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<li id="toc-Outages_and_security_breaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outages_and_security_breaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Outages and security breaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outages_and_security_breaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Business model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83" title="سلاك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلاك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack_(proqram)" title="Slack (proqram) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Slack (proqram)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack" title="Slack – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Slack" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack_(softver)" title="Slack (softver) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Slack (softver)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack" title="Slack – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Slack" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack_(software)" title="Slack (software) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Slack (software)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack" title="Slack – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Slack" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack_(Software)" title="Slack (Software) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Slack (Software)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack_(software)" title="Slack (software) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Slack (software)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%DA%A9_(%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="اسلک (نرم‌افزار) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسلک (نرم‌افزار)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack_(plateforme)" title="Slack (plateforme) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Slack (plateforme)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%AC%EB%9E%99_(%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4)" title="슬랙 (소프트웨어) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="슬랙 (소프트웨어)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack" title="Slack – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Slack" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack" title="Slack – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Slack" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack_(software)" title="Slack (software) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Slack (software)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack" title="Slack – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Slack" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack" title="Slack – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Slack" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack_(%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B2)" title="Slack (ဆော့ဝဲ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Slack (ဆော့ဝဲ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack_(software)" title="Slack (software) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slack (software)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack_(%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2)" title="Slack (ソフトウェア) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Slack (ソフトウェア)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack" title="Slack – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slack" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack" title="Slack – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Slack" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack_(oprogramowanie)" title="Slack (oprogramowanie) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Slack (oprogramowanie)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack" title="Slack – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Slack" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack_(software)" title="Slack (software) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Slack (software)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack" title="Slack – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Slack" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack" title="Slack – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Slack" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack" title="Slack – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slack" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack" title="Slack – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Slack" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack" title="Slack – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Slack" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack_(ph%E1%BA%A7n_m%E1%BB%81m)" title="Slack (phần mềm) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Slack (phần mềm)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Slack</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Slack_Technologies_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Slack_Technologies_Logo.svg/200px-Slack_Technologies_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Slack_Technologies_Logo.svg/300px-Slack_Technologies_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Slack_Technologies_Logo.svg/400px-Slack_Technologies_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="127" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Butterfield" title="Stewart Butterfield">Stewart Butterfield</a>, Eric Costello, <a href="/wiki/Cal_Henderson" title="Cal Henderson">Cal Henderson</a>, and Serguei Mourachov<sup id="cite_ref-SlackOpen_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SlackOpen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Slack_Technologies" title="Slack Technologies">Slack Technologies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salesforce" title="Salesforce">Salesforce</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">August 2013<span class="noprint">; 11 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2013-08</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Electron_(software_framework)" title="Electron (software framework)">Electron</a> (<a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/React_(JavaScript_library)" class="mw-redirect" title="React (JavaScript library)">React</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redux_(JavaScript_library)" title="Redux (JavaScript library)">Redux</a>, etc.),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hack_(programming_language)" title="Hack (programming language)">Hack</a> (backend)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">12 languages<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background-color: