facility, while 92% were closest to 9 different MBGs. Delivering milk to the nearest MBGs would minimize travel time and distance by 14.67 hours and 73.37 km, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=closest%20facility" title="closest facility">closest facility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=milk" title=" milk"> milk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=route%20analysis" title=" route analysis"> route analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spatial%20transport" title=" spatial transport"> spatial transport</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185121/developing-a-spatial-transport-model-to-determine-optimal-routes-when-delivering-unprocessed-milk" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185121.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">58</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">385</span> The Touristic Development of the Archaeological and Heritage Areas in Alexandria City, Egypt</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salma%20I.%20Dwidar">Salma I. Dwidar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amal%20A.%20Abdelsattar"> Amal A. Abdelsattar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Alexandria city is one of the greatest cities in the world. It confronted different civilizations throughout the ages due to its special geographical location and climate which left many archaeological areas of great heritage (Ptolemaic, Greek, Romanian, especially sunken monuments, Coptic, Islamic, and finally, the Modern). Also, Alexandria city contains areas with different patterns of urban planning, both Hellenistic and compacted planning which merited the diversity in planning. Despite the magnitude of this city, which contains all the elements of tourism, the city was not included in the tourism map of Egypt properly comparing with similar cities in Egypt. This paper discusses the importance of heritage areas in Alexandria and the relationship between heritage areas and modern buildings. It highlights the absence of a methodology to deal with heritage areas as touristic areas. Also, the paper aims to develop multiple touristic routes to visit archaeological areas and other sights of significance in Alexandria. The research methodology is divided into two main frameworks. The first framework is a historical study of the urban development of Alexandria and the most important remaining monuments throughout the ages, as well as an analytical study of sunken monuments and their importance in increasing the rate of tourism. Moreover, it covers a study of the importance of the Library of Alexandria and its effect on the international focus of the city. The second framework focuses on the proposal of some tourism routes to visit the heritage areas, archaeological monuments, sunken monuments and the sights of Alexandria. The study concludes with the proposal of three tourism routes. The first route, which is the longest one, passes by all the famous monuments of the city as well as its modern sights. The second route passes through the heritage areas, sunken monuments, and Library of Alexandria. The third route includes the sunken monuments and Library of Alexandria. These three tourism routes will ensures the touristic development of the city which leads to the economic growth of the city and the country. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=archeological%20buildings" title="archeological buildings">archeological buildings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heritage%20buildings" title=" heritage buildings"> heritage buildings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heritage%20tourism" title=" heritage tourism"> heritage tourism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=planning%20of%20Islamic%20cities" title=" planning of Islamic cities"> planning of Islamic cities</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99579/the-touristic-development-of-the-archaeological-and-heritage-areas-in-alexandria-city-egypt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99579.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">384</span> Fuzzy Approach for the Evaluation of Feasibility Levels of Vehicle Movement on the Disaster-Streaking Zone’s Roads</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gia%20Sirbiladze">Gia Sirbiladze</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Route planning problems are among the activities that have the highest impact on logistical planning, transportation, and distribution because of their effects on efficiency in resource management, service levels, and client satisfaction. In extreme conditions, the difficulty of vehicle movement between different customers causes the imprecision of time of movement and the uncertainty of the feasibility of movement. A feasibility level of vehicle movement on the closed route of the disaster-streaking zone is defined for the construction of an objective function. Experts’ evaluations of the uncertain parameters in q-rung ortho-pair fuzzy numbers (q-ROFNs) are presented. A fuzzy bi-objective combinatorial optimization problem of fuzzy vehicle routine problem (FVRP) is constructed based on the technique of possibility theory. The FVRP is reduced to the bi-criteria partitioning problem for the so-called “promising” routes which were selected from the all-admissible closed routes. The convenient selection of the “promising” routes allows us to solve the reduced problem in real-time computing. For the numerical solution of the bi-criteria partitioning problem, the -constraint approach is used. The main results' support software is designed. The constructed model is illustrated with a numerical example. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=q-rung%20ortho-pair%20fuzzy%20sets" title="q-rung ortho-pair fuzzy sets">q-rung ortho-pair fuzzy sets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=facility%20location%20selection%20problem" title=" facility location selection problem"> facility location selection problem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-objective%20combinatorial%20optimization%20problem" title=" multi-objective combinatorial optimization problem"> multi-objective combinatorial optimization problem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partitioning%20problem" title=" partitioning problem"> partitioning problem</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160984/fuzzy-approach-for-the-evaluation-of-feasibility-levels-of-vehicle-movement-on-the-disaster-streaking-zones-roads" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160984.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hajj%20caravan%20routes&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hajj%20caravan%20routes&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hajj%20caravan%20routes&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hajj%20caravan%20routes&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hajj%20caravan%20routes&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hajj%20caravan%20routes&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hajj%20caravan%20routes&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hajj%20caravan%20routes&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hajj%20caravan%20routes&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span 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