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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-民主選舉的定義與意義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#民主選舉的定義與意義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>民主選舉的定義與意義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-民主選舉的定義與意義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-選舉的特色" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#選舉的特色"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>選舉的特色</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-選舉的特色-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关選舉的特色子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-選舉的特色-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-投票資格" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#投票資格"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>投票資格</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-投票資格-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參選資格" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參選資格"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>參選資格</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參選資格-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-提名" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#提名"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>提名</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-提名-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-被選舉" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#被選舉"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>被選舉</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-被選舉-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-選舉形式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#選舉形式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>選舉形式</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-選舉形式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-選舉制度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#選舉制度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>選舉制度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-選舉制度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-時間表" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#時間表"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>時間表</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-時間表-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-選舉的困難" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#選舉的困難"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>選舉的困難</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-選舉的困難-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关選舉的困難子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-選舉的困難-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-選舉設計標準" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#選舉設計標準"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>選舉設計標準</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-選舉設計標準-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-改變選舉過程" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#改變選舉過程"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>改變選舉過程</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-改變選舉過程-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-改革或修正選舉機制" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#改革或修正選舉機制"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>改革或修正選舉機制</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-改革或修正選舉機制-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-操控選舉" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#操控選舉"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>操控選舉</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-操控選舉-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-不完全的秘密投票" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#不完全的秘密投票"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>不完全的秘密投票</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-不完全的秘密投票-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-偏見和限制選擇" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#偏見和限制選擇"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>偏見和限制選擇</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-偏見和限制選擇-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-腐化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#腐化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>腐化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-腐化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">選舉</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。100种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkiesing" title="Verkiesing – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verkiesing" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="انتخابات – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتخابات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleiciones" title="Eleiciones – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eleiciones" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A7ki" title="Seçki – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Seçki" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilu" title="Pemilu – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Pemilu" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirilian" title="Pirilian – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pirilian" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Выбары – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Выбары" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Выбары – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Выбары" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Избори – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Избори" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5" title="चुनाव – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चुनाव" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8" title="নির্বাচন – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নির্বাচন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votadeg" title="Votadeg – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Votadeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izbori" title="Izbori – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Izbori" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecci%C3%B3" title="Elecció – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Elecció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A8%DA%98%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="ھەڵبژاردن – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەڵبژاردن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volby" title="Volby – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Volby" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Суйлав – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Суйлав" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etholiad" title="Etholiad – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Etholiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valg" title="Valg – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Valg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahl" title="Wahl – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wahl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%C3%A7in%C4%B1t%C4%B1%C5%9F" title="Weçinıtış – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Weçinıtış" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AD%CF%82" title="Εκλογές – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκλογές" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election" title="Election – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Election" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vo%C4%89dono" title="Voĉdono – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Voĉdono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones" title="Elecciones – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elecciones" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valimised" title="Valimised – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valimised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauteskunde" title="Hauteskunde – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hauteskunde" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="انتخابات – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انتخابات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaali" title="Vaali – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vaali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%94mis%C9%94m%C3%AD" title="Sɔmisɔmí – 丰语" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Sɔmisɔmí" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="丰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lection" title="Élection – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élection" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferkiezing" title="Ferkiezing – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ferkiezing" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9l%C3%A8ksyon" title="Lélèksyon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lélèksyon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecci%C3%B3ns" title="Eleccións – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eleccións" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%C9%93e" title="Zaɓe – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Zaɓe" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="בחירות – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בחירות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5" title="चुनाव – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चुनाव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izbori" title="Izbori – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Izbori" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1laszt%C3%A1s" title="Választás – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Választás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B8%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ընտրություններ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ընտրություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan" title="Pemilihan – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemilihan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosningar" title="Kosningar – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kosningar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elezione" title="Elezione – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elezione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99" title="選挙 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="選挙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="არჩევნები – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არჩევნები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Сайлау – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сайлау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ಚುನಾವಣೆ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚುನಾವಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0" title="선거 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선거" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Шайлоо – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шайлоо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitia" title="Comitia – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Comitia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkezinge" title="Verkezinge – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Verkezinge" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip%C9%94n%C9%94mi" title="Lipɔnɔmi – 林加拉语" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lipɔnɔmi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinkimai" title="Rinkimai – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rinkimai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%93l%C4%93%C5%A1anas" title="Vēlēšanas – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vēlēšanas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Избори – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Избори" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Сонгууль – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сонгууль" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95" title="निवडणूक – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निवडणूक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilihan_raya" title="Pilihan raya – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pilihan raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2" title="ရွေးကောက်ပွဲ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရွေးကောက်ပွဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8" title="निर्वाचन – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="निर्वाचन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8" title="निर्वाचन – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="निर्वाचन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkiezing" title="Verkiezing – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verkiezing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val" title="Val – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Val" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valg" title="Valg – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Valg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A3" title="ਚੋਣ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੋਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wybory" title="Wybory – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wybory" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%BC%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%90" title="ټولټاکنې – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټولټاکنې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elei%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Eleição – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eleição" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akllanakuy" title="Akllanakuy – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Akllanakuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alegere" title="Alegere – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alegere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Выборы – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Выборы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="निर्वाचनम् – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="निर्वाचनम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizzioni" title="Elizzioni – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Elizzioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86%DA%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="چونڊون – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چونڊون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izbori" title="Izbori – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Izbori" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A1%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="ඡන්ද විමසීම් – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඡන්ද විමසීම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election" title="Election – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Election" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vo%C4%BEby" title="Voľby – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Voľby" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volitve" title="Volitve – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Volitve" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Избори – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Избори" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val" title="Val – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Val" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchaguzi" title="Uchaguzi – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uchaguzi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="தேர்தல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேர்தல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఎన్నికలు – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎన్నికలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87" title="การเลือกตั้ง – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเลือกตั้ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halalan" title="Halalan – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Halalan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A7im" title="Seçim – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Seçim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Вибори – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вибори" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="انتخابات – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انتخابات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saylov" title="Saylov – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Saylov" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%82esion" title="Ełesion – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ełesion" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A7u_c%E1%BB%AD" title="Bầu cử – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bầu cử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B4taedje" title="Vôtaedje – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Vôtaedje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piniliay" title="Piniliay – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Piniliay" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="选举 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="选举" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="გიშაგორუეფი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გიშაგორუეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="וואלן – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואלן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cd%C3%ACb%C3%B2y%C3%A0n" title="Ìdìbòyàn – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìdìbòyàn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C3%A1n-k%C3%AD" title="Soán-kí – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Soán-kí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="選舉 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="選舉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q40231#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85099211">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span>中国古代的“<b>选举</b>”一词指从上到下的选拔人才，包括采用<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E4%B8%BE" title="科举">科举</a>制度。</div> <style 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.sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Portal:政治">政治主題</a>的一部分</b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccc;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">選舉</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> 基本制度</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em; text-align:left; text-align:center;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%9C%E9%81%B8" title="補選">補選</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="直接选举">直接选举</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E9%96%93%E6%8E%A5%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="間接選舉">間接選舉</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="定期選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fixed-term election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%9A%E6%9C%9F%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="定期選舉（页面不存在）">定期選舉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-term_election" class="extiw" title="en:Fixed-term election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fixed-term election</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%80%89" title="大选">大选</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地方選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Local election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="地方选举">地方選舉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_election" class="extiw" title="en:Local election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Local election</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中期選舉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Midterm election"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%9C%9F%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中期選舉（页面不存在）">中期選舉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midterm_election" class="extiw" title="en:Midterm election"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Midterm election</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E9%81%B8" title="初選">初選</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%A2%E5%85%8D%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="罢免选举">罷免</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E6%BC%94%E6%80%A7%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="表演性選舉">表演</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%89%8D%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="提前選舉">提前</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Sortition" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sortition"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sortition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sortition（页面不存在）">抽签</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortition" class="extiw" title="en:Sortition"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sortition</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> 術語</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em; text-align:left; text-align:center;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Anonymous elector" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anonymous elector"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anonymous_elector&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anonymous elector（页面不存在）">不记名选举</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_elector" class="extiw" title="en:Anonymous elector"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anonymous elector</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D_(%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB)" title="分配 (政治)">分配</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Boundary delimitation" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Boundary delimitation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundary_delimitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boundary delimitation（页面不存在）">选区划界</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_delimitation" class="extiw" title="en:Boundary delimitation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Boundary delimitation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Crossover voting" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Crossover voting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crossover_voting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crossover voting（页面不存在）">变派投票</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_voting" class="extiw" title="en:Crossover voting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Crossover voting</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Election silence" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Election silence"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Election_silence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Election