transparent;">List of languages</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="">Chinese (Traditional), Chinese (Simplified), English (UK), English (US), French (France), German (Germany), Italian (Italy), Japanese (Japan), Korean (South Korea), Portuguese (Brazil), Spanish (Latin America), Spanish (Spain)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_software" title="Collaborative software">Collaborative software</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slack.com/">slack<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Slack</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud-based</a> team communication platform developed by <a href="/wiki/Slack_Technologies" title="Slack Technologies">Slack Technologies</a>, which has been owned by <a href="/wiki/Salesforce" title="Salesforce">Salesforce</a> since 2020. Slack uses a <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">freemium model</a>. Slack is primarily offered as a <a href="/wiki/Business-to-business" title="Business-to-business">business-to-business</a> service, with its userbase being predominantly team-based businesses while its functionalities are focused primarily on business administration and communication.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slack_(software)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Slack originated as an internal communication tool used within <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Butterfield" title="Stewart Butterfield">Stewart Butterfield</a>'s company <a href="/wiki/Tiny_Speck" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiny Speck">Tiny Speck</a>, during its work on the development of <i><a href="/wiki/Glitch_(video_game)" title="Glitch (video game)">Glitch</a></i>, an online video game.<sup id="cite_ref-Tam_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tam-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These communication tools were initially built around the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">Internet Relay Chat</a> (IRC) protocol and included scripts designed to automate and organize file exchanges among its development team. By October 2012, Stewart Butterfield realized that <i>Glitch</i> was not going to bring necessary profits.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, he decided to change the direction of his company and repurpose the communication tools they had developed into a new product. </p><p>In 2012, Butterfield decided to name their upcoming product "Slack", which he said was derived from the phrase "Searchable Log of All Conversation and Knowledge", replacing the previous codename "linefeed".<sup id="cite_ref-Acronym_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acronym-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2013, Slack was launched to the public<sup id="cite_ref-Koetsier_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koetsier-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continued to maintain compatibility with <a href="/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a>, reflecting its origin.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, it was also compatible with <a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a> messaging protocols. In May 2018 however, the company chose to close down these corresponding gateways due to limitations inherent in those protocols.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 26, 2018, Slack acquired <a href="/wiki/HipChat" title="HipChat">HipChat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stride_(software)" title="Stride (software)">Stride</a> from <a href="/wiki/Atlassian" title="Atlassian">Atlassian</a>, with plans to shut down both services in February 2019 and migrate their users to Slack.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2019, Slack went public through a <a href="/wiki/Direct_public_offering" title="Direct public offering">direct public offering</a> to reach a market value of $19.5 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2020, Slack acquired Rimeto, a startup specializing in employee directories and profiles, with plans to rename the service and operate it as a standalone app.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost a year later, in June 2021, its functionality was launched as an optional feature within Slack named "Slack Atlas".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 1, 2020, Slack and <a href="/wiki/Salesforce" title="Salesforce">Salesforce</a> announced an agreement for Salesforce to acquire the company for approximately $27.7 billion, marking one of the most significant tech acquisitions at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-salesforce_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salesforce-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acquisition was completed on July 21, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 5, 2022, Salesforce announced that Butterfield was leaving Slack and would be succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Lidiane_Jones" title="Lidiane Jones">Lidiane Jones</a>, an executive vice president at Salesforce.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 13, 2023, Salesforce executive Denise Dresser was appointed to replace Jones, who was in turn replacing <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Wolfe_Herd" title="Whitney Wolfe Herd">Whitney Wolfe Herd</a> as <a href="/wiki/Bumble" title="Bumble">Bumble</a> CEO.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2024, <a href="/wiki/Box,_Inc." title="Box, Inc.">Box</a> and Slack announced an expanded partnership that introduced secure AI capabilities to enterprise content management.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outages_and_security_breaches"><span class="anchor" id="Security_Incidents"></span> Outages and security breaches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slack_(software)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Outages and security breaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2015, Slack announced that it had been <a href="/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security)" title="Exploit (computer security)">hacked</a> for over four days in February 2015 and that some data associated with user accounts had been compromised, including email addresses, usernames, hashed passwords, phone numbers, and <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a> IDs. In response to the attacks, Slack added <a href="/wiki/Multi-factor_authentication" title="Multi-factor authentication">two-factor authentication</a> to its service.