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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geschiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geschiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voorkomende_vormen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voorkomende_vormen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Voorkomende vormen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voorkomende_vormen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Synthese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structuur_en_reactiviteit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structuur_en_reactiviteit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Structuur en reactiviteit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structuur_en_reactiviteit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toepassingen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toepassingen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Toepassingen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toepassingen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicokinetica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicokinetica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Toxicokinetica</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Toxicokinetica-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toxicokinetica-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Toxicokinetica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adsorptie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adsorptie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Adsorptie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adsorptie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Metabolisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicodynamica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicodynamica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Toxicodynamica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicodynamica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blootstelling_en_symptomen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blootstelling_en_symptomen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Blootstelling en symptomen</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Blootstelling_en_symptomen-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Blootstelling en symptomen-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Blootstelling_en_symptomen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acute_blootstelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acute_blootstelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Acute blootstelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acute_blootstelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronische_blootstelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronische_blootstelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Chronische blootstelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronische_blootstelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inhalatie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inhalatie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Inhalatie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inhalatie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oraal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oraal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Oraal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oraal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Huidopname" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huidopname"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Huidopname</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huidopname-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blootstelling_van_dieren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blootstelling_van_dieren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Blootstelling van dieren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blootstelling_van_dieren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behandeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behandeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Behandeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behandeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Externe links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Waterstofcyanide</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 70 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blousuur" title="Blousuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Blousuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="سيانيد الهيدروجين – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيانيد الهيدروجين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sianid_tur%C5%9Fusu" title="Sianid turşusu – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sianid turşusu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="هیدروژن سیانید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیدروژن سیانید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Сінільная кіслата – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сінільная кіслата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Цыянавадародная кісьля – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цыянавадародная кісьля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Циановодород – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Циановодород" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1" title="হাইড্রোজেন সায়ানাইড – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাইড্রোজেন সায়ানাইড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cianur_d%27hidrogen" title="Cianur d'hidrogen – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cianur d'hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyanovod%C3%ADk" title="Kyanovodík – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kyanovodík" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B9%D3%B3%C3%A7%D0%B5%D0%BA%C4%95" title="Синиль йӳçекĕ – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Синиль йӳçекĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A5syre" title="Blåsyre – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Blåsyre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanwasserstoff" title="Cyanwasserstoff – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cyanwasserstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Υδροκυάνιο – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υδροκυάνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hydrogen cyanide" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogena_cianido" title="Hidrogena cianido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hidrogena cianido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cianuro_de_hidr%C3%B3geno" title="Cianuro de hidrógeno – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cianuro de hidrógeno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinihape" title="Sinihape – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sinihape" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azido_zianhidriko" title="Azido zianhidriko – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azido zianhidriko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="هیدروژن سیانید – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیدروژن سیانید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetysyanidi" title="Vetysyanidi – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vetysyanidi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanure_d%27hydrog%C3%A8ne" title="Cyanure d'hydrogène – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cyanure d'hydrogène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%BCanweederstoofs%C3%BCren" title="Tsüanweederstoofsüren – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tsüanweederstoofsüren" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aig%C3%A9ad_hidricianach" title="Aigéad hidricianach – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aigéad hidricianach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cianuro_de_hidr%C3%B3xeno" title="Cianuro de hidróxeno – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cianuro de hidróxeno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99" title="מימן ציאנידי – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מימן ציאנידי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="हाइड्रोजन सायनाइड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाइड्रोजन सायनाइड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cijanovodi%C4%8Dna_kiselina" title="Cijanovodična kiselina – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cijanovodična kiselina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrog%C3%A9n-cianid" title="Hidrogén-cianid – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hidrogén-cianid" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Ցիանական թթու – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցիանական թթու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen_sianida" title="Hidrogen sianida – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hidrogen sianida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A1s%C3%BDra" title="Blásýra – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Blásýra" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido_cianidrico" title="Acido cianidrico – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acido cianidrico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%B4%E7%B4%A0" title="シアン化水素 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シアン化水素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%88_%D2%9B%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Көгерткіш қышқыл – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көгерткіш қышқыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%88%ED%99%94_%EC%88%98%EC%86%8C" title="사이안화 수소 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사이안화 수소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Синил кислотасы – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Синил кислотасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidum_hydrocyanicum" title="Acidum hydrocyanicum – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Acidum hydrocyanicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciano_vandenilis" title="Ciano vandenilis – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ciano vandenilis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C4%81n%C5%ABde%C5%86radis" title="Ciānūdeņradis – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ciānūdeņradis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Цијановодород – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Цијановодород" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹൈഡ്രജൻ സയനൈഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൈഡ്രജൻ സയനൈഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="हायड्रोजन सायनाइड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हायड्रोजन सायनाइड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen_sianida" title="Hidrogen sianida – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hidrogen sianida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogencyanid" title="Hydrogencyanid – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hydrogencyanid" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogencyanid" title="Hydrogencyanid – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hydrogencyanid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cianur_d%27idrog%C3%A8n" title="Cianur d'idrogèn – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cianur d'idrogèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyjanowod%C3%B3r" title="Cyjanowodór – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cyjanowodór" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cianeto_de_hidrog%C3%AAnio" title="Cianeto de hidrogênio – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cianeto de hidrogênio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_cianhidric" title="Acid cianhidric – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acid cianhidric" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Синильная кислота – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синильная кислота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cijanovodoni%C4%8Dna_kiselina" title="Cijanovodonična kiselina – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cijanovodonična kiselina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hydrogen cyanide" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyanovod%C3%ADk" title="Kyanovodík – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kyanovodík" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cianovodikova_kislina" title="Cianovodikova kislina – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cianovodikova kislina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cijanovodoni%C4%8Dna_kiselina" title="Cijanovodonična kiselina – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Cijanovodonična kiselina" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4tecyanid" title="Vätecyanid – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vätecyanid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="ஐதரசன் சயனைடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐதரசன் சயனைடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ไฮโดรเจนไซยาไนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฮโดรเจนไซยาไนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrojen_siyan%C3%BCr" title="Hidrojen siyanür – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hidrojen siyanür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D3%99%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Синил әчелеге – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Синил әчелеге" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Синильна кислота – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Синильна кислота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88" title="ہائیڈروجن سایانائیڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہائیڈروجن سایانائیڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sianid" title="Sianid – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sianid" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_hydrocyanic" title="Acid hydrocyanic – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Acid hydrocyanic" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_hydrocyanic" title="Acid hydrocyanic – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Acid hydrocyanic" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B0%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%A2" title="氰化氢 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="氰化氢" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E6%B0%B0%E9%85%B8" title="氫氰酸 – Klassiek Chinees" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="氫氰酸" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Klassiek Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyan-ho%C3%A0_ch%C3%BAi-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Cyan-hoà chúi-sò͘ – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cyan-hoà chúi-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B0%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%AB" title="氰化氫 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="氰化氫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q26075#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" 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cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#DDEEFF; color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3">Waterstofcyanide </th></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#DDEEFF; color:inherit; text-align:center;" colspan="3">Structuurformule en molecuulmodel </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Hydrogen-cyanide-2D.