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<span>Standardizations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Standardizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Standardizations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Standardizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kangxi_Dictionary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kangxi_Dictionary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Kangxi Dictionary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kangxi_Dictionary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_printing_characters_in_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_printing_characters_in_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Standard printing characters in Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_printing_characters_in_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kyūjitai_in_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kyūjitai_in_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><span><i>Kyūjitai</i></span> in Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kyūjitai_in_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inherited_Glyphs_Standardisation_Documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inherited_Glyphs_Standardisation_Documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Inherited Glyphs Standardisation Documents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inherited_Glyphs_Standardisation_Documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthographies_used_by_modern_digital_fonts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthographies_used_by_modern_digital_fonts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Orthographies used by modern digital fonts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthographies_used_by_modern_digital_fonts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1233430381">.mw-parser-output .characters-body{max-width:22em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-content{padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{background-color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{background-color:lightpink;white-space:nowrap;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .blist ol li,.mw-parser-output .blist ul li{display:list-item;text-align:left;text-indent:hanging 1em;margin-left:1em}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks noprint characters-body"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_characters_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese characters"><img alt="Chinese characters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Chinese_characters_logo.svg/220px-Chinese_characters_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Chinese_characters_logo.svg/330px-Chinese_characters_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Chinese_characters_logo.svg/440px-Chinese_characters_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="177" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></i></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Written Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Evolution of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_script_styles" title="Chinese script styles">script styles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_symbols_in_China" title="Neolithic symbols in China">Neolithic symbols in China</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">Large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">Small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">Bird-worm</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_script" title="Regular script">Regular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_brush_script" title="Flat brush script">Flat brush</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_typography" title="East Asian typography">Modern typefaces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fangsong" title="Fangsong">Fangsong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_typefaces" title="Ming typefaces">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Gothic_typeface" title="East Asian Gothic typeface">Hei</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Properties and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_classification" title="Chinese character classification">classification</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_components" title="Chinese character components">Components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_strokes" title="Chinese character strokes">Strokes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_order" title="Stroke order">order</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_radicals" title="Chinese character radicals">Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters#Printing_and_typefaces" title="Chinese characters">Orthography</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>jiu zixing</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xin_zixing" title="Xin zixing"><i>xin zixing</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_characters" title="CJK characters">Digital encoding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed blist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Collation and standards</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangxi Dictionary form"><i>Kangxi Dictionary</i> forms</a> (1716)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonly_Used_Standard_Chinese_Characters" title="List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters">Commonly Used Characters</a></i> (PRC, 2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graphemes_of_Commonly-Used_Chinese_Characters" title="List of Graphemes of Commonly-Used Chinese Characters">Commonly-Used Characters</a></i> (Hong Kong, 2007)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Southern_Min_Recommended_Characters" title="Taiwanese Southern Min Recommended Characters">Nan Min Recommended Characters</a></i> (Taiwan, 2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Standard_Form_of_National_Characters" title="Standard Form of National Characters">Standard Form of National Characters</a></i> (Taiwan, 1982)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" title="Jōyō kanji"><i>Jōyō</i> kanji</a> (Japan, 2010)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Reforms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">Simplified characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_round_of_simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Second round of simplified Chinese characters">second round</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">Traditional characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_traditional_and_simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters">debate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_script_reform" title="Japanese script reform">Japanese script reform</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjitai" title="Kyūjitai">kyūjitai</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Homograph#In_Chinese" title="Homograph">Homographs</a> and readings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings" title="Literary and colloquial readings">Literary and colloquial readings</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">Kanbun</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Variant_Chinese_characters" title="Variant Chinese characters">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters_of_Empress_Wu" title="Chinese characters of Empress Wu">Zetian characters</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Derived systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">man'yōgana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen script</a></li> <li>Khitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">small</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters_for_transcribing_Slavonic" title="Chinese characters for transcribing Slavonic">Slavonic transcription</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Transliteration of Chinese">Transliteration of Chinese</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_characters_sidebar" title="Template:Chinese characters sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_characters_sidebar" title="Template talk:Chinese characters sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_characters_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese characters sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn"><b><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Jiu zixing</i></span></b></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">旧字形</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">舊字形</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">jiù zìxíng</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">chiu<sup>4</sup> tzŭ<sup>4</sup>hsing<sup>2</sup></span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a>: <i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">gau6 zi6jing4</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Old character form'),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>inherited glyph form</b>, or <b>traditional glyph form</b>, not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a>, is a traditional <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese characters</a> which uses the <a href="/wiki/Variant_Chinese_character#Orthodox_and_vulgar_variants" class="mw-redirect" title="Variant Chinese character">orthodox character forms</a>, especially the character forms used in print after the development of <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type printing</a>, but before reformation by national standardization.<sup id="cite_ref-jtblog-classification_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jtblog-classification-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Jiu zixing</i></span> formed in the <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a>, and is also known as <i><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjitai" title="Kyūjitai">Kyūjitai</a></i></span></i> in Japan. </p><p>Broadly, <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">jiu zixing</i></span> refers to all character forms used in printed Chinese before reformation by national standardization, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Xin_zixing" title="Xin zixing">xin zixing</a></i> in mainland China, the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Form_of_National_Characters" title="Standard Form of National Characters">Standard Form of National Characters</a> in Taiwan, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Graphemes_of_Commonly-Used_Chinese_Characters" title="List of Graphemes of Commonly-Used Chinese Characters">List of Graphemes of Commonly-Used Chinese Characters</a> in Hong Kong. <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">Jiu zixing</i></span> is generally the opposite form of the standards. Some representative books that used <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">jiu zixing</i></span> include <i><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary" title="Kangxi Dictionary">Kangxi Dictionary</a></i>, <i>Zhongwen Da Cidian</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dai_Kan-Wa_Jiten" title="Dai Kan-Wa Jiten">Dai Kan-Wa Jiten</a></i>, <i>Chinese-Korean Dictionary</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_Da_Zidian" title="Zhonghua Da Zidian">Zhonghua Da Zidian</a></i>. </p><p>Scholars have developed several standards for <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">jiu zixing</i></span>, but there is no single enforced standard. Variations of <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">jiu zixing</i></span> can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary" title="Kangxi Dictionary">Kangxi Dictionary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> printing forms, Korean <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>, some printed documents in Taiwan, and <a href="/wiki/MingLiU" class="mw-redirect" title="MingLiU">MingLiU</a> in Windows 98 and earlier versions; slight differences may occur between different <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">jiu zixing</i></span> standards.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some open-sourced communities also develop and maintain <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">jiu zixing</i></span> standards which are either based on or unify other <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">jiu zixing</i></span> forms from academic research. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiu_zixing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ming_typeface" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming typeface">Ming typeface</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">woodblock printing</a> era, words were usually carved in handwritten form (<a href="/wiki/Regular_script" title="Regular script">regular script</a>) as each woodblock is different, making the work to produce each printed book tedious. The development of wooden <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> caused the Chinese characters to take on a more rectangular form following the wood texture. Vertical strokes were thickened to reduce engraving loss, while a small triangle was added at the end of horizontal strokes and the start of vertical strokes to improve the legibility of text even after the pieces are worn out by long-term use. As the character styles started to differ widely from regular script, the calligraphic methods used on regular scripts could not be used on movable type characters and a new distinctive style designated for movable type was born. This style was developed fully during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, which has now evolved into <a href="/wiki/Ming_(typefaces)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming (typefaces)">Ming typefaces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kinkido_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kinkido-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Comparing movable type and woodblock styles, it can be noticed that movable type characters – which are the basis of <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">jiu zixing</i></span> today – are different from the random and changing nature of handwritten regular script, and emphasize clear strokes and the beautiful, symmetric structure of characters. Movable type characters also emphasize the philology aspects of Chinese characters more so than regular script.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standardizations">Standardizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiu_zixing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Standardizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kangxi_Dictionary">Kangxi Dictionary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiu_zixing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kangxi Dictionary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary" title="Kangxi Dictionary">Kangxi Dictionary</a></div><p>The <i>Kangxi Dictionary</i> is viewed as a standardization of <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">jiu zixing</i></span> and its character forms are referenced by multiple standards. In Taiwan it can generally mean <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">jiu zixing</i></span>. This name may also refer to the computer font TypeLand <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">康熙字典體</span></span>. The <i>Kangxi Dictionary</i> has a few taboo words, such as <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">弘</span></span> and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">玄</span></span>, which should be corrected in current use. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_printing_characters_in_Korea">Standard printing characters in Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiu_zixing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Standard printing characters in Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Character forms depicted in <a href="/wiki/KS_X_1001" title="KS X 1001">KS X 1001</a> and <a href="/wiki/KS_X_1002" title="KS X 1002">KS X 1002</a> can usually be used as <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">jiu zixing</i></span>, but some fonts may not adhere to the <i>Kangxi Dictionary.</i> For example, the first stroke of <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">音</span></span> is a wilted dot (or vertical dot, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">竖点</span></span>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cjk_m_str_wd.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cjk_m_str_wd.svg/25px-Cjk_m_str_wd.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cjk_m_str_wd.svg/38px-Cjk_m_str_wd.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cjk_m_str_wd.svg/50px-Cjk_m_str_wd.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span>), some components of <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">儿</span></span> are made to<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">几</span></span>, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kyūjitai_in_Japan"><span id="Ky.C5.ABjitai_in_Japan"></span><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kyūjitai</i></span> in Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiu_zixing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kyūjitai in Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kyūjitai</i></span> is the character form used before Japan released the <a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0208" title="JIS X 0208">JIS X 0218</a> standard (later expanded to JIS X 2013). In 2004, the revised version JIS X 0213:2004 changed some character forms back to <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kyūjitai</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some characters have two or more forms listed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inherited_Glyphs_Standardisation_Documents">Inherited Glyphs Standardisation Documents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiu_zixing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Inherited Glyphs Standardisation Documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Inherited Glyphs Standardisation Documents</i> is a modern open-source orthography standard compiled by the open-source organization Ichitenfont, mainly defined under the '<i>Checklist of Inherited Glyphs</i> document. The checklist is conducted under philological research, with care given of orthographical theory, current usage, and aesthetics in traditional orthographies.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mixed components in current standards are separated and normalized to different character forms, and the most representative inherited character form is chosen as the recommended form. The standard also includes other orthographical forms with daily usage which have a legitimate philological source, providing various options to adjust and adapt character orthography on a per-font basis.