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 4, 2021, Slack suffered a significant outage that lasted several hours. From 10 AM ET until 3 PM ET, users could not log in, send or receive messages, place or answer calls, or use Slack connections. After 3 PM, most of the core features became operational, except for push notifications, email, and third-party integrations, including <a href="/wiki/Google_Calendar" title="Google Calendar">Google Calendar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook Calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, Slack suffered widely reported outages on February 22,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> March 9<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and July 26.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 December 2022, Slack announced that its private <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> repositories had been compromised during the previous weeks, using stolen security tokens.<sup id="cite_ref-2023-01-05_BC_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023-01-05_BC-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slack_(software)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Slack offers many <a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">IRC</a>-style features, including persistent chat rooms known as channels, which are organized by topic, as well as private groups and direct-messaging functionalities.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All content, including files, conversations, and people, is searchable within Slack. Users can express their reactions in the form of <a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">emojis</a> to any message.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Message history on Slack is limited to messages from the last 90 days on the free plan.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slack allows communities, groups, or teams to join a "workspace" via a specific URL or invitation sent by a team admin or owner.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A workspace can contain both public and private channels, with public channels being accessible to all members of the workspace.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both public and private channels can be converted interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Direct messages enable users to engage in private one-on-one or group conversations with up to nine participants. Group direct message can be converted into a private channel.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slack integrates with many third-party services and supports community-built integrations, including <a href="/wiki/Google_Drive" title="Google Drive">Google Drive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trello" title="Trello">Trello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Box_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Box (company)">Box</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heroku" title="Heroku">Heroku</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_Cloud" title="IBM Cloud">IBM Bluemix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crashlytics" title="Crashlytics">Crashlytics</a>, <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Runscope" title="Runscope">Runscope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zendesk" title="Zendesk">Zendesk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zapier" title="Zapier">Zapier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gannes_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gannes-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Augustine_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Augustine-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2015, Slack launched an integration with Google Calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in December of the same year, a searchable directory was introduced, consisting of over 150 integrations that users can install.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to these integrations, Slack offers users the ability to incorporate and customize <a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">chatbots</a> known as "Slackbots". These chatbots can be configured to send notifications, reminders, or provide tailored responses to specific phrases, among other functions.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Slack provides an <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">application programming interface</a> that enables users to develop applications and automate various processes, including sending notifications based on input, generating alerts for specific conditions, creating internal support tickets, and more.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2018, Slack partnered with <a href="/wiki/Workday,_Inc." title="Workday, Inc.">Workday</a>, a financial and <a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management" title="Human resource management">human capital management</a> firm.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This integration allows employees to access co-worker information, organizational charts, benefits, feedback, and time-off requests within Slack.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2022, Slack introduced a new <a href="/wiki/Telephone_call" title="Telephone call">voice conference</a> feature known as "Huddles".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a Huddle, users have the capability to mute or unmute themselves, <a href="/wiki/Screen_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Screen sharing">share their screens</a>, draw on a shared screen, and invite others to the call.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2022, Huddles received the additional functionality of video calls.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Huddles are restricted to only two participants on free tiers, while paid plans offer the capacity for up to 50 participants. </p><p>In March 2023, Salesforce announced the partnership with <a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a> to launch a <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a> integration for Slack and can be used for summarizing conversations, answering questions, or drafting replies.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slack provides mobile apps for <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> in addition to their web browser client and desktop clients for MacOS, Windows,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Linux (beta).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slack is also available for the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Watch" title="Apple Watch">Apple Watch</a>, allowing users to send direct messages, see mentions, and make simple replies.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Business_model">Business model</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slack_(software)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Business model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Slack is a <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">freemium</a> product whose main paid features are the ability to search more than 90 days' archived messages and add unlimited apps and integrations.