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Structuurformule van waterstofcyanide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hydrogen-cyanide-2D.svg/150px-Hydrogen-cyanide-2D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hydrogen-cyanide-2D.svg/225px-Hydrogen-cyanide-2D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hydrogen-cyanide-2D.svg/300px-Hydrogen-cyanide-2D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="140" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Structuurformule" title="Structuurformule">Structuurformule</a> van waterstofcyanide</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Hydrogen-cyanide-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Molecuulmodel van waterstofcyanide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hydrogen-cyanide-3D-vdW.png/150px-Hydrogen-cyanide-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hydrogen-cyanide-3D-vdW.png/225px-Hydrogen-cyanide-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hydrogen-cyanide-3D-vdW.png/300px-Hydrogen-cyanide-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="789" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Molecuulmodel" title="Molecuulmodel">Molecuulmodel</a> van waterstofcyanide</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#DDEEFF; color:inherit; text-align:center;" colspan="3">Algemeen </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Molecuulformule" title="Molecuulformule">Molecuulformule</a> </th> <td colspan="2">HCN </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/IUPAC-nomenclatuur" title="IUPAC-nomenclatuur">IUPAC-naam</a> </th> <td colspan="2">waterstofcyanide </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nomenclatuur" title="Nomenclatuur">Andere namen</a> </th> <td colspan="2">blauwzuur, cyaanwaterstof, formonitril, methaannitril </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Molaire_massa" title="Molaire massa">Molmassa</a> </th> <td colspan="2">27,04 <a href="/wiki/Gram_(eenheid)" title="Gram (eenheid)">g</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mol_(eenheid)" title="Mol (eenheid)">mol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SMILES" title="SMILES">SMILES</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; width:127px;">C#N</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; width:127px;">1/CHN/c1-2/h1H</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/CAS-nummer" title="CAS-nummer">CAS-nummer</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=74-90-8">74-90-8</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/EG-nummer" title="EG-nummer">EG-nummer</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/information-on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database/-/cl-inventory/search-clinventory-by-other-identifier/200-821-6">200-821-6</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=768">768</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26075" class="extiw" title="d:Q26075">Q26075</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Beschrijving </th> <td colspan="2">Kleurloos gas, kleurloze tot lichtblauwe vloeistof, zwak zuur </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#DDEEFF; color:inherit;" colspan="3">Waarschuwingen en veiligheidsmaatregelen </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"><table align="center" style="border-style:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-style:none;cell-padding:2px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ontvlambaar"><img alt="Ontvlambaar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/60px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/90px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/120px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td><td style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-style:none;cell-padding:2px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:GHS-pictogram-skull.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Toxisch"><img alt="Toxisch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/60px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/90px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/120px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span></td><td style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-style:none;cell-padding:2px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Milieugevaarlijk"><img alt="Milieugevaarlijk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/60px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/90px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/120px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><b>Gevaar</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/H-_en_P-zinnen" title="H- en P-zinnen">H-zinnen</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><abbr title="Zeer licht ontvlambare vloeistof en damp.">H224</abbr> - <abbr title="Dodelijk bij inademing.">H330</abbr> - <abbr title="Zeer giftig voor in het water levende organismen.">H400</abbr> - <abbr title="Zeer giftig voor in het water levende organismen, met langdurige gevolgen.">H410</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H-_en_P-zinnen" title="H- en P-zinnen">EUH-zinnen</a></span> </th> <td colspan="2"><i>geen</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/H-_en_P-zinnen" title="H- en P-zinnen">P-zinnen</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><i>geen</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/EG-Index-nummer" title="EG-Index-nummer">EG-Index-nummer</a> </th> <td colspan="2">006-006-00-X </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/MAC-waarde" title="MAC-waarde">MAC-waarde</a> </th> <td colspan="2">11 mg/m³ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/LD50" title="LD50">LD<sub>50</sub></a> (muizen) </th> <td colspan="2">1 mg/kg </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#DDEEFF; color:inherit;" colspan="3">Fysische eigenschappen </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aggregatietoestand" title="Aggregatietoestand">Aggregatietoestand</a> </th> <td colspan="2">vloeibaar </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kleur_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleur (hoofdbetekenis)">Kleur</a> </th> <td colspan="2">kleurloos tot zeer lichtblauw </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Massadichtheid" title="Massadichtheid">Dichtheid</a> </th> <td colspan="2">0,6876 g/cm³ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Smeltpunt" title="Smeltpunt">Smeltpunt</a> </th> <td colspan="2">−13,24 °C </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kookpunt" title="Kookpunt">Kookpunt</a> </th> <td colspan="2">25,6 °C </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vlampunt" title="Vlampunt">Vlampunt</a> </th> <td colspan="2">−18 °C </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Zelfontbrandingstemperatuur" title="Zelfontbrandingstemperatuur">Zelfontbrandings- temperatuur</a> </th> <td colspan="2">538 °C </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dampdruk" title="Dampdruk">Dampdruk</a> </th> <td colspan="2">82600 Pa </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#DDEEFF; color:inherit;" colspan="3">Geometrie en kristalstructuur </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dipoolmoment" title="Dipoolmoment">Dipoolmoment</a> </th> <td colspan="2">2,98 <a href="/wiki/Debye_(eenheid)" title="Debye (eenheid)">D</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Evenwichtsconstante" title="Evenwichtsconstante">Evenwichtsconstante(n)</a></span> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Zuurconstante" title="Zuurconstante">p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub></a> = 9,36 </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:#DDEEFF; color:inherit;" colspan="3"><small>Tenzij anders vermeld zijn <a href="/wiki/Standaardomstandigheden" title="Standaardomstandigheden">standaardomstandigheden</a> gebruikt (298,15 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_(eenheid)" title="Kelvin (eenheid)">K</a> of 25 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(druk)" title="Bar (druk)">bar</a>).