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard and its annex are available on GitHub under CC-BY 4.0, along with a supplementary font "I.Ming" which is used as the representative glyphs of the orthography standard, licensed under IPA Font License.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are other open-source<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and commercial<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fonts providing support for <i>Inherited Glyphs Standardisation Documents</i> standard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthographies_used_by_modern_digital_fonts">Orthographies used by modern digital fonts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiu_zixing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Orthographies used by modern digital fonts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most modern font foundries provides various variants of current-generation style Chinese fonts including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Justfont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justfont (page does not exist)">justfont</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Arphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Arphic">Arphic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current-generation style is a style that generally follows <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">jiu zixing</i></span> forms and styles, but some strokes or characters are changed to follow current education form, becoming partly <i><a href="/wiki/Xin_zixing" title="Xin zixing">xin zixing</a></i> and not fully following the character forms of <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">jiu zixing</i></span> or the <i>Kangxi Dictionary</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-jtblog-classification_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jtblog-classification-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IBM Plex Sans TC, an open-source Traditional Chinese font released in August 2024<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> uses an "amalgam" style which is similar to current-generation style.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two notable examples of modern <i><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">jiu zixing</i></span></i> digital fonts with widespread use are the default Traditional Chinese system fonts offered on earlier versions of Windows and Mac OS, which are MingLiU/PMingLiU<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Heiti TC<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> respectively. However, the system fonts have been maliciously reported as "incorrect" by opponents<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and forcing vendors to change them to <i><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">xin zixing</i></span></i> in later versions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiu_zixing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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.citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wenq.org/wqy2/index.cgi?HanziOldStyles">"Habitat: HanziOldStyles"</a>. <i>wenq.org</i> (in Chinese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wenq.org&rft.atitle=Habitat%3A+HanziOldStyles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwenq.org%2Fwqy2%2Findex.cgi%3FHanziOldStyles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiu+zixing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jtblog-classification-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jtblog-classification_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jtblog-classification_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJT_Foundry" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">JT Foundry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@jtfoundry/%E7%B9%81%E9%AB%94%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E5%B8%B8%E8%A6%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%BB%91%E9%AB%94%E5%AD%97%E5%9E%8B-43433ae68f7f">"繁體中文常見的黑體字型"</a>. <i>Medium</i> (in Chinese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medium&rft.atitle=%E7%B9%81%E9%AB%94%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E5%B8%B8%E8%A6%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%BB%91%E9%AB%94%E5%AD%97%E5%9E%8B&rft.au=JT+Foundry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40jtfoundry%2F%25E7%25B9%2581%25E9%25AB%2594%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%25B8%25B8%25E8%25A6%258B%25E7%259A%2584%25E9%25BB%2591%25E9%25AB%2594%25E5%25AD%2597%25E5%259E%258B-43433ae68f7f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiu+zixing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hk01.com/%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E5%B0%88%E9%A1%8C/671563/%E7%9B%A3%E7%8D%84%E9%AB%94%E8%B7%AF%E7%89%8C%E8%A6%8B%E8%AD%89%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E8%AE%8A%E9%81%B7-%E7%95%B0%E9%AB%94%E8%88%8A%E5%AD%97%E5%BD%A2%E5%8F%8D%E6%98%A0%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%83%85%E6%87%B7%E6%9B%B4%E5%85%B7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%A1%80%E7%B5%B1">"全港交通路牌字體探古尋源點解被稱作「監獄體」？與日本同源同宗?"</a>. <i>香港01</i> (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). 27 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF01&rft.atitle=%E5%85%A8%E6%B8%AF%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E8%B7%AF%E7%89%8C%E5%AD%97%E9%AB%94%E6%8E%A2%E5%8F%A4%E5%B0%8B%E6%BA%90+%E9%BB%9E%E8%A7%A3%E8%A2%AB%E7%A8%B1%E4%BD%9C%E3%80%8C%E7%9B%A3%E7%8D%84%E9%AB%94%E3%80%8D%EF%BC%9F+%E8%88%87%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%90%8C%E6%BA%90%E5%90%8C%E5%AE%97%3F&rft.date=2021-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hk01.com%2F%25E7%25A4%25BE%25E5%258D%2580%25E5%25B0%2588%25E9%25A1%258C%2F671563%2F%25E7%259B%25A3%25E7%258D%2584%25E9%25AB%2594%25E8%25B7%25AF%25E7%2589%258C%25E8%25A6%258B%25E8%25AD%2589%25E6%2599%2582%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E8%25AE%258A%25E9%2581%25B7-%25E7%2595%25B0%25E9%25AB%2594%25E8%2588%258A%25E5%25AD%2597%25E5%25BD%25A2%25E5%258F%258D%25E6%2598%25A0%25E9%25A6%2599%25E6%25B8%25AF%25E6%2583%2585%25E6%2587%25B7%25E6%259B%25B4%25E5%2585%25B7%25E6%2597%25A5%25E6%259C%25AC%25E8%25A1%2580%25E7%25B5%25B1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiu+zixing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kinkido-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kinkido_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130094829/https://www.kinkido.net/Chinese/resume-kanji.html">"漢字書体の歴史"</a> [History of Kanji Typefaces]. <i>Kinkido Type Laboratory</i> (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kinkido.net/Chinese/resume-kanji.html">the original</a> on 2023-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E7%AB%8B%E5%A0%B4%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E&rft.atitle=%E8%A8%B1%E6%BD%AE%E6%96%87%EF%BC%9A%E3%80%8A%E7%82%BA%E7%94%9A%E9%BA%BC%E4%B8%8D%E6%8E%A8%E8%96%A6%E6%96%B0%E7%B4%B0%E6%98%8E%E9%AB%94%E3%80%8B&rft.au=%E8%A8%B1%E6%BD%AE%E6%96%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthestandnews.com%2Fart%2F%25E7%2582%25BA%25E7%2594%259A%25E9%25BA%25BC%25E4%25B8%258D%25E6%258E%25A8%25E8%2596%25A6%25E6%2596%25B0%25E7%25B4%25B0%25E6%2598%258E%25E9%25AB%2594%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiu+zixing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF許潮文" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">許潮文. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212610/https://www.thestandnews.com/personal/%E6%96%B0%E7%B4%B0%E6%98%8E%E9%AB%94-%E6%97%A9%E8%A9%B2%E8%A2%AB%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E9%9D%A9%E9%99%A4-%E5%8D%BB%E5%8F%88%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%96%E7%95%99%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%AF%A9%E7%BE%8E%E9%81%BA%E6%AF%92/">"許潮文：《新細明體：早該被時代革除、卻又意外留下的審美遺毒》"</a>. <i>立場新聞</i> (in Traditional Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thestandnews.com/personal/%E6%96%B0%E7%B4%B0%E6%98%8E%E9%AB%94-%E6%97%A9%E8%A9%B2%E8%A2%AB%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E9%9D%A9%E9%99%A4-%E5%8D%BB%E5%8F%88%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%96%E7%95%99%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%AF%A9%E7%BE%8E%E9%81%BA%E6%AF%92/">the original</a> on 2021-06-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E7%AB%8B%E5%A0%B4%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E&rft.atitle=%E8%A8%B1%E6%BD%AE%E6%96%87%EF%BC%9A%E3%80%8A%E6%96%B0%E7%B4%B0%E6%98%8E%E9%AB%94%EF%BC%9A%E6%97%A9%E8%A9%B2%E8%A2%AB%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E9%9D%A9%E9%99%A4%E3%80%81%E5%8D%BB%E5%8F%88%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%96%E7%95%99%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%AF%A9%E7%BE%8E%E9%81%BA%E6%AF%92%E3%80%8B&rft.au=%E8%A8%B1%E6%BD%AE%E6%96%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthestandnews.com%2Fpersonal%2F%25E6%2596%25B0%25E7%25B4%25B0%25E6%2598%258E%25E9%25AB%2594-%25E6%2597%25A9%25E8%25A9%25B2%25E8%25A2%25AB%25E6%2599%2582%25E4%25BB%25A3%25E9%259D%25A9%25E9%2599%25A4-%25E5%258D%25BB%25E5%258F%2588%25E6%2584%258F%25E5%25A4%2596%25E7%2595%2599%25E4%25B8%258B%25E7%259A%2584%25E5%25AF%25A9%25E7%25BE%258E%25E9%2581%25BA%25E6%25AF%2592%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiu+zixing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://founder.acgvlyric.org/iu/doku.php/%E8%AA%AA%E6%96%87:why_is_it_aesthetically_unpleasing">"刻石錄：《Why is it aesthetically unpleasing?》"</a> (in Traditional Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026014938/http://founder.acgvlyric.org/iu/doku.php/%E8%AA%AA%E6%96%87:why_is_it_aesthetically_unpleasing">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%88%BB%E7%9F%B3%E9%8C%84%EF%BC%9A%E3%80%8AWhy+is+it+aesthetically+unpleasing%3F%E3%80%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffounder.acgvlyric.org%2Fiu%2Fdoku.php%2F%25E8%25AA%25AA%25E6%2596%2587%3Awhy_is_it_aesthetically_unpleasing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiu+zixing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090907090638/http://chita.us/community/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=8736">"黑體-繁，其實是個好字型"</a> (in Traditional Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chita.us/community/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=8736">the original</a> on 2009-09-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%BB%91%E9%AB%94-%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%8C%E5%85%B6%E5%AF%A6%E6%98%AF%E5%80%8B%E5%A5%BD%E5%AD%97%E5%9E%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchita.us%2Fcommunity%2Fviewtopic.php%3Ff%3D9%26t%3D8736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiu+zixing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130128170604/http://zonble.github.com/tcfail/">"TCFail - Snow Leopard 繁體中文系統字體修改工具"</a> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zonble.github.com/tcfail/">the original</a> on 2013-01-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TCFail+-+Snow+Leopard+%E7%B9%81%E9%AB%94%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%AD%97%E9%AB%94%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzonble.github.com%2Ftcfail%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiu+zixing" class="Z3988"></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322071217/http://cocoa.zonble.net/tagged/Heiti-Tc">"Notes on Cocoa的「黑體-繁」筆記"</a> (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cocoa.zonble.net/tagged/Heiti-Tc">the original</a> on 2016-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notes+on+Cocoa%E7%9A%84%E3%80%8C%E9%BB%91%E9%AB%94-%E7%B9%81%E3%80%8D%E7%AD%86%E8%A8%98&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcocoa.zonble.net%2Ftagged%2FHeiti-Tc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiu+zixing" class="Z3988"></span>, the author called out that <i>jiu zixing</i> are "plainly wrong characters", "incorrect", "wrong" and "problematic".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiu_zixing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Xin_zixing" title="Xin zixing">Xin zixing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_typeface" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming typeface">Ming/Song typeface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese characters</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiu_zixing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ichitenfont/inheritedglyphs">Checklist of Inherited Glyphs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wenq.org/wqy2/index.cgi?HanziOldStyles">Habitat – Hanzi Old Styles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/ichitenfont/I.Ming">I.Ming font</a></li></ul> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/hfhchan/hkcs">Hong Kong Character Set Project</a> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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