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also claim support for an unlimited number of users. When <a href="/wiki/FreeCodeCamp" title="FreeCodeCamp">freeCodeCamp</a> attempted to switch its community of over 8,000 users to Slack in 2015, however, they experienced many technical issues and were advised by Slack support to limit their channels to "no more than 1,000 users (ideally more like 500)".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That specific limit no longer applied by January 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Growth">Growth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slack_(software)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 2013, 8,000 customers signed up for the service within 24 hours of its launch.<sup id="cite_ref-Koetsier_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koetsier-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fingas_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fingas-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2015, the company reported that approximately 10,000 new daily active users had signed up each week, and had more than 135,000 paying customers spread across 60,000 teams.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By April 2015, those numbers had grown to 200,000 paid subscribers and a total of 750,000 daily active users.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late in 2015, Slack passed more than a million daily active users.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of May 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slack_(software)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Slack had over 8 million daily users, 3 million of whom had paid accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of its <a href="/wiki/Form_S-1" title="Form S-1">S-1 filing</a> for <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">IPO</a>, dated April 26, 2019, Slack reported more than 10 million daily active users from more than 600,000 organizations, located in more than 150 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, it was estimated that employees at large firms were sending over 200 Slack messages per week on average.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2013 to 2019 the amount of time spent on work email had declined, which was attributed to the proliferation of Slack and its competitors <a href="/wiki/Workplace_(software)" title="Workplace (software)">Workplace</a> (launched by Facebook in 2016), <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Teams" title="Microsoft Teams">Microsoft Teams</a> (launched 2017) and <a href="/wiki/Google_Chat" title="Google Chat">Google Hangouts Chat</a> and Meet (launched in 2018).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slack_(software)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2015, the <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i> wrote that Slack was the first business technology to have crossed from business into personal use since <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Microsoft Office</a> and the <a href="/wiki/BlackBerry" title="BlackBerry">BlackBerry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)"><i>New York</i></a> magazine criticized the platform for being "another utility we both rely on and resent".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, Slack was recognized as the best startup of the year at the <a href="/wiki/Crunchies" title="Crunchies">Crunchies</a> Awards, organized by <a href="/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The digital rights group <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> (EFF) has cautioned that "Slack stores and is able to read all of your communications, as well as identifying information for everyone in your workspace."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They commended the company for following several best practices in standing up for users concerning government data requests, such as requiring a warrant for content stored on its server, and awarding it four out of five stars in its 2017 "Who has your back" report;<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the EFF also criticized Slack for "a broad set of exceptions" to its promise to notify users of such requests, and for other privacy shortcomings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slack has been criticized by users<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for storing user data exclusively on <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud</a> servers under Slack control.<sup id="cite_ref-slack-alternatives_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slack-alternatives-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uber_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uber-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is found to be a particular issue for users with large teams, who experienced issues with connectivity within the app, access to archived messages, and the number of users for a given "workspace".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slack has also been criticized for a retroactive 2018 change to its privacy policy, allowing access to all public and private chat messages by workspace administrators, without the need of consent from any parties using the app.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the new policy, Slack workspace members are no longer notified when data is downloaded from their workspace.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slack has also been criticized when used in <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Free and open-source">free and open-source</a> projects for the inability to search for messages and discussions.