silence（页面不存在）">选举缄默</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_silence" class="extiw" title="en:Election silence"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Election silence</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%91%E5%88%A9%E8%A0%91%E8%9E%88" title="傑利蠑螈">傑利蠑螈</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Cash For Vote" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cash For Vote"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cash_For_Vote&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cash For Vote（页面不存在）">贿选</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_For_Vote" class="extiw" title="en:Cash For Vote"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cash For Vote</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%A1%E8%AD%B0" title="倡議">倡議</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Psephology" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Psephology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psephology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psephology（页面不存在）">选举学 <span style="font-size:smaller;">（选举研究及分析）</span></a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psephology" class="extiw" title="en:Psephology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Psephology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E8%A8%98%E5%90%8D%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="不記名投票">不記名投票</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE%E6%9D%83" title="选举权">选举权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E8%BD%AE%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE%E5%88%B6" title="两轮选举制">两轮选举制</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> 細分系列</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em; text-align:left; text-align:center;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A" title="政党">政党</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="投票">投票</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="投票制度">投票制度</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> 列表</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em; text-align:left; text-align:center;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Elections by country" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Elections by country"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elections_by_country&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elections by country（页面不存在）">各国之选举列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_by_country" class="extiw" title="en:Elections by country"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Elections by country</span></a></span>）</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="List of the most recent elections by country" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of the most recent elections by country"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_most_recent_elections_by_country&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of the most recent elections by country（页面不存在）">近期选举列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_most_recent_elections_by_country" class="extiw" title="en:List of the most recent elections by country"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of the most recent elections by country</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="List of next general elections" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of next general elections"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_next_general_elections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of next general elections（页面不存在）">下届选举列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_next_general_elections" class="extiw" title="en:List of next general elections"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of next general elections</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> 2024年选举日历</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="National electoral calendar 2024" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="National electoral calendar 2024"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_electoral_calendar_2024&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National electoral calendar 2024（页面不存在）">国家层面</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_electoral_calendar_2024" class="extiw" title="en:National electoral calendar 2024"><span lang="en" dir="auto">National electoral calendar 2024</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Local electoral calendar 2024" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Local electoral calendar 2024"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Local_electoral_calendar_2024&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Local electoral calendar 2024（页面不存在）">地区层面</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_electoral_calendar_2024" class="extiw" title="en:Local electoral calendar 2024"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Local electoral calendar 2024</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> 相關</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em; text-align:left; text-align:center;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%A9%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對選舉政治的批評（页面不存在）">對選舉政治的批評</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE%E6%93%8D%E6%8E%A7" title="选举操控">选举操控</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="公民投票">公民投票</a> (<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Referendums by country" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Referendums by country"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Referendums_by_country&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referendums by country（页面不存在）">依国家划分</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendums_by_country" class="extiw" title="en:Referendums by country"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Referendums by country</span></a></span>）</span></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddd;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Politics">政治主題頁</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="Template:選舉"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:選舉（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:選舉"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>選舉</b>是一種正式的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E7%AD%96" class="mw-redirect" title="決策">決策</a>過程，由人們<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="投票">投票</a>選出某個職位的出任人選、或適用於整個組織的過程。因此，选举的性质有别于其他选择方法，如比赛筛选、随机决定或市场决定。选举通常被定义为被管治者意愿的一种正式表达方式，这些表达的意愿会集合并转化为一种集体决策，用来决定谁可以<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E6%B2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="管治">管治</a>，包括谁可以继续执政、谁应该下台、和谁应该取而代之<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>選舉是現代文明社會行使<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%AC%8A%E5%8A%9B" title="政治權力">政治權力</a>的重要方式。雖然沒有一套完美的、關於選舉之單一普世之國際標準，但確已形成一些共識，包括通過舉行自由、平等且定期之選舉來保證成人之普選權，不記名投票且免於脅迫之原則，一人一票之原則<sup id="cite_ref-冊_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-冊-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:21</sup>。選舉是一種<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主</a>過程，通常所有成年公民都會擁有投票及選擇的權利，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="選舉權">選舉權</a>，而符合並滿足特定條件以及資格者，還有被選舉權。 </p><p>奉行<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AD%B0%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="代議民主制">代议民主制</a>的國家或地區，會透過選舉選出<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="議會">議會</a>成員、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%83%E9%A6%96" title="國家元首">國家元首</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%A6%96%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="政府首腦">政府首腦</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" title="總統">總統</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="總理">總理</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="首相">首相</a>）等，也會以此選出<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="地方政府">地方政府</a>的行政官員。