</small> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:#DDEEFF; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Scheikunde" title="Portaal:Scheikunde">Scheikunde</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Waterstofcyanide</b> of <b>blauwzuur</b> is een <a href="/wiki/Anorganische_verbinding" title="Anorganische verbinding">anorganische verbinding</a> van <a href="/wiki/Waterstof_(element)" title="Waterstof (element)">waterstof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof">koolstof</a> en <a href="/wiki/Stikstof_(element)" title="Stikstof (element)">stikstof</a>, met als <a href="/wiki/Brutoformule" title="Brutoformule">brutoformule</a> HCN. Het is een extreem giftige kleurloze tot zeer licht blauwe <a href="/wiki/Vloeistof" title="Vloeistof">vloeistof</a>, die vlak boven <a href="/wiki/Kamertemperatuur" title="Kamertemperatuur">kamertemperatuur</a> kookt. Het is een <a href="/wiki/Zwak_zuur" title="Zwak zuur">zwak zuur</a> en het is goed oplosbaar in <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>. </p><p>De toxische werking van blauwzuur berust op het verstoren van de <a href="/wiki/Adenosinetrifosfaat" title="Adenosinetrifosfaat">ATP</a>-productie in de <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondriën</a>. Blauwzuur ruikt naar <a href="/wiki/Amandel_(noot)" title="Amandel (noot)">amandelen</a>, hoewel een genetisch defect bij sommigen het waarnemen ervan belemmert.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ook de <a href="/wiki/Zouten" title="Zouten">zouten</a> van blauwzuur, de <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyaniden</a>, zijn zeer giftige verbindingen. Zo bedraagt de dodelijke dosis van <a href="/wiki/Kaliumcyanide" title="Kaliumcyanide">kaliumcyanide</a> (KCN) voor een gemiddelde mens minder dan een gram: de <a href="/wiki/LD50" title="LD50">LD<sub>50</sub></a> ligt op 2,857 milligram per kilogram lichaamsgewicht. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschiedenis">Geschiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geschiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geschiedenis"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1752" title="1752">1752</a> ontdekte de Franse scheikundige <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Joseph_Macquer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Joseph Macquer (de pagina bestaat niet)">Pierre-Joseph Macquer</a> de samenstelling van de kleurstof <a href="/wiki/Pruisisch_blauw" title="Pruisisch blauw">Pruisisch blauw</a>. De kleurstof bestaat uit een complexe samenstelling van gehydrateerd <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ijzer(III)cyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ijzer(III)cyanide (de pagina bestaat niet)">ijzer(III)cyanide</a>, dat kan worden omgezet in <a href="/wiki/Ijzer(III)oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijzer(III)oxide">ijzer(III)oxide</a> en gasvormig waterstofcyanide. In 1783 werd waterstofcyanide in zuivere vorm geabstraheerd door de Zweed <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a> en kreeg de stof de Duitse naam <i>Blausäure</i> (letterlijk: blauwzuur). Deze naam werd afgeleid van de herkomst uit Pruisisch blauw en van het zure karakter van de stof. In 1787 toonde de Franse scheikundige <a href="/wiki/Claude-Louis_Berthollet" title="Claude-Louis Berthollet">Claude-Louis Berthollet</a> aan dat waterstofcyanide geen zuurstof bevat. Dit was een belangrijke correctie op de theorie dat elk zuur een zuurstofatoom zou moeten bevatten. In 1815 werd door <a href="/wiki/Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Louis Gay-Lussac">Louis Gay-Lussac</a> de chemische structuur van waterstofcyanide bepaald.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In het begin van de <a href="/wiki/20e_eeuw" title="20e eeuw">20e eeuw</a> werd waterstofcyanide herkend als een potentieel <a href="/wiki/Chemisch_bestrijdingsmiddel" title="Chemisch bestrijdingsmiddel">pesticide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pas enkele decennia later werd het inderdaad als pesticide toegepast. Dit kwam doordat eerst enkele problemen bij de toepassing moesten worden opgelost. Ten eerste moest waterstofcyanide niet meer ter plekke worden gesynthetiseerd, maar in een fabriek. Een tweede verbetering werd door dr. Walter Heerdt toegepast.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hij paste de Zyklon-methode toe: er werd vloeibare waterstofcyanide toegevoegd aan een stof, die als drager dient. Het gas kan hierdoor beter worden vervoerd en gebruikt zonder dat de gebruiker gevaar loopt. Tevens kan het lang bewaard worden bij zowel hoge als lage temperaturen. </p><p>Vanaf begin 1942 werd <a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a>, de letter B van <i>Blausäure</i> (blauwzuur), toegepast door het <a href="/wiki/Nazi" title="Nazi">naziregime</a> in de concentratie- en vernietigingskampen <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_(concentratiekamp)" title="Auschwitz (concentratiekamp)">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a> en <a href="/wiki/Majdanek" title="Majdanek">Majdanek</a> als dodelijk gif. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voorkomende_vormen">Voorkomende vormen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Voorkomende vormen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Voorkomende vormen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Puur watervrij waterstofcyanide is een instabiele, gevaarlijke stof, die geneigd is om spontane veranderingen te ondergaan.<sup id="cite_ref-HA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verschillende planten, behorend tot het geslacht <i><a href="/wiki/Prunus" title="Prunus">Prunus</a></i>, waaronder de <a href="/wiki/Zure_kers" title="Zure kers">zure kers</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Amandelboom" title="Amandelboom">amandelboom</a> scheiden na behandeling met water een vluchtige olie met daarin waterstofcyanide uit. Waterstofcyanide ontstaat uit een reactie van water met <a href="/wiki/Amygdaline" title="Amygdaline">amygdaline</a>, een <a href="/wiki/Glycoside" title="Glycoside">glycoside</a> uit deze <a href="/wiki/Planten" title="Planten">planten</a>. Door het <a href="/wiki/Enzym" title="Enzym">enzym</a> emulsine worden water en amygdaline omgezet in waterstofcyanide en een vluchtige olie.<sup id="cite_ref-HA_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit is bijvoorbeeld het geval in pitten van sommige vruchten zoals (bittere) <a href="/wiki/Amandel_(noot)" title="Amandel (noot)">amandelen</a>. </p><p>Het is ook aangetoond dat waterstofcyanide en de <a href="/wiki/Protonering" title="Protonering">geprotoneerde</a> vorm ervan (HCNH<sup>+</sup>) voorkomen in de ruimte. Het gas kan worden geobserveerd met telescopen.<sup id="cite_ref-Snyder_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthese">Synthese</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Synthese" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Synthese"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blauwzuur wordt geproduceerd door zuurstofrijke lucht en een mengsel van <a href="/wiki/Methaan" title="Methaan">methaan</a> en <a href="/wiki/Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak">ammoniak</a> over een <a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">platina</a>-<a href="/wiki/Katalysator" title="Katalysator">katalysator</a> te laten reageren tot blauwzuur en waterstofgas. Dit wordt het <a href="/wiki/Andrussow-proces" title="Andrussow-proces">Andrussow-proces</a> genoemd: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CH4 + NH3 -> HCN + 3H2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>HCN</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CH4 + NH3 -> HCN + 3H2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/46e066d0b679f9e392564069706dc07d1dd0efed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:29.304ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CH4 + NH3 -> HCN + 3H2}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>De productie van blauwzuur op industriële schaal vindt plaats via deze methode.