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slack_(software)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_collaborative_software" title="List of collaborative software">List of collaborative software</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slack_(software)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SlackOpen-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SlackOpen_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKumparak2015" class="citation web cs1">Kumparak, Greg (February 5, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/05/slacks-co-founders-take-home-the-crunchie-for-founder-of-the-year/">"Slack's Co-Founders Take Home The Crunchie For Founder Of The Year"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401203417/https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/05/slacks-co-founders-take-home-the-crunchie-for-founder-of-the-year/">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=Slack+kicks+off+2021+with+a+global+outage&rft.date=2021-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fslack-global-outage-technology-592c53b7ef26fe526f7e397138b86493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlack+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.com/2022/02/22/slack_down/">"Ongoing services outage at Slack"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ongoing+services+outage+at+Slack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2022%2F02%2F22%2Fslack_down%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlack+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2022/3/9/22968785/slack-down-outage-messages-edit-chat-connection-problem">"Slack says its problems are solved, but you might have to refresh"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baffler&rft.atitle=Big+Bother+Is+Watching&rft.issue=33&rft.date=2016-12&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebaffler.com%2Fsalvos%2Fbig-bother-slack-silverman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlack+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slack-alternatives-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-slack-alternatives_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinley2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Finley, Klint (March 16, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2016/03/open-source-devs-racing-build-better-versions-slack/">"Open sourcers race to build better versions of Slack"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20170309120107/https://www.wired.com/2016/03/open-source-devs-racing-build-better-versions-slack/">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Open+sourcers+race+to+build+better+versions+of+Slack&rft.date=2016-03-16&rft.aulast=Finley&rft.aufirst=Klint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2016%2F03%2Fopen-source-devs-racing-build-better-versions-slack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlack+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uber-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uber_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2017" class="citation web cs1">Peterson, Becky (July 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-ditches-hipchat-slack-to-create-its-own-work-chat-app-uchat-2017-7">"Uber didn't like Silicon Valley's biggest chat apps – so it was forced to make its own"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905175834/https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-ditches-hipchat-slack-to-create-its-own-work-chat-app-uchat-2017-7">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Uber+didn%27t+like+Silicon+Valley%27s+biggest+chat+apps+%E2%80%93+so+it+was+forced+to+make+its+own&rft.date=2017-07-26&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Becky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fuber-ditches-hipchat-slack-to-create-its-own-work-chat-app-uchat-2017-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlack+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.freecodecamp.org/so-yeah-we-tried-slack-and-we-deeply-regretted-it-391bcc714c81">"We Tried Slack and Deeply Regretted it"</a>. June 21, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190315121235/https://medium.freecodecamp.org/so-yeah-we-tried-slack-and-we-deeply-regretted-it-391bcc714c81">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+Tried+Slack+and+Deeply+Regretted+it&rft.date=2015-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.freecodecamp.org%2Fso-yeah-we-tried-slack-and-we-deeply-regretted-it-391bcc714c81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlack+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thenextweb.com/apps/2018/03/22/slacks-new-policy-lets-bosses-read-employees-dms-without-consent/">"Slacks new policy lets bosses read employees dms without consent"</a>. March 22, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515142640/https://thenextweb.com/apps/2018/03/22/slacks-new-policy-lets-bosses-read-employees-dms-without-consent/">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slacks+new+policy+lets+bosses+read+employees+dms+without+consent&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthenextweb.com%2Fapps%2F2018%2F03%2F22%2Fslacks-new-policy-lets-bosses-read-employees-dms-without-consent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlack+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2018/03/22/slack-makes-an-odd-privacy-update-amid-unfolding-facebook-privacy-scandal/">"Slacks new policy lets bosses read employees dms without consent"</a>. March 22, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209010349/https://www.salon.com/2018/03/22/slack-makes-an-odd-privacy-update-amid-unfolding-facebook-privacy-scandal/">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slacks+new+policy+lets+bosses+read+employees+dms+without+consent&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2018%2F03%2F22%2Fslack-makes-an-odd-privacy-update-amid-unfolding-facebook-privacy-scandal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlack+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://venturebeat.com/business/cutting-slack-when-open-source-and-team-chat-tools-collide/">"Cutting Slack: When open source and team chat tools collide"</a>. <i>VentureBeat</i>. June 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VentureBeat&rft.atitle=Cutting+Slack%3A+When+open+source+and+team+chat+tools+collide&rft.date=2021-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fventurebeat.com%2Fbusiness%2Fcutting-slack-when-open-source-and-team-chat-tools-collide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlack+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes2018" class="citation web cs1">Wilkes, Gabriel (May 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@gabriel_wilkes/why-tech-groups-can-get-away-with-using-slack-for-free-but-open-source-projects-and-businesses-of-96c427aaefbb">"Why tech groups can use Slack for free but open source projects and businesses of any size shouldn't"</a>. <i>Medium</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=Why+tech+groups+can+use+Slack+for+free+but+open+source+projects+and+businesses+of+any+size+shouldn%27t&rft.date=2018-05-10&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40gabriel_wilkes%2Fwhy-tech-groups-can-get-away-with-using-slack-for-free-but-open-source-projects-and-businesses-of-96c427aaefbb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlack+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slack_(software)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slack.com">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17130715#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li>Interview with Slack co-founder Stewart Butterfield: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyssdalHollenhorst2019" class="citation news cs1">Ryssdal, Kai; Hollenhorst, Maria (July 22, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marketplace.org/2019/07/22/what-is-slack/">"What Is Slack?