依照功能的不同，代議民主制的選舉可分為<b>國政選舉</b>、<b>地方選舉</b>等兩大種類，前者指國家元首、國會議員等全國或<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="中央政府">中央政府</a>層級的選舉，後者則指地方政府首長及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%84%8F%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8" title="民意代表">民意代表</a>的選舉。除此之外，選舉也被广泛应用于許多私人組織或商業机构，由民间团体、學校以至公司，也会采用选举作为制定人事决策的手段。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="民主選舉的定義與意義"><span id=".E6.B0.91.E4.B8.BB.E9.81.B8.E8.88.89.E7.9A.84.E5.AE.9A.E7.BE.A9.E8.88.87.E6.84.8F.E7.BE.A9"></span>民主選舉的定義與意義</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：民主選舉的定義與意義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Votingwomen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Votingwomen.jpg/220px-Votingwomen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Votingwomen.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="215" /></a><figcaption>參與投票的孟加拉婦女。</figcaption></figure> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="政治哲学">政治理論</a>裡，民主政體裡的政府權力是來自人民對於被統治的同意。藉由自由而公平的選舉方式來表達人民對政府權力的同意是民主政體的基礎機制。不過，選舉雖能部分解決「政權合法性」的問題，可是有許多專制國家也利用選舉。但如果投票難以操作、或者投票結果對國家治理方式之影響無足輕重，那麽對民眾而言，選舉也就沒有多大意義<sup id="cite_ref-冊_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-冊-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:14</sup>。 </p><p>對於何種選舉才是「自由而公平」的則有廣泛的定義。美國學者珍妮·科克帕翠克（Jeane Kirkpatrick）提出的定義是：「民主選舉不只是一種象徵……選舉是競爭性的、週期性的、決定性的，在選舉裡政府的決策者由公民們選出，公民們享有批評政府的自由、發表批評的自由和選擇非主流的自由。」……等等進步的決策方面，國際組織民主觀察網站進一步的定義民主選舉為「在選舉裡，會盡量避免任何明白的或私下的偏袒某位候選人的架構，除了因為提供選民們每位候選人的真實才能和傾向之資料所造成的判斷結果例外。」的公平與理性觀點，<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="澳大利亞">澳大利亞</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="最高法院">最高法院</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E5%B8%AD%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98" title="首席法官">首席法官</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E7%AB%8B%E4%BF%A1" title="紀立信">紀立信</a>（Murray Gleeson）則著重在妥協與包容心，定義選舉為「如果改變是必要的話，清楚了解狀況的選民們以此表達他們的意願，以民主而合法的方式達成穩定改變。」<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>同時需要強調的是，民主選舉不一定能如其宣示的那般做到選賢與能，也不能如理想中的那樣絕對的合法沒有爭議，特別是存在有一些非廣泛開放普選而卻重視執政成績的地區，如中國等，在這種特殊例子下，全民投票授權給予政府合法執政的概念式微，而更加強調於政治菁英對民生治理成功所擁有的執政權，因此如北京大学教授如程美东、杨光斌等人，就發文對民主投票產生的官員表示懷疑，指出选举不一定能产生合法性以及選舉後的不負責任問題之弊端廣泛存在<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，但如贝淡宁的論文所述，這種想法某種程度上，仍然隱晦地認可了公民授權的政府才有執政資格，反之則自然會被取代的論述，主張尚贤制与民主投票兩者不存在衝突，而是相輔相成的問題<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。面對民主執政效果的批判，最關鍵的是廣泛的競爭式選舉，甚至是主動引發政權的和平更迭，是人民行使<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%AC%8A%E5%8A%9B" title="政治權力">政治權力</a>與言論自由的重要方式，而只有人民被允許充分參政關心，所練就的思想衝擊與自我檢視，加上官員定期輪換的進步體制，相對於平定而程序式的選舉局面，才有可能防止國家的停滯或退化<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="選舉的特色"><span id=".E9.81.B8.E8.88.89.E7.9A.84.E7.89.B9.E8.89.B2"></span>選舉的特色</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：選舉的特色"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>如果選舉結果，不論是國家層面還是選區層面之選舉結果，能實質影響未來政府走向，那麼選民個人自由選擇參與選舉之熱情也會增加<sup id="cite_ref-冊_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-冊-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:14</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="投票資格"><span id=".E6.8A.95.E7.A5.A8.E8.B3.87.E6.A0.BC"></span>投票資格</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：投票資格"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>誰才可以投票的問題（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="投票權">投票權</a>）是選舉是否獲認受性的中心議題。選民並不一定包括整個人口；舉例而言，許多國家禁止<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85" class="mw-disambig" title="精神病">精神病</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E6%99%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="弱智">弱智</a>者參與投票，而且所有國家都有投票最低年齡的限制。 </p><p>在歷史上，許多人民也被排除投票權。比如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘">古希臘</a>的民主制度並不允許<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%A6%E5%A5%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="婦女">婦女</a>、外邦<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%BB%E6%B0%91" title="移民">移民</a>、貧困者、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="奴隸">奴隸</a>參與投票，而<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>原本也只限由擁有<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E7%94%A2" title="財產">財產</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%BA" title="白人">白人</a>男性參與投票。許多選舉的歷史都和被排除的群組爭取投票權有關。 </p><p>許多國家自20世紀開始了爭取<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%A6%E5%A5%B3%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="婦女投票權">婦女投票權</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%AC%8A%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="女權運動">女權運動</a>，而保障自由投票的安全則是1950年代和1960年代<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%AC%8A%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95_(1955%E5%B9%B4-1968%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="美國民權運動 (1955年-1968年)">美國民權運動</a>的主要目標之一。某些地區至今仍排除一些群組的投票權（例如在囚人士、重罪犯、一些少數族群、經濟上的下層階級、屬合法居民但無<a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%AB%E4%BB%BD%E8%AD%89" class="mw-redirect" title="身份證">身份證</a>），爭取廣泛投票權利的運動至今仍然持續進行。 </p><p>在一些國家，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="新加坡">新加坡</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="澳大利亞">澳大利亞</a>，法律強制投票是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91" title="公民">公民</a>必須履行之<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%8B%99" title="義務">義務</a>，如果有資格投票而刻意不參與，則有可能被處以一些懲罰，例如小額罰款或者<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%98%E5%BD%B9" title="拘役">拘役</a>。大部分國家只要是成人居民（一般定義是16至21歲），一般會自動成為選民。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="參選資格"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E9.81.B8.E8.B3.87.E6.A0.BC"></span>參選資格</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：參選資格"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElezioneBrunate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/ElezioneBrunate.jpg/220px-ElezioneBrunate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/ElezioneBrunate.jpg/330px-ElezioneBrunate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/ElezioneBrunate.jpg/440px-ElezioneBrunate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>2004年<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A" title="欧洲议会">欧洲议会</a>在義大利的選舉海報，顯示了各政黨的名單。</figcaption></figure> <p>通常要成為候選人必須擁有公民身分、年滿該選舉的參選法定年齡、定居當地一段時間以上，符合學經歷資格，有些地方的重罪前科者也被禁止成為候選人。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="提名"><span id=".E6.8F.90.E5.90.8D"></span>提名</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：提名"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="直接民主制">直接民主制</a>裡，所有符合資格的人都能被提名。在一些國家則只有特定<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="政黨">政黨</a>的黨員才能被提名。或者一個符合資格的人可以經過<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E7%BD%B2" class="mw-disambig" title="連署">連署</a>的過程被提名。以美國為例，正式的政黨候選人在提名過程中所需的連署數量往往少於無政黨的候選人。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="被選舉"><span id=".E8.A2.AB.E9.81.B8.E8.88.89"></span>被選舉</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：被選舉"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>政府官職經由選舉產生通常取決於當地的情況。在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AD%B0%E5%88%B6%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="代議制民主">代議制民主</a>裡，一些職位並非由選舉產生，尤其是那些需要某方面專業能力或長處才能勝任的職位。例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98" title="法官">法官</a>通常都是經由指派而非選舉產生。不過也有一些例外，例如美國的一些法官和古代<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8" title="雅典">雅典</a>的軍事將領便是經由選舉產生的。 </p><p>也有一些國家採取<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E4%BB%BB%E5%BC%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="委任式民主">委任式民主</a>制，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇聯">蘇聯</a>在全體選民和候選人之間建立中介的選舉人制度。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="美國總統">美國總統</a>便是由<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89%E4%BA%BA%E5%9C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="美國選舉人團">選舉人團</a>所選出，選舉人團的數目相當於各州的國會參眾議員及華府特區三張選舉人票，而在英國首相是由<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%95%8F%E5%88%B6" title="西敏制">西敏制</a>選出成為正式地<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%A6%96%E8%84%91" title="政府首脑">政府首脑</a>（現實上是由下議院選舉出最大政黨領袖為首相，並由女王象徵性任命）。 </p><p>一般情況下人們都知道被推派的選舉人會投給哪位候選人，也因此雖然選民是投票給選舉人而不是候選人，但兩者通常被視為是相同的。不過，在一些情況下，選舉制度也會允許沒有贏得普選的候選人當選，例如美國總統<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E4%BB%80" title="乔治·沃克·布什">乔治·沃克·布什</a>在<a href="/wiki/2000%E5%B9%B4%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="2000年美国总统选举">2000年的選舉</a>中並沒有贏得普選，但因最仍贏得多數選舉人票而當選，在歐洲國家，勝出選舉的最大政黨領袖不一定會成為總理或首相。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="選舉形式"><span id=".E9.81.B8.E8.88.89.E5.BD.A2.E5.BC.8F"></span>選舉形式</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：選舉形式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在大多數民主政治制度裡都有著各種不同形式的選舉，依據不同的政府管理階層和地理轄區而有所差異。一些常見的選舉為： </p> <ul><li>大選—選舉總統或中央民意代表的選舉</li> <li>預選—決定候選人資格的選舉</li> <li>補選—由於現任者去世或離職而舉行的選舉</li> <li>地方選舉—選舉地方官職如縣市長、地方議員的選舉</li></ul> <p>而<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="公民投票">公民投票</a>則是選民投票決定某件特定提議、法案或政策的一種民主手段，公民投票通常不會涉及一般的政策或特定的候選人和政黨。公民投票可能會與一般選舉一起或是分開進行，也可能是約束性的或諮詢性的，通常依據<a href="/wiki/%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="憲法">憲法</a>而定。公民投票通常是經立法機關要求而由政府舉行，但許多民主政體也允許人民直接連署發起公投，這個步驟被稱為<i>倡議</i>。 </p><p>公民投票在直接民主制裡特別普遍和重要，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a>。不過，瑞士的制度仍然與代議制共存。在大多數直接民主制的形式裡，任何人都可以發起任何投票，這也與公民投票相關，而且也可能採取<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E8%AF%86%E5%86%B3%E7%AD%96%E6%B3%95" title="共识决策法">共识决策法</a>的形式。類似古希臘的制度，任何人都可以討論特定的議題直到共識達成為止。為了達成共識而進行的討論有可能曠日費時，最後仍然繼續討論並參與投票的人必定是真正關心這個議題的人。在這種制度裡並不需要年齡限制，因為孩童通常會對漫長的討論感到厭煩。不過，這種制度也只有在很小的規模下才能進行。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="選舉制度"><span id=".E9.81.B8.E8.88.89.E5.88.B6.E5.BA.A6"></span>選舉制度</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：選舉制度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>選舉制度通常指的是憲法所規定的細節，以及將人民決定候選人和政黨的選擇付諸實現的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="投票制度">投票制度</a>。選舉是在現實世界中進行，而不是學術書籍上紙上談兵：因此，在某程度上，選舉制度之選擇取決於執行成本以及相關國家之行政能力<sup id="cite_ref-冊_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-冊-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:20</sup>。 </p><p>大体说来，可以分为<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%AE%E9%A2%9D%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="差额选举">差额选举</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E9%A2%9D%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" title="等额选举">等额选举</a>两种。等额选举即候选人数与应选人数相等的选举，然而由于此类方式选举人仅存在否决权，故目前大多数选举采用差额选举。 </p><p>第一步驟是計算選票，計票的制度和選票的形式也有許多差異。投票制度接著依據計票數字頒布結果。大多數投票制度可以被分類為<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%88%B6" title="比例代表制">比例代表制</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%95%B8%E5%88%B6" title="多數制">多數制</a>兩種。屬於前者有<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8%E5%90%8D%E5%96%AE%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="政黨名單比例代表制">政黨名單比例代表制</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E4%B8%80%E9%81%B8%E5%8D%80%E5%85%A9%E7%A5%A8%E5%88%B6" title="單一選區兩票制">單一選區兩票制</a>。屬於後者的有<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E4%B8%80%E9%81%B8%E5%8D%80%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="單一選區制">單一選區制</a>（較為多數決）和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E5%A4%9A%E6%95%B8%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="絕對多數制">絕對多數制</a>。其他的選舉制度，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB%E5%96%AE%E7%A5%A8%E5%88%B6" title="可轉移單票制">可轉移單票制</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E8%A8%98%E5%8F%AF%E8%AE%93%E6%B8%A1%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="單記可讓渡投票制">單記可讓渡投票制</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%E8%A4%87%E9%81%B8%E5%88%B6" title="排序複選制">排序複選制</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB%E5%96%AE%E7%A5%A8%E5%88%B6" title="不可轉移單票制">不可轉移單票制</a>。 </p><p>雖然有國家會對處於民主化之國家首次甚至第二次選舉提供實質經濟援助，但資助不可能長期持續；一個政治制度框架想要可持續運作，就必須考慮國家資源，包括有多少人能從事選舉行政工作，以及國家財政能多少支持選舉<sup id="cite_ref-冊_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-冊-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:20</sup>。 </p><p>選舉的透明度和可靠性也經常被視為是選舉制度的基礎。某選舉制度可能經濟易行，但可能無法回應採用該制度之國家之迫切訴求；而當選舉制度與一國訴求不一致時，其結果可能是災難<sup id="cite_ref-冊_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-冊-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:20</sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E8%A8%98%E5%90%8D%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="不記名投票">不記名投票</a>是較為近代的發展，但現在則被視為是在自由而公平的選舉裡所不可或缺的，因為不記名投票能避免脅迫力量的影響。 </p><p>選舉制度設計者必須先仔細將判斷標準排序，確定在特定政治環境中甚麼標準最重要，再評估甚麼制度安排最恰如其分；可以先把不惜一切代價都要避免之事情列出，例如可能會導致民主制度崩潰之政治災難<sup id="cite_ref-冊_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-冊-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:21</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="時間表"><span id=".E6.99.82.E9.96.93.E8.A1.A8"></span>時間表</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：時間表"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>民主的本質是為了選舉對人民負責任的官員，他們在現任一段期間後必需重新面對選舉，以追求選民的認同而繼續連任。因此許多民主立憲政體都會定期舉行選舉，在大多數的國家裡選舉通常是每隔3年至6年舉辦一次。不過也有例外，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%97%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" title="美国众议院">美国众议院</a>每隔兩年便舉辦一次選舉，而<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="爱尔兰总统">爱尔兰总统</a>則每隔7年才舉行選舉。 </p><p>預先決定或固定的選舉日期有著公平和可預測的好處。不過，這也延長了選戰的期間，並且使<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%95%A3%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="解散國會">解散國會</a>在一些緊急情況下（例如戰爭突然爆發）會造成麻煩。其他一些國家（例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>）則只限制執政的期限，執政者可以自行決定什麼時候要真正進行選舉。在實踐上，這表示政府在選戰後仍能繼續行使權力直到執政期滿，除非某些特別的事情發生如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%BB%E5%8A%A8%E8%AE%AE" title="不信任动议">不信任动议</a>而提前下台。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="選舉的困難"><span id=".E9.81.B8.E8.88.89.E7.9A.84.E5.9B.B0.E9.9B.A3"></span>選舉的困難</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：選舉的困難"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="選舉設計標準"><span id=".E9.81.B8.E8.88.89.E8.A8.AD.E8.A8.88.E6.A8.99.E6.BA.96"></span>選舉設計標準</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：選舉設計標準"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>只有相關國家參與選舉制度設計之人士才能決定確定相互競爭標準之優先次序<sup id="cite_ref-冊_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-冊-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:22</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="改變選舉過程"><span id=".E6.94.B9.E8.AE.8A.E9.81.B8.E8.88.89.E9.81.8E.E7.A8.8B"></span>改變選舉過程</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：改變選舉過程"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在沒有先例下設計選舉制度幾乎不可能；對選擇何種制度、該制度是否適應政治形勢、是否合法和最終得到多少民意支持，都對設計或改變選舉制度過程有重要影響<sup id="cite_ref-冊_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-冊-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:22</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="改革或修正選舉機制"><span id=".E6.94.B9.E9.9D.A9.E6.88.96.E4.BF.AE.E6.AD.A3.E9.81.B8.E8.88.89.E6.A9.9F.E5.88.B6"></span>改革或修正選舉機制</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：改革或修正選舉機制"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>有些國家在其憲法中加入關於選舉制度之細節或專門規定；該改動之重要在於憲法性法律通常比一般法律更難修改，改革者往往需要在立法機關、全民公投或者其他驗證機制中取得特定比例之多數支持<sup id="cite_ref-冊_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-冊-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:23</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="操控選舉"><span id=".E6.93.8D.E6.8E.A7.E9.81.B8.E8.88.89"></span>操控選舉</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：操控選舉"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85099211"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE%E6%93%8D%E6%8E%A7%E6%89%8B%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="选举操控手法">选举操控手法</a></div> <p>大多數現代的民主政體都固定舉行選舉，但並非所有選舉都是由真正的民主政體進行的。