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Een alternatieve synthese is het behandelen van een <a href="/wiki/Anorganische_verbinding" title="Anorganische verbinding">anorganisch</a> cyanide (zoals <a href="/wiki/Natriumcyanide" title="Natriumcyanide">natriumcyanide</a>) met een zuur. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {NaCN + H+ -> HCN + Na+}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>NaCN</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>HCN</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {NaCN + H+ -> HCN + Na+}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e0d69f15a2eb260cf911e5eafd14d22e01114bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:29.938ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {NaCN + H+ -> HCN + Na+}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Omdat waterstofcyanide een <a href="/wiki/Zwak_zuur" title="Zwak zuur">zwak zuur</a> is, wordt het cyanide-anion vlot <a href="/wiki/Protonering" title="Protonering">geprotoneerd</a> bij de aanwezigheid van een sterker zuur (zoals <a href="/wiki/Zwavelzuur" title="Zwavelzuur">zwavelzuur</a>). </p><p>Er is ook een andere experimentele synthese voor blauwzuur. Hierbij reageert koolstof met ammoniak onder invloed van straling tussen de 0,01 en 3 GHz. De stralingsbron heeft een vermogen van 3000 watt. De totale straling die gebruikt wordt is 2 kWh/kg. Hiervoor is ook een <a href="/wiki/Metaal" title="Metaal">metaal</a> als katalysator nodig. Metalen die hiervoor gebruikt kunnen worden zijn <a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">rodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">platina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel">nikkel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">kobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lood_(element)" title="Lood (element)">lood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zilver" title="Zilver">zilver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koper_(element)" title="Koper (element)">koper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a> en <a href="/wiki/Wolfraam" title="Wolfraam">wolfraam</a>. Dit is een zeer experimentele methode.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {C + NH3 -> HCN + H2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>C</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>HCN</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {C + NH3 -> HCN + H2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f80946b800e8af167dd26ba4db434e29512d6fb2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:24.957ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {C + NH3 -> HCN + H2}}}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structuur_en_reactiviteit">Structuur en reactiviteit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Structuur en reactiviteit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Structuur en reactiviteit"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Waterstofcyanide is een klein <a href="/wiki/Lineaire_moleculaire_geometrie" title="Lineaire moleculaire geometrie">lineair molecuul</a> met <a href="/wiki/Drievoudige_binding" title="Drievoudige binding">drievoudige binding</a> tussen koolstof en stikstof. De molecule vertoont zwakke <a href="/wiki/Vanderwaalskrachten" title="Vanderwaalskrachten">vanderwaalskrachten</a>, waardoor het <a href="/wiki/Kookpunt" title="Kookpunt">kookpunt</a> relatief laag ligt (rond de 26 °C). Bij kamertemperatuur is blauwzuur een vloeistof die zeer gemakkelijk verdampt. Bij verwarming kan blauwzuur <a href="/wiki/Explosief" title="Explosief">explosief</a> <a href="/wiki/Polymeer" title="Polymeer">polymeriseren</a>; om dit te vermijden mag het alleen gestabiliseerd worden opgeslagen. Als stabilisatoren kunnen mierenzuur of zwaveldioxide worden gebruikt. Blauwzuur is een zwak zuur met een <a href="/wiki/Zuurconstante" title="Zuurconstante">p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub></a> van 9,36. In oplossing zal het zuur dissociëren in één <a href="/wiki/Proton_(deeltje)" title="Proton (deeltje)">proton</a> en in het cyanide-anion:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {HCN <=> H+ + CN-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>HCN</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>CN</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {HCN <=> H+ + CN-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/64b214a1fda0fd68fc2181d14677064acc25b0e9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:20.839ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {HCN <=> H+ + CN-}}}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toepassingen">Toepassingen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Toepassingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Toepassingen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Waterstofcyanide wordt op industriële schaal geproduceerd, omdat het met metalen eenvoudig <a href="/wiki/Co%C3%B6rdinatieverbinding" title="Coördinatieverbinding">complexen</a> vormt. Het wordt bijvoorbeeld aangewend om <a href="/wiki/Goud" title="Goud">goud</a> te extraheren uit bepaalde <a href="/wiki/Erts_(mineraal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Erts (mineraal)">ertsen</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {4Au + 8HCN + O2 + 4OH- -> 4[Au(CN)2]- + 6H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>Au</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>8</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>HCN</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mtext>Au</mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>CN</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {4Au + 8HCN + O2 + 4OH- -> 4[Au(CN)2]- + 6H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/16e4252ff8b000bdb12d93491eb39179d4b1f080" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:57.06ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {4Au + 8HCN + O2 + 4OH- -> 4[Au(CN)2]- + 6H2O}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>De oplossing van het goudcomplex wordt vervolgens <a href="/wiki/Reductie_(scheikunde)" title="Reductie (scheikunde)">gereduceerd</a> met <a href="/wiki/Zink_(element)" title="Zink (element)">zink</a>. </p><p>Verder wordt waterstofcyanide gebruikt bij de synthese van <a href="/wiki/Adiponitril" title="Adiponitril">adiponitril</a> en <a href="/wiki/Acetoncyanohydrine" title="Acetoncyanohydrine">acetoncyanohydrine</a>, beide tussenproducten bij de productie van <a href="/wiki/Kunststof_(materiaal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunststof (materiaal)">kunststoffen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicokinetica">Toxicokinetica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Toxicokinetica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Toxicokinetica"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adsorptie">Adsorptie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Adsorptie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Adsorptie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Waterstofcyanide is een klein, in vet oplosbaar molecuul. Hierdoor diffundeert het snel door de membranen van <a href="/wiki/Longblaasje" title="Longblaasje">longblaasjes</a>. Hierna vindt distributie door het hele <a href="/wiki/Lichaam_(biologie)" title="Lichaam (biologie)">lichaam</a> plaats, de opname door de <a href="/wiki/Maag_(mens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maag (mens)">maag</a> gaat ook snel. Het zure milieu bevoordeelt de niet-geïoniseerde vorm, die door passieve diffusie sneller door de maagwand kan. Cyanide dat door het maag-darmstelsel wordt opgenomen, wordt in de <a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">lever</a> gemetaboliseerd. Wanneer cyanidezouten worden opgenomen wordt het cyanide-anion in de maag geprotoneerd, waarna het dezelfde route als waterstofcyanide aflegt.