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Marketplace_(radio_program)" title="Marketplace (radio program)">Marketplace</a></i>. American Public Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marketplace&rft.atitle=What+Is+Slack%3F&rft.date=2019-07-22&rft.aulast=Ryssdal&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft.au=Hollenhorst%2C+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketplace.org%2F2019%2F07%2F22%2Fwhat-is-slack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASlack+%28software%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/fast-company/now-slack-is-more-than-an-email-killer-its-a-social-network-in-disguise-278b584b9fcc">Slack as a Social Media Tool</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Instant_messaging" title="Template:Instant messaging"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Instant_messaging" title="Template talk:Instant messaging"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Instant_messaging" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Instant messaging"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Instant_messaging" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols<br />(<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_instant_messaging_protocols" title="Comparison of instant messaging protocols">comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Data_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed Data Protocol">DDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" title="Instant Messaging and Presence Protocol">IMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_(protocol)" title="Matrix (protocol)">Matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTProto" class="mw-redirect" title="MTProto">MTProto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroshare" title="Retroshare">Retroshare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Protocol" title="Signal Protocol">Signal Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Message_Session_Relay_Protocol" title="Message Session Relay Protocol">MSRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIMPLE_(instant_messaging_protocol)" title="SIMPLE (instant messaging protocol)">SIMPLE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tox_(protocol)" title="Tox (protocol)">Tox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jingle_(protocol)" title="Jingle (protocol)">Jingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol" title="Google Wave Federation Protocol">WFP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_(protocol)" title="Zephyr (protocol)">Zephyr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Notification_Protocol" title="Microsoft Notification Protocol">MSNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCAR_protocol" title="OSCAR protocol">OSCAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TOC_protocol" title="TOC protocol">TOC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype_protocol" title="Skype protocol">Skype</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_(software)" title="Band (software)">Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBM_Enterprise" title="BBM Enterprise">BBM Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeper_(application)" title="Beeper (application)">Beeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BiP_(software)" title="BiP (software)">BiP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DingTalk" title="DingTalk">DingTalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discord" title="Discord">Discord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Element_(software)" title="Element (software)">Element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chat" title="Google Chat">Google Chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Meet" title="Google Meet">Google Meet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Messages" title="Google Messages">Google Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GroupMe" title="GroupMe">GroupMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilded" title="Guilded">Guilded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HipChat" title="HipChat">HipChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGap" title="IGap">iGap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMessage" title="IMessage">iMessage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imo.im" title="Imo.im">Imo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRC#Networks" title="IRC">IRC Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongla" title="Jongla">Jongla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KakaoTalk" title="KakaoTalk">KakaoTalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kik_Messenger" title="Kik Messenger">Kik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lark_(software)" title="Lark (software)">Lark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libon_(service)" title="Libon (service)">Libon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_(software)" title="Line (software)">Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(app)" title="Marco Polo (app)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattermost" title="Mattermost">Mattermost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messenger_(software)" title="Messenger (software)">Messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Palace_(computer_program)" title="The Palace (computer program)">The Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencent_QQ" title="Tencent QQ">QQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_(software)" title="Session (software)">Session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(software)" title="Signal (software)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_(app)" title="Snow (app)">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tango_Live" title="Tango Live">Tango Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textfree" title="Textfree">Textfree/Pinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threema" title="Threema">Threema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tox_(protocol)" title="Tox (protocol)">Tox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillian_(software)" title="Trillian (software)">Trillian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viber" title="Viber">Viber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VK_(service)" title="VK (service)">VK Messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickr" title="Wickr">Wickr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Messenger_service" title="Windows Messenger service">Windows Messenger service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Online_Festival" title="The World's Online Festival">WOLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_Video_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoom Video