一些政府使用其他「幕後進行」的手段來選定候選人，但仍組織一些貌似真正選舉競爭的演戲過程，以製造外表上的人民同意和支持。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E6%94%BF" class="mw-disambig" title="专政">專制政體</a>，便經常舉行做戲的選舉。在「單一候選人」的做戲選舉裡，可能只有一個候選人能讓人們選擇，而且也沒有提供「拒絕」的選項。在「固定投票」的做戲選舉裡，則會提供幾個候選人擔任幾種職位。在兩種情況裡，政府都會使用恐嚇或作票的方式來確保只有政府認可的候選人能夠當選。更严格的监控情况是，选票上不仅只有一个候选人，且只印有反对或者弃权两个选项，则候选人只要提笔书写，即可证明其投非赞成票<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>另一種形式則是差額的做戲選舉，在這種形式下可能會有幾名候選人，而所有候選人中，執政黨候選人在選前預測都顯示取得明顯多數的支持。在理論上，差額選舉也會被承認，但這也是幾乎不可能發生的。掌控了選舉的政府也會控制傳播媒體，大眾便不可能因此獲得正確情報，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯">俄羅斯</a>等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="不完全的秘密投票"><span id=".E4.B8.8D.E5.AE.8C.E5.85.A8.E7.9A.84.E7.A7.98.E5.AF.86.E6.8A.95.E7.A5.A8"></span>不完全的秘密投票</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：不完全的秘密投票"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>由於技術的限制，並無法完全保障<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E5%AF%86%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="秘密投票">秘密投票</a>，常見問題有： </p> <ol><li>為了方便投票，投開票所數量會很多，但這造成各投開票所的選民數量過少，可以估計特定選民的投票行為，方便威脅利誘選民；集中開票可以增加估計難度。</li> <li>投票方法的問題：選民可以在選票上做出暗號（例如蓋章位置的不同），以方便特定人士稽核該選民的投票行為；透過投票機投票可以避免這個問題。</li> <li>投票行為本身就是一個標記：部分投票要求一定的投票率才有效，有心人士可以透過降低投票率的方式來達到政治訴求；除此之外，降低對手優勢選區的投票率，也是一種操作手法。威脅利誘選民不投票，是可以輕易稽核效果的。</li> <li>通信投票的漏洞：郵遞系統的可靠度及可信度都會讓秘密投票受威脅，尤其是從專制國家寄出的選票。</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="偏見和限制選擇"><span id=".E5.81.8F.E8.A6.8B.E5.92.8C.E9.99.90.E5.88.B6.E9.81.B8.E6.93.87"></span>偏見和限制選擇</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：偏見和限制選擇"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>與謬誤差異類似的，在一些選舉中候選人也會被不民主的力量和偏見所影響。舉例而言，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="社會主義">社會主義</a>者<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7L%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94" title="维克多·L·伯格尔">维克多·L·伯格尔</a>曾經兩次當選<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%97%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" title="美国众议院">眾議員</a>，但由於他的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="反戰">反戰</a>觀點而被拒絕給予議席。伊朗政府也有另一種選擇受限的選舉，在2004年伊朗國會選舉中，幾乎所有的改革派候選人都在選前被<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="監護委員會" data-lang-code="fa" data-lang-name="波斯語" data-foreign-title="شورای نگهبان قانون اساسی"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%A3%E8%AD%B7%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="監護委員會（页面不存在）">監護委員會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">波斯語</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" class="extiw" title="fa:شورای نگهبان قانون اساسی"><span lang="fa" dir="auto">شورای نگهبان قانون اساسی</span></a></span>）</span></span>的宗教領導人排除參選資格。依據伊朗憲法，這是委員會的憲法權力，是設計用來避免「<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="伊朗革命">伊朗革命</a>的敵人」重新取得權力。 </p><p>僅僅允許<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%8D%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="反對派">反對派</a>有接觸選票的機會是不夠的。在民主的選舉中，為了維持公平和競爭性，反對派政黨和候選人必須享有<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AB%96%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="言論自由">言論自由</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E6%9C%83%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="集會自由">集會自由</a>和社會運動的權利，以使他們能公開發表對政府的批評，並讓選民有機會了解不同的政策和候選人。如果一個國家的選舉裡沒有給予這些自由，或者反對派的政黨或政治家遭受騷擾和阻撓，那這些選舉在人民看來可能就不具有正當性了。這樣的國家之一是<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E5%B7%B4%E5%A8%81" title="辛巴威">辛巴威</a>，辛巴威長期以來充斥著政治暴力及不公正的選舉，<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國">聯合國</a>時常派遣國際性組織和護衛選舉的外國部隊前往辛巴威，以確保選舉公平進行。 </p><p>另外，反對派候選人沒有機會接觸大眾媒體如廣播、報紙、和電視的選舉也可能是偏差性的。例子之一是2004年<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯總統">俄羅斯總統</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E4%BA%AC" title="弗拉基米尔·普京">弗拉基米尔·普京</a>競選連任的選舉，在總統選舉中，國家一直控制的媒體支持普京，也一直批評普京的競爭對手，等同提供了普京無限制的免費競選廣告，也阻擋了他的對手進行競選廣告的機會。也因此，許多國家確保所有政黨（包括大黨和小黨）都有同等的時間在媒體上進行選舉宣傳，並設立制度協助補貼廣告費用，或者反過來限制廣告的機會，以避免大型政黨或候選人壓倒他們的對手。 </p><p>對於選舉改革而言，法律障礙之外，政治現實以及執政黨試圖保留其權力和影響力之期望也是障礙<sup id="cite_ref-冊_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-冊-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:29</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="腐化"><span id=".E8.85.90.E5.8C.96"></span>腐化</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：腐化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>選舉體現民主的開放性，但亦意味著在許多國家，投票者的選擇也有可能擺脫了民主本身。 </p><p>民主政體在歷史上曾經多次腐化，從<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊">古希腊</a>到18和19世紀的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a>（參見<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E5%B4%99%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="拿破崙三世">拿破崙三世</a>統治下的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="法蘭西第二帝國">第二帝國</a>），最著名的或許是在20世紀的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="德國">德國</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9" title="納粹">納粹</a>最初是以民主的手段取得權力。今天世界上大多開發中國家的民主政體都不穩固，時常因為軍事<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="政變">政變</a>或其他獨裁形式而垮台。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="亞里士多德">亞里士多德</a>等思想家相信民主本身便是不穩固的，而且總是很快便垮台。 </p><p>大多數民主政體都有一些憲法明定的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%9D%83%E5%88%86%E7%AB%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="三权分立">權力分隔</a>措施。這種措施限制了所有特定的政府部門的權力，以避免民選的代議士改變政府的本質。要改變憲法則相當複雜，例如要求在選舉裡有三分之二的多數支持才能進行改變，不同的憲法制度也有不同的規定。 </p><p>為了限制這種危險，許多國家採取間接的方式限制新政黨的形成。最高票者當選制使新政黨較難在短時間內聚集權力。在使用比例代表制的國家裡，則限制一個政黨必須在普選裡贏得某些比例的選票才能進入國會。這種<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89%E9%96%80%E6%AA%BB" title="選舉門檻">選舉門檻</a>可能只是簡單地以取得一個議席所需的選票為準，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷蘭">荷蘭</a>。但也可能將門檻調高，以阻止小型政黨在政府裡取得議席。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1" title="孫中山">孫中山</a>認為，在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>各州，有許多官吏是由民選而來。<sup id="cite_ref-廣東群報_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-廣東群報-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>但是民選很難，流弊亦很多，於是想出限制人民選舉，要有若干財產才有資格有選舉權；但與現代潮流<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89" class="mw-disambig" title="平等">平等</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="自由">自由</a>主旨不合，且選舉亦很可作弊，人民無法知道誰是適當。<sup id="cite_ref-廣東群報_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-廣東群報-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>想補救他，最好限制被選舉人，人人都有選舉權，即近日各國人民所力爭之「普通選舉」。但是要選什麼人，若沒有一個標準，單行普通選舉，毛病亦多。<sup id="cite_ref-廣東群報_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-廣東群報-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>中的相关原始文献：<b><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%AC%8A%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" class="extiw" title="s:五權憲法">五權憲法</a></b></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="投票制度">投票制度</a></li> <li><a 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id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">W.L. Miller & Martin Harrop. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/electionsvotersc0000harr">Elections and Voters: A Comparative Introduction</a>. London: Macmillan. 1987. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0_333_34759_5" title="Special:网络书源/0 333 34759 5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0 333 34759 5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&rft.au=W.L.