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Waterstofcyanide is <a href="/wiki/Lipofiel" title="Lipofiel">lipofiel</a>: wanneer de <a href="/wiki/Huid" title="Huid">huid</a> in contact komt met vloeibaar waterstofcyanide wordt dit ook opgenomen.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabolisme">Metabolisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Metabolisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Metabolisme"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het cyanide-anion wordt in de lever omgezet in het oplosbare <a href="/wiki/Thiocyanaat" title="Thiocyanaat">thiocyanaat</a>. Ongeveer 80% van het cyanide wordt op deze manier gedetoxificeerd.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De omzetting vindt plaats in de mitochondriën door het enzym rhodanese. De omzetting in thiocyanaat is onomkeerbaar en het thiocyanaat kan door de <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> worden uitgescheiden. Het is daardoor onwaarschijnlijk dat thiocyanaat zich in het menselijk lichaam ophoopt. Kleine hoeveelheden van vrij cyanide kunnen ook door de <a href="/wiki/Long_(orgaan)" title="Long (orgaan)">longen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zweet" class="mw-redirect" title="Zweet">zweet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speeksel" title="Speeksel">speeksel</a> en <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> worden uitgescheiden. </p><p>Cyanide kan een complex vormen met <a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">kobalt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hydroxocobalamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxocobalamine">hydroxocobalamine</a>, waarna cyanocobalamine, een vaak voorkomende vorm van <a href="/wiki/Cobalamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalamine">vitamine B12</a>, ontstaat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicodynamica">Toxicodynamica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Toxicodynamica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Toxicodynamica"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cyanide bindt reversibel aan het <a href="/wiki/Cytochroom-c-oxidase" title="Cytochroom-c-oxidase">cytochroom A3</a>-complex, ook bekend als cytochroomoxidase of complex IV, in de mitochondriën van cellen. Dit is het laatste complex werkzaam bij de <a href="/wiki/Oxidatieve_fosforylering" title="Oxidatieve fosforylering">oxidatieve fosforylering</a>. Het complex transporteert elektronen naar <a href="/wiki/Dizuurstof" title="Dizuurstof">zuurstof</a>, dat dan wordt gereduceerd tot water. Het cyanide bindt aan het Fe<sup>3+</sup>-ion dat in het cytochroom A3 zit.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Na binding van cyanide wordt het elektronentransport geïnhibeerd en dit heeft snel effect op het celmetabolisme. Het elektronentransport is gekoppeld aan ATP-synthese. Deze synthese wordt mogelijk gemaakt door de verplaatsing van protonen naar de tussenmembraanruimte. Het blokkeren van het elektronentransport door cytochroom A3 zorgt ervoor dat er ook geen protonen verplaatst worden. Hierdoor vindt er geen ATP-synthese meer plaats en er wordt overgegaan op <a href="/wiki/Anaeroob" title="Anaeroob">anaeroob</a> metabolisme. Het <a href="/wiki/Zenuwstelsel" title="Zenuwstelsel">zenuwstelsel</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Hersenen" title="Hersenen">hersenen</a> kunnen niet goed functioneren bij de lage ATP-hoeveelheden, daarnaast stijgt de hoeveelheid <a href="/wiki/Melkzuur" title="Melkzuur">melkzuur</a>, hetgeen leidt tot zuurstofgebrek en <a href="/wiki/Acidose" title="Acidose">acidose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mechanism_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mechanism-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit kan een <a href="/wiki/Hartstilstand" title="Hartstilstand">hartstilstand</a> tot gevolg hebben. De toxische werking van cyanide kan ongedaan worden gemaakt door snel een <a href="/wiki/Tegengif" title="Tegengif">tegengif</a> toe te dienen, maar dit moet wel binnen 2-4 uur gebeuren. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Blootstelling_en_symptomen">Blootstelling en symptomen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Blootstelling en symptomen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&action=edit&section=10" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Blootstelling en symptomen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acute_blootstelling">Acute blootstelling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Acute blootstelling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&action=edit&section=11" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Acute blootstelling"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acute blootstelling kan leiden tot algemene zwakte, <a href="/wiki/Hoofdpijn" title="Hoofdpijn">hoofdpijn</a>, verwarring, <a href="/wiki/Duizeligheid" title="Duizeligheid">duizeligheid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermoeidheid" title="Vermoeidheid">moeheid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paniek" title="Paniek">paniek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kortademigheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Kortademigheid">kortademigheid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Misselijkheid" title="Misselijkheid">misselijkheid</a> en <a href="/wiki/Braken_(lichaamsfunctie)" title="Braken (lichaamsfunctie)">braken</a>. Door de kortademigheid kan iemand in een <a href="/wiki/Coma_(geneeskunde)" title="Coma (geneeskunde)">coma</a> raken. Uiteindelijk kan dit tot de dood leiden. Bij grote doses blauwzuur treedt onmiddellijke bewusteloosheid op met daarop volgend de dood.<sup id="cite_ref-IVO_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IVO-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronische_blootstelling">Chronische blootstelling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Chronische blootstelling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&action=edit&section=12" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Chronische blootstelling"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chronische blootstelling kan leiden tot dezelfde soort symptomen. Het kan ook leiden tot irritatie van de <a href="/wiki/Huid" title="Huid">huid</a> en <a href="/wiki/Neus" title="Neus">neus</a>. De <a href="/wiki/Schildklier" title="Schildklier">schildklier</a> wordt er ook gevoelig voor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inhalatie">Inhalatie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Inhalatie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&action=edit&section=13" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Inhalatie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De effecten van blauwzuur zijn sterk afhankelijk van de concentratie. Lage concentraties zorgen voor klassieke cyanidevergiftigingsymptomen, maar hebben niet meteen de dood tot gevolg. Hogere concentraties cyanide in het lichaam zijn wel dodelijk.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Tabel 1: tijd tot dood door inhalatie van een dosis waterstofcyanide</i> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>mg m<sup>−3</sup> </th> <th>ppm </th> <th>tijd tot dood </th></tr> <tr> <td>150 </td> <td>135 </td> <td>30 min. </td></tr> <tr> <td>200 </td> <td>180 </td> <td>10 min. </td></tr> <tr> <td>300 </td> <td>270 </td> <td>spontaan </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oraal">Oraal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Oraal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&action=edit&section=14" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Oraal"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Na inname kan cyanide snel leiden tot niet-specifieke effecten op het <a href="/wiki/Centraal_zenuwstelsel" title="Centraal zenuwstelsel">centrale zenuwstelsel</a>, het <a href="/wiki/Hart" title="Hart">hart</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Ademhaling_(mens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ademhaling (mens)">ademhaling</a>. Ernstige vergiftiging leidt tot <a href="/wiki/Benauwdheid" title="Benauwdheid">benauwdheid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epileptisch_insult" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptisch insult">stuiptrekkingen</a> en de dood.<sup id="cite_ref-Snyder_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De TDLO<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is minder dan 1 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Huidopname">Huidopname</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Huidopname" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&action=edit&section=15" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Huidopname"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opname door de onbeschadigde huid kan leiden tot toxiciteiten, deze zijn heviger wanneer opname door beschadigde huid plaatsvindt. De <a href="/wiki/LD50" title="LD50">LD50</a> voor opname door de huid is relatief hoog, deze bedraagt 100 mg/kg<sup>−1</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blootstelling_van_dieren">Blootstelling van dieren</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Blootstelling van dieren" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&action=edit&section=16" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Blootstelling van dieren"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ook voor dieren is waterstofcyanide een sterk en potent gif. Zuurstofopname in organen wordt verlaagd. Het brein en het hart zijn hiervoor extra gevoelig. </p><p><i>Tabel 2: Dodelijke concentraties bij ratten</i><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>LC<sub>50</sub>(ppm) </th> <th>tijd tot dood </th></tr> <tr> <td>160 </td> <td>30 min. </td></tr> <tr> <td>275 </td> <td>15 min. </td></tr> <tr> <td>323 </td> <td>5 min. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Dieren die zijn blootgesteld aan waterstofcyanide vertoonden tevens schade aan de oogzenuwen (nervi optici) en aan het <a href="/wiki/Netvlies" title="Netvlies">netvlies</a>. Herhaaldelijke blootstelling zorgde voor afbraak van de <a href="/wiki/Myelineschede" class="mw-redirect" title="Myelineschede">myelineschede</a> rond de zenuwuiteinden in ratten en apen.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behandeling">Behandeling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Behandeling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&action=edit&section=17" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Behandeling"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Een complicerende factor bij het behandelen van een blauwzuurvergiftiging is de snelheid waarmee deze intreedt.<sup id="cite_ref-Mechanism_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mechanism-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoewel de precieze behandelingsprotocollen per instelling of situatie kunnen verschillen, bestaat de detoxificatie van een blauwzuurvergiftiging over het algemeen uit twee fasen.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De eerste stap is het losmaken van het cyanide uit het cytochroom c-oxidase. Dit gebeurt veelal door inductie van methemoglobine met behulp van 4-DMAP; tegenwoordig heeft het echter de voorkeur om hydroxocobalamine te geven, met als voordeel dat hierbij geen methemoglobine wordt gevormd. Zowel methemoglobine als cobalamine hebben een hogere affiniteit voor cyanide dan het cytochroom c-oxidase. In uitzonderlijke gevallen wordt wel nitriet (amylnitriet, via inhalatie, en/of <a href="/wiki/Natriumnitriet" title="Natriumnitriet">natriumnitriet</a>, intraveneus) gegeven. Nitriet veroorzaakt echter een sterke daling van de <a href="/wiki/Bloeddruk" title="Bloeddruk">bloeddruk</a>. Overmatige methemoglobinevorming kan worden bestreden met een dosis <a href="/wiki/Methyleenblauw" title="Methyleenblauw">methyleenblauw</a>. De tweede stap bestaat uit het toedienen van <a href="/wiki/Thiosulfaat" title="Thiosulfaat">thiosulfaat</a>, dat met cyanide reageert tot het relatief onschadelijke <a href="/wiki/Thiocyanaat" title="Thiocyanaat">thiocyanaat</a>. Dit kan gemakkelijk door de <a href="/wiki/Nier_(biologie)" title="Nier (biologie)">nieren</a> worden uitgescheiden. Het thiosulfaat wordt meestal intraveneus gegeven in ampullen van 50 ml; deze bevatten 12,5 gram thiosulfaat, wat meestal toereikend is. Als de symptomen blijven bestaan kunnen halve doses thiosulfaat worden herhaald. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&action=edit&section=18" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_toxische_gassen" title="Lijst van toxische gassen">Lijst van toxische gassen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_links">Externe links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waterstofcyanide&action=edit&section=19" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe links"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040148/http://www.mathesongas.com/pdfs/msds/MAT11160.pdf">MSDS van <i>waterstofcyanide</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gestis.dguv.de/data?name=012450&lang=en">Gegevens van <i>waterstofcyanide</i></a> in de GESTIS-stoffendatabank van het IFA</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Nuvola_apps_important_yellow.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nuvola_apps_important_yellow.svg/14px-Nuvola_apps_important_yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nuvola_apps_important_yellow.svg/21px-Nuvola_apps_important_yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nuvola_apps_important_yellow.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_important_yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_lang=en&p_card_id=0492">waterstofcyanide</a></i> - <small><small><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Safety_Card" title="International Chemical Safety Card">International Chemical Safety Card</a></small></small></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/304300">Cyanide, inability to smell</a>. <i>Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man</i>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/885/000100585/">Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100304120549/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/phs8.html">Pesticide</a>. Gearchiveerd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2010-03-04">4 maart 2010</span>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2010-03-12">12 maart 2010</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726140311/http://www.zyklon-b.info/menschen/heerdt.htm">Zyclon-B</a>. Gearchiveerd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2010-07-26">26 juli 2010</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-HA_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HA_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chestofbooks.com/health/materia-medica-drugs/Treatise-Therapeutics-Pharmacology-Materia-Medica-Vol2/Forms-In-Which-Hydrocyanic-Acid-Is-Used.html">vormen blauwzuur</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snyder-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lewis. E. Snyder</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?db_key=AST&bibcode=1971ApJ...163L..47S&letter=L&classic=YES&defaultprint=YES&whole_paper=YES&page=47&epage=47&send=Send+PDF&filetype=.pdf">Observations of radio emission from interstellar Hydrogen Cyanide</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" class="extiw" title="en:Hydrogen cyanide"><i>Hydrogen cyanide</i> op en-wikipedia</a> Engelstalig wikipedia artikel over blauwzuur</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5393393.html">Patent over experimentele synthese</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/hydrogen-cyanide">Verzameling van informatie over blauwzuur, waaronder de Colombiaanse encyclopedie</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2004). Draft Toxicological Profile for Cyanide. US department of Health and Human Services. Atlanta, US</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">World Health Organisation (WHO) (2004). Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanides: Human Health Aspects. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document; 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">World Health Organisation (WHO) (2004). Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanides: Human Health Aspects. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document; 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/life-science/metabolomics/enzyme-explorer/learning-center/cytochrome-c.html">Cytochroom C</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mechanism-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Mechanism_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mechanism_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/usa/doctrine/army/mmcch/Cyanide.htm#MECHANISM%20OF%20TOXICITY">Mechanism of Toxicity</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IVO-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-IVO_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100127092602/http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/hydrogencyanide/recognition.html">Site van de Amerikaanse overheid over waterstofcyanide</a>. Gearchiveerd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2010-01-27">27 januari 2010</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1202487078453">Toxicologisch Overzicht</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">kleinst bekende toxische dosis</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091025053656/http://msds.chem.ox.ac.uk/HY/hydrogen_cyanide.html">Data overzicht</a>. Gearchiveerd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2009-10-25">25 oktober 2009</span>. Geraadpleegd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2010-03-12">12 maart 2010</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/cicads/cicads/cicad61.htm#5.2">Gezondheidsaspecten bij mensen</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Levin BC, Paabo M, Gurman JL, Harris SE [1987]. Effects of exposure to single or multiple combinations of the predominant toxic gases and low oxygen atmospheres produced in fires. Fundam Appl Toxicol 9:236-250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100127092602/http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthguidelines/hydrogencyanide/recognition.html">Departement VS van werk, Menselijke gezondheid</a>. Gearchiveerd op <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2010-01-27">27 januari 2010</span>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/j62734m415l65275/">Artikel over antidota bij cyanide intoxicaties.</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rivm.nl/milieuportaal/images/Cyanideprotocol.pdf">RIVM Cyanideprotocol.</a>. </span><sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Onbereikbare_externe_links" title="Wikipedia:Onbereikbare externe links">[dode link]</a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud p:first-child{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background-color"],.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background"]{color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_chemische_wapens&action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Chemische_wapens" class="navigatie-titel"><a href="/wiki/Chemisch_wapen" title="Chemisch wapen">Chemische wapens</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67785531">.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel{margin:0 auto 0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding-left:0.5em}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding:unset}}</style><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="links" style=""><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zuurstofverdringend_gas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zuurstofverdringend gas (de pagina bestaat niet)">Zuurstofverdringend gas</a>:</b></span></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Cyanogeenchloride" title="Cyanogeenchloride">cyanogeenchloride</a> (CK) · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">blauwzuur</a> (AC) · <a href="/wiki/Koolstofmonoxide" title="Koolstofmonoxide">koolstofmonoxide</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Blaartrekkend_gas" title="Blaartrekkend gas">Blaartrekkend gas</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Lewisiet" title="Lewisiet">lewisiet</a> (L) · <a href="/wiki/Mosterdgas" title="Mosterdgas">zwavel-mosterdgas</a> (HD, H, HT, HL, HQ) · <a href="/wiki/Stikstofmosterd" title="Stikstofmosterd">stikstof-mosterdgas</a> (HN1, HN2, HN3)</td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Zenuwgas" title="Zenuwgas">Zenuwgas</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><i>G-agentia:</i> <a href="/wiki/Tabun" title="Tabun">tabun</a> (GA) · <a href="/wiki/Sarin_(zenuwgas)" title="Sarin (zenuwgas)">sarin</a> (GB) · <a href="/wiki/Soman" title="Soman">soman</a> (GD) · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclosarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyclosarin (de pagina bestaat niet)">cyclosarin</a> (GF) · <i>V-agentia:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=VE_(nerve_agent)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VE (nerve agent) (de pagina bestaat niet)">VE</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=VG_(zenuwgas)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VG (zenuwgas) (de pagina bestaat niet)">VG</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=VM_(zenuwgas)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VM (zenuwgas) (de pagina bestaat niet)">VM</a> · <a href="/wiki/VX" title="VX">VX</a> · <i>Novitsjok-agentia:</i> <a href="/wiki/Novitsjok" title="Novitsjok">Novitsjok</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Verstikkend_gas" title="Verstikkend gas">Verstikkend gas</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Dichloor" title="Dichloor">chloorgas</a> · <a href="/wiki/Trichloornitromethaan" title="Trichloornitromethaan">chloorpicrine</a> (PS) · <a href="/wiki/Fosgeen" title="Fosgeen">fosgeen</a> (CG) · <a href="/wiki/Difosgeen" title="Difosgeen">difosgeen</a> (DP)</td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Irritantia" title="Irritantia">Irritantia</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agent_15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agent 15 (de pagina bestaat niet)">Agent 15</a> (BZ) · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolokol-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolokol-1 (de pagina bestaat niet)">Kolokol-1</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Traangas" title="Traangas">Traangas</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Pepperspray" title="Pepperspray">pepperspray</a> (OC) · <a href="/wiki/CS-gas" title="CS-gas">CS-gas</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chlooracetofenon" title="Chlooracetofenon">CN-gas</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=CR-gas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CR-gas (de pagina bestaat niet)">CR-gas</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" 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