Communications">Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulip" title="Zulip">Zulip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clients<br />(<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_cross-platform_instant_messaging_clients" title="Comparison of cross-platform instant messaging clients">comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Single protocol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu Hi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBM_Enterprise" title="BBM Enterprise">BBM Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briar_(software)" title="Briar (software)">Briar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Element_(software)" title="Element (software)">Element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadu-Gadu" title="Gadu-Gadu">Gadu-Gadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GroupMe" title="GroupMe">GroupMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCL_Sametime" title="HCL Sametime">HCL Sametime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMVU" title="IMVU">IMVU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami_(software)" title="Jami (software)">Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jongla" title="Jongla">Jongla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linphone" title="Linphone">Linphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messenger_(software)" title="Messenger (software)">Messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencent_QQ" title="Tencent QQ">QQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroshare" title="Retroshare">Retroshare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricochet_(software)" title="Ricochet (software)">Ricochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_(software)" title="Session (software)">Session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(software)" title="Signal (software)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tox_(protocol)" title="Tox (protocol)">Tox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickr" title="Wickr">Wickr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_(software)" title="Wire (software)">Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Online_Festival" title="The World's Online Festival">WOLF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-protocol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adium" title="Adium">Adium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayttm" title="Ayttm">Ayttm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeper_(application)" title="Beeper (application)">Beeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitlBee" title="BitlBee">BitlBee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centericq" title="Centericq">Centericq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBuddy" title="EBuddy">eBuddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jitsi" title="Jitsi">Jitsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopete" title="Kopete">Kopete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_NG" title="Miranda NG">Miranda NG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbuzz" title="Nimbuzz">Nimbuzz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_(software)" title="Pidgin (software)">Pidgin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finch_(software)" title="Finch (software)">Finch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_Internet_Pager" title="Quiet Internet Pager">QIP 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype_for_Business" title="Skype for Business">Skype for Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDE_Telepathy" title="KDE Telepathy">Telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillian_(software)" title="Trillian (software)">Trillian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP (Jabber)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChatSecure" title="ChatSecure">ChatSecure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversations_(software)" title="Conversations (software)">Conversations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajim" title="Gajim">Gajim</a></li> <li>Monal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psi_(instant_messaging_client)" title="Psi (instant messaging client)">Psi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_(XMPP_client)" title="Spark (XMPP client)">Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tkabber" title="Tkabber">Tkabber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xabber" title="Xabber">Xabber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Notification_Protocol" title="Microsoft Notification Protocol">MSNP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Teams" title="Microsoft Teams">Microsoft Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_instant_messaging_platforms" title="List of defunct instant messaging platforms">List of defunct instant messaging platforms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backchannel" title="Backchannel">Backchannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chat_log" title="Chat log">Chat log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">Chatbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit (software)">Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_user_features_of_messaging_platforms" title="Comparison of user features of messaging platforms">Comparison of user features of messaging platforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_list" title="Contact list">Contact list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">Emoticon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FirstClass" title="FirstClass">FirstClass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flock_(messaging_service)" title="Flock (messaging service)">Flock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuze_(company)" title="Fuze (company)">Fuze Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Hall.com">Hall.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAN_messenger" title="LAN messenger">LAN messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">Online chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presence_information" title="Presence information">Presence information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glip" class="mw-redirect" title="Glip">RingCentral Glip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_language" title="SMS language">SMS language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_message_(instant_messaging)" title="Status message (instant messaging)">Status message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-Report" title="U-Report">U-Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva_Engage" title="Viva Engage">Viva Engage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">VoIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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