+Miller+%26+Martin+Harrop&rft.btitle=Elections+and+Voters%3A+A+Comparative+Introduction&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0333347595&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felectionsvotersc0000harr&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-冊-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-冊_2-0"><sup><b>2.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-冊_2-1"><sup><b>2.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-冊_2-2"><sup><b>2.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-冊_2-3"><sup><b>2.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-冊_2-4"><sup><b>2.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-冊_2-5"><sup><b>2.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-冊_2-6"><sup><b>2.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-冊_2-7"><sup><b>2.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-冊_2-8"><sup><b>2.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-冊_2-9"><sup><b>2.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-冊_2-10"><sup><b>2.10</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">國際民主和選舉協助研究所（International IDEA） (编). 《選舉制度設計手冊》. <a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8%EF%BC%88%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%EF%BC%89" title="商務印書館（香港）">商務印書館（香港）</a>. 2013.</cite><span 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style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2015/1125/c70731-27855997.html">不能做“合法性”概念的囚徒</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-09-08</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230908165800/http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2015/1125/c70731-27855997.html">存档</a>于2023-09-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%8D%E8%83%BD%E5%81%9A%E2%80%9C%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E6%80%A7%E2%80%9D%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%9A%E5%BE%92&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolitics.people.com.cn%2Fn%2F2015%2F1125%2Fc70731-27855997.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1403965">长安街知事：选举授权产生合法性吗？</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-09-08</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230908165758/https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1403965">存档</a>于2023-09-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&rft.btitle=%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%89%E8%A1%97%E7%9F%A5%E4%BA%8B%EF%BC%9A%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE%E6%8E%88%E6%9D%83%E4%BA%A7%E7%94%9F%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E6%80%A7%E5%90%97%EF%BC%9F&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepaper.cn%2FnewsDetail_forward_1403965&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guancha.cn/BeiDanNing/2016_10_21_377951_2.shtml">贝淡宁：贤能政治论之中共执政“合法性”来源论述</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-09-08</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230908165802/https://www.guancha.cn/BeiDanNing/2016_10_21_377951_2.shtml">存档</a>于2023-09-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&rft.btitle=%E8%B4%9D%E6%B7%A1%E5%AE%81%EF%BC%9A%E8%B4%A4%E8%83%BD%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%AE%BA%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E6%89%A7%E6%94%BF%E2%80%9C%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E6%80%A7%E2%80%9D%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%E8%AE%BA%E8%BF%B0&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guancha.cn%2FBeiDanNing%2F2016_10_21_377951_2.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rchss.sinica.edu.tw/files_news/31-01-2019/3.pdf">以「治」領「政」：當代中國讀書人觀看自由民主的一種方式</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-09-08</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230908160117/https://www.rchss.sinica.edu.tw/files_news/31-01-2019/3.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2023-09-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&rft.btitle=%E4%BB%A5%E3%80%8C%E6%B2%BB%E3%80%8D%E9%A0%98%E3%80%8C%E6%94%BF%E3%80%8D%EF%BC%9A%E7%95%B6%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%AE%80%E6%9B%B8%E4%BA%BA%E8%A7%80%E7%9C%8B%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E7%A8%AE%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rchss.sinica.edu.tw%2Ffiles_news%2F31-01-2019%2F3.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/china/2016/01/160104_viewpoint_china_system_future">觀點：只有中國制度才有未來</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-09-08</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230908165802/https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/china/2016/01/160104_viewpoint_china_system_future">存档</a>于2023-09-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&rft.btitle=%E8%A7%80%E9%BB%9E%EF%BC%9A%E5%8F%AA%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E6%89%8D%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%AA%E4%BE%86&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fzhongwen%2Ftrad%2Fchina%2F2016%2F01%2F160104_viewpoint_china_system_future&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811165622/http://www.chinaelections.org/NewsInfo.asp?NewsID=124205">政协委员蒋洪:我反对这样的投票办法</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-01-08</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaelections.org/NewsInfo.asp?NewsID=124205">原始内容</a>存档于2011-08-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&rft.btitle=%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%8F%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E8%92%8B%E6%B4%AA%3A%E6%88%91%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E8%BF%99%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8%E5%8A%9E%E6%B3%95&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaelections.org%2FNewsInfo.asp%3FNewsID%3D124205&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-廣東群報-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-廣東群報_12-0"><sup><b>12.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-廣東群報_12-1"><sup><b>12.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-廣東群報_12-2"><sup><b>12.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">孫中山：《在廣東省教育會的演說》，1921年4月4日，刊《廣東群報》，1921年4月4、5、8、13、14日</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mueller, Dennis C. 1996. <i>Constitutional Democracy.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Riker, William. 1980. <i>Liberalism Against Populism: A Confrontation Between the Theory of Democracy and the Theory of Social Choice.</i> Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.</li> <li>Ware, Alan. 1987. <i>Citizens, Parties and the State.</i> Princeton: Princeton University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="//web.archive.org/web/20171005142216/http://www.aceproject.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060108113500/http://www.angus-reid.com/tracker/">選舉追蹤網</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electionworld.org">世界進行的選舉</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201105231602/http://www.electionworld.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051228015533/http://www.idea.int/esd/world.cfm">IDEA's 全世界的選舉制度表</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output 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<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=33910">现代乌克兰百科全书</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=33918">2</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/010377">瑞士历史词典</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637791">NARA</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=選舉&oldid=85029432">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=選舉&oldid=85